• Il nuovo volto del #water_grabbing e la complicità della finanza

    Fondi pensione e società di private equity investono sulla produzione di colture di pregio, dai piccoli frutti alle mandorle, che necessitano abbondanti risorse idriche. Il ruolo del fondo emiratino #Adq che ha acquisito l’italiana #Unifrutti.

    Per osservare più da vicino il nuovo volto del water grabbing bisogna andare nella regione di Olmos, nel Nord del Perù, dove il Public sector pension investment board (Psp), uno dei maggiori gestori di fondi pensionistici canadesi (con un asset di circa 152 miliardi di dollari) ha acquistato nel 2022 un’azienda agricola di 500 ettari specializzata nella coltivazione di mirtilli. Un investimento finalizzato a sfruttare il boom della produzione di questi piccoli frutti, passata secondo le stime della Banca Mondiale dalle 30 tonnellate del 2010 alle oltre 180mila del 2020: quantità che hanno fatto del Paese latino-americano il secondo produttore mondiale dopo gli Stati Uniti.

    Nella regione di Olmos l’avvio di questa coltivazione intensiva è stato reso possibile grazie a un progetto idrico, costato al governo di Lima oltre 180 milioni di dollari, per deviare l’acqua dal fiume Huancabamba verso la costa e migliorare la produzione agricola locale. “Ma il progetto non ha ottenuto i risultati annunciati”, denuncia il report “Squeezing communities dry” pubblicato a metà settembre 2023 da Grain, una Ong che lavora per sostenere i piccoli agricoltori nella loro lotta per la difesa dei sistemi alimentari controllati dalle comunità e basati sulla biodiversità. Chi ha realmente beneficiato del progetto, infatti, sono state le grandi realtà agroindustriali. “Quasi tutta l’acqua convogliata dalle Ande va alle aziende di recente costituzione che producono avocado, mirtilli e altre colture che vengono vendute a prezzi elevati all’estero -continua Grain-. Il progetto, finanziato con fondi pubblici, ha avuto pochi benefici per la popolazione ma ha creato una fonte di profitti per le aziende che hanno accesso libero e gratuito all’acqua e i loro investitori”.

    I protagonisti di questa nuova forma di water grabbing sono fondi pensione, società di private equity e altri operatori finanziari che si stanno muovendo in modo sempre più aggressivo per garantirsi le abbondanti risorse idriche necessarie alla produzione di colture di pregio. A differenza del passato, però, non cercano più di acquisire enormi superfici di terre coltivabili.

    “L’accesso all’acqua è sempre stato un fattore cruciale -spiega ad Altreconomia Delvin Kuyek, ricercatore di Grain e autore dello studio-. Ma negli ultimi anni abbiamo osservato un nuovo modello: investimenti in colture come mirtilli, avocado o mandorle che richiedono meno terra rispetto al grano o alla soia, ma quantità molto maggiori di acqua. A guidare l’investimento, in questo caso, è proprio la possibilità di accedere ad abbondanti risorse idriche per mettere sul mercato prodotti che permettano di generare un ritorno economico importante”. Una forma di sfruttamento che Grain paragona all’estrazione di petrolio: si pompa acqua da fiumi o falde fino all’esaurimento, senza preoccuparsi degli impatti sull’ambiente o dei bisogni della popolazione locale. Gli operatori finanziari, infatti, non prevedono di sviluppare attività produttive sul lungo periodo ma puntano a ritorno sui loro investimenti entro 10-15 anni. Un’altra caratteristica di questi accordi, è che tendono a realizzarsi in località in cui l’acqua è già scarsa o in via di esaurimento.

    Negli ultimi anni il fondo pensionistico canadese ha acquistato direttamente o investito in società che gestiscono piantagioni di mandorle in California, di noci in Australia e California. Mentre in Spagna, attraverso la controllata Hortifruit, è diventato uno dei principali produttori di mirtilli nella regione di Huelva (nel Sud-Ovest del Paese) dove si concentra anche la quasi totalità della coltivazione di fragole spagnole, destinata per l’80% all’export.

    In Perù nel 2020 sono stati prodotte 180mila tonnellate di mirtilli. Numeri che fanno del Paese latinoamericano il secondo produttore mondiale dopo gli Stati Uniti. Nel 2010 erano solo 30

    Tutto questo sta avendo effetti devastanti sulle falde che alimentavano le zone umide della vicina riserva di Doñana, ricchissimo di biodiversità e patrimonio Unesco: un riconoscimento oggi messo a rischio proprio dall’eccessivo sfruttamento idrico. Lo studio “Thirty-four years of Landsat monitoring reveal long-term effects of groundwater abstractions on a World heritage site wetland” pubblicato ad aprile 2023 sulla rivista Science of the total environment, evidenzia come tra il 1985 e il 2018 il 59,2% della rete di stagni sia andata perduta a causa delle attività umane. “Il problema è collegato anche alla produzione di frutti rossi che ha iniziato a diffondersi a partire dagli anni Ottanta, grazie alla presenza di condizioni climatiche ottimali e a un suolo sabbioso”, spiega ad Altreconomia Felipe Fuentelsaz del Wwf Spagna. Ma la crescita del comparto ha portato a uno sfruttamento eccessivo delle falde, da cui viene prelevata troppa acqua rispetto al tempo che necessitano per rigenerarsi. L’organizzazione stima che nel corso degli anni siano stati scavati più di mille pozzi illegali: “L’80% dei produttori rispetta le norme per l’utilizzo delle risorse idriche, ma il restante 20%, che equivale a circa duemila ettari di terreno, pompa acqua senza averne diritto”, puntualizza Fuentelsaz.

    Questa nuova forma di water grabbing interessa diversi Paesi: dal Marocco (dove il settore agro-industriale pesa per l’85% sul consumo idrico nazionale) al Messico dove è attiva la società di gestione Renewable resources group. Secondo quanto ricostruito da Grain, nel 2018 ha acquisito centomila ettari di terreni agricoli in Messico, Stati Uniti, Cile e Argentina, nonché diritti idrici privati negli Stati Uniti, in Cile e in Australia, generando rendimenti annuali superiori al 20% per i suoi investitori, che comprendono fondi pensione, di private equity e compagnie di assicurazione.

    Tra le società indicate nel report di Grain figura anche Adq, il fondo sovrano degli Emirati Arabi Uniti, che negli ultimi anni ha effettuato importanti investimenti nel comparto agro-alimentare: attraverso la sua controllata Al Dahra ha acquistato terreni in Egitto, Sudan e Romania. Nel 2020 ha acquisito il 45% di Louis Dreyfus Company, una delle quattro principali aziende che controllano il mercato globale del commercio agricolo. E nel 2022 ha comprato la quota di maggioranza di Unifrutti group, società italiana specializzata nella produzione e nella commercializzazione di frutta fresca con oltre 14mila ettari di terreni tra Cile, Turchia, Filippine, Ecuador, Argentina, Sudafrica e Italia.

    Unifrutti group ha sede fiscale a Cipro, uno dei Paesi dell’Unione europea a fiscalità agevolata che garantiscono vantaggi alle società che vi hanno sede. Ma a sfruttare i benefici sono anche oligarchi russi colpiti dalle sanzioni dopo l’annessione russa della Crimea nel 2014 e inasprite a seguito dell’invasione dell’Ucraina nel febbraio 2022. A rivelarlo l’inchiesta “Cyprus confidential” pubblicata a novembre dal Consorzio internazionale di giornalisti investigativi (Icij)

    “Questi investimenti hanno un doppio obiettivo -spiega ad Altreconomia Christian Henderson, esperto di investimenti agricoli nel Golfo e docente presso l’Università di Leiden nei Paesi Bassi- da un lato, sono orientate a trarre profitto dal commercio internazionale e dalle materie prime. In secondo luogo, si preoccupano di garantire la sicurezza alimentare. Queste due logiche in qualche modo sono intrecciate tra loro, in modo da rendere la sicurezza alimentare redditizia per gli Emirati Arabi Uniti. C’è poi un altro elemento: penso che i Paesi del Golfo siano piuttosto preoccupati dal fatto di essere visti come ‘accaparratori’ di terra. In questo modo, invece, possono affermare di aver effettuato un semplice investimento sul mercato”.

    Fondata dall’imprenditore Guido De Nadai nel 1948 ad Asmara come compagnia di import/export di frutta e verdura, oggi Unifrutti group è una realtà globale “che produce in quattro diversi continenti e distribuisce in oltre 50 Paesi” si legge sul sito. Trecento tipologie di prodotti commercializzati, 14mila ettari di terreni (di proprietà o in gestione) e 12mila dipendenti sono solo alcuni numeri di una realtà che ha ancora la propria sede principale a Montecorsaro, in provincia di Macerata, dove si trova il domicilio fiscale di Unifrutti distribution spa. La società è controllata da Unifrutti international holdings limited, con sede fiscale a Cipro, Paese a fiscalità agevolata. Con l’ingresso di Adq come socio di maggioranza sono cambiati anche i vertici societari: il 13 novembre 2023, ha assunto l’incarico di amministratore delegato del gruppo Mohamed Elsarky che ha alle spalle una carriera ventennale come Ceo per società del calibro di Kellog’s Australia e Nuova Zelanda e Godiva chocolatier e come presidente di United biscuits del gruppo Danone. Mentre Gil Adotevi, chief executive officer per il settore “Food and agriculture” del fondo emiratino Adq, ricopre il ruolo di presidente del consiglio di amministrazione: “Mentre il Gruppo si avvia verso un nuovo entusiasmante capitolo di crescita -ha dichiarato- siamo certi che la guida e la leadership di Mohamed porteranno l’azienda a realizzare i suoi ambiziosi piani”.

    Nel 2021 il gruppo ha commercializzato circa 620mila tonnellate di prodotti (in primo luogo banane, uva, mele, pere, limoni e arance) registrando un fatturato complessivo di 720 milioni di dollari (in crescita del 2% rispetto al 2020) e un margine operativo lordo di 78 milioni. Una performance estremamente positiva che “si è verificata nonostante le numerose sfide che hanno caratterizzato il perimetro operativo del gruppo a partire dalle condizioni climatiche avverse senza precedenti in Cile e in Italia”. Il Paese latino-americano -principale sito produttivo del gruppo, con oltre seimila ettari di terreno dove si producono mele, uva, pere e ciliegie- è stato infatti colpito per il quarto anno di fila da una gravissima siccità che alla fine del 2021 ha visto 19 milioni di persone vivere in aree caratterizzate da “grave scarsità d’acqua”. Come ricorda Grain nel report “Squeezing communities dry” tutte le regioni cilene specializzate nella produzione di frutta “stanno affrontando una crisi idrica aggravata dalla siccità causata dal cambiamento climatico”.

    https://altreconomia.it/il-nuovo-volto-del-water-grabbing-e-la-complicita-della-finanza
    #eau #agriculture #finance #financiarisation #fonds_de_pension #private_equity #Public_sector_pension_investment_board (#Psp) #petits_fruits #myrtilles #Olmos #Pérou #Huancabamba #industrie_agro-alimentaire #avocats #exportation #amandes #ressources_hydriques #extractivisme #Hortifruit #Huelva #Espagne #fraises #Doñana #fruits_rouges #Maroc #Renewable_resources_group #Mexique #Emirats_arabes_unis (#EAU) #Al_Dahra #Egypte #Soudan #Roumanie #Louis_Dreyfus_Company #Guido_De_Nadai #Chypre #Mohamed_Elsarky #Kellog’s #Godiva_chocolatier #United_biscuits #Danone #Gil_Adotevi #Chili

  • En Amérique du Sud, un printemps « historiquement chaud » accable les populations
    https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2023/11/26/en-amerique-du-sud-un-printemps-historiquement-chaud-accable-les-populations


    Un champ de totoras asséchées sur le chemin de Los Uros. En raison de la forte sécheresse, il est désormais possible d’accéder aux îles de l’archipel péruvien à pied. Puno (Pérou), le 14 octobre 2023. PAUL GAMBIN POUR « LE MONDE »

    Des records de chaleur ont été battus ces dernières semaines, la température ressentie frôlant parfois les 60 °C. La conjonction du réchauffement climatique, du phénomène El Niño et de la déforestation en Amazonie est en cause.

    Des températures dépassant régulièrement les 40 °C et frôlant par endroits les 60 °C ressentis – et ce, alors même que l’été austral en Amérique du Sud n’a pas encore débuté : des records de chaleur ont été battus ces dernières semaines au Brésil, en Argentine, au Pérou, en Bolivie et au Paraguay. C’est un printemps hors normes, déjà qualifié d’« historiquement chaud », que vit le sous-continent. Chaleur et sécheresse affectent des millions de personnes et menacent les récoltes.

    Dimanche 19 novembre, le mercure a atteint 44,8 °C à Araçuai, dans l’Etat du Minas Gerais (sud-est), au Brésil, soit la plus haute température jamais relevée dans le pays, selon l’Institut national de météorologie (Inmet). Au cours de la canicule inédite qui a frappé, à la mi-novembre, la moitié des 5 500 municipalités du pays ont été placées en état d’alerte maximale.

    La vague de chaleur a provoqué ruée vers les plages et panique. A Rio, où la sensation thermique a atteint les 59,3 °C, une mère de famille est allée jusqu’à briser la vitre d’un bus pour laisser respirer son enfant malade. Sous l’effet des climatiseurs, la consommation d’énergie a battu un record historique, avec 101 475 mégawatts, le 14 novembre, et ce, alors que nombre de barrages hydroélectriques ne fonctionnent que partiellement.

    La canicule a aussi eu des effets tragiques. Le 17 novembre, une étudiante de 23 ans a trouvé la mort des suites d’un arrêt cardiorespiratoire lors du concert de la chanteuse américaine Taylor Swift organisé à Rio de Janeiro, dans un stade olympique Nilton-Santos plein à craquer où les spectateurs suffoquaient. En dépit des températures extrêmes, les organisateurs avaient interdit aux fans d’apporter leurs propres bouteilles d’eau.

    https://archive.is/qYBsr

    #climat

  • Grève et marches contre le gouvernement de Dina Boluarte dans les principales villes du pays

    La clameur « Dina assassin, démissionne » s’est à nouveau fait entendre dans les rues du pays. Ce mercredi 19 juillet, une grève nationale a été organisée pour exiger la démission de la présidente Dina Boluarte. Elle a été partiellement suivie à Lima, mais elle a été vigoureuse dans les régions andines Des dizaines de milliers de Péruviens et Péruviennes ont participé aux manifestations dans tout le pays. Quelque dix mille personnes se sont rassemblées à Lima et plusieurs milliers d’autres à Juliaca, Arequipa et Ayacucho. Des manifestations ont eu lieu dans les principales villes du pays. Elles ont été caractérisées par une forte présence policière dès l’aube. Les écoles et les universités ont été fermées dans plusieurs régions. Les places et les rues ont été envahies par des manifestant·e·s anti-gouvernementaux.

    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/07/23/greve-et-marches-contre-le-gouvernement-de-din

    #international #perou

  • Pérou. La troisième vague de protestations est relancée ce 19 juillet

    L’impopulaire présidente Dina Boluarte, rejetée par 80% des personnes selon un récent sondage, fait face à une nouvelle vague de protestations exigeant sa démission. Les principaux syndicats et organisations sociales ont appelé à une grève nationale pour le mercredi 19 juillet, qui devrait marquer le début des mobilisations dans tout le pays. Les organisateurs de la manifestation affirment que l’objectif est de faire tomber le gouvernement, qu’ils qualifient d’« illégitime et criminel ».

    Le mouvement de protestation
    Avec cette grève, les protestations qui ont éclaté en décembre 2022 après la destitution et l’emprisonnement de l’ancien président Pedro Castillo et son remplacement par Dina Boluarte reprennent à l’occasion d’une troisième vague. Les habitants de l’intérieur du pays, principalement des paysans, se mobiliseront à Lima venant de différentes provinces, principalement des régions andines, pour se joindre à la protestation dans la capitale. Des mobilisations ont également été appelées dans les provinces du pays. Les manifestations les plus importantes devraient avoir lieu dans le sud des Andes, comme c’est le cas depuis décembre.

    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/07/20/perou-la-troisieme-vague-de-protestations-est-

    #international #pérou

  • Au Pérou, les femmes andines victimes d’une féroce répression
    Une contestation partie des campagnes agite le Pérou depuis plusieurs mois. Les femmes andines y ont été en première ligne. Violentées par la police pour s’être mobilisées, certaines sont aujourd’hui visées par la justice pour terrorisme.
    Maïlys Khider
    https://basta.media/au-perou-les-femmes-andines-victimes-d-une-feroce-repression-destitution-Pe
    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/06/04/perou-les-manifestations-reprennent/#comment-57342

    #international #perou

  • Sur la route du lithium : 4e partie - Romain Migus

    Après être allé dans les gisements de lithium et dans les zones d’élevage, après avoir discuté avec la population sur les opportunités et leurs craintes de l’exploitation minière, dans cette 4e et ultime étape, nous sommes allés voir l’institution départementale. Le directeur du développement social nous éclaire sur l’histoire économique complexe du département et le contraste entre la richesse du territoire et l’immense pauvreté qui y règne. Une interview à ne pas manquer pour comprendre ce qui se joue dans ces zones minières du #Pérou.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZGGDjinnwY

  • Pérou. Les manifestations reprennent

    Les manifestations de rue contre le gouvernement de Dina Boluarte ont repris. Ce mardi 30 mai, une grève s’est déclenchée dans la région montagneuse de Puno pour exiger la démission de la présidente, la fermeture du Congrès contrôlé par la droite et des élections anticipées. A ces revendications s’ajoute la demande de justice pour les morts causées par la répression des mois précédents. Les manifestations qui ont éclaté en décembre, lorsque Dina Boluarte a succédé à Pedro Castillo, évincé et emprisonné, se sont essoufflées après trois mois de répression brutale. Mais le rejet généralisé du gouvernement n’a pas faibli. Un sondage de l’Institut d’études péruviennes (IEP), publié dimanche 28 mai, révèle que 79% des personnes interrogées rejettent l’administration de Dina Boluarte et que 15% seulement la soutiennent. Le Congrès est désavoué par 90% des personnes interrogées et accepté par un maigre 6% d’entre elles. Avec le retour de ce rejet dans les rues, à Puno, les gens ont à nouveau scandé « cette démocratie n’est plus une démocratie, Dina assassine, le peuple te répudie, combien de morts veux-tu pour te faire démissionner… ».

    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/06/04/perou-les-manifestations-reprennent

    #international #perou

  • Sur la route du lithium : 3e partie - Romain Migus

    Deux habitants de Macusani, la ville proche des gisements de lithium, discutent des avantages et des inconvénients de l’exploitation minière. Ils ne sont pas forcément d’accord. L’un est employé de la mine canadienne, l’autre est agriculteur. Écoutons-les.
    Dans une région dominée par une forte pauvreté, comment le contraste avec la richesse du sous-sol est-il vécu par la population ? Nous sommes allés à la rencontre des habitants

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjRrCpYj8wY


    #Pérou

  • Sur la route du lithium : 2e partie - Romain Migus

    Au pied des montagnes enneigées et des gisements de lithium, une communauté d’agriculteur et d’éleveur réagit à la future exploitation du minerai.
    Dans une région dominée par une forte pauvreté, comment le contraste avec la richesse du sous-sol est-il vécu par la population ? Nous sommes allés à la rencontre des habitants.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6G74MxmNK4


    #Pérou

  • Sur la route du lithium : 1ère partie - Romain Migus
    Nous partons dans les gisements de lithium du #Pérou. Perdu dans les montagnes, à 5000m d’altitude, ce gisement encore en phase d’exploration serait le 3e au monde, et le plus important d’Amérique latine. Il appartient à un conglomérat minier canadien, American Lithium. Les pieds dans la neige et les mains dans le minerai, nous vous emmenons sur la route du lithium.
    Dans une région très riche en minerais, mais où règne une forte pauvreté, comment ce contraste est-il vécu par la population ? Nous sommes allés à la rencontre des habitants.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqrWH5AyVQk

  • Il costo nascosto dell’avocado e le nuove “zone di sacrificio” nelle mire dei grandi produttori

    La produzione globale del frutto viaggia verso le 12 milioni di tonnellate nel 2030. Le monocolture intensive interessano sempre più Paesi, compromettendo falde e biodiversità. Dalla Colombia allo Sri Lanka, dal Vietnam al Malawi. Grain ha analizzato la paradigmatica situazione del Messico, dove si concentra il 40% della produzione.

    “La salsa guacamole che viene consumata durante il Super bowl potrebbe riempire 30 milioni di caschi da football”. La stima è di Armando López, direttore esecutivo dell’Associazione messicana dei coltivatori, confezionatori ed esportatori di avocado, che in occasione della finale del campionato di football americano del 12 febbraio scorso ha pagato quasi sette miliardi di dollari per avere uno spazio pubblicitario in occasione dell’evento sportivo più seguito degli Stati Uniti.

    Solo pochi giorni prima, il 2 febbraio, era stata presentata una denuncia contro il governo del Messico presso la Commissione trilaterale per la cooperazione ambientale (organismo istituito nell’ambito dell’accoro di libero scambio tra il Paese, Stati Uniti e Canada) per non aver fatto rispettare le proprie leggi sulla deforestazione, la conservazione delle acque e l’uso del suolo.

    La notizia ha trovato spazio per qualche giorno sui media statunitensi proprio per la concomitanza con il Super bowl, il momento in cui il consumo della salsa a base di avocado tocca il picco. Ed è anche il punto partenza del report “The avocados of wrath” curato da Grain, rete di organizzazioni che lavorano per sostenere i piccoli agricoltori e i movimenti sociali, e dall’organizzazione messicana Colectivo por la autonomia, che torna a lanciare l’allarme sull’altissimo costo ambientale di questo frutto.

    La denuncia presentata alla Commissione trilaterale si concentra sulla situazione nello Stato del Michoacán, che produce il 75% degli avocado messicani. Qui tra il 2000 e il 2020 la superficie dedicata alla coltura è passata da 78mila a 169mila ettari a scapito delle foreste di abeti locali. Oltre alla deforestazione, il documento pone in rilievo lo sfruttamento selvaggio delle risorse idriche, oltre a un uso eccessivo di fertilizzanti e pesticidi che compromettono le falde sotterranee, i fiumi e i torrenti nelle aree limitrofe alle piantagioni.

    “Il Messico non riesce ad applicare efficacemente le sue leggi ambientali per proteggere gli ecosistemi forestali e la qualità dell’acqua dagli impatti ambientali negativi della produzione di avocado nel Michoacán”, denunciano i curatori. Il Paese nordamericano “non sta rispettando le disposizioni della Costituzione messicana e le varie leggi federali sulla valutazione dell’impatto ambientale, la conservazione delle foreste, lo sviluppo sostenibile, la qualità dell’acqua, il cambiamento climatico e la protezione dell’ambiente”.

    Questa vicenda giudiziaria, di cui non si conoscono ancora gli esiti, rappresenta per Grain un’occasione per guardare più da vicino il Paese e la produzione dell’avocado, diventato negli ultimi anni il terzo frutto più commercializzato al mondo, dopo banana e ananas: nel 2021 la produzione globale di questo frutto, infatti, ha raggiunto quota 8,8 milioni di tonnellate (si stima che possa raggiungere le 12 milioni di tonnellate nel 2030) e il 40% si concentra proprio in Messico, una quota che secondo le stime della Fao potrebbe arrivare al 63% entro il 2030.

    Statunitensi ed europei importano circa il 70% della produzione globale e la domanda è in continua crescita anche per effetto di intense campagne di marketing che ne promuovono i benefici nutrizionali. Di conseguenza dal 2011 a oggi le piantagioni di avocado hanno moltiplicato per quattro la loro superficie in Paesi come Colombia, Haiti, Marocco e Repubblica Dominicana. In Sri Lanka la superficie è aumentata di cinque volte. La produzione intensiva è stata avviata anche in Vietnam e Malawi che oggi rientrano tra i primi venti produttori a livello globale.

    Il mercato di questo frutto vale circa 14 miliardi di dollari e potrebbe toccare i 30 miliardi nel 2030: “La maggiore quota di profitti -riporta Grain- vanno a una manciata di gruppi imprenditoriali, fortemente integrati verticalmente e che continuano a espandersi in nuovi Paesi, dove stanno aprendo succursali”. È il caso, ad esempio, delle società californiane Misison Produce e Calvaro Growers. La prima ha aumentato costantemente le sue vendite nel corso degli ultimi anni, fino a superare di poco il miliardo dollari nel 2022, mentre la seconda ha registrato nello stesso anno vendite per 1,1 miliardi.

    “Queste aziende hanno basato la loro espansione su investimenti da parte di pesi massimi del mondo della finanza -scrive Grain-. Mission Produce e Calavo Growers sono quotate alla Borsa di New York e stanno attirando investimenti da parte di fondi hedge come BlackRock e Vanguard. Stiamo assistendo all’ingresso di fondi di private equity e fondi pensione nel settore degli avocado. Mission Produce, ad esempio, si è unita alla società di private equity Criterion Africa partners per lanciare la produzione di oltre mille ettari di avocado a Selokwe, in Sudafrica”.

    Per Grain guardare da vicino a quello che è accaduto in Messico e al modello produttivo messo in atto dalle aziende dell’agribusiness californiane è utile per comprendere a pieno i rischi che incombono sui Paesi che solo in anni recenti hanno avviato la coltivazione del frutto. Lo sguardo si concentra in particolare sullo Stato del Michoacán dove il boom delle piantagioni è avvenuto a scapito della distruzione delle foreste locali, consumando le risorse idriche di intere regioni e a un costo sociale altissimo.

    Secondo i dati di Grain, ogni ettaro coltivato ad avocado in Messico consuma circa 100mila litri di acqua al mese. Si stima che Perù, Sudafrica, Cile, Israele e Spagna utilizzino 25 milioni di metri cubi d’acqua, l’equivalente di 10mila piscine olimpioniche, per produrre gli avocado importati nel Regno Unito. “Mentre continua a spremere le ultime falde già esaurite in Messico, California e Cile, l’industria del settore sta migrando verso altre ‘zone di sacrificio’ -si legge nel report-. Per irrigare l’arida Valle di Olmos in Perù, dove operano le aziende californiane, il governo locale ha realizzato uno dei megaprogetti più contestati e segnati dalla corruzione del Paese: un tunnel di venti chilometri che attraversa la cordigliera delle Ande per portare l’acqua deviata dal fiume Huancabamba a Olmos”. All’eccessivo sfruttamento delle risorse idriche si aggiunge poi il massiccio utilizzo di prodotti chimici nelle piantagioni: nel solo Michoacán, la coltura dell’avocado si porta dietro ogni anno 450mila litri di insetticidi, 900mila tonnellate di fungicidi e 30mila tonnellate di fertilizzanti.

    https://altreconomia.it/il-costo-nascosto-dellavocado-e-le-nuove-zone-di-sacrificio-nelle-mire-
    #avocat #agriculture #Mexique #globalisation #mondialisation #cartographie #visualisation #Michoacán #déforestation #produits_phytosanitaires #fertilisants #pesticides #plantation #fruits #Misison_Produce #Calvaro_Growers #multinationales #financiarisation #bourse #hedge_funds #private_equity #Criterion_Africa #industrie_agro-alimentaire #eau #Pérou #Huancabamba #Olmos #exploitation #insecticides

    • The Avocados of Wrath

      This little orchard will be part of a great holding next year, for the debt will have choked the owner. This vineyard will belong to the bank. Only the great owners can survive, for they own the canneries too... Men who have created new fruits in the world cannot create a system whereby their fruits may be eaten… In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage.”

      So wrote John Steinbeck when, perhaps for the first time, the immense devastation provoked by capitalist agribusiness, the subsequent expulsion of peasant families from the Midwest, and their arrival in California in the 1930s became visible.[1] Perhaps, if he were writing today, he would replace grapes with avocados. The business model for this popular tropical fruit is the epitome of agribusiness recrudescent, causing rampant deforestation and water diversion, the eradication of other modes of agriculture, and the expulsion of entire communities from the land.

      Avocados are, after bananas and pineapples, the world’s third-largest fruit commodity. Their production is taking up an ever-growing area and continually expanding into new countries. What are the implications of this worldwide expansion? What forces are driving it? How does this model, working on both global and local scales, manage to keep prices high? How did the current boom, with avocados featured at major sporting events and celebrations of all kinds, come to pass? What are the social repercussions of this opaque business?

      We begin the story on 12 February 2023 in Kansas City at the 57th Super Bowl, American football’s premier annual event. A month earlier, more than 2000 km away in Michoacán, Mexico, tens of thousands of tons of avocados were being packed for shipping. The United States imports 40% of global avocado production and the Super Bowl is when consumption peaks. “The guacamole eaten during the Super Bowl alone would fill 30 million football helmets,” says Armando López, executive director of the Mexican Association of Avocado Growers, Packers, and Exporters (APEAM), which paid nearly $7 million for a Super Bowl ad.[2]

      Despite its limited coverage in US media, the dark side of avocado production was the unwelcome guest at this year’s event. A complaint against the Government of Mexico had recently been filed with the Commission for Environmental Cooperation under the USMCA, accusing the government of tolerating the ecocidal impacts of avocado production in Michoacán.[3]

      Mexico can be seen as a proving ground for today’s avocado industry. Focusing on this country helps tell the story of how the avocado tree went from being a relic of evolutionary history to its current status as an upstart commodity characterized by violence and media-driven consumerism.

      Booming world production

      For a decade now, avocados have been the growth leaders among tropical fruit commodities.[4] Mexico, the world’s largest exporter, accounts for 40% of total production. According to OECD and FAO projections, this proportion could reach 63% in 2030. The United States absorbs 80% of Mexican avocado exports, but production is ramping up in many other countries.

      In 2021, global production reached 8.8 million tons, one third of which was exported, for a value of $7.4 billion. By 2030, production is expected to reach 12 million tons. Within a decade, the average area under cultivation doubled in the world’s ten largest producer countries (see Figure 1). It quadrupled in Colombia, Haiti, Morocco, and the Dominican Republic, and quintupled in Zimbabwe. Production has taken off at a gallop in Malawi and Vietnam as well, with both countries now ranking among the top 20 avocado producers.

      The top 10 countries account for 80% of total production. In some of these, such as Mexico, Peru, Chile, and Kenya (see Table 1), the crop is largely grown for export. Its main markets are the United States and Europe, which together make up 70% of global imports. While Mexico supplies its neighbour to the north all year long, the avocados going to Europe come from Peru, South Africa, and Kenya in the summer and from Chile, Mexico, Israel, and Spain in the winter.[5] The Netherlands, as the main port of entry for the European Union, has become the world’s third-leading exporter.

      Other markets are rapidly opening up in Asia. Kenya, Ethiopia, and recently Tanzania have begun exporting to India and China,[6] while Chinese imports from Peru, Mexico, and Chile are also on the rise. In 2021, despite the pandemic, these imports surpassed 41,000 tons.[7] In addition, US avocado companies have begun cutting costs by sourcing from China, Yunnan province in particular.[8]

      The multimillion dollar “#green_gold” industry

      According to some estimates, the global avocado market was worth $14 billion in 2021 and could reach $30 billion by 2030.[10] The biggest profits go to a handful of vertically integrated groups that are continuing to fan out to new countries, where they are setting up subsidiaries. They have also tightened their control over importers in the main global hubs.
      For two examples, consider the California-based Mission Produce and Calavo Growers. In 2021, Mission Produce reported sales equivalent to 3% of global production,[11] and its sales have risen steadily over the last decade, reaching $1.045 billion in 2022.[12] The United States buys 80% of the company’s volume, with Europe, Japan, and China being other large customers, and it imports from Peru, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, South Africa, Kenya, Morocco, and Israel. It controls 8600 hectares in Peru, Guatemala, and Colombia.[13]

      Calavo Growers, for its part, had total sales of $1.191 billion in 2022.[14] More than half its revenues came from packing and distribution of Mexican, US, Peruvian, and Colombian avocados.[15] The United States is far and away its biggest market, but in 2021 it began stepping up Mexican exports to Europe and Asia.[16]

      South Africa-based Westfalia Fruits is another relevant company in the sector. It has 1200 hectares in South Africa and is expanding to other African and Latin American countries. It controls 1400 hectares in Mozambique and has taken over large exporters such as Aztecavo (Mexico), Camet (Peru), and Agricom (Chile).[17] Its main markets are Europe, the United States, South America, and Asia.[18] Some of its subsidiaries are incorporated in the tax haven of Delaware, and it has acquired importers in the UK and Germany.[19]

      These companies have based their expansion on investment from heavyweight players in the world of finance. Mission Produce and Calavo Growers are listed on the New York Stock Exchange and are attracting investment from such concerns as BlackRock and The Vanguard Group.[20] We are also seeing private equity, endowment, and pension funds moving into avocados; Mission Produce, for example, joined with private equity firm Criterion Africa Partners to launch production of over 1000 hectares of avocados in Selokwe (South Africa).[21]

      In 2020, Westfalia sold shares in Harvard Management Company, the company that manages Harvard University’s endowment fund.[22] Also involved is the Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan, which in 2017 acquired Australia’s second-largest avocado grower, Jasper Farms. PSP Investments, which manages Canada’s public service sector pensions, made a controversial acquisition of 16,500 hectares in Hawaii for production of avocado, among other crops, and faces grave accusations deriving from its efforts to monopolize the region’s water supply.[23]

      Finally, it has to be emphasized that the expansion enjoyed by these companies has been aided by public funding. For example, South Africa’s publicly owned Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and the World Bank’s International Finance Corporation (IFC) have supported Westfalia’s incursions into Africa and Latin America under the guise of international development.[24]

      A proving ground for profit and devastation

      To take the full measure of the risks looming over the new areas being brought under the industrial avocado model, it is important to read Mexico as a proving ground of sorts. The country has become the world’s largest producer through a process bound up with the dynamics of agribusiness in California, where avocado production took its first steps in the early twentieth century. The US market grew rapidly, protected from Mexican imports by a 1914 ban predicated on an alleged threat of pests coming into the country.

      This was the genesis of Calavo Growers (1924) and Henry Avocado (1925). California began exporting to Europe and expanding the area under cultivation, reaching a peak of 30,000 hectares in the mid-1980s, when Chile began competing for the same markets.[29] It was then that consortia of California avocado producers founded West Pak and Mission Produce, and the latter of these soon began operations as an importer of Chilean avocados. In 1997, 60% of US avocado purchases came from Chile, but the business collapsed with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).[30] Lobbying by APEAM and the US companies then led to the lifting of the ban on Mexican imports. With liberalization under NAFTA, Mexican avocado exports multiplied by a factor of 13, and their commercial value by a factor of 40, in the first two decades of the twenty-first century.

      The California corporations set up subsidiaries in Mexico and began buying directly from growers, going as far as to build their own packing plants in Michoacán.[31] One study found that by 2005, Mission Produce, Calavo Growers, West Pak, Del Monte, Fresh Directions, and Chiquita had cornered 80% of US avocado imports from Mexico.[32]

      Today, the state of Michoacán monopolizes 75% of the nation’s production, followed by Jalisco with 10% and Mexico state with 5%.[33] In 2019, export-oriented agriculture was a high-profile player in the industry, with public policies being structured around its needs. And if the business had become so profitable, it was because of the strategies of domination that had been deployed by avocado agribusiness and the impacts of these strategies on peasant and community ways of life.[34] The Mexican avocado boom is now reliant on the felling of whole forests. In many cases these are burned down or clear-cut to make way for avocado groves, using up the water supply of localities or even whole regions. The societal costs are enormous.

      In 2021, Mexico produced some 2.5 million tons of avocados; within the preceding decade, nearly 100,000 hectares had been directly or indirectly deforested for the purpose.[35] In Michoacán alone, between 2000 and 2020, the area under avocados more than doubled, from 78,530.25 to 169,939.45 ha.[36] And reforestation cannot easily repair the damage caused by forest destruction: the ecological relationships on which biodiversity depends take a long time to evolve, and the recovery period is even longer after removal of vegetation, spraying of agrotoxins, and drying of the soil.

      In Jalisco, the last decade has seen a tripling of the area under avocado, agave, and berries, competing not only with peasants and the forests stewarded by original peoples, but also with cattle ranchers.[37] “Last year alone,” says Adalberto Velasco Antillón, president of the Jalisco ranchers’ association, “10,000 cattlemen (dairy and beef) went out of business.”[38]

      According to Dr. Ruth Ornelas, who studies the avocado phenomenon in Mexico, the business’s expansion has come in spite of its relative cost-inefficiency. “This is apparent in the price of the product. Extortion garners 1.4% of total revenues,… or 4 to 6 pesos per kilogram of avocados.” It is a tax of sorts, but one that is collected by the groups that control the business, not by the government.[39] According to Francisco Mayorga, minister of agriculture under Vicente Fox and Enrique Calderón, “they collect not only from the farmer but from the packer, the loggers, the logging trucks and the road builders. And they decide, depending on the payments, who gets to ship to Manzanillo, Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán and Jalisco. That’s because they have a monopoly on what is shipped to the world’s largest buyer, the United States.”[40]

      By collecting this toll at every link in the chain, they control the whole process, from grower to warehouse to packer to shipper, including refrigeration and the various modes of distribution. And not only do they collect at every step, but they also keep prices high by synchronizing supply from warehouse to consumer.

      Dr. Ornelas says, “They may try to persuade people, but where that doesn’t work, bribes and bullets do the trick. Organized crime functions like a police force in that it plays a certain role in protecting the players within the industry. It is the regulatory authority. It is the tax collector, the customs authority, and the just-in-time supplier. Sadly, the cartels have become a source of employment, hiring halcones [taxi drivers or shoeshine boys working as spies], chemists, and contract killers as required. It seems that they even have economists advising them on how to make the rules.” Mayorga adds: “When these groups are intermingled with governmental structures, there is a symbiosis among growers, criminals, vendors, and input suppliers. If somebody tries to opt out of the system, he may lose his phytosanitary certification and hence his ability to export.” Mayorga stresses that the criminals administer the market and impose a degree of order on it; they oversee the process at the domestic and international levels, “regulating the flow of product so that there is never a glut and prices stay high.” Investment and extortion are also conducive to money laundering. It is very hard to monitor who is investing in the product, how it is produced, and where it is going. Yet the government trumpets avocados as an agri-food success.

      Official data indicate that there are 27,712 farms under 10 hectares in Michoacán, involving 310,000 people and also employing 78,000 temporary workers.[41] These small farms have become enmeshed in avocado capitalism and the pressures it places on forests and water; more importantly, however, the climate of violence keeps the growers in line. In the absence of public policy and governmental controls, and with organized crime having a tight grip on supply chains and world prices, violence certainly plays a role in governance of the industry. But these groups are not the ones who run the show, for they themselves are vertically integrated into multidimensional relationships of violence. It is the investors and large suppliers, leveraged by the endowment, pension, and private equity funds, who keep avocado production expanding around the world.[42]

      A headlong rush down multiple paths

      The Mexican example alerts us to one of the main problems associated with avocado growing, and that is water use. In Mexico, each hectare consumes 100,000 litres per month, on top of the destruction of the biodiverse forests that help preserve the water cycle.[46] A whole other study ought to be devoted to the indiscriminate use of agrotoxins and the resulting groundwater contamination. In Michoacán alone, the avocado crop receives 450,000 litres of insecticides, 900,000 tons of fungicides, and 30,000 tons of fertilizers annually.[47]

      Wherever they are grown, avocados consume an astonishing volume of water. An estimated 25 million m³, or the equivalent of 10,000 Olympic swimming pools, are estimated to be used by Peru, South Africa, Chile, Israel, and Spain to produce the avocados imported into the UK.[48]

      California has maintained its 90% share of the US avocado market, but this situation is not predicted to endure beyond 2050.[49] California’s dire water crisis has been driven to a significant extent by the industrial production of avocados and other fruits, with climate change exacerbating the problem.[50]
      In the Chilean province of Petorca, which accounts for 60% of Chile’s avocado exports, the production of one kilogram of avocados requires 1280 litres of water. Water privatization by the Pinochet dictatorship in 1981 coincided with the rise of the country’s export industry and abetted the development of large plantations, which have drained the rivers and driven out peasant farming.[51] This appears to be one of the reasons why Chile is no longer self-sufficient in this commodity. “We import more than we export now,” said the director of Mission Produce, Steve Barnard, two years ago, stating that avocados were being brought in not only from Peru but also from California.[52]

      Even as it continues to squeeze the last drops of water out of depleted aquifers in Mexico, California, and Chile, the industry is migrating into other sacrifice zones.[53] To water the arid Olmos Valley in Peru, where California’s avocado companies operate, the Peruvian government developed one of the country’s most corrupt and conflict-ridden megaprojects: a 20-km tunnel through the Andes range, built in 2014, to deliver water diverted from the Huancabamba River to Olmos. The project was sold as an “opportunity to acquire farmland with water rights in Peru.”[54]

      Colombia was the next stop on the avocado train, with the crop spreading out across Antioquia and the coffee-growing region, and with even large mining interests joining forces with agribusiness.[55] “Peru is destined to replace much of its avocado land with citrus fruit, which is less water-intensive,” said Pedro Aguilar, manager of Westfalia Fruit Colombia, in 2020, although “water is becoming an absolutely marvelous investment draw, since it is cost-free in Colombia.”[56]

      Sowing the seeds of resistance

      If Mexico has been an experiment in devastation, it has also been an experiment in resistance, as witness the inspiring saga of the Purépecha community of Cherán, Michoacán. In 2012, the community played host to a preliminary hearing of the Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal that condemned land grabbing, deforestation, land conversion, agrotoxin spraying, water depletion, fires, and the widespread violence wielded against the population. It laid the blame for these plagues squarely on timber theft, the avocado industry, berry greenhouses, and agave production.

      –—

      One year earlier, the population had decided to take matters in hand. They were fed up with this litany of injustices and with the violence being inflicted on them by the paramilitary forces of organized crime. Led by the women, the community took up the arduous task of establishing checkpoints marked out by bonfires (which were also used for cooking) throughout the area. Any institution or group that questioned their collective authority was immediately confronted. The newly created community police force is answerable to the general assembly, which in turn reports to the neighbourhood assemblies. A few years ago, the community gated itself to outsiders while working on restoring the forest and establishing its own horizontal form of government with respect for women, men, children, and elders.

      The community then took another step forward, opting for municipal and community autonomy. This was not a straightforward process, but it did finally lead to approval by the National Electoral Institute for elections to take place under customary law and outside the party system. This example spread to other communities such as Angahuan that are also grappling with agribusiness, corruption, and organized crime.[57]

      Clearly, this struggle for tradition-rooted self-determination is just beginning. The cartels, after all, are pursuing their efforts to subdue whole regions. Meanwhile, for their own defence, the people are continuing to follow these role models and declaring self-government.

      An unsustainable model

      “The works of the roots of the vines, of the trees, must be destroyed to keep up the price, and this is the saddest, bitterest thing of all. Carloads of oranges dumped on the ground. The people came for miles to take the fruit, but … men with hoses squirt kerosene on the oranges, and they are angry at the crime, angry at the people who have come to take the fruit. A million people hungry, needing the fruit—and kerosene sprayed over the golden mountains.”[58]

      Per capita consumption of avocados has kept on growing in the importing countries, driven by intense marketing campaigns promoting the nutritional benefits of this food. In the United States alone, consumption has tripled in 20 years.[59] While avocados are sold as a superfood, a convenient veil remains thrown over what is actually happening at the local level, where the farmers are not the ones benefiting. While this global trend continues, various false solutions are proposed, such as water-saving innovations or so-called “zero deforestation” initiatives.

      In this exploitative model, small- and medium-sized growers are forced to take on all the risk while also bearing the burden of the environmental externalities. The big companies and their investors are largely shielded from the public health and environmental impacts.

      As we have said, the growers are not the ones who control the process; not even organized crime has that power. They are both just cogs in the industrial agri-food system, assisting the destruction it wreaks in order to eke out a share of the colossal dividends it offers. To truly understand the workings of the system, one has to study the supply chain as a whole.

      Given these realities, it is urgent for us to step up our efforts to denounce agribusiness and its corrupting, devastating model. The people must organize to find ways out of this nightmare.

      * Mexico-based Colectivo por la Autonomía works on issues related to territorial defence and peasant affairs, through coordination with other Mexican and Latin American social movement organizations, as well as legal defence and research on the environmental and social impacts experienced by indigenous and rural territories and communities.

      Banner image: Mural in Cherán that tells the story of their struggle. This mural is inside the Casa Comunal and is part of a mural revival throughout the city, where there are collective and individual works in many streets and public buildings. This mural is the work of Marco Hugo Guardián Lemus and Giovanni Fabián Gutiérrez.

      [1] John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath Penguin Classics, 1939, 2006.
      [2] Guillermina Ayala, “López: “Un Súper Bowl con guacamole,” Milenio, 11 February 2023, https://www.milenio.com/negocios/financial-times/exportaciones-de-toneladas-de-aguacate-para-la-final-de-la-nfl.
      [3] The USMCA is the trade agreement between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. See also Isabella González, “Una denuncia lleva a la producción mexicana de aguacate ante la comisión ambiental del T-MEC por ecocidio,” El País, 8 February 2023, https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-02-08/una-denuncia-lleva-a-la-produccion-mexicana-de-aguacate-ante-la-comision-amb.
      [4] In what follows, the sources for production volumes, areas under cultivation, and sales are the FAOSTAT and UN Comtrade databases [viewed 25 January 2023]. The source for 2030 projections is OECD/FAO, OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021–2030, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1787/19428846-en.
      [5] Ruben Sommaruga and Honor May Eldridge, “Avocado Production: Water Footprint and Socio-economic Implications,” EuroChoices 20(2), 13 December 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12289.
      [6] See George Munene, “Chinese traders plan on increasing Kenyan avocado imports,” Farmbiz Africa, 1 August 2022, https://farmbizafrica.com/market/3792-chinese-traders-plan-on-increasing-kenyan-avocado-imports; Tanzania Invest, “Tanzania sign 15 strategic agreements with China, including avocado exports,” 5 November 2022, https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/economy/trade/strategic-agreements-with-china-samia.
      [7] USDA, "China: 2022 Fresh Avocado Report, 14 November 2022, https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/china-2022-fresh-avocado-report.
      [8] Global AgInvesting, “US-based Mission Produce is developing its first domestic avocado farm in China,” 8 June 2018, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/28223-us-based-mission-produce-is-developing-its-first-domestic-avocad.
      [9] Wageningen University & Research, “Improved mango and avocado chain helps small farmers in Haiti,” 2022, https://www.wur.nl/en/project/improved-mango-and-avocado-chain-helps-small-farmers-in-haiti-1.htm.
      [10] See Grand View Research, “Avocado market size, share & trends analysis report by form (fresh, processed), by distribution channel (B2B, B2C), by region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Central & South America, MEA), and segment forecasts, 2022–2030,” 2022, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/fresh-avocado-market-report; Straits Research, “Fresh avocado market,” 2022, https://straitsresearch.com/report/fresh-avocado-market.
      [11] Mission Produce, “Mission Produce announces fiscal 2021 fourth quarter financial results,” 22 December 2021, https://investors.missionproduce.com/news-releases/news-release-details/mission-produce-announces-fiscal-2021-fourth-quarter-finan.
      [12] Sources: Capital IQ and United States Securities and Exchange Commission, “Mission Produce: Form 10-K,” 22 December 2022, https://investors.missionproduce.com/financial-information/sec-filings?items_per_page=10&page=.
      [13] The company reports that it has had avocado plantations since 2011 on three Peruvian farms covering 3900 ha, in addition to producing blueberries on 400 hectares (including greenhouses) as part of a joint venture called Moruga. See Mission Produce, “Investor relations,” December 2022, https://investors.missionproduce.com; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, “Mission Produce: Form 10-K,” 22 December 2022, https://investors.missionproduce.com/financial-information/sec-filings?items_per_page=10&page=1, and https://missionproduce.com/peru.
      [14] Sources: https://ir.calavo.com; Calavo Growers, “Calavo Growers, Inc. announces fourth quarter and fiscal 2021 financial results,” 20 December 2021, https://ir.calavo.com/news-releases/news-release-details/calavo-growers-inc-announces-fourth-quarter-and-fiscal-2021
      [15] Its main subsidiaries in Mexico are Calavo de México and Avocados de Jalisco; see Calavo Growers, Calavo Growers, Inc. Investor Presentation, 12 December 2022, https://ir.calavo.com/static-files/f4ee2e5a-0221-4b48-9b82-7aad7ca69ea7; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Calavo Growers, Inc. form 10-K, December 2022, https://ir.calavo.com/static-files/9c13da31-3239-4843-8d91-6cff65c6bbf7.
      [16] Among its main US clients are Kroger (15% of 2022 total sales), Trader Joe’s (11%), and Wal-Mart (10%) Source: Capital IQ. See also “Calavo quiere exportar aguacate mexicano a Europa y Asia,” El Financiero, 8 January 2021, https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/opinion/de-jefes/calavo-quiere-exportar-aguacate-mexicano-a-europa-y-asia.
      [17] See IDC, “Westfalia grows an empire,” 2018, https://www.idc.co.za/westfalia-grows-an-empire; IFC, Creating Markets in Mozambique, June 2021, https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/a7accfa5-f36b-4e24-9999-63cffa96df4d/CPSD-Mozambique-v2.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=nMNH.3E; https://www.westfaliafruit.com/about-us/our-operations/westfalia-fruto-mocambique; “Agricom y Westfalia Fruit concretan asociación en Latinoamérica,” Agraria.pe, 9 January 2018, https://agraria.pe/noticias/agricom-y-westfalia-fruit-concretan-asociacion-en-latinoamer-15664.
      [18] Marta del Moral Arroyo, “Prevemos crecer este año un 20% en nuestras exportaciones de palta a Asia y Estados Unidos,” Fresh Plaza, 27 May 2022, https://www.freshplaza.es/article/9431020/prevemos-crecer-este-ano-un-20-en-nuestras-exportaciones-de-palta-a-asia-.
      [19] See https://opencorporates.com/companies?jurisdiction_code=&q=westfalia+fruit&utf8=%E2%9C%93.
      [20] For example, in the case of Calavo Growers, BlackRock controls 16%, Vanguard Group 8%, and five other investment 20%; see Capital IQ, “Nuance Investments increases position in Calavo Growers (CVGW),” Nasdaq, 8 February 2023, https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/nuance-investments-increases-position-in-calavo-growers-cvgw; “Vanguard Group increases position in Calavo Growers (CVGW),” Nasdaq, 9 February 2023, https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/vanguard-group-increases-position-in-calavo-growers-cvgw.
      [21] Liam O’Callaghan, “Mission announces South African expansion,” Eurofruit, 8 February 2023, https://www.fruitnet.com/eurofruit/mission-announces-south-african-expansion/248273.article. Criterion Africa Partners invests with funds from the African Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, and the Dutch Entrepreneurial Development Bank (FMO) (Source: Preqin).
      [22] Harvard Management Company subsequently spun out its holdings in Westfalia to the private equity fund Solum Partners; see Lynda Kiernan, “HMC investment in Westfalia Fruit International to drive global expansion for avocados,” Global AgInvesting, 17 January 2020, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/29422-hmc-investment-in-westfalia-fruit-international-to-drive-global-; Michael McDonald, “Harvard spins off natural resources team, to remain partner,” Bloomberg, 8 October 2020, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/29894-harvard-spins-off-natural-resources-team-to-remain-partner.
      [23] See “Ontario Teachers’ acquires Australian avocado grower Jasper Farms,” OTPP, 19 December 2017, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/27774-ontario-teachers-acquires-australian-avocado-grower-jasper-farms; “Canadian pension fund invests in ex-plantation privatizing Hawaii’s water,” The Breach, 23 February 2022, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/30782-canadian-pension-fund-invests-in-ex-plantation-privatizing-hawai.
      [24] See https://disclosures.ifc.org/enterprise-search-results-home/42280; https://disclosures.ifc.org/project-detail/SII/40091/westfalia-intl. Westfalia is a subsidiary of the South African logging company Hans Merensky Holdings (HMH), whose main shareholders are the Hans Merensky Foundation (40%), IDC (30%), and CFI (20%) (see https://disclosures.ifc.org/project-detail/SII/42280/westfalia-moz-ii).
      [25] Amanda Landon, “Domestication and significance of Persea americana, the avocado, in Mesoamerica,” Nebraska Anthropologist, 47 (2009), https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1046&context=nebanthro.
      [26] Ibid., 70.
      [27] Jeff Miller, Avocado: A Global History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020), https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/A/bo50552476.html.
      [28] Maria Popova, “A ghost of evolution: The curious case of the avocado, which should be extinct but still exists,” The Marginalian, https://www.themarginalian.org/2013/12/04/avocado-ghosts-of-evolution/?mc_cid=ca28345b4d&mc_eid=469e833a4d, citing Connie Barlow, The Ghosts of Evolution: Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms, https://books.google.com.mx/books/about/The_Ghosts_Of_Evolution.html?id=TnU4DgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y.
      [29] Patricia Lazicki, Daniel Geisseler, and Willliam R. Horwath, “Avocado production in California,” UC Davis, 2016, https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Avocado_Production_CA.pdf.
      [30] Flavia Echánove Huacuja, “Abriendo fronteras: el auge exportador del aguacate mexicano a United States,” Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense, 2008, Vol. 28, N° 1, https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/aguc/article/download/aguc0808110009a/30850.
      [31] Calavo Growers, Calavo Growers, Inc. Investor Presentation, 12 December 2022, https://ir.calavo.com/static-files/f4ee2e5a-0221-4b48-9b82-7aad7ca69ea7.
      [32] Flavia Echánove Huacuja, op cit., the evolution of these companies in the sector was different. Chiquita withdrew from the avocado industry in 2012, while for Del Monte, this fruit accounts for a steadily declining share of its sales, reaching 8% ($320 million) in 2021 (see https://seekingalpha.com/article/1489692-chiquita-brands-restructuring-for-value; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Fresh Del Monte Produce Inc. Form 10-K, 2022; Del Monte Quality, A Brighter World Tomorrow, https://freshdelmonte.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/FDM_2021_SustainabilityReportFINAL.pdf. )
      [33] Source: SIAP (http://infosiap.siap.gob.mx/gobmx/datosAbiertos_a.php) [viewed 27 November 2022].
      [34] María Adelina Toribio Morales, César Adrián Ramírez Miranda, and Miriam Aidé Núñez Vera, “Expansión del agronegocio aguacatero sobre los territorios campesinos en Michoacán, México,” Eutopía, Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial, no. 16, December 2019, pp. 51–72, https://revistas.flacsoandes.edu.ec/eutopia/article/download/4117/3311?inline=1.
      [35] Enrique Espinosa Gasca states: “The Ministry of the Environment, Natural Resources, and Climate Change (Semadet) in Michoacán acknowledged in March 2019 that in the first twenty years of the millennium, Michoacán has lost a million hectares of its forests, some due to clandestine logging and some due to forest fires set for purposes of land conversion”; “Berries, frutos rojos, puntos rojos,” in Colectivo por la Autonomía and GRAIN, eds, Invernaderos: Controvertido modelo de agroexportación (Ceccam, 2021).
      [36] Gobierno de México, SIACON (2020), https://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/siacon-ng-161430; idem, Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera (SIAP), http://infosiap.siap.gob.mx/gobmx/datosAbiertos_a.php.
      [37] “Se triplica cosecha de agave, berries y aguacate en Jalisco,” El Informador, 23 December 2021, https://www.informador.mx/Se-triplica-cosecha-de-agave-berries-y-aguacate-en-Jalisco-l202112230001..
      [38] María Ramírez Blanco, “Agave, berries y aguacate encarece precio de la tierra en Jalisco, roba terreno al maíz y al ganado,” UDG TV, 31 January 2023, https://udgtv.com/noticias/agave-berries-aguacate-encarece-precio-tierra-jalisco-roba-maiz.
      [39] Agustín del Castillo, Territorio Reportaje, part 8, “Negocio, ecocidio y crimen,” Canal 44tv, Universidad de Guadalajara, October 2022, https://youtu.be/WfH3M22rrK8

      .
      [40] Agustín del Castillo, Territorio Reportaje, part 7, “La huella criminal en el fruto más valioso del mundo: la palta, el avocado, el aguacate,” Canal 44tv, Universidad de Guadalajara, September 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSz8xihdsTI
      .
      [41] Gobierno de México, Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, “Productores de pequeña escala, los principales exportadores de aguacate a Estados Unidos: Agricultura,” 29 January 2020, https://www.gob.mx/agricultura/prensa/productores-de-pequena-escala-los-principales-exportadores-de-aguacate-a-estados.
      [42] Our results and arguments coincide with those found in Alexander Curry, “Violencia y capitalismo aguacatero en Michoacán,” in Jayson Maurice Porter and Alexander Aviña, eds, Land, Markets and Power in Rural Mexico, Noria Research. Curry is skeptical of analyses in which violence can be understood in terms of its results, such as the coercive control of a market square or highway. “Such analyses forget that violence is part of a social process, with its own temporal framework,” he writes. It is therefore necessary to frame the process within a broader field of relations of inequality of all kinds, in which the paradox is that legal and illegal actors intermingle at the local, national, and international levels, but in spheres that rarely intersect. The avocado industry cannot be explained by the cartels but by the tangled web of international capitalism.
      [43] See https://www.netafim.com.mx/cultivos/aguacate and https://es.rivulis.com/crop/aguacates.
      [44] Jennifer Kite-Powell, “Using Drip Irrigation To Make New Sustainable Growing Regions For Avocados”, Forbes, 29 March 2022: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2022/03/29/using-drip-irrigation-to-make-new-sustainable-growing-regions-for-avocados .
      [45] See Pat Mooney, La Insostenible Agricultura 4.0: Digitalización y Poder Corporativo en la Cadena Alimentaria, ETC Group, 2019, https://www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/files/la_insostenible_agricultura_4.0_web26oct.pdf. See also Colectivo por la Autonomía and GRAIN, eds, Invernaderos: controvertido modelo de agroexportación.
      [46] Colectivo por la Autonomía, Evangelina Robles, José Godoy, and Eduardo Villalpando, “Nocividad del metabolismo agroindustrial en el Occidente de México,” in Eduardo Enrique Aguilar, ed., Agroecología y Organización Social: Estudios Críticos sobre Prácticas y Saberes (Monterrey: Universidad de Monterrey, Editorial Ítaca, 2022), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365173284_Agroecologia_y_organizacion_social_Estudios_criticos_sobre_p.
      [47] Metapolítica, “La guerra por el aguacate: deforestación y contaminación imparables,” BiodiversidadLA, 24 June 2019, https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/La-guerra-por-el-Aguacate-deforestacion-y-contaminacion-imparables.
      [48] Chloe Sutcliffe and Tim Hess, “The global avocado crisis and resilience in the UK’s fresh fruit and vegetable supply system,” Global Food Security, 19 June 2017, https://www.foodsecurity.ac.uk/blog/global-avocado-crisis-resilience-uks-fresh-fruit-vegetable-supply-sy.
      [49] Nathanael Johnson, “Are avocados toast? California farmers bet on what we’ll be eating in 2050,” The Guardian, 30 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/30/avocado-california-climate-change-affecting-crops-2050.
      [50] GRAIN, “The well is running dry on irrigated agriculture,” 20 February 2023, https://grain.org/en/article/6958-the-well-is-running-dry-on-irrigated-agriculture.
      [51] Danwatch, “Paltas y agua robada,” 2017, http://old.danwatch.dk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Paltas-y-agua-robada.pdf.
      [52] Fresh Fruit Portal, “Steve Barnard, founder and CEO of Mission Produce: We now import more to Chile than we export,” 23 August 2021, https://www.freshfruitportal.com/news/2021/08/23/steve-barnard-founder-and-ceo-of-mission-produce-we-now-import-mor.
      [53] Sacrifice zones are “places with high levels of environmental contamination and degradation, where profits have been given priority over people, causing human rights abuses or violations”: Elizabeth Bravo, “Zonas de sacrificio y violación de derechos,” Naturaleza con Derechos, Boletín 26, 1 September 2021, https://www.naturalezaconderechos.org/2021/09/01/boletin-26-zonas-de-sacrificio-y-violacion-de-derechos.
      [54] See Catalina Wallace, “La obra de ingeniería que cambió el desierto peruano,” Visión, March 2022, https://www.visionfruticola.com/2022/03/la-obra-de-ingenieria-que-cambio-el-desierto-peruano; “Proyecto de irrigación Olmos,” Landmatrix, 2012, https://landmatrix.org/media/uploads/embajadadelperucloficinacomercialimagesstoriesproyectoirrigacionolmos201. The costly project was part of the Odebrecht corruption case fought in the context of the “Lava Jato” operation: Jacqueline Fowks, “El ‘caso Odebrecht’ acorrala a cuatro expresidentes peruanos,” El País, 17 April 2019, https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/04/16/america/1555435510_660612.html.
      [55] Liga contra el Silencio, “Los aguacates de AngloGold dividen a Cajamarca,” 30 October 2020, https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Documentos/Los-aguacates-de-AngloGold-dividen-a-Cajamarca.
      [56] “Colombia: Los aguacates de AngloGold dividen a Cajamarca,” La Cola de Rata,16 October 2020, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/29921-colombia-los-aguacates-de-anglogold-dividen-a-cajamarca.
      [57] See Las luchas de Cherán desde la memoria de los jóvenes (Cherán Ireteri Juramukua, Cherán K’eri, 2021); Daniela Tico Straffon and Edgars Martínez Navarrete, Las raíces del despojo, U-Tópicas, https://www.u-topicas.com/libro/las-raices-del-despojo_15988; Mark Stevenson, “Mexican town protects forest from avocado growers and drug cartels,” Los Angeles Times, https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-01-31/mexican-town-protects-forest-from-avocado-growers-cartels; Monica Pellicia, “Indigenous agroforestry dying of thirst amid a sea of avocados in Mexico,” https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/indigenous-agroforestry-dying-of-thirst-amid-a-sea-of-avocados-in-mex
      [58] The Grapes of Wrath, op. cit.
      [59] USDA, “Imports play dominant role as U.S. demand for avocados climbs,” 2 May 2022, https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=103810.

      https://grain.org/e/6985#_edn36

      #rapport #Grain #land_grabbing #accaparement_des_terres

  • Des tensions sur l’approvisionnement de cuivre

    La demande en métal rouge devrait bondir dans les années à venir en raison de son rôle primordial dans la transition énergétique. Sa production est particulièrement concentrée géographiquement et la mise en oeuvre de nouveaux projets d’extraction nécessite du temps.

    En 2022, le cuivre a, une nouvelle fois, connu une évolution très contrastée. Son prix a atteint un record à 10.730 dollars la tonne, en mars. Aujourd’hui, le métal rouge se négocie à un prix moindre, autour de 8.100 dollars. La demande de la #Chine, principal consommateur, s’avère moins vigoureuse qu’escomptée après la fin de la politique zéro Covid, alors que les stocks ont, eux, augmenté de 70 % au cours des quatre dernières semaines dans les entrepôts du London Metal Exchange (LME).

    Pourtant, son rôle clé dans la #transition_énergétique fait du cuivre un métal à surveiller de très près, selon Philippe Chalmin, coordinateur du rapport CylOpe, dédié à l’évolution des matières premières. Sollicité pour son rôle de #conducteur_électrique et thermique, le cuivre est notamment essentiel à la fabrication des #voitures_électriques.

    Selon le scénario climatique le plus ambitieux de l’agence internationale de l’énergie (AIE) - celui de la neutralité carbone d’ici à 2050 - le nombre de véhicules électriques pourrait dépasser les 350 millions d’ici à 2030, contre 16,5 millions en 2021. De quoi provoquer un fort accroissement des besoins en métal rouge. Robert Friedland, fondateur d’Ivanhoe Mines, table sur une demande d’environ 40 millions de tonnes en 2030, contre 25 millions en 2021.

    Et ce, alors que la géopolitique de cette matière première « peut être très sensible à des nouvelles fractures », observe Philippe Chalmin. La production du cuivre est en effet particulièrement concentrée. Environ 40 % du #métal_rouge provient du #Chili et du #Pérou, deux pays marqués ces dernières années par des périodes d’instabilité. Celle-ci représente une double menace, puisqu’elle risque de peser à la fois sur les capacités de production et sur les relations commerciales régionales.

    Opposition des populations locales
    A cela s’ajoutent des incertitudes quant à l’état futur des stocks, bien qu’il s’agisse d’un métal relativement abondant dans la croûte terrestre. On constate ces dernières années une baisse de la teneur en cuivre dans les mines chiliennes notamment, et les restrictions d’eau dues à la sécheresse obligent à ralentir le rythme de production.

    « Plusieurs nouvelles grandes #mines_de_cuivre vont être mises en service cette année, mais il y a une absence notable de projets futurs », estimait par ailleurs en janvier Daniel Sullivan, expert en ressources naturelles pour le gestionnaire d’actifs Janus Henderson. Ces projets suscitent régulièrement l’opposition de la population locale et la mise en exploitation de nouvelles mines nécessite un temps très long. Tandis que le rythme de la transition, lui, s’accélère.

    Ces différents facteurs pourraient créer des difficultés d’approvisionnement dans les années à venir, risquant de mettre à mal certaines ambitions climatiques. Le développement du recyclage pourrait néanmoins compléter cette offre primaire insuffisante, estime le rapport CyclOpe.

    Le cuivre a l’avantage de pouvoir être réutilisé plusieurs fois, sans perte de performance. Une véritable tendance dans le secteur. Aurubis, premier producteur européen de cuivre, a ainsi lancé mi-2022 le chantier de son nouveau site de retraitement de métaux, situé à Augusta, aux Etats-Unis. Il devrait être opérationnel en janvier 2024, pour un traitement annuel d’environ 90.000 tonnes de métaux, dont le #cuivre.

    (Les Échos)

  • #Mexique : #AMLO ne remettra pas la présidence de l’Alliance du Pacifique au #Pérou - Bolivar Infos

    Le président Manuel López Obrador a déclaré qu’il ne pouvait pas donner ce mandat à Dina Boluarte parce qu’elle n’est pas légalement la présidente du Pérou, qu’elle est "une usurpatrice ».
    Le président du Mexique, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, a confirmé lundi qu’il ne remettrait pas la présidence tournante de l’Alliance du Pacifique au Gouvernement du Pérou.
    Obrador a fait valoir que Dina Boluarte n’est ni légalement ni légitimement présidente de cette nation, mais une usurpatrice.
    Au Pérou, ils sont contre la volonté du peuple en imposant Boluarte et elle, en acceptant bien qu’elle ait conscience de sa situation qui viole la Constitution de son propre pays.
    Que la dame le sache : en 2024 je prends ma retraite, je ferme déjà mon cycle et je ne participerai plus à la politique, en rien, a-t-il répondu à Boluarte qui l’accuse d’ingérence politique.
    Elle, a souligné à nouveau le président mexicain, usurpe la charge qui revient constitutionnellement à Pedro Castillo qu’ils ont injustement emprisonné.

    http://bolivarinfos.over-blog.com/2023/05/mexique-amlo-ne-remettra-pas-la-presidence-de-l-alliance-du-

  • L’assassinat du manifestant Rosalino Flores au #Pérou : la famille témoigne - Romain Migus

    Rosalino Flores avait 21 ans, il était étudiant dans une école de cuisine. Sans être politisé, il a été indigné par le coup d’État contre le président Pedro Castillo. Le 11 janvier 2023, il participait à une manifestation pacifique contre le régime Dina Boluarte. Il a été sauvagement assassiné par les forces de l’ordre. Malgré le fait que le meurtre a été filmé, et que la vidéo est publique, aucun responsable n’a été inquiété. Ni le policier qui l’a tué, ni le commandant responsable de son unité, ni Dina Boluarte qui a donné l’ordre de réprimer dans le sang les manifestations pour le retour de la démocratie (50 personnes assassinées par balles par la police ou l’armée).

    Nous sommes allés dans la région de Cusco pour rencontrer la famille de Rosalino. Perché dans les montagnes, la maison familiale nous renvoie aux problèmes structurels du Pérou qui ont conduit á l’élection de Castillo puis aux mobilisations actuelles.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecUJQER_w6A&t=19s

  • Quand l’actualité répressive renvoie à la « guerre intérieure » du passé

    La droite a tenté d’empêcher la présentation du rapport annuel d’Amnesty International. Elle n’y est pas parvenue. Un rapport annuel à l’échelle mondiale qui, dans le cas du Pérou, dénonce de graves violations des droits de l’homme : la mort de manifestants abattus par les forces de sécurité et détentions arbitraires. Cela effectué au cours de la répression des manifestations sociales contre le gouvernement de Dina Boluarte [en fonction depuis le 7 décembre 2022, après avoir été vice-présidente sous la présidence de Pedro Catillo de juillet 2021 à décembre 2022]. La municipalité du district [résidentiel] de Miraflores à Lima, administrée par l’extrême-droite qui gouverne avec Boluarte, a ordonné la fermeture du Lieu de Mémoire, Tolérance et Inclusion Sociale (LUM-Lugar de la Memoria, la Tolerancia y la Inclusión Social), un espace de mémoire et de réflexion sur le conflit armé interne des années 1980 et 1990 et les violations des droits de l’homme. Le rapport d’Amnesty International devait y être présenté mardi 28 mars. La fermeture du LUM a eu lieu quelques heures avant la présentation du rapport. Grâce à une action de dernière minute d’Amnesty, il a pu néanmoins être présenté mardi soir dans un hôtel de Lima.

    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/04/10/quand-lactualite-repressive-renvoie-a-la-guerr

    #international #perou

  • Trois mois de résistance au Pérou : « Dans notre pays, ils tuent par balle ».

    Des militantes péruviennes dénoncent la répression au Pérou contre les manifestations pour la démocratie et parlent de leurs stratégies actuelles de lutte.

    Les mouvements populaires au Pérou sont en lutte depuis plus de trois mois. Le 7 décembre 2022, Pedro Castillo a été démis de la présidence du Pérou et arrêté lors d’un coup d’État mené par des secteurs de la droite, majoritaires au Congrès national.

    Immédiatement, lors de manifestations massives et pacifiques, les mouvements populaires du Pérou ont commencé à exiger la démission de Dina Boluarte (vice-présidente qui a pris la place de Castillo), des membres du Parlement ainsi que la convocation d’une Assemblée constituante.

    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/03/24/trois-mois-de-resistance-au-perou-dans-notre-p

    #international #perou

  • Pour un respect des droits humains au Pérou !

    + Carlos Noriega : « Pas d’élections anticipées. La présidente et l’extrême droite choisissent l’ordre répressif »
    + Miryam Rivera Holguín, Silvia Romio : Violence, mort et racisme. Une crise politique et sociale dans le Pérou actuel

    Au lendemain de la rencontre de discussion et de solidarité avec le peuple péruvien organisée par le Collectif Solidarité Québec-Pérou, il importe de poursuivre la réflexion afin de se conscientiser collectivement à la crise politique qui secoue le pays, plus particulièrement en ce qui a trait à la répression du régime Boluarte.

    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/03/03/pour-un-respect-des-droits-humains-au-perou

    #international #pérou

  • Installation d’une dictature au Pérou : rencontre avec Jaime Borda (Red Muqui).

    Date : Dimanche 19 février
    Lieu : Local de Solidaires (31 rue de la Grange-aux-Belles,75010 Paris)
    Heure : 16h
    Depuis le 7 décembre et la destitution du président d’origine autochtone Pedro Castillo, avec le gouvernement de Dina Boluarte, le Pérou s’enfonce à toute allure dans une dictature civile et militaire. Plus de 60 morts en deux mois, des centaines de blessé·es, des détentions arbitraires à la pelle qui se soldent par des peines pour terrorisme et appartenance à des organisations criminelles, une persécution brutale des opposant·es politique… Ce que l’extrême droite mafieuse péruvienne (liée au Parti et intérêts de l’ancien dictateur Alberto Fujimori) n’a pas réussi à gagner dans les urnes, elle est en train de le prendre par la force.

    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/01/31/perou-face-a-la-mobilisation-du-peuple-andin-qui-perdure-la-droite-entonne-sa-guerre-autres-textes/#comment-55363

    #international #perou

  • Déclaration de solidarité à l’égard des Péruviennes et Péruviens
    Carlos Noriega : « Quand une configuration institutionnelle fait face aux mobilisations de la majorité indigène. Armée et police aux aguets »
    Carlos Noriega : Le peuple toujours dans les rues. Le Congrès ne réagit pas. L’autoritarisme s’affirme
    Le peuple exige la liberté et la démocratie au Pérou

    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/02/06/declaration-de-solidarite-a-legard-des-peruvie

    #international #perou

  • LES GILETS JAUNES PÉRUVIENS AFFRONTENT LA DICTATURE ! - Romain Migus
    Le Pérou a vécu en décembre le renversement de son président démocratiquement élu et qui incarnait les espoirs des classes populaires péruviennes. Ce coup d’État institutionnel, salué par la communauté internationale, a fait naître une contestation populaire qui est réprimé dans le sang par le régime au pouvoir. Romain Migus, journaliste indépendant, est depuis deux mois au coeur des événements. Entretien.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiF8V7jQjcE


    #Pérou

  • BALLAST • Coup d’État au Pérou : grève générale face à l’extrême droite
    https://www.revue-ballast.fr/coup-detat-au-perou-greve-generale-face-a-lextreme-droite

    Depuis le mois de décembre, le Pérou s’en­fonce dans une dic­ta­ture civique et mili­taire. L’extrême droite et l’ar­mée ont confis­qué le pou­voir au pré­sident socia­liste Pedro Castillo, démo­cra­ti­que­ment élu, après que ce der­nier a sou­hai­té dis­soudre le Parlement pour enga­ger un nou­veau pro­ces­sus consti­tuant. Sa vice-pré­si­dente Dina Boluarte a pris sa place le 7 décembre 2022. Depuis, la répres­sion à l’é­gard des par­ti­sans de Castillo, majo­ri­tai­re­ment issus des popu­la­tions indi­gènes et pay­sannes du pays, est san­glante : on compte une soixan­taine de morts. La mobi­li­sa­tion popu­laire exige la tenue immé­diate d’é­lec­tions, la démis­sion de Boluarte et la convo­ca­tion d’une Assemblée consti­tuante. Les élec­tions, déjà avan­cées de 2026 à 2024, pour­raient se dérou­ler à la fin de l’an­née : trop tard, estiment les mani­fes­tants, les insur­gés et la gauche de l’Assemblée. C’est main­te­nant qu’elles doivent se tenir. L’heure est donc à la soli­da­ri­té inter­na­tio­nale. ☰ Par Caroline Weill

    #Pérou #extrême_droite #dictature #néolibéralisme

  • Pérou. (nouveaux textes)

    Carlos Noriega : Pérou. Face à la mobilisation du peuple andin qui perdure, la droite entonne sa guerre
    Lettre des élu.es du Parlement Européen et des élu.es des états d’Europe
    Carlos Noriega : Le CNDDHH documente la politique étatique, raciste, de répression
    L’exécutif national du PSOL déclare : « Soutien total au peuple péruvien ! »
    Carlos Noriega : « Une politique gouvernementale qui mène à la militarisation du pays »
    Carlos Noriega : A Lima, la police tue un manifestant. La droite protège la présidente. La droite et une partie de la gauche bloquent une sortie institutionnelle momentanée

    https://entreleslignesentrelesmots.wordpress.com/2023/01/31/perou-face-a-la-mobilisation-du-peuple-andin-q

    #international #perou