person:joshua landis

  • Allez, histoire de se faire du mal : un tour des hommages à l’autre pitre médiatique… Je pense que ça donne une assez fidèle image de la bande de clowns et de faux culs qui nous servent d’experts sur le monde arabe et musulman.

    – Christian Chesnot : Antoine Sfeir, mort d’un humaniste
    https://www.franceinter.fr/monde/antoine-sfeir-mort-d-un-humaniste

    – Abdennour Bidar
    https://twitter.com/AbdennourBidar/status/1046731571452170240

    Antoine Sfeir est mort cette nuit et la nouvelle m’émeut profondément : nous perdons un grand et noble cœur, ardent et doux humaniste, érudit engagé, pourfendeur lucide et courageux des obscurantismes.
    Merci Antoine, tu m’as appris beaucoup, et toujours soutenu, paix à ton âme.

    – Nathalie-A.Truchot
    https://twitter.com/n_truchot/status/1046694476398448640

    Ce matin je pleure l’immense ami, le confident de tous les instants... Le journaliste et politologue franco-libanais Antoine Sfeir, spécialiste du monde arabe et musulman, s’est éteint.

    – Georges Malbrunot
    https://twitter.com/Malbrunot/status/1046719837739917314

    Antoine Sfeir est mort. Un formidable conteur et vulgarisateur des complexités du Moyen-Orient. Le fondateur des Cahiers de l’Orient avait 70 ans.
    http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/10/01/01003-20181001ARTFIG00137-le-politologue-antoine-sfeir-passeur-entre-orient

    – Fabrice Balanche
    https://twitter.com/FabriceBalanche/status/1046708652948819969

    La disparition d’un grand homme. La pertinence de ses analyses et sa chaleur humaine nous manquerons.

    – Berengere Bonte
    https://twitter.com/berengerebonte/status/1046636141729001473

    Antoine Sfeir est parti cette nuit, apaisé. Un ami, d’une générosité inouïe, un confrère, longtemps consultant @Europe1 pour le Moyen-Orient. Je pense à sa compagne et à ses filles

    – Valérie Pécresse
    https://twitter.com/vpecresse/status/1046662787420835840

    Grande tristesse d’apprendre la disparition d’ #AntoineSfeir dont la parole était toujours bienvenue et instructive pour faire la pédagogie des complexités de l’islam et du monde arabe. Il prônait le dialogue des cultures et refusait tous les fanatismes

    – Laurent Bazin
    https://twitter.com/laurentbazin/status/1046640954973802496

    Antoine Sfeir était un expert lumineux, un honnête homme et un ami à l’humour savoureux. Tous ceux qui l’ont connu seront tristes à l’annonce de sa disparition.
    Laurent Bazin ajouté,

    – François Bayrou
    https://twitter.com/bayrou/status/1046647146349498368

    Antoine Sfeir était un passeur entre deux mondes, l’Orient et l’Occident. Il avait de l’Islam, dans ses multiples visages et dans son histoire, une connaissance profonde et chaleureuse. Il aimait décrypter et transmettre. Et il était un ami.

    – Caroline Fourest
    https://twitter.com/CarolineFourest/status/1046711067655770113

    Nous perdons un seigneur et un immense journaliste. De ceux qui savaient voir (il a vu le danger de Tariq Ramadan parmi les premiers) et qui avaient le courage de dire... Au revoir grand frère.

    – Roger Karoutchi
    https://twitter.com/RKaroutchi/status/1046677545192755200

    Triste d’apprendre le décés d’Antoine Sfeir avec qui j’avais eu plusieurs débats.Spécialiste,lui le chrétien maronite,du monde arabe,il délivrait une analyse toujours nuancée,empreinte d’humanisme mais aussi de convictions fortes liées à sa propre vie. Condoléances à ses proches.

    – François Clémenceau
    https://twitter.com/Frclemenceau/status/1046670299532529664

    Antoine Sfeir fut mon maître et mon ami, un pédagogue de l’Orient et une voix du Liban, un citoyen français au plus près des valeurs de la République, un confrère talentueux. Pensées émues et solidaires pour sa compagne et ses filles. Et longue vie aux Cahiers de l’orient.

    – Mohamed Sifaoui
    https://twitter.com/Sifaoui/status/1046666011951452160

    Salut camarade ! Repose en paix. Face à la maladie, tu as été courageux jusqu’au bout.

    – Jean-Do Merchet
    https://twitter.com/jdomerchet/status/1046661446992564225

    J’apprends avec beaucoup de peine la mort d’Antoine Sfeir, expert du monde arabo-musulman et bon camarade. RIP

    – Renaud Muselier
    https://twitter.com/RenaudMuselier/status/1046659853815607296

    C’est avec une infinie tristesse que j’apprends le décès de mon ami Antoine Sfeir.
    Un esprit brillant mais avant tout un homme généreux et bon.
    Je garde en souvenir nos discussions passionnées sur l’avenir du monde et de la #Méditerranée.
    Au revoir mon ami #RIP ??

    – Jean-Christophe Galeazzi
    https://twitter.com/jcgaleazzi/status/1046659560730238977

    Apprendre la mort d’Antoine Sfeir ce lundi matin ça fiche un coup. Journaliste et politologue, il avait fondé la revue « Les Cahiers de l’Orient », nous avions si souvent échangé avant et après de passionantes itw. À Dieu !

    – Valérie Boye
    https://twitter.com/valerieboyer13/status/1046658607390052352

    Grande tristesse d’apprendre que le grand érudit infatigable avocat du moyen orient Antoine #Sfeir ne viendra plus nous éclairer sur cet « Orient compliqué »
    je garde le souvenir récent de sa conférence à la commission des affaires étrangeres de l’assemblée
    #brillant #sensible

    – Christian Estrosi
    https://twitter.com/cestrosi/status/1046658109970812929

    Très attristé par le décès d’Antoine Sfeir. Un esprit brillant, un homme chaleureux qui a toujours voulu faire dialoguer l’Orient & l’Occident. Très attaché à @maregionsud, sa connaissance des questions euro-méditerranéennes nous manquera. Pensées pour sa famille & ses proches.

    – Marianne
    https://twitter.com/MarianneleMag/status/1046731970825334785

    [Hommage] Antoine Sfeir, l’âme du Liban https://www.marianne.net/debattons/billets/antoine-sfeir-l-ame-du-liban

    – Pascal Boniface
    https://twitter.com/PascalBoniface/status/1046695181851009025

    Triste et ému d’apprendre la disparition d’Antoine Sfeir avec lequel j’ai eu si souvent l’occasion de débattre amicalement .Sa réflexion sa pédagogie et son humour vont nous manquer

    – Boris Vallaud
    https://twitter.com/BorisVallaud/status/1046686408587583488

    Immense chagrin en apprenant le décès d’Antoine Sfeir, un homme de courage, de générosité, de paix et d’intelligence. 43 ans d’affection partagée. Pensées pour ses filles et ses proches.

    – Observatoire Laïcité
    https://twitter.com/ObservLaicite/status/1046682811267239937

    Nous avons appris avec tristesse le décès cette nuit d’Antoine Sfeir, journaliste et politologue spécialiste du Moyen-Orient et du monde musulman, fondateur des Cahiers de l’Orient. L’Observatoire de la laïcité transmet ses plus sincères condoléances à sa famille et à ses proches

    – B de La Villardière
    https://twitter.com/BdLVillardiere/status/1046710364602290177

    #Sfeir c’est avec tristesse que j’apprends la mort d’Antoine Sfeir qui fut un ami proche et un de mes invités préférés sur LCI entre 94 et 96 dans le Journal du Monde. Il fut l’un des premiers en France à dénoncer l’expansion du wahhabisme à travers le monde.

  • The Breaking of Syria’s Rebellion
    http://www.regthink.org/en/articles/the-breaking-of-syrias-rebellion

    Throughout the war, rebels have engaged in looting, notably in eastern Aleppo city in 2012, Idlib city in 2015, Naseeb crossing in Daraa in 2015, al-Bab in northern Aleppo in late 2016 and Efrin in March 2018. While the phenomenon of looting by regime forces is much more systematic, this conduct by the rebels has angered many civilians who remained under the rule of the forces who looted their homes, businesses and factories.

    […]

    In areas where regime and Russian jets are (temporarily) not bombing, the main threats to civilians’ safety and livelihood stem from criminal gangs and rebel themselves. Phenomena of exorbitant transit fees, robbery, assassinations, carjackings, kidnappings for ransom, and murder are incredibly common across rebel-held Syria. In some cases the perpetrators are clearly rebels: for example in the collection of “taxes” in the rebel checkpoints, attacks on and robbing of NGOs, confiscation of private and public property, armed confrontation over minor issues, kidnappings and torture of suspected opponents and random unlucky civilians. Foreign donors invested heavily in setting up civilian-managed courts and “Free Police” departments, but civilians abused by rebels or criminal elements usually can not find recourse with the local courts or police, due to their ineptness, corruption, and dependence and subservience to the rebels, who are oftentimes the aggressors. One manifestation of rebels’ impunity is the habit of some rebel factions, and in particular Hayat Tahrir a-Sham, to wear balaclavas when interacting with the population under their control, enabling them to avoid identification, public opprobrium and justice. Rebels further undermine the civilian courts by operating a parallel “justice” system, in which the rebels serve as judges and executioners without proper proceedings.

    Hossam, a medical worker in Daraa told me “most civilians here hate the rebels”, due to abuses against civilians, in particular kidnappings for ransom and of people who voice opposition to them. Raed, an activist in western Aleppo said that rebels kidnap “anyone who disagrees with them or says anything bad about them, civilian or rebel.”

    Je l’ai écrit en 2012 : si on lance une guerre civile milicienne, qui plus est à forte composante sectaire, on se retrouve avec le modèle libanais, c’est-à-dire que rapidement, une fois les lignes de front stabilisées, les milices deviennent les bourreaux des populations qu’elles prétendaient initialement représenter et/ou défendre.

  • SyrieLeaks : Un câble diplomatique britannique dévoile la « stratégie occidentale » … – Proche&Moyen-Orient.ch
    https://prochetmoyen-orient.ch/syrieleaks-un-cable-diplomatique-britannique-devoile-la-strategi

    En définitive, le TD britannique reflète parfaitement la stratégie occidentale en Syrie : saboter les efforts de paix de Sotchi, ajouter deux nouvelles guerres à la crise syrienne : celle des Turcs contre les Kurdes et celles des Israéliens contre l’Iran et le Hezbollah libanais. « Les Américains n’ont jamais admis leur défaite militaire en Syrie et ne veulent pas lâcher le morceau et surtout leur objectif stratégique principal », commente un haut diplomate français, « celui d’un démantèlement de la Syrie, du type de celui qui a été conduit en Irak et en Libye. Leur volonté est d’armer les Kurdes pour contrôler les régions pétrolières de l’Est syrien afin de pouvoir peser sur la reconstruction politique et économique du pays ». La paix n’est donc pas pour demain.

    C’est encore un complot si on a des documents officiels qui évoquent le sujet ?

    (via le Yéti : https://yetiblog.org/leak-la-strategie-criminelle-de-la-coalition-occidentale-revelee-par-un-te)

    • واشنطن لحلفائها : فلنقسّم سوريا | الأخبار
      http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/291239

      تغيّرت السياسة الأميركية في سوريا. بعد طول مراوحة في تحديد ما سيفعلونه بعد هزيمة «داعش»، قرر الأميركيون إطالة أمد الحرب بالبقاء خلف الضفة الشرقية للفرات، والعمل وفق خطة تفصيلية لتقسيم البلاد. وخلال الشهرين الماضيين، كانت الدبلوماسية الأميركية تعمل على اطلاع الحلفاء على تلك الخطة تمهيداً لإطلاقها ووضعها قيد التنفيذ. وفي هذا الإطار، حصلت «الأخبار» على برقية دبلوماسية صادرة عن سفارة بريطانيا في واشنطن، توجز الاستراتيجية الأميركية للوصول إلى تقسيم سوريا كما عرضها ديفيد ساترفيلد خلال اجتماع عقده في واشنطن في الحادي عشر من الشهر الماضي ممثلون عن مجموعة «سوريا» الأميركية

      Pour activer la traduction :-)

  • La grosse question que pose la séquence de ce matin (un F-16 israélien descendu par la Syrie), c’est : alors quoi, le régime syrien se mettrait à confronter militairement Israël ? C’est déjà arrivé ? Il me semblait tout de même que, à chaque fois qu’Israël bombardait en Syrie, le régime émettait des menaces de représailles, représailles qui ne venaient jamais (ou alors, suppose-t-on, de manière très indirecte).

    Du coup, les rodomontades, sur le thème « nouvelles lignes rouges », « les règles d’engagement ont changé »…, je suis très dubitatif.

    – Possibilité d’un accident : les missiles anti-aériens partent, et oups, touchent leur cible (ce qui n’était jamais arrivé) ; possibilité la plus amusante : le pilote israélien perd son sang-froid et s’éjecte prématurément (est-ce crédible ? j’aimerais le croire…).

    – Les Russes ont besoin de « faire passer un message » après qu’Al Qaeda a descendu leur propre avion à Idlib la semaine dernière. Après tout, ça fait deux fois que la Russie se fait descendre un avions (épisode de novembre 2015), et qu’ils dénoncent les Occidentaux et leurs alliés comme directement responsables. Et peut-être, plus généralement, les opérations turque et occidentale en Syrie, que les Russes jugent comme une façon pour les Américains de provoquer l’enlisement dans le conflit syrien (voir Joshua Landis sur France 24).

    – L’idée que le régime syrien serait réellement en position de faire monter la tension, histoire de montrer sa « légitimité » à, soudainement, confronter Israël, ou à montrer que son armée est désormais suffisamment « forte » sur le terrain pour affronter encore un ennemi de plus, je n’y crois pas. Prendre un tel risque, de la part d’un régime qui n’a pas confronté Israël directement depuis… (pfiou… quarante ans ?), ça ne me semble possible qu’avec l’assurance d’un soutien russe. (Et l’idée que le régime syrien pourrait tenter une telle opération pour « forcer à la main » à la Russie, ça ne me semble pas plus crédible non plus. Ce régime est violent et criminel, mais extrêmement pragmatique.)

  • U.S.-led coalition helps to build new Syrian force, angering Turkey
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-sdf/u-s-led-coalition-helps-build-new-syrian-force-angering-turkey-idUSKBN1F30O

    The force will deploy along the border with Turkey to the north, the Iraqi border to the southeast and along the Euphrates River Valley, which broadly acts as the dividing line separating the U.S.-backed SDF and Syrian government forces backed by Iran and Russia.

    Syrie : les Kurdes vont constituer une force frontalière avec la coalition internationale - France 24
    http://www.france24.com/fr/20180114-syrie-etats-unis-turquie-kurdes-frontieres-coalition-fds-ypg

  • Joshua Landis a encore cassé l’internet (et comme tu t’en doutes, ça m’amuse beaucoup quand il fait ça) :
    https://mobile.twitter.com/joshua_landis/status/952186594135592961

    Il recommande dans ce message une analyse de Peri Hankey :
    https://mobile.twitter.com/PeriHankey/status/952118531734294528

    Analyse elle-même basée sur un billet de Tim Hayward à propos des Casques blancs et du Guardian :
    https://timhayward.wordpress.com/2018/01/12/the-guardian-white-helmets-and-silenced-comment/amp/#click=https://t.co/gGX6y6VgLh

    Alors ça n’a pas raté, Tim Hayward étant une des nouvelles figures du mal incarné, le cœur des fan boys qui ont raison depuis le début de la guerre en Syrie viennent s’indigner bruyamment dans son flux, sur les thèmes forts appréciés de « pro-régime/pro-Russe », « apologistes de crimes de guerre » et, sans surprise, « complotistes ».

  • Joshua Landis on Twitter: “In some respects, Syria’s move to USSR was driven by the Arab/Israeli conflict.”
    https://twitter.com/joshua_landis/status/884387103718735873

    1. In some respects, Syria’s move to USSR was driven by the Arab/Israeli conflict.
    2. US was planning to rebuild Syrian military in 1947, with training mission and arms sales.
    3. The start of fighting in Palestine in 1947 caused Sec State Marshall to cancel the agreement & training mission.

    He knew that congress could not support helping Syria military w war looming in Palestine. Also Tripartite Arms Embargo imposed by US/FR/GB
    5. Once Syria’s Pres. Quwatli was told of US retraction, his men began counseling him to seek arms from USSR. Quwatli refused for fear of GB
    6. But the refusal of all Western Powers 2 help Syrian military, caused it to turn 2 USSR w friendship agreement & follow Nasser’s arms deal
    7. These BBC interviews w Syrian statesmen & PM, underline that they did not associate Friendship Agreement w becoming Communist, as US did
    8. By organizing failed coups against Khalid al-Azm and Sabri al-Asali’s government, the US undermined the pro-Western politicians of Syria.

    The Baath Party leaders and their military officer sympathizers used the West’s interventions and plotting to go to Nasser & form the UAR.
    10. Politicians, such as Azm & Quwatli, who knew making Nasser was a bad idea & who had fought for Syrian independence, had to go along.
    11. They feared being called Western stooges. They also were confused by the West’s stupidity and aggression against them.
    12. This is the context of these BBC interviews, which were carried out during the lead up to the UAR and the time of the Suez Crisis.
    13. Between 1955 and 1958, Syria received about $294 million from the Soviet Union for military and economic assistance.
    14. In a meeting of Ambassadors at end of WWII, US decided best postwar strategy was to align w KSA & Syria. The KSA because of oil & Aramco
    15. Syria, because pipelines would run from KSA thru Syr. Also Syria had no exclusive agreement with FR or GB. It was free & turned to US
    16. Khalid al-Azm who was PM at end 1948, negotiated military agreement w US & base rights w GB, which wanted 2 est MEDO - Mid East Def Org
    17. But the US broke off these agreements to support Jewish State in Palestine & then supported Chief of Staff Husni Zaim to overthrow Azm.
    18. US supported Azm/Quwatli overthrow, even though they were democratically elected gov, because Zaim offered to sign armistice w Israel.
    19. Zaim also offered to build Tapline, oil pipeline that Syr parliament put on hold, and to arrest communists, etc.

    The US was not a driving force behind Zaim coup. Zaim was determined 2 take power, b/c Quwatli gov was going to accuse him of corruption.
    21. Pres Quwatli was going to use Zaim as the scapegoat for loss of 1948 war. Major corruption trials were leading to top officers.

    #Syrie

  • En Syrie, le plus grand fiasco de la CIA ?
    Maxime Chaix | 3 août 2017
    http://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/opinions/en-syrie-le-plus-grand-fiasco-de-la-cia-139175839

    Alors qu’il n’est plus tabou de critiquer le rôle trouble des puissances moyen-orientales dans le renforcement des réseaux djihadistes au Moyen-Orient, la coresponsabilité de leurs partenaires de l’OTAN ne peut et ne doit plus être éludée

    Récemment, le Washington Post a annoncé la fin du soutien de la CIA en faveur des rebelles « modérés », confirmant qu’en 2015, ceux-ci menaçaient de renverser Bachar el-Assad mais que cette issue chaotique fut empêchée par l’intervention militaire directe de la Russie cette même année. Chaotique, car le chroniqueur du Post, David Ignatus, vient de souligner dans ce même journal que Washington et ses alliés ne pouvaient proposer d’alternative politique viable, démocrate et modérée face au gouvernement syrien.

    D’après le spécialiste de la Syrie Charles Lister, qui regrette ouvertement la fin de cette guerre secrète coordonnée par la CIA, l’Agence aurait constitué une force de 45 000 combattants à travers cette opération, dont nous savons depuis janvier 2016 qu’elle a pour nom de code « Timber Sycamore ».

    Or, comme le rappelle l’universitaire américain Joshua Landis, ces rebelles « modérés » appuyés par la CIA et ses partenaires ont combattu jusqu’en janvier 2014 aux côtés de la milice terroriste qui allait devenir l’« État islamique » (EI) six mois plus tard, lors de la proclamation du « califat » par Abou Bakr al-Baghdadi. Cet argument est confirmé par l’expert de la Syrie Fabrice Balanche, qui a souligné à l’auteur de ces lignes que « les rebelles n’ont combattu Daech qu’à partir de l’hiver 2013-2014. Avant cette période, ils étaient main dans la main avec cette organisation. »

    #Syrie

  • Un long et très intéressant article sur le blog de Joshua Landis pour démonter la thèse «Assad a fabriqué ISIS»: Is Assad the Author of ISIS? Did Iran Blow Up Assef Shawkat? And Other Tall Tales
    http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/assad-author-isis-iran-blow-assef-sawkat-tall-tales-ehsani2

    As the events in Daraa unfolded, the President invited key figures from the town to see what can be done to calm the demonstrations. One such figure was cleric Sayasneh. One of the consistent demands of such meetings was the release of prisoners. It was no different when Douma joined the uprising. Foreign Embassies were also pushing the Syrian State to release what it called political prisoners. People like Zahran Alloush were sentenced to seven years in prison when he was arrested with a group of 40 people on the charge of promoting Wahhabi ideology and gun possession. They had not killed anyone or even fired a shot. Yet, they were sent to prisons like Sednaya and kept there beyond the end of their sentence on the whim of one of the security agencies. It was in this context when the residents of Douma demanded the release of prisoners from their districts. The Syrian leadership was under intense pressure to calm the crisis. The people of Douma promised to do their job at calming their own streets if some of those prisoners were released. Zahran and many others like him were released under this rationale. This is not too dissimilar to the way the American prisons in Iraq worked. Zarqawi, Baghdadi and Golani were all released from those prisons either when their terms ended or when the local populations demanded their release. Just like in Syrian prisons, the prisoners in American jails were also indoctrinated with jihadist ideology. Syria erred by releasing Alloush and Abboud who would go on to form Jeish al Islam and Ahrar just like the U.S. erred when it released Baghdadi who would go on to form ISIS.

    • Angry Arab revient lui aussi sur cette théorie, mais en réponse à un billet de Qifa Nabki : Elias Muhanna ("Qifanabki") on ISIS and the Syrian regime
      http://angryarab.blogspot.fr/2016/12/elias-muhanna-qifanabki-on-isis-and.html

      So Elias commented on the lousy (really trashy, journalistically speaking) series about ISIS and the Syrian regime in Daily Beast.
      https://qifanabki.com/2016/12/07/assad-and-isis
      This is not about politics but about methodology, journalistic standards and about the dominant political paradigm about Syria and beyond. Basically, in this piece, Eias reveals himself as fully March 14, while he used to be more careful in his analysis before. This piece reads like the talking points of March 14 really. But away from generalizations let us talk specifics (my responses to his words are in red):

      1) His opening sentence set the stage: "Gutman’s articles have been championed by opposition supporters and critiqued by regime loyalists." So here he tells readers that anyone who is critical of the piece is a regime supporters. Look at this demagogic method. So end of story. Let us go home. If you dare disagree with the non-expert Gutman (who research basically constituted spending long hours in cafes in Istanbul). There is really no need to continue when he says that, but I will continue.

      2) He then informs the readers this: "The most astute observers of the conflict have long recognized the alignment of certain interests between the regime and the most radical elements in the Islamist opposition." Here, you are to believe that if you are astute you have to agree with the premise of Gutman and Western media and government, otherwise you are not astute. No evidence is necessary.

      3) Look at this line (and notice that Elias, like all other cheerleaders of the armed Jihadi groups in Syria) still insist that there was this really secular/feminist/democratic spectrum of secular armed groups, and then the regime came and produced those Islamists and then, voila, the secular armed groups suddenly disappeared in order for Bashshar to claim that his enemies are not the real Voltaire Battalions but the various Islamist Jihadi battalions: "The rise of ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra has been disastrous for the secular political opposition".

      4) Elias then proceeds to yet again complains that the fact that Gutman piece is short on data and research (unless sitting in cafes in Istanbul counts as solid research) is bad not from a journalistic standpoint but because it helps the opponents of his beloved Syrian rebels (former Voltaire battalions who were transformed by trickery by the regime to Jihadi battalions): "That’s unfortunate, because they have given regime apologists more ammunition for the claim that the Syrian uprising is nothing but a foreign conspiracy fueled by fake news and Gulf-funded think tanks." But I am not sure what he means by the side reference to Gulf-funded think tanks? Does he mean that those are valuable academic assets who should not be criticized or does he mean that their punditry should be respected and not maligned and ridiculed. Not sure here but he seems defensive about them.

      5) Here he produces his theory (same as Gutman theory and same as the various theories about the Jihadi rebels from DAY ONE): "When the Assad regime released many of its Islamist prisoners from Sednaya Prison in 2011 — including individuals like Zahran Alloush, Yahia al-Hamawi, Hassan Abboud, and others who would go on to positions of leadership in Ahrar al-Sham, Jaysh al-Islam, and ISIS — it did so in full knowledge that the Islamists spelled trouble for the nascent uprising." So the evidence marshaled by Elias is that since the regime released them from jail, it means it controls them and even controls them when they bomb the regime sites and when they kill regime supporters, etc. But here is what curious: if this is the evidence in itself, how come Elias never wrote that US is responsible for the Jihadi in Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan as the US release scores of Jihadi fighters INCLUDING BAGHDADI HIMSELF? And does this argument not apply to Jordan, Saudi, Pakistani, Afghani, and Moroccan regime? The Jordanian regime is most culpable among them all as it started to manipulate Jihadis long before any of those regimes. So if the evidence is the release from jail, then it can’t be true in the case of Syrian regime and not true in the case of all those other regimes including the US government and its occupation authorities in the region.

      6) Then Elias produces another conspiracy theory more fascinating than the first one: "The intelligence services guessed correctly that the peaceful secular demonstrations would be overrun by violent former inmates". Here, what does overrun mean? I mean, if the rebels were mostly secular, why would the release of Jihadi “overrun” them? What would that happen if the majority are active in the Voltaire Battalions? Why did not the more popular (according to Elias and all other mainstream journalists) secular forces overrun the others?

      7) Then Elias proceeds to make a Lebanon analogy: "That group was widely seen as a tool of Syrian intelligence". Widely seen? It was only “widely seen” by the Hariri family and the rest of the Saudi-run March 14 Movement. There was never any evidence presented about that. The only evidence is that its leader once spent time in Syrian regime jail, just as Baghdadi once spent time in US military jails in Iraq. And many of those Jihadi groups are openly and blatantly opposed to the Syrian regime on sectarian grounds and in fact the regime fought against them in Lebanon during the Syrian political domination of Lebanon. But it gets worse:

      8) Elias then says: "Longtime Syria-watchers will recall that Hizbullah was adamantly opposed to the Lebanese Army’s assault on the camp". I consider myself “a long time Syria-watcher” — and an occasional bird-watcher — and I dont recall that. This is absolutely and totally untrue, and even Elias friends in March 14 would not mischaracterize the stance of Hizbullah as such. Hizbullah was NOT opposed to the assault on the camp: Nasrallah specifically said that entry into the camp “is the red line”. He meant that the civilian population of the camp should be spared and that the assault on Fath Al-Islam should have sparred the lives of civilians But unfortunatley, once the Lebanese Amy began the assault on the camp, Hizbullah never complained AS IT SHOULD HAVE. More than 45 Palestinian civilians were massacred by the Lebanese Army assault. I was and still am of the position that the Lebanese Army should not have assaulted the camp (I call on Elias to visit what is left of the camp to see for himself) in order to get rid of a small armed gang, especially that negotiations were going on. In fact, the lousy Syrian regime Army supported and helped and the lousy Lebanese regime Army in the assault of the camp. And unfortunately Hizbullhah provided intelligence and military support for the Army during the assault. So if my position against Army assault make me an accomplice with Fath Al-Islam, be my guest. But it was really incredible how Elias—desperate to find evidence of any kind—decided to distort the position of Hizbullah.

      9) Finally, Elias concludes with his last evidence, that the Syrian regime had “infiltrated” those groups: "given the regime’s successful infiltration of these groups". Wait. Infiltration of groups means control and creation of those groups? Do you remember after Sep. 11 when George Tenet testified before US Congress that CIA had infiltrated Al-Qa`idah? Syrian, Jordanian, Saudi, and other Arab and Western and Israeli intelligence services had all infiltrated those groups, but why do you go from here to decide that only the Syrian regime is guilty of infiltration? Are you that desperate to validate a lousy piece of journalism by Roy Gutman? Finally, here is what I find interesting: Gutman built up his case on coffee shop chatter by Syrians in Istanbul, but usually Westerners mock unsubstanitated conspiracy theories by Middle Easterners. Yet, only in the case of Syria are those conspiracy theories believed and peddled and only because they serve the propaganda interests of of Western governments.

      PS Do you notice that when people cite the lousy piece by Roy Gutman they always say: the award-winning Roy Gutman. I remember when people cited Judith Miller about WMDs of Iraq before 2003, they also always said: award-winning journalist, Judith Miller.

      PPS Elias Responds here.
      https://qifanabki.com/2016/12/07/assad-and-isis/comment-page-1/#comment-127286

    • Sinon, c’est la même #théorie_du_complot, explicitée cette fois par Michel Touma de l’Orient-Le Jour, reprise de manière extrêmement fainéante par Courrier international :
      http://www.courrierinternational.com/article/lettre-ouverte-du-liban-pourquoi-francois-fillon-tout-faux-su

      (alors qu’il y aurait beaucoup à dire sur le fait de baser une politique étrangère française sur la prétendue et forcément catastrophique « protection des Chrétiens d’Orient »)

    • « Accord » avec Washington pour écarter les Turcs de la bataille de Raqqa - L’Orient-Le Jour
      http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1016787/accord-avec-washington-pour-ecarter-les-turcs-de-la-bataille-de-raqa-

      La coalition arabo-kurde, qui s’est lancée dimanche à la conquête de la ville de Raqqa, fief des jihadistes du groupe Etat islamique (EI) en Syrie, a affirmé s’être mise d’accord avec les Etats-Unis pour écarter la Turquie de l’offensive.

      « Les Forces démocratiques syriennes (FDS) se sont mises d’accord de manière définitive avec la coalition internationale (dirigée par Washington) qu’il n’y aura aucun rôle turc ou des rebelles qui leur sont alliés dans l’offensive » de Raqqa, a affirmé à l’AFP Talal Sello, leur porte-parole.

    • Arab Fighters Massively Defect from US-backed SDF, Attack Kurdish YPG Units in Northern Syria
      https://southfront.org/arab-fighters-massively-defect-from-us-backed-sdf-attack-kurdish-ypg-uni

      Septembre 2016

      Via Joshua Landis

      On September 2, Liwa al-Tahrir announced that it will leave the YPG-led SDF due to the group’s policies and called for remodel of the coalition. Following the statement, the YPG attacked Liwa al-Tahrir units near the village of Suluk south-east of Tell Abyad in the province of Raqqa.

      The YPG also attempted to encircle Liwa al-Tahrir checkpoints near the village of Qunaitra located north-east of Suluk. Firefights were reported there. According to Baladi News, at least 50 Liwa al-Tahrir militants are now in the city of Jarabulus where they jointed the Turkish-led forces in northern Syria. A commander of Liwa al-Tahrir, Abo Mohamad Kafrzita, is reportedly in Turkey now.

      Separatly, Arab-Kurd tensions increased in Ayn Issa forcing YPG to dispatch units to take over checkpoints under Liwa Ahrar Raqqa control. Liwa Ahrar Raqqa claim to have expelled YPG from 5 villages around Ayn Issa – al-Qadriyah, al-Hamdanat, Kardushan, al-Duraybiyah and Abo Tabat after a series of firefights in the area.

      Further reports added that Hazm Movement, Jabhat Thuwar Syria and Jabhat al-Haq also joined the Turkish-led forces that participate in the “Operation Euphrates Shield.”

      Summarising the situation in northern Syria, it’s easy to conclude that on September 2, the SDF ceased to exist as a united force of the YPG and some non-Kurdish units.

  • The U.S. and Russia Ensure a Balance of Terror in Syria
    https://theintercept.com/2016/10/29/the-u-s-and-russia-ensure-a-balance-of-terror-in-syria

    Christopher Phillips’s brilliant analysis of the factors fueling the Syria war is a refreshing contrast to works by most ostensible experts, who are partis pris, ill-informed, or both. With his new book, “The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East,” published by Yale this month, Phillips joins a short list of writers, among them Joshua Landis, Patrick Cockburn, Fawaz Gerges, and the late Anthony Shadid, who have made original contributions to understanding the Syria war’s causes and consequences. “The Battle for Syria” makes a determined and successful stab at apportioning responsibility to all the countries whose lavish provision of weapons and money have prolonged the war far longer than Syria’s own resources would have permitted. The deaths of more than 500,000 and the dispossession of almost half of Syria’s estimated 22 million inhabitants testify to the lack of interest these outsiders have in Syria itself and the priority they place on their own competing goals.

  • C’est le week-end, je me suis dis que tu voulais une bonne théorie du complot (une qu’on a le droit) pour finir la semaine : ici on t’explique que Joshua Landis est une homme de main du régime syrien : Assad’s Man In Oklahoma
    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/assads-man-in-oklahoma_us_5807ecf7e4b021af3477667a

    Perhaps it’s because Landis’ reading of Syrian history led him to believe that sectarian war was inevitable from the start, even though it wasn’t. Perhaps it’s because Landis has family ties to high-ranking generals inside the Assad regime, as well as some regime personnel who were killed early in the conflict. Perhaps it’s because he genuinely believes that Shiites are a priori better than Sunnis.

    Je crois bien que celle-là, je ne l’avais plus vue passer depuis 2012…

  • Selon une déclaration du vice-prince héritier saoudien Mohammed ben Salmane (MBS) rapportée dans une dépêche de l’agence jordanienne Petra News, mais ensuite effacée, l’Arabie saoudite aurait contribué à hauteur de 20% à la campagne d’Hillary :
    http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/deleted-official-report-says-saudi-key-funder-hillary-clinton-preside

    The Petra News Agency published on Sunday what it described as exclusive comments from Saudi Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman which included a claim that Riyadh has provided 20 percent of the total funding to the prospective Democratic candidate’s campaign.
    The report was later deleted and the news agency has not responded to requests for comment from Middle East Eye.
    It is illegal in the United States for foreign countries to try to influence the outcome of elections by funding candidates.
    The Washington-based Institute for Gulf Affairs has re-published the original Arabic Petra report, which quoted Prince Mohammed as having said Saudi Arabia had provided with “full enthusiasm” an undisclosed amount of money to Clinton.
    “Saudi Arabia always has sponsored both Republican and Democratic Party of America and in America current election also provide with full enthusiasm 20 percent of the cost of Hillary Clinton’s election even though some events in the country don’t have a positive look to support the king of a woman (sic) for presidency,” the report quoted Prince Mohammed as having said.

    • Et devant le bruit, Petra News prétend maintenant que cette dépêche est le fruit d’un hacking.
      http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=257423&CatID=13&Type=Home&GTy

      Amman, June 13 (Petra) In response to what has been published by some media outlets as well as the social media regarding news that were attributed to Jordan News Agency (Petra), we would like to clarify the following: 1) A technical failure on Petra ’s website occurred for a few minutes on Sunday evening, June 12, 2016. Protection systems at the agency as well as the technical department noticed that and therefore, they suspended the transmission system and the electronic site and moved to the alternative website.
      2) Later, it became clear that the technical failure that occurred was and attempt to hack the agency’s transmission system and its website.
      3) The Agency was surprised to see some media outlets as well as the social media publishing false news that were attributed to Petra

      Cela semble devenir une routine que d’effacer des nouvelles rapportant des déclarations imprudentes de l’une de ses majestés et de prétendre ensuite que le site qui les a publiées a été piraté...
      http://seenthis.net/messages/496157

      Et certains petits veinards, comme Joshua Landis, ont même droit à un tweet perso ad hoc de la responsable presse de l’ambassade jordanienne à Washington pour leur faire savoir que tout ça c’est du pipeau :
      https://twitter.com/joshua_landis/status/742530210063515650

      De deux choses l’une. Soit les pirates iraniens (ou syriens) ont beaucoup d’humour, soit les Saoudiens se foutent de la gueule du monde et n’hésitent pas à faire censurer l’ensemble de la presse arabe pour rattraper leurs boulettes en communication.

    • Saudi Crown Prince: We Fund 20% Of Clinton’s Presidential Campaign
      The Saudi crown prince reportedly said that over the years his country has always financially supported both Republican and Democratic candidates.
      By teleSUR | June 13, 2016
      http://www.mintpressnews.com/saudi-crown-prince-we-fund-20-of-clintons-presidential-campaign/217172

      Saudi Arabia has paid more than 20 percent of the cost of Hillary Clinton’s campaign for presidential elections, Saudi Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman was quoted as saying Sunday in a news report by the Jordanian Petra News Agency.

      According to the Middle East Eye news website, the report was later deleted from the agency’s website. However, a snapshot of the original Arabic version was later republished by the Washington-based Institute for Gulf Affairs.

      “Saudi Arabia has always sponsored both Republican and Democratic Parties of America and… the kingdom also provides with full enthusiasm 20 percent of the cost of Hillary Clinton’s campaign in the U.S. presidential elections despite the fact that some influential forces within the country don’t have a positive look toward supporting the candidate because she is a woman,” the agency’s report quoted Prince Mohammed as saying.

  • Le Conseil militaire de la ville de Nawa (province de Deraa), dirigé par l’ASL, a décrété que le blasphème contre Dieu serait puni de 3 jours d’emprisonnement et d’une amende de 25000 LS :
    https://twitter.com/ajaltamimi/status/733741243029671936


    (via twitter Aymenn al-Tamimi)

    Commentaire de Joshua Landis :
    https://twitter.com/joshua_landis/status/733800366106652672

    These groups are the “secular” Southern Front the US and others support from the Joint Operations Center in Jordan

    • Allemagne https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=11521&lang=fr
      Lors de la révision de 1969 du code pénal fédéral, on a supprimé les références à la protection de Dieu et de ses institutions et remplacé le blasphème par une infraction qui recouvre plus largement les troubles à la paix civile causés par des actes visant à ridiculiser des croyances (Bekenntnisse) ou des groupes idéologiques (Weltanschauungsvereinigungen).

      31. L’article 166 du code vise le fait de tourner en dérision des croyances, des associations cultuelles ou des groupes idéologiques. Quiconque outrage des convictions religieuses ou idéologiques en public ou par la diffusion d’écrits, d’une manière pouvant raisonnablement être jugée propre à troubler la paix civile, est passible d’une peine d’emprisonnement maximum de trois ans ou d’une amende. Est passible des mêmes peines quiconque ridiculise une Eglise établie dans le pays, une association cultuelle ou un groupe idéologique, leurs institutions ou leurs cérémonies, en public ou par la diffusion d’écrits, d’une manière jugée propre à troubler la paix civile.

      32. La forme et le contenu de l’insulte doivent être tels qu’un observateur objectif puisse raisonnablement penser qu’elle est propre à offenser les personnes partageant les convictions attaquées, et l’auteur de l’infraction doit avoir eu l’intention (ou avoir été conscient) de commettre une infraction.

      33. En pratique, les personnes poursuivies au titre de l’article 166 ont généralement subi un stress et perdu de l’argent, mais n’ont pas été condamnées à de lourdes peines. En 1981, dans une affaire dont le cardinal Meissner avait saisi la justice, la juridiction pénale d’appel de Cologne a estimé qu’une caricature défendant le droit à l’avortement, qui représentait Marie et Joseph, ne témoignait cependant d’aucune hostilité envers les chrétiens. Quatre ans plus tard, la juridiction d’appel de Karlsruhe a déclaré qu’un article sarcastique concernant la Cène n’était pas une insulte.

      34. La Berliner Tageszeitung, à qui l’évêque de Berlin avait intenté un procès à cause d’un article satirique, a été acquittée en 1987. En 1988, dans une affaire jugée à Bochum, la justice a estimé qu’une brochure insultante pour le Vatican ne risquait pas de troubler la paix civile. Plus récemment, les auteurs de parodies du pape Jean-Paul II ont été mis hors de cause. En 2006, par contre, l’ancien détenu « Manfred van H » a été condamné à un an d’emprisonnement avec sursis et à trois cents heures de travaux d’intérêt général pour avoir fait imprimer les mots « Koran, der Heilige Qur’än » sur du papier toilette, qu’il avait ensuite envoyé à des médias et à des mosquées.

      35. Les poursuites ont été plus nombreuses en Autriche. Les articles 188 et 189 du code pénal interdisent les insultes de nature à provoquer une indignation légitime. Ces dispositions ne semblent pas avoir été appliquées à ce qu’un juriste a qualifié de « croyances minoritaires ». La jurisprudence récente comprend notamment la décision de 1986 interdisant la projection publique d’un film inspiré de la pièce de Panizza intitulée Le Concile d’amour.

  • Combats à Qamishli entre la police kurde (Asayish) et le YPG d’une part, et la milice pro-régime (Forces de Défense nationale) et une milice syriaque pro-régime (Sootoro), d’autre part.
    La ville jusqu’ici partagée entre PYD et régime, connaît pour la première fois de tels combats avec plusieurs morts de part et d’autre.
    https://www.yahoo.com/news/kurds-regime-deadly-clashes-northeast-syria-190019093.html

    Qamishli (Syria) (AFP) - Deadly clashes between Syrian pro-government fighters and Kurdish forces raged on Wednesday in the northeastern city of Qamishli, an AFP reporter at the scene said.
    Loud blasts from rocket fire and heavy machineguns could be heard throughout the city into the evening as warplanes screeched above, the reporter said.
    Qamishli is under the shared control of the Syrian regime and Kurdish authorities, who have declared zones of “autonomous administration” across parts of north and northeast Syria.
    The clashes broke out between government forces and the local Kurdish police force, known as the Asayish, at a checkpoint earlier on Wednesday, a Kurdish security source told AFP.

    Malgré un accord de cessez-le-feu passé entre le YPG et le régime - à la suite de ces incidents rapportés par l’AFP ci-dessus, les combats auraient repris quelques heures après selon al-Masdar (site pro-régime) :
    https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/temporary-truce-falls-apart-qamishli-kurdish-government-forces-clash

  • Un Sukhoï 22 de l’aviation syrienne abattu par un missile sol-air portatif dans le sud d’Alep.
    Info confirmée par l’agence syrienne SANA : http://sana.sy/en/?p=73719
    Le pilote aurait été capturé vivant selon des photos circulant sur les réseaux sociaux et amené au quartier d’al-Nousra :
    Article d’al-arabiya :
    http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/04/05/Syrian-rebels-shoot-down-war-plane-near-Aleppo-.html

    Syria militants shot down a warplane on Tuesday in an area south of the city of Aleppo where insurgents are battling the Syrian army and allied militias, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said.
    The monitor said a plume of smoke was seen as the plane caught fire before it fell in the Talat al-Iss highland, where al Qaeda-affiliated militants have come under heavy bombardment by Syrian and Russian planes since they captured the area this week.
    Syrian state TV confirmed that the jet was shot down by a surface-to-air missile in Aleppo province and the pilot ejected.
    However according to the monitor and a militant source said that the pilot of downed plane has been taken by al-Qaeda affiliated al-Nusra front to one of its headquarters.

    Par ailleurs Ahrar al-Cham revendique avoir abattu l’avion :
    https://twitter.com/thomasjoscelyn/status/717346096205447169

    A noter que si l’on en croit les déclarations du ministère de la défense russe du 13 mars 2016, un avion syrien avait déjà été abattu par un missile sol-air le 12 mars dernier :
    http://www.janes.com/article/58762/russia-says-syrian-mig-21-downed-by-manpads

    A Syrian MiG-21 fighter-bomber has been shot down by rebels using a man-portable air defence system (MANPADS), the Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has said.

    When it released its daily summary of breaches of the current ceasefire agreement on 13 March, the Russian MoD said the aircraft was shot down by a MANPADS near the town of Kafr Nabudah at 14.41 on 12 March. Kafr Nabudah is on the border of Hamah and Idlib provinces.

    The MoD added that the MiG-21 “was performing airspace control tasks” when it was hit.

    #option_Stinger

  • A un tweet lui disant qu’en soutenant l’ASL on aurait pu contrer la croissance de Da’ich, Joshua Landis répond : « Je doute de cela. Les Etats-Unis n’ont pu trouver personne pour les combattre. L’ASL travaillait étroitement avec Da’ich avant que celui-ci ne rompe avec al-Nousra » :
    https://twitter.com/joshua_landis/status/714822548928729088

    I doubt this. US couldn’t find any willing to take on ISIS. FSA worked closely with ISIS before break w Nusra

  • Nour Samaha dans Foreign Policy sur le regain de popularité du PSNS dans les zones gouvernementales en Syrie.
    En gros Nour Samaha explique que ce regain de popularité (notamment dans les minorités) est dû au fait que ses militants, plus disciplinés, se comportent mieux vis à vis des civils que beaucoup d’autres milices pro-régime (les forces de défense nationale, Difa’a al-wataniya, ont triste réputation). Autre raison : le fait que le panarabisme du Baath est à bout de souffle, et que l’idéologie du PSNS rejette tout sectarisme mais fait aussi de l’identité syrienne une identité pas seulement arabe - d’autant que les « vrais » arabes, ceux du Golfe, ont trahi. Cela malgré l’aspect très conspiratif du parti (depuis l’origine) et ses aspects fascisants, au moins à l’origine.
    http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/28/the-eagles-of-the-whirlwind

    The rise of the SSNP among Syrians in government-controlled areas is the result of a combination of factors, including the rising sectarian tones of the war, the demise of the Baath Party, the failure of Arab nationalism, and the increasing distrust toward other pro-government militias.
    The SSNP serves as a useful ally for the government, but it is unclear if it will still be seen as useful later. As the Baath Party’s staunch Arab nationalist rhetoric seems more and more outdated, the party has the potential to pose a legitimate threat to its power base in the coming years.
    Joshua Landis, director of the Center for Middle East Studies at Oklahoma University, says that in Syria, “today the idea of Greater Syria is back.”
    He described the SSNP as an outlet for minorities who consider the dream of pan-Arabism to have ended in failure. “Everything that is being chanted now is that Syria is not Arab, and they see that the Arabs are trying to screw them and flying the black flag of Islam,” says Landis.
    That is not to say that everyone is convinced by the ideology of the SSNP. Some residents in Damascus and Aleppo admitted not knowing a lot about the party due to its incredibly secretive role before the war; others consider it to be heavily inspired by the wave of fascism that spread across Europe in the 1920s and 1930s.

    En passant l’article ne le mentionne pas mais le PSNS a participé à la bataille de Palmyre (effectif de combattants estimé en Syrie 6 à 8000 selon l’article).
    En lisant la dernière livraison de CPA [http://seenthis.net/messages/474397] sur un intellectuel syrien méconnu en France (dont par moi...) je me faisais la réflexion qu’il y avait aussi peu de choses en français sur cette figure ambivalente qu’a été le fondateur du parti, Antoun Saadeh.
    De ce que j’ai lu : quelques pages très sombres de P. Seale dans sa biographie sur Ryad el-Solh (qui avait choisi de le faire exécuter), des pages émues et admiratives dans l’autobiographie de Hisham Shirabi (qui l’a connu personnellement) et raconte sa fuite hors du Liban, et trois pages dans le dernier bouquin de Corm sur « pensée et politique dans le monde arabe » (où Tarabichi est aussi évoqué).

  • Syria Comment » Archives Harakat al-Hawiya al-Arabiya al-Druziya: Defending Druze Identity in Suwayda’ - Syria Comment
    http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/harakat-al-hawiya-al-arabiya-al-druziya-defending-druze-identity-in-su

    By Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi

    Although the Druze originate from a sect within Shi’i Islam, the religious movement evolved over time such that the Druze identity is deemed separate from that of the Shi’a. The same has been true of the Alawites, though as is well known, a number of efforts have been made in the recent past to bring the Alawites into the fold of mainstream Shi’i Islam, such as Musa Sadr’s fatwa in 1974 that recognized the Alawites as Shi’a- a trend of identification strengthened by the post-1979 alliance between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Assad dynasty. More recently, extensive Iranian and pro-Iranian Shi’a militia involvement on the ground in the Syrian civil war has given rise to claims of further Shi’ification trends targeting the Alawite community in particular, such as the opening of husseiniyas (Shi’i centres) in the Damascus and Latakia areas.

    Less well known is that allegations of Shi’ification efforts also exist with respect to the Druze community in Syria. It seems that primarily in response to these developments has come the emergence of the Harakat al-Hawiya al-Arabiya al-Druziya (“The Arab Druze Identity Movement”), also known as the Harakat al-Difa’ ‘an al-Hawiya al-Druziya (“The Movement to Defend Druze Identity”), which first appears to have come on the scene in late 2015 (c. October 2015). Ethnically speaking, the ‘Arab’ aspect has long been a strong component of Druze identity.

    Unsurprisingly, given the context in which this movement has emerged, it is highly critical of the regime and those associated with it. However, it is also consistent in its opposition to attempts to alter Druze identity (real and perceived), and so has also drawn attention (approvingly quoting independent Druze opposition activist-in-exile Maher Sharf al-Din) to the treatment of the Druze in Jabal al-Summaq in Idlib at the hands of Jabhat al-Nusra, which has not only implemented forced conversions to Sunni Islam but has also confiscated property of those from the area who fled to/live in regime-held areas and are thought to work with the regime, while altering the demographics with an influx of Turkmen people. This contrasts with the reluctance of anti-regime Druze in Lebanon associated with Walid Jumblatt to admit these realities, playing up instead the false idea that some kind of agreement to protect the Druze was reached with Jabhat al-Nusra (a falsehood recently repeated by Fabrice Balanche).

    Syria Comment
    AUTHOR

    Joshua Landis
    Director: Center
    for Middle East Studies
    and Associate Professor,
    University of Oklahoma
    405-819-7955
    Email: Landis@ou.edu Follow @joshua_landis

    Co-Editor: Matthew Barber - University of Chicago
    Email: SCmoderation@mail.com
    Follow @Matthew__Barber