Cross-cultural public space inclusivity: a multidimensional analysis of user satisfaction in Nottingham, Jeddah, and Lucknow
▻https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-cities/articles/10.3389/frsc.2026.1868976/full
Urban public spaces play a central role in supporting social interaction, inclusivity, and urban liveability, yet their performance is shaped by cultural, social, and governance contexts. This study examines user experience and perceived inclusivity in urban public spaces through a cross-cultural comparative analysis of three sites: Old Market Square in Nottingham, United Kingdom; Al Balad in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; and Hazratganj in Lucknow, India. A quantitative research design was adopted using a structured questionnaire with 265 respondents, examining five dimensions of public space experience: accessibility, safety and comfort, inclusivity and equity, perceived publicness, and place meaning and cultural identity. Data were analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory (…)