organization:cornell university

  • Un livre en norvégien non traduit en anglais et c’est très dommage : le titre en est « l’image qu’on a du monde se forge à la maison » et le livre explique comment la couverture médiatique du monde non occidental souvent faussée, biaisée, incomplète, est pratiquement la seule disponible pour nous faire une idée de ce à quoi ressemble ce lointain. Et c’est en partie sur cette image que l’on se fait « des autres » que l’on construit une partie de notre identité - par comparaison.

    Une analyse très critique sur la société norvégienne et la manière dont elle s’engage dans l’aide au développement.

    Verden skapes hjemmefra

    Hvordan har pressedekningen av den ikke-vestlige verden bidratt til Norges kollektive identitet ? I hvilken grad fungerer pressen som en arena for å forstå « oss » og « de andre » ? Slike spørsmål tas opp i boka "Verden skapes hjemmefra", som bl.a. ser på påvirkningen fra misjon og bistand.

    "Verdens skapes hjemmefra" er en av flere bøker i de senere årene som har sett kritisk på våre bilder av "de andre", så vel som våre selvbilder, i vårt møte med verden for øvrig (spesielt i tilknytning misjon og bistand).

    I boka viser forfatterne, Elisabeth Eide (universitetet i Oslo) og Anne Hege Simonsen (Høgskolen i Oslo), bl.a. til kritikk fra historiker Terje Tvedt. I sin bok "Utviklingshjelp, utenrikspolitikk og makt. Den norske modellen" i 2003 skrev han om "godhetsregimet" knyttet til norsk bistand og utviklingspolitikk (les mer <http://www.rorg.no/Artikler/646.html>her ). Han hevdet bl.a. at journalistene hadde glemt sin forpliktelse til kritisk journalistikk og at pressenes "uvanlige og oppsiktsvekkende rolle på dette svært sentrale feltet" nesten ikke hadde blitt undersøkt. - "Verden skapes hjemmefra" er et forsøk på å endre på dette ved å avdekke så vel typiske som atypiske trekk, skriver Elisabeth Eide i innledningskapittelet "En ung nasjon skaper sitt univers".

    se på http://www.unipub.no/utgivelse /2008/verden_skapes.htm

    "Fokus på Afrika, Asia, Latin-Amerika, Midtøsten og Oseania har i stor grad vært fraværende i norsk pressehistorie. Denne boka er den første systematiske gjennomgangen av norsk presses verdensbilder. Forfatterne har undersøkt sju norske aviser gjennom hundre år (1902–2002). Boka viser hvordan kolonitid, evolusjonslære og misjonstankegang er en vedvarende viktig del av vår mentale arv, og hvordan internasjonal geopolitikk preger vår oppfatning av ulike deler av verden."

    I en anmeldelse i Aftenposten skriver Ulf Andenæs http://www.unipub.no/pdf-filer/omtaler/verdenskapes/aftenposten_170208.pdf

    "Vår pressedekning av fjerne strøk blir forklart med Adresseavisens motto : ’Finn en trønder’. Her hjemme har vi naturlig nok vært opptatt av å fortelle leserne om hvilken innsats våre landsmenn gjør på post der ute. Det besværlige har vært at at vi er de gode hjelpere, i bistandens, i misjonens eller de fredsbevarende styrkers tjeneste, mens omtalen av de andre, i de fjerne land, helst retter søkelyset mot elendighet og nød. Gjennomgangsmotivet blir de andres underlegenhet."

    Et eget kapittel i boka har fått tittelen "Den gode hjelper - en ’humanitær stormakt’ tar form", der forfatterne ser nærmere på hvordan norsk bistand blir omtalt i pressen. Innledningsvis står det bl.a.

    http://www.rorg.no/noop/file.php?id=1747

    "Samlet sett er dette et dekningsområde på retur. Vi ser en topp i 1967 og 1976, men nedgangen etterpå er interessant i og med at det er i denne perioden Norge konsoliderer seg som « humanitær stormakt » gjennom innsatsen på freds- og forsoningsarenaen (Egeland 1988, Tvedt 2003). Nedgangen kan skyldes et profesjonelt oppgjør med « prosjektjournalistikk », etter at man i den redaksjonelle debatten på 1990-tallet ble mer opptatt av ikke å reise « på tur » med donorene og takke for reisen med velmente oppslag. På den annen side er utvalget vårt for lite til at vi kan konkludere sikkert."

    Forfatterne viser i dette kapittelet til den indiskfødte litteraturprofessoren

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak

    Gayatri Spivak, som mener at "kolonialismens paternalisme har blitt avløst av en form for nykolonialisme der det å definere andre lik oss selv, åpner for at vi må ’hjelpe dem til å bli mer lik oss selv’". Eide og Simonsen bekrefter her Tvedts kritikk om at "forestillinger om det moralsk høyverdige ved innsatsen" bidrar til "å lukke feltet for kritikk" og fortsetter :

    "Slik dannes et godhetsregime der norske journalister intervjuer norske eksperter (og misjonærer) uten særlig grad av kritisk filter, og der den politiske debatten som refereres i pressen, i hovedsak kretser rundt budsjettstørrelse og bistandstekniske spørsmål."

    I bokas avsluttende kapittel om "de lange linjer" skriver Anne Hege Simonsen bl.a. :

    "Geopolitisk plassering spiller (...) en viktig rolle for hvem som produserer kunnskap, og ikke minst for hva slags kunnskap som etableres som ’sann’. I vår studie ser vi hvordan geopolitiske forhold fra kolonitidens dager danner grunnlaget for seiglivete forestillinger om hvordan ulike deler av verden er, og hva vi kan forvente derfra. Vi ser også særdeles tydelig hvordan diskursen om modernitet brukes til å legitimere så vel dominans som solidaritet."

    Dette er en observasjon som samstemmer godt med Terje Tvedts konklusjon i et lengre intervju om "nytt blikk på kolonihistorien" i Dagbladet 6. januar 2008 :

    http://www.dagbladet.no/tekstarkiv/artikkel.php?id=5001080032748&tag=item&words=terje%3Btvedt

    "Det internasjonale bistandssystemet oppsto ikke på kolonialismens ruiner, men som en nyorganisering av eksisterende maktrelasjoner mellom rike og fattige land."

    Boka får hederlig omtale av bl.a. journalistikkprofessor Guri Hjeltnes i VG
    http://www.vg.no/nyheter/meninge
    /artikkel.php ?artid=503863

    "Eide og Simonsens arbeid vil utvilsomt bli lærebok, men innholdet vil interessere enhver samfunnsengasjert. Her er spreke teoretiske ansatser med de to forskernes tverrfaglige tilnærming og ambisjon om å bidra til studiet av global journalistikk."

    Mer info om
    http://www.rorg.no/Artikler/1745.html

    #bibliographie #livre #aide #développement #imaginaire


  • Why is a New York hospital being sacrificed for an Israel-backed science facility? | The Electronic Intifada
    http://electronicintifada.net/content/why-new-york-hospital-being-sacrificed-israel-backed-science-facility/11814

    Despite critical opposition from residents and their supporters, plans are proceeding unimpeded to build a multi-billion dollar campus linking an Israeli and an American university in New York City.

    ...

    The Technion, Israel’s premier high-tech university, is heavily involved in the research and development of drones, weapons manufacture, communications surveillance technology and Caterpillar D-9 bulldozers — the kind used to kill US peace activist Rachel Corrie — and used to demolish many thousands of Palestinian homes and public buildings.

    These research areas are directly tied to Israeli military activities which violate international humanitarian charters and resolutions, including the Geneva Conventions, laws against breaches of human rights, and laws against apartheid and ethnic cleansing. Cornell NYC Tech has already announced that it will engage in dry laboratory manufacturing, mainly robotics, as well as communications development, but the pertinent details have not been released. This is despite claims of transparency from Cornell representatives and some of the project’s supporters, including Nicholas Viest, President of Roosevelt Island’s Community Board 8.



  • http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effet_Dunning-Kruger

    L’effet Dunning-Kruger décrit un phénomène selon lequel les moins compétents dans un domaine surestiment leur compétence alors que les plus compétents auraient tendance à sous-estimer leur niveau de compétence.
    [...]
    – la personne incompétente tend à surestimer son niveau de compétence,
    – la personne incompétente ne parvient pas à reconnaître la compétence dans ceux qui la possèdent véritablement,
    – la personne incompétente ne parvient pas à se rendre compte de son degré d’incompétence,
    – si un entraînement de ces personnes mène à une amélioration significative de leur compétence, elles pourront alors reconnaître et accepter leurs lacunes antérieures.

    • Ces hypothèses ont été testées sur de jeunes étudiants en psychologie de l’université Cornell au travers d’auto-évaluations dans les domaines de la logique et du raisonnement, en grammaire et en humour.

      Sérieusement, on a testé scientifiquement leur degré de compétence en humour ? Now this is funny.

    • In Study 1, we decided to explore people’s perceptions of their
      competence in a domain that requires sophisticated knowledge and wisdom about the tastes and reactions of other people. That domain was humor. To anticipate what is and what others will find
      funny, one must have subtle and tacit knowledge about other
      people’s tastes. Thus, in Study 1 we presented participants with a
      series of jokes and asked them to rate the humor of each one.

      We then compared their ratings with those provided by a panel of
      experts, namely, professional comedians who make their living by
      recognizing what is funny and reporting it to their audiences. By
      comparing each participant’s ratings with those of our expert
      panel, we could roughly assess participants’ ability to spot humor.

      Our key interest was how perceptions of that ability converged
      with actual ability. Specifically, we wanted to discover whether
      those who did poorly on our measure would recognize the low
      quality of their performance. Would they recognize it or would
      they be unaware?

      Method :

      Participants. Participants were 65 Cornell University undergraduates from a variety of courses in psychology who earned extra credit for their participation.
      Materials. We created a 30-item questionnaire made up of jokes we felt were of varying comedic value. Jokes were taken from Woody Allen (1975), Al Frankin (1992), and a book of “really silly” pet jokes by Jeff Rovin (1996). To assess joke quality, we contacted several professional comedians via electronic mail and asked them to rate each joke on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all funny) to 11 (very funny). Eight comedians responded to our request (Bob Crawford, Costaki Economopoulos, Paul
      Frisbie, Kathleen Madigan, Ann Rose, Allan Sitterson, David Spark, and Dan St. Paul). Although the ratings provided by the eight comedians were moderately reliable (a = .72), an analysis of interrater correlations found that one (and only one) comedian’s ratings failed to correlate positively
      with the others (mean r = -.09)
      . We thus excluded this comedian’s ratings in our calculation of the humor value of each joke, yielding a final a of .76.
      Expert ratings revealed that jokes ranged from the not so funny (e.g., “Question: What is big as a man, but weighs nothing? Answer: His shadow.” Mean expert rating = 1.3) to the very funny (e.g., “If a kid asks where rain comes from, I think a cute thing to tell him is ’God is crying.’ And if he asks why God is crying, another cute thing to tell him is ’probably because of something you did.’” Mean expert rating = 9.6).
      Procedure. Participants rated each joke on the same 11-point scale used by the comedians. Afterward, participants compared their “ability to recognize what’s funny” with that of the average Cornell student by providing a percentile ranking. In this and in all subsequent studies, we explained that percentile rankings could range from 0 (I’m at the very bottom) to 50 (I’m exactly average) to 99 (I’m at the very top).

      De la grande pyschologie :) (semi-Nobelisée : http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Ig_Nobel ) ... Je veux la liste des blagues !


  • OBÉSITÉ : Connaissances nutritionnelles ne riment pas avec saine alimentation
    http://www.santelog.com/news/nutrition-obesite/obesite-connaissances-nutritionnelles-ne-riment-pas-avec-saine-alimentatio

    « Un autre paradoxe dans l’assiette ? », titre cette étude « cross-country » menée par le professeur Maurice Doyon, de l’Université Laval qui révèle que plus les consommateurs sont au fait du caractère gras des aliments qu’ils consomment, plus le taux d’obésité est élevé. Ces résultats publiés dans l’édition de mars du British Food Journal, interroge sur la pertinence de miser sur l’information nutritionnelle par aliment et encouragent à rappeler ce qu’est globalement un repas sain, pour inciter à de bonnes habitudes alimentaires.


  • ArXiv at 20 (Nature)
    http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7359/full/476145a.html

    Configuring scholarly communication infrastructure for the next generation of researchers requires getting into the heads of current undergraduates and graduate students. Their life experience is of immediate online availability and global search engines, and they arrive imbued with the social-network mentality of sharing links, photos, videos and status updates. Yet, my own informal survey of graduate students reveals information-gathering techniques familiar to most older scientists. Students still follow citation trees, search by keywords and consult with peers and mentors, with the latter as important as ever for weeding out unreliable sources. Students also say that they search preferentially for open-access resources when working from home, because accessing subscription-based journals, even when available through an institutional proxy, can be frustratingly painful. (...) Source: Nature


  • ArXiv at 20 : Nature : Nature Publishing Group
    http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7359/full/476145a.html

    L’histoire des dépôts d’articles scientifiques. J’avais envie de tout citer. Un must indispensable.

    Twenty years ago this month, I launched an electronic bulletin board intended to serve a few hundred friends and colleagues working in a subfield of theoretical high-energy physics.

    Even today, fields vary hugely in how they recognize intellectual precedence. It baffles me that scientists in some fields can announce a result in a public forum, such as a meeting, while another group can reproduce the results, publish first in a journal, and be given complete intellectual precedence, as though the information did not exist until vetted by the referee process. Journal editors and referees should make more effort to ensure proper attribution is given to publicly accessible materials in a stable resource, such as arXiv.

    Again, because of cost and labour overheads, arXiv would not be able to implement conventional peer review. Even the minimal filtering of incoming preprints to maintain basic quality control involves significant daily administrative activity. Incoming abstracts are given a cursory glance by volunteer external moderators for appropriateness to their subject areas; and various automated filters, including a text classifier, flag problem submissions. Although the overall rate of such submissions is well below 1%, they tend to cluster in specific areas (such as general relativity, quantum mechanics and unified theories in physics; proofs of the Riemann hypothesis, Goldbach’s conjecture and new proofs of Fermat’s last theorem in mathematics; P versus NP problem in computer science).

    Moderators, tasked with determining what is of potential interest to their communities, are sometimes forced to ascertain ’what is science?’ At this point arXiv unintentionally becomes an accrediting agency for researchers, much as the Science Citation Index became an accrediting agency for journals, by formulating criteria for their inclusion. Although decisions are biased towards permissiveness, inevitably some authors object that it is never permissive enough.

    Configuring scholarly communication infrastructure for the next generation of researchers requires getting into the heads of current undergraduates and graduate students. Their life experience is of immediate online availability and global search engines, and they arrive imbued with the social-network mentality of sharing links, photos, videos and status updates.

    Students also say that they search preferentially for open-access resources when working from home, because accessing subscription-based journals, even when available through an institutional proxy, can be frustratingly painful.

    On arXiv, we have seen some of the unintended effects of an entire global research community ingesting the same information from the same interface on a daily basis. The order in which new preprint submissions are displayed in the daily alert, if only for a single day, strongly affects the readership on that day and leaves a measurable trace in the citation record fully six years later2, 3. Some researchers, wise to this, time their submissions to arrive just after the daily afternoon deadline to maximize their prominence in the next day’s mailing.


  • Twitter humeurs -
    Moods on #Twitter Follow Biological Rhythms, Study Finds - NYTimes.com

    http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/science/30twitter.html?_r=1&nl=todaysheadlines&emc=globaleua26

    Comment ?! nous serions de meilleure humeur le matin, le soir et les we ?

    This is a significant finding because one explanation out there for the pattern was just that people hate going to work,” Mr. Golder said. “But if that were the case, the pattern should be different on the weekends, and it’s not. That suggests that something more fundamental is driving this — that it’s due to biological or circadian factors.

    Mais les facteurs biologiques sont peut-être eux-même déterminés par des facteurs sociaux

    http://www.npr.org/2011/09/29/140927259/twitter-data-reveal-the-mood-of-the-planet

    While the results might not be terribly surprising, they point to a new “social media” wave in academic research.

    #digital_humanities