• So why is it that in lower-income countries, richer people emigrate more? What does that mean about the effects of immigration?

    @MariapiaMendola and I went all-out to find answers, using survey data on 653,613 people in 99 countries.

    Start with the facts. This shows 120,000+ people in low-income countries (Malawi, Laos,…). The orange bell-curve is the distribution of income (0=average). The blue line (with confidence interval) is the probability that people at each income are actively preparing to emigrate:

    This is not actual migration, but people who report that their intent to migrate has recently culminated in a very costly action, like purchasing international travel or applying for a visa.

    We show in the data that relatively richer people, as you would expect, are better able to turn their migration wishes and plans into reality than poorer people. So the line for actual migration, by income, should be even steeper than the blue line above.

    That has two remarkable implications. First, when poorer people get more money, they often invest it in… migration.

    This has been found in specific settings around the world. @SamuelBazzi rigorously showed this happening in rural Indonesia:

    https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20150548

    The second implication is about what happens to immigration on the other end.

    It means that the “additional” migrants caused by rising income in the origin country are likely to possess more & more of the things that make workers earn more, like education or work ethic.

    In the cold, hard economic terms used in the literature, it means that rising incomes in developing countries mean 1) higher propensity to emigrate from the origin and 2) more “positive selection” of immigrant workers at the destination.

    https://www.cgdev.org/publication/migration-developing-countries-selection-income-elasticity-and-simpsons-parad

    What’s going on here? Is it that richer people have an easier time paying to migrate? Is it that richer people invest more in things that facilitate migration, like schooling? Is it demographic change accompanying rising incomes?

    The literature posits all of these and others.

    And why is it so difficult for people, especially many smart people in the policy world, to accept these facts?

    I want to address all these with two pictures from the paper.

    First, pool all the surveyed people in 99 countries into one graph. As people begin to earn the (price-adjusted) equivalent of thousands of dollars a year, they are more & more likely to be preparing to emigrate. For the richest people, that reverses.

    Now just split exactly the same data by education level. In green, that’s people with secondary education or more. In red, people with primary education or less.

    The dashed line (right-hand vertical axis) shows the fraction of people in the green (secondary education+) group.

    That inverse-U shape, the #EmigrationLifeCycle at the household level, is greatly diminished. The emigration propensity barely rises with income within each group.

    This is informative about the origins of the life-cycle. A lot of it comes from rising investment in education, which both motivates and facilitates emigration.

    It confirms what Dao, Docquier, @ParsonsEcon, and Peri find in cross-country data:
    https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030438781730113X

    It also explains a lot about why the Life Cycle is so counterintuitive. For any given kind of person—like a person with a certain level of education—emigration either doesn’t rise or actually falls with higher income.

    But the process of economic development means that people are shifting between those groups. In the last picture above, you can see people moving from the low-emigration group (low education) to the high-emigration group, as incomes rise.

    If this seems like a brain twister, you’re not alone. This counterintuitive “flip” in correlations is such a common pitfall of reasoning that it has a name: #Simpson's_Paradox (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%27s_paradox)

    Notice that the “groups” in Simpson’s Paradox can be any size. They can even be individual people! That is, it could both be true that 1) any given person would be less likely to emigrate if they had more income AND 2) more people emigrate if the whole country gets richer.

    There’s no contradiction there. I have sat across the table in Brussels from a brilliant development expert who said, “But people tell me personally they’re moving to earn more money. Do you think they’re lying to me?”

    They are not lying. It’s just that the relationship conditional on individual traits can be the opposite of the relationship across all individuals, because economic development brings shifts in those traits. That’s Simpson’s Paradox.

    There’s a long-read blog that goes into more depth, and links to the papers, here:
    https://www.cgdev.org/blog/emigration-rises-along-economic-development-aid-agencies-should-face-not-fear

    https://twitter.com/m_clem/status/1295735909564981249

    –—

    voir aussi le fil de discussion: “Does Development Reduce Migration ?”
    https://seenthis.net/messages/526083

    ping @rhoumour @_kg_ @karine4 @isskein

  • Four Reasons to Keep Developing Legal Migration Pathways During COVID-19 | Center For Global Development
    #Covid-19#migrant#migration#Monde#politique_migratoire

    https://www.cgdev.org/blog/four-reasons-keep-developing-legal-migration-pathways-during-covid-19

    In that seemingly brief window between the 2015 refugee crisis and the outbreak of COVID-19, much progress was being made in the field of legal migration pathways.

  • Governing Big Tech’s Pursuit of the “Next Billion Users”
    https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/governing-big-techs-pursuit-next-billion-users.pdf

    Governing Big Tech’s Pursuit of the “Next Billion Users”Ten years ago, only 6 percent of the population in low-income and lower-middle-income countries had access to the internet. Today, nearly one in every three people there does. The rapid expansion of internet access across the globe is a welcome development, but it raises new policy challenges. And while there is broad agreement in the development community on the importance of getting digital policy “right,” too little attention has been (...)

    #Google #Facebook #domination #bénéfices #publicité #GAFAM

    ##publicité

  • The President Has Mostly Wiped out US Refugee Resettlement. Other Countries Aren’t Picking up the Slack.

    The lead White House official for immigration policy, Stephen Miller, is quoted as seeking to end all refugee resettlement in the United States. This has caused an uproar. But few appear to realize that the U.S. President, at Miller’s direction, is already most of the way there—and that this policy in the US has big implications for the rest of the world, especially if other countries fail to step up and fill the growing gap.

    A look at the UN Refugee Agency’s data shows:

    The current Administration has already eliminated three quarters of refugee arrivals

    Due to the President’s policy, so far there are about 87,000 refugees “missing” from the US.

    Other countries are not resettling more refugees to substantially offset the US decline

    The US Administration has eliminated almost half of the world’s total resettlement spots for refugees

    Here is how I arrive at those rough estimates. First, I need a way of approximately estimating how many refugees would have been resettled in the US if not for the current administration. After all, if refugee arrivals fell, that could be because fewer people needed resettlement.

    To do that, I use refugee resettlement to the rest of the world, after 2016, to build an estimate of how many refugees would have arrived in the US after 2016 if it had continued to receive refugees as it had before. In the years 2008–2016, refugee arrivals in the US moved in tandem with arrivals in other countries: A year-to-year change of 1 in the number of resettled refugees arriving in a non-US country was associated with a year-to-year change of 1.82 refugees arriving in the U.S. in that year. And the number of refugees being resettled by non-US countries did fall somewhat after 2016. If the US numbers had fallen in tandem, according to the pre-2016 pattern, US refugee resettlement would have fallen even without a change in US policy.

    This graph shows the actual number of resettled refugees to the US, in solid red, and to all other countries in solid green, in UN data. Between 2016 and 2018, refugee resettlement to the US fell by 61,648, and resettlement to other countries fell by 8,948. The dotted red line shows how much US resettlement would have fallen if its decline after 2016 had been proportionate to the non-US decline, following the pre-2016 pattern. US resettlement would only have fallen by 16,264.

    This allows some back-of-the-envelope calculations of the magnitude of the US Administration’s change in policy. First, this means that in 2018, US refugee resettlement was down 73% from what it might have been if the US Administration had not sharply changed policy. That is a great deal of progress toward Miller’s reported goal of eliminating the program. In 2017 the difference between the solid red and dotted red lines was 41,515 refugees, and in 2018 the difference was an additional 45,384. Bottom line: By the end of 2018, there were a total of 86,899 refugees “missing” from the United States: people who would have received protection in America if the US Administration had not closed its doors.

    Second, it means that other countries are not stepping in to resettle refugees who have been barred from the United States by the current Administration. It is possible that they are doing so in some measure: In the above graph, it is possible that the green line would have fallen even further if the US had not sharply changed policy. But what is clear is that the large majority of those barred from resettlement to the US are not being resettled elsewhere. They simply aren’t being resettled at all.

    Third, this back-of-the-envelope estimate implies that the US change in policy is singlehandedly responsible for eliminating about half of the world’s refugee resettlement spots. Combining the total actual resettlement by non-US countries with the hypothetical resettlement by the US, total resettlement by the whole world is down 45% from what it would have been if not for the US Administration’s sharp change in policy. The US has singlehandedly eliminated about half of the annual refugee resettlement slots on earth.

    Something to watch for in 2019: How will the rest of the world respond? Will it accept the de-facto elimination of most refugee resettlement, or pressure the US to alter its course, or increase its own resettlement in response?

    https://www.cgdev.org/blog/president-has-mostly-wiped-out-us-refugee-resettlement-other-countries-arent-
    #resettlement #réinstallation #asile migrations #réfugiés #USA #Etats-Unis #chiffres #statistiques #Trump

  • The U.S. Is Not Being Invaded: Fact-Checking the Common Immigration Myths

    Myth #1: Immigrants cost the U.S. “billions and billions” of dollars each year.

    Immigration puts much more money into U.S. public coffers via taxes than it takes out via benefits, as determined last year by a bipartisan blue-ribbon commission of leading immigration economists, across the political spectrum, convened by the National Academy of Sciences. It found that the average immigrant to the U.S., reflecting the country-and-skill composition of recent U.S. immigrants, makes a net positive fiscal contribution of $259,000 in net present value across all levels of government: federal, state, and local (see page 434 at the link).

    Myth #2: The U.S. is being “violently overrun” by immigrants.

    Immigrants to the United States, whether or not they have legal authorization, commit violent crimes at much lower rates than U.S. natives do. That is why violent crime is way down in the places where unauthorized immigrants go. For example, since 1990 the population of unauthorized immigrants in New York City has roughly tripled, from about 400,000 to 1.2 million, while during the same period the number of homicides in New York City collapsed from 2,262 (in 1990) to 292 (in 2017).
    Myth #3: The U.S. has the “most expansive immigration program anywhere on the planet.”

    In both Canada and Australia, some of the most prosperous and secure countries in the world and in all of history, immigrants are more than 20% of the population. That is far higher than the United States, where immigrants are 14% of the population.
    Myth #4: Immigrants are moving to the U.S. because it has the “hottest economy anywhere in the world.”

    Violence is a massive driver of undocumented immigration from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Data provided to us by the Department of Homeland Security showed that from 2011 to 2016, unaccompanied child migrants apprehended at the U.S. border moved from Central America due to a roughly equal mix of economic conditions and violence in their communities. The violence is significant. Every 10 additional homicides in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras caused more than six additional unaccompanied child minor apprehensions.
    Myth #5: A “strong border” will cause immigrants to “turn away and they won’t bother” trying to migrate.

    Enforcement alone is not an effective migration deterrent. To be effective, it must be paired with enhanced legal pathways for migration. People will move if they have to and because of dire situations in their origin communities, they will be more willing to accept the risks of apprehension. There are interrelated migration pressures that drive people to move---including violence in the home country, economic conditions at home, and demographic realities. In Central America, these factors are interacting in complex ways and are driving much of the migration we see at the U.S. border. More protection at the border isn’t a deterrent without addressing the push factors that drive migration and providing sufficient legal channels for migration.

    https://www.cgdev.org/blog/us-not-being-invaded-fact-checking-immigration-myths
    #préjugés #mythe #invasion #coût #afflux #migrations #asile #réfugiés #USA #Etats-Unis #pull-factors #pull_factors #facteurs_push #push-pull_factors #facteurs_pull #fermeture_des_frontières #dissuasion

  • Does Deforestation Increase Malaria Prevalence? Evidence from Satellite Data and Health Surveys - Working Paper 480

    Deforestation has been found to increase malaria risk in some settings, while a growing number of studies have found that deforestation increases malaria prevalence in humans, suggesting that in some cases forest conservation might belong in a portfolio of anti-malarial interventions. However, previous studies of deforestation and malaria prevalence were based on a small number of countries and observations, commonly using cross-sectional analyses of less-than-ideal forest data at the aggregate jurisdictional level. In this paper we combine fourteen years of high-resolution satellite data on forest loss with individual-level survey data on malaria in more than 60,000 rural children in 17 countries in Africa, and fever in more than 470,000 rural children in 41 countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Adhering to methods that we pre-specified in a pre-analysis plan, we tested ex-ante hypotheses derived from previous literature. We did not find that deforestation increases malaria prevalence nor that intermediate levels of forest cover have higher malaria prevalence. Our findings differ from most previous empirical studies, which found that deforestation is associated with greater malaria prevalence in other contexts. We speculate that this difference may be because deforestation in Africa is largely driven by the slow expansion of subsistence or smallholder agriculture for domestic use by long-time residents in stable socio-economic settings rather than by rapid clearing for market-driven agricultural exports by new frontier migrants as in Latin America and Asia. Our results imply that at least in Africa anti-malarial efforts should focus on other proven interventions such as bed nets, spraying, and housing improvements. Forest conservation efforts should focus on securing other benefits of forests, including carbon storage, biodiversity habitat, clean water provision, and other goods and services.

    https://www.cgdev.org/publication/does-deforestation-increase-malaria-prevalence-evidence-satellite-data-and-he

    #déforestation #malaria #santé

  • Can Lawful Migration Channels Suppress Unlawful Migration ? How US Experience Can Inform European Dilemmas

    We find:

    Lawful migration channels are often suggested as a tool to reduce unlawful migration, but often without much evidence that they work.

    There is evidence that lawful channels for migration between Mexico and the United States have suppressed unlawful migration, but only when combined with robust enforcement efforts.

    Massive demographic pressures for migration between Africa and Europe will continue to resemble past pressures between Mexico and United States. The evidence from the US suggests that regular migration channels could be one critical tool for Europe, alongside enforcement, to suppress irregular migration.

    https://www.cgdev.org/blog/can-lawful-migration-channels-suppress-unlawful-migration-how-us-experience-c


    #voies_légales #visa #asile #migrations #réfugiés #statistiques #chiffres #frontières #USA #Mexique (mais évidemment, cela vaut aussi pour l’Europe...)
    #ressources_pédagogiques (pour montrer que le nombre de traversées « illégales » de la frontière dépend du nombre de visa délivrés : relation inversement proportionnelle)
    cc @reka @isskein

    • Can Regular Migration Channels Reduce Irregular Migration? Lessons for Europe from the United States

      KEY TAKEAWAYS
      • Lawful migration channels are often suggested as a tool to reduce unlawful migration, but often
      without much evidence that they work.
      • There is evidence that lawful channels for migration between Mexico and the United States have
      suppressed unlawful migration, but only when combined with robust enforcement efforts.
      • Massive demographic pressures for migration between Africa and Europe will continue to resemble
      past pressures between Mexico and United States. The evidence from the US suggests that lawful
      channels could be a critical tool for Europe, alongside enforcement to suppress unlawful migration.

      https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/can-regular-migration-channels-reduce-irregular-migration.pdf
      #visas

  • Violence, Development, and Migration Waves: Evidence from Central American Child Migrant Apprehensions - Working Paper 459

    A recent surge in child migration to the United States from Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala has occurred in the context of high rates of regional violence. But little quantitative evidence exists on the causal relationship between violence and international emigration in this or any other region. This paper studies the relationship between violence in the Northern Triangle and child migration to the United States using novel, individual-level, anonymized data on all 178,825 US apprehensions of unaccompanied child migrants from these countries between 2011 and 2016. It finds that one additional homicide per year in the region, sustained over the whole period—that is, a cumulative total of six additional homicides—caused a cumulative total of 3.7 additional unaccompanied child apprehensions in the United States. The explanatory power of short-term increases in violence is roughly equal to the explanatory power of long-term economic characteristics like average income and poverty. Due to diffusion of migration experience and assistance through social networks, violence can cause waves of migration that snowball over time, continuing to rise even when violence levels do not.

    https://www.cgdev.org/publication/violence-development-and-migration-waves-evidence-central-american-child-migr
    #violence #Amérique_centrale #migrations #asile #réfugiés #USA #Etats-Unis

  • Does Development Reduce Migration ?

    The most basic economic theory suggests that rising incomes in developing countries will deter emigration from those countries, an idea that captivates policymakers in international aid and trade diplomacy. A lengthy literature and recent data suggest something quite different: that over the course of a “mobility transition”, emigration generally rises with economic development until countries reach upper-middle income, and only thereafter falls. This note quantifies the shape of the mobility transition in every decade since 1960. It then briefly surveys 45 years of research, which has yielded six classes of theory to explain the mobility transition and numerous tests of its existence and characteristics in both macro- and micro-level data. The note concludes by suggesting five questions that require further study.


    http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=8592

    #développement #migrations #émigration #statistiques
    cc @reka @isskein

    • Can Development Assistance Deter Emigration ?

      As waves of migrants have crossed the Mediterranean and the US Southwest border, development agencies have received a de facto mandate: to deter migration from poor countries. The European Union, for example, has pledged €3 billion in development assistance to address the “root causes” of migration from Africa. The United States has made deterring migration a centerpiece of its development assistance to Central America.

      Will it work? Here we review the evidence on whether foreign aid has been directed toward these “root causes” in the past, whether it has deterred migration from poor countries, and whether it can do so. Development aid can only deter migration if it causes specific large changes in the countries migrants come from, and those changes must cause fewer people to move.

      Key findings:

      Economic development in low-income countries typically raises migration. Evidence suggests that greater youth employment may deter migration in the short term for countries that remain poor. But such deterrence is overwhelmed when sustained overall development shapes income, education, aspirations, and demographic structure in ways that encourage emigration.

      This will continue for generations. Emigration tends to slow and then fall as countries develop past middle-income. But most of today’s low-income countries will not approach that point for several decades at any plausible rate of growth.

      Aid has an important role in positively shaping migration flows. Realizing that potential requires massive innovation. Because successful development goes hand in hand with greater migration, aid agencies seeking to affect migration must move beyond deterrence. They must invest in new tools to change the terms on which migration happens.


      https://www.cgdev.org/publication/can-development-assistance-deter-emigration

    • Quel lien entre migrations internationales et développement ?

      Le développement, la lutte contre la pauvreté, des freins migratoires ? Sans doute pas. Aux politiques d’être vigilants et d’assumer une réalité qui échappe malgré tout à la force des logiques économiques, à l’efficacité des contrôles frontaliers. Le Nord attire, il a besoin de main-d’œuvre. Comment concilier ses intérêts avec ceux du Sud, avec les droits de l’homme des migrants ?

      http://www.revue-projet.com/articles/2002-4-quel-lien-entre-migrations-internationales-et-developpement

    • #Root_Causes’ Development Aid: The False Panacea for Lower Migration

      Migration is a positive side effect of development, and aid should not be spent in pursuit of keeping people where they are. Development economist #Michael_Clemens sorts the evidence from the politics in conversation with Refugees Deeply.

      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/02/23/root-causes-development-aid-the-false-panacea-for-lower-migration
      #aide_du_développement

    • #Aiutiamoli_a_casa_loro”: è una strategia efficace?

      Ricerche recenti hanno dimostrato che c’è una relazione tra il livello di sviluppo economico di un paese e il suo tasso di emigrazione netta. Ma non sempre questa relazione va a sostegno di chi pensa che per arginare i flussi migratori basti aiutare i paesi più poveri a svilupparsi. Gli esperti parlano infatti di “gobba migratoria”: man mano che il PIL pro capite di un paese povero aumenta, il tasso di emigrazione dei suoi abitanti cresce, toccando un massimo nel momento in cui il paese raggiunge un reddito medio pro capite di circa 5.000 dollari annui (a parità di potere d’acquisto - PPA). Solo una volta superato quel livello di reddito, il tasso di emigrazione torna a scendere.

      Nel 2016 i paesi dell’Africa subsahariana avevano un reddito pro capite medio inferiore a 3.500 dollari annui PPA e, nonostante quest’ultimo sia cresciuto del 38% tra il 2003 e il 2014, negli ultimi anni questa crescita si è interrotta e rischia addirittura di invertirsi. I paesi dell’Africa subsahariana si trovano quindi ancora a un livello di sviluppo economico coerente con un tasso di emigrazione in crescita, ed è difficile immaginare che riusciranno a raggiungere (e superare) la “gobba” dei 5.000 dollari pro capite PPA nel futuro più prossimo.

      È tuttavia vero che, se si sviluppano insieme tutti i paesi africani, ciò potrebbe favorire una ripresa delle migrazioni intra-regionali, ovvero da paesi dell’Africa subsahariana verso altri paesi dell’area. Sarebbe un’inversione di tendenza rispetto a quanto verificatosi negli ultimi 25 anni, un periodo in cui le migrazioni extra-regionali (quindi verso Europa, Golfo, America del Nord, ecc.) sono quadruplicate.

      Infine va sottolineato che per “aiutarli a casa loro” attraverso politiche di sviluppo sarebbero necessari aiuti di importo molto consistente. All’opposto, gli aiuti ufficiali allo sviluppo da parte dei paesi Ocse verso l’Africa subsahariana sono rimasti a un livello praticamente invariato dal 2010, e quelli italiani si sono addirittura ridotti di oltre il 70%: da un picco di 1 miliardo di euro nel 2006 a 297 milioni di euro nel 2016.

      https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/fact-checking-migrazioni-2018-20415

      Dans cet article, on cite cette étude de Michael A. Clemens:
      Does Development Reduce Migration?
      http://ftp.iza.org/dp8592.pdf

    • Povertà, migrazioni, sviluppo: un nesso problematico

      È proprio vero che sono i più poveri a migrare? E cosa succede se prevale la visione degli aiuti ai paesi in via di sviluppo come antidoto all’immigrazione? Il professor Maurizio Ambrosini mette a confronto la retorica dell’”aiutiamoli a casa loro” con i fatti.

      Uno dei luoghi comuni più inossidabili nel dibattito sulle migrazioni riguarda il rapporto tra immigrazione e povertà. Convergono sul punto sia i sostenitori della retorica dell’emergenza (“la povertà dell’Africa si riversa sulle nostre coste”), sia i paladini dell’accoglienza (“siamo responsabili della povertà del Terzo Mondo e dobbiamo farcene carico”). Il corollario più logico di questa visione patologica delle migrazioni è inevitabilmente lo slogan “Aiutiamoli a casa loro”. Mi propongo di porre a confronto questa visione con una serie di dati, al fine di valutare la pertinenza dell’idea dell’aiuto allo sviluppo come alternativa all’immigrazione.
      Non la povertà, ma le disuguaglianze

      Come vedremo, la povertà in termini assoluti non ha un rapporto stretto con le migrazioni internazionali sulle lunghe distanze. È vero invece che le disuguaglianze tra regioni del mondo, anche confinanti, spiegano una parte delle motivazioni a partire. Anzi, si può dire che i confini sono il maggiore fattore di disuguaglianza su scala globale. Pesano più dell’istruzione, del genere, dell’età, del retaggio familiare. Un bracciante agricolo nell’Europa meridionale guadagna più di un medico in Africa. Questo fatto rappresenta un incentivo alla mobilità attraverso i confini.

      L’enfasi sulla povertà come molla scatenante delle migrazioni si scontra invece con un primo dato: nel complesso i migranti internazionali sono una piccola frazione dell’umanità: secondo i dati più recenti contenuti nel Dossier statistico Idos 2017, intorno ai 247 milioni su oltre 7 miliardi di esseri umani, pari al 3,3 per cento. Se i numeri sono cresciuti (erano 175 milioni nel 2000), la percentuale rimane invece stabile da parecchi anni, essendo cresciuta anche la popolazione mondiale.

      Ciò significa che le popolazioni povere del mondo hanno in realtà un accesso assai limitato alle migrazioni internazionali, e soprattutto alle migrazioni verso il Nord globale. Il temuto sviluppo demografico dell’Africa non si traduce in spostamenti massicci di popolazione verso l’Europa o altre regioni sviluppate. I movimenti di popolazione nel mondo avvengono soprattutto tra paesi limitrofi o comunque all’interno dello stesso continente (87 per cento nel caso della mobilità dell’Africa sub-sahariana), con la sola eccezione dell’America settentrionale, che attrae immigrati dall’America centro-meridionale e dagli altri continenti. Per di più, dall’interno dell’Africa partono soprattutto persone istruite.

      Ne consegue un secondo importante assunto: la povertà in senso assoluto ha un rapporto negativo con le migrazioni internazionali, tanto più sulle lunghe distanze. I migranti, come regola generale, non provengono dai paesi più poveri del mondo. La connessione diretta tra povertà e migrazioni non ha basi statistiche. Certo, i migranti partono soprattutto per migliorare le loro condizioni economiche e sociali, inseguendo l’aspirazione a una vita migliore di quella che conducevano in patria. Questo miglioramento però è appunto comparativo, e ha come base uno zoccolo di risorse di vario tipo.
      Chi è poverissimo non riesce a partire

      Le migrazioni sono processi intrinsecamente selettivi, che richiedono risorse economiche, culturali e sociali: occorre denaro per partire, che le famiglie investono nella speranza di ricavarne dei ritorni sotto forma di rimesse; occorre una visione di un mondo diverso, in cui riuscire a inserirsi pur non conoscendolo; occorrono risorse caratteriali, ossia il coraggio di partire per cercare fortuna in paesi lontani di cui spesso non si conosce neanche la lingua, e di affrontare vessazioni, discriminazioni, solitudini, imprevisti di ogni tipo; occorrono risorse sociali, rappresentate specialmente da parenti e conoscenti già insediati e in grado di favorire l’insediamento dei nuovi arrivati. Come ha detto qualcuno, i poverissimi dell’Africa di norma non riescono neanche ad arrivare al capoluogo del loro distretto. Pertanto la popolazione in Africa potrà anche aumentare ma, senza una sufficiente dotazione di risorse e senza una domanda di lavoro almeno implicita da parte dell’Europa, non si vede come possa arrivare fino alle nostre coste.

      Se invece di fissare lo sguardo sugli sbarchi guardiamo ai dati sulle nazionalità degli immigrati che risiedono in Italia, ci accorgiamo che i grandi numeri non provengono dai paesi più derelitti dell’Africa. L’immigrazione insediata in Italia è prevalentemente europea, femminile, proveniente da paesi di tradizione culturale cristiana. La graduatoria delle provenienze vede nell’ordine: Romania, Albania, Marocco, Cina, Ucraina, Filippine. Nessuno di questi è annoverato tra i paesi più poveri del mondo, quelli che occupano le ultime posizioni nella graduatoria basata sull’indice di sviluppo umano dell’Onu: un complesso di indicatori che comprendono non solo il reddito, ma anche altre importanti variabili come i tassi di alfabetizzazione, la speranza di vita alla nascita, il numero di posti-letto in ospedale in proporzione agli abitanti. Su scala globale, i migranti provengono prevalentemente da paesi collocati nelle posizioni intermedie della graduatoria. Per esempio negli Stati Uniti di oggi provengono in maggioranza dal Messico, in Svizzera sono europei per oltre l’80 per cento, in Germania in due casi su tre.

      Per le stesse ragioni, i migranti non sono i più poveri dei loro paesi: mediamente, sono meno poveri di chi rimane. E più vengono da lontano, più sono selezionati socialmente. Raramente troviamo immigrati provenienti da molto lontano (cinesi, filippini, latino-americani…) nei dormitori per i senza dimora, nelle mense dei poveri, precariamente accampati sotto i portici, o anche in carcere. Chi arriva da più lontano, fra l’altro, necessita di un progetto più definito e di lunga durata, non può permettersi di fare sperimentazioni o andirivieni: deve essere determinato a rimanere e a lavorare per ripagare almeno le spese sostenute e gli eventuali prestiti ricevuti. Ha anche bisogno di teste di ponte più solide, ossia di parenti o connazionali affidabili che lo accolgano e lo aiutino a sistemarsi.
      Mostra «La Terra Inquieta», Triennale di Milano, 2017 (foto: Marina Petrillo)

      La cattiva gestione dell’asilo ha in parte incrinato questa logica: i rischi sono tali che a volte arriva anche chi non ha niente da perdere e ha l’incoscienza di provare a partire. Se viene riconosciuto come rifugiato, in Italia il più delle volte viene lasciato in mezzo alla strada. Incontra severe difficoltà anche nello spostarsi verso altri paesi europei, come avveniva più agevolmente nel passato. In modo particolare, i beneficiari dell’Emergenza Nord Africa dell’ultimo governo Berlusconi sono stati gestiti con un approccio emergenziale che non ha favorito la loro integrazione socio-economica. Ma pur tenendo conto di questa variabile, la logica complessiva non cambia: le migrazioni internazionali sulle lunghe distanze non sono un effetto della povertà, ma dell’accesso ad alcune risorse decisive.
      A proposito dei “migranti ambientali”

      Una valutazione analoga riguarda un altro tema oggi dibattuto, quello dei cosiddetti “rifugiati ambientali”. Il concetto sta conoscendo una certa fortuna, perché consente di collegare la crescente sensibilità ecologica, la preoccupazione per i cambiamenti climatici e la protezione di popolazioni vulnerabili del Sud del mondo. È una spiegazione affascinante della mobilità umana, e anche politicamente spendibile. Ora, è senz’altro vero che nel mondo si moltiplicano i problemi ambientali, direttamente indotti come nel caso della costruzione di dighe o di installazioni petrolifere, o provocati da desertificazioni, alluvioni, avvelenamenti del suolo e delle acque.

      Tuttavia, che questi spostamenti forzati si traducano in migrazioni internazionali, soprattutto sulle lunghe distanze, è molto più dubbio. Anzitutto, le migrazioni difficilmente hanno un’unica causa: i danni ambientali semmai aggravano altri fattori di fragilità, tanto che hanno un impatto diverso su gruppi diversi di popolazione che abitano negli stessi territori. Entrano in relazione con altri fattori, come per esempio l’insediamento in altri territori di parenti che si spera possano fornire una base di appoggio. È più probabile poi che eventualmente i contadini scacciati dalla loro terra ingrossino le megalopoli del Terzo Mondo, anziché arrivare in Europa, sempre per la ragione prima considerata: dove trovano le risorse per affrontare viaggi così lunghi e necessariamente costosi? Va inoltre ricordato che l’esodo dal mondo rurale è una tendenza strutturale, difficile da rovesciare, in paesi in cui la popolazione impegnata nell’agricoltura supera il 50 per cento dell’occupazione complessiva. Neppure la Cina ci riesce, pur avendo trattato a lungo i contadini inurbati senza permesso alla stessa stregua degli immigrati stranieri considerati illegali nei nostri paesi, tanto che ha dovuto negli ultimi anni ammorbidire la sua politica in materia.
      Gli aiuti allo sviluppo non risolvono la questione

      Questa analisi ha inevitabili ripercussioni sull’idea della promozione dello sviluppo come alternativa all’emigrazione. Ossia l’idea sintetizzabile nel noto slogan “aiutiamoli a casa loro”.

      Si tratta di un’idea semplice, accattivante, apparentemente molto logica, ma in realtà fallace. Prima di tutto, presuppone che l’emigrazione sia provocata dalla povertà, ma abbiamo visto che questo è meno vero di quanto si pensi. Se gli immigrati non arrivano dai paesi più poveri, dovremmo paradossalmente aiutare i paesi in posizione intermedia sulla base degli indici di sviluppo, anziché quelli più bisognosi, i soggetti istruiti anziché i meno alfabetizzati, le classi medie anziché quelle più povere.

      In secondo luogo, gli studi sull’argomento mostrano che in una prima, non breve fase lo sviluppo fa aumentare la propensione a emigrare. Cresce anzitutto il numero delle persone che dispongono delle risorse per partire. Le aspirazioni a un maggior benessere inoltre aumentano prima e più rapidamente delle opportunità locali di realizzarle, anche perché lo sviluppo solitamente inasprisce le disuguaglianze, soprattutto agli inizi. Possiamo dire che lo sviluppo si lega ad altri fattori di cambiamento sociale, mette in movimento le società, semina speranze e sogni che spingono altre persone a partire. Solo in un secondo tempo le migrazioni rallentano, finché a un certo punto il fenomeno s’inverte: il raggiunto benessere fa sì che regioni e paesi in precedenza luoghi di origine di emigranti diventino luoghi di approdo di immigrati, provenienti da altri luoghi che a quel punto risultano meno sviluppati.

      Così è avvenuto in Italia, ma dobbiamo ricordare che abbiamo impiegato un secolo a invertire il segno dei movimenti migratori, dalla prevalenza di quelli in uscita alla primazia di quelli in entrata. In tutti i casi fin qui conosciuti sono occorsi decenni di sviluppo prima di osservare un calo significativo dell’emigrazione.
      Le rimesse degli emigranti

      L’emigrazione non è facile da contrastare neppure con generose politiche di sostegno allo sviluppo e di cooperazione internazionale, anche perché un altro fenomeno incentiva le partenze e la permanenza all’estero delle persone: le rimesse degli emigranti. Si tratta di 586 miliardi di dollari nel 2015, 616 nel 2016, secondo le stime della Banca Mondiale, basate sui soli canali ufficiali di trasferimento di valuta.

      A livello macro, vari paesi hanno le rimesse come prima voce attiva negli scambi con l’estero, e 26 paesi del mondo hanno un’incidenza delle rimesse sul PIL che supera il 10 per cento. A livello micro, le rimesse arrivano direttamente nelle tasche delle famiglie, saltando l’intermediazione di apparati pubblici e imprese private. Sono soldi che consentono di migliorare istruzione, alimentazione, abitazione dei componenti delle famiglie degli emigranti, in modo particolare dei figli, malgrado gli effetti negativi che pure non mancano. Poiché gli emigranti tipicamente investono in terreni e case come simbolo del loro successo, le rimesse fanno lavorare l’industria edilizia. Fanno però salire i prezzi e svantaggiano chi non ha parenti all’estero, alimentando così nuove partenze. Difficile negare tuttavia che le rimesse allevino i disagi e migliorino le condizioni di vita delle famiglie che le ricevono. Il sostegno allo sviluppo dovrebbe realizzare rapidamente delle alternative per competere con la dinamica propulsiva del nesso emigrazione-rimesse-nuova emigrazione, ma un simile effetto nel breve periodo è praticamente impossibile.

      Dunque le politiche di sviluppo dei paesi svantaggiati sono giuste e auspicabili, la cooperazione internazionale è un’attività encomiabile, rimedio a tante emergenze e produttrice di legami, scambi culturali e posti di lavoro su entrambi i versanti del rapporto tra paesi donatori e paesi beneficiari. Ma subordinare tutto questo al controllo delle migrazioni è una strategia di dubbia efficacia, certamente improduttiva nel breve periodo, oltre che eticamente discutibile. Di fatto, gli aiuti in cambio del contrasto delle partenze significano oggi finanziare i governi dei paesi di transito affinché assumano il ruolo di gendarmi di confine per nostro conto.

      Da ultimo, il presunto buon senso dell’“aiutiamoli a casa loro” dimentica un aspetto di capitale importanza: il bisogno che le società sviluppate hanno del lavoro degli immigrati. Basti pensare alle centinaia di migliaia di anziani assistiti a domicilio da altrettante assistenti familiari, dette comunemente badanti. Se i paesi che attualmente esportano queste lavoratrici verso l’Italia dovessero conoscere uno sviluppo tale da scongiurare le partenze, non cesserebbero i nostri fabbisogni. In mancanza di alternative di cui per ora non si vedono neppure i presupposti, andremmo semplicemente a cercare lavoratrici disponibili in altri paesi, più arretrati di quelli che attualmente ce le forniscono.

      Concludendo, il nesso diretto tra migrazioni, povertà e sviluppo è una delle tante semplificazioni di un dibattito che prescinde dai dati, si basa sulle percezioni e rifugge dalla fatica dell’approfondimento dei fenomeni.

      http://openmigration.org/analisi/poverta-migrazioni-sviluppo-un-nesso-problematico

    • #Codéveloppement : un marché de dupes

      Née du souci d’un partage équitable des richesses et d’une volonté de coopération entre la France et les pays d’émigration, la notion de codéveloppement a été rapidement dévoyée. Au lieu de considérer que migrations et développement sont deux phénomènes complémentaires, les unes apportant à l’autre l’aide la plus conséquente et la plus efficace, on assiste aujourd’hui, derrière un discours d’un cynisme affiché prétendant mener une politique qui répond aux intérêts de tous, à un contrôle accru et une diminution des migrations. À l’inverse des incantations officielles, cette politique ne bénéficie ni aux migrants, ni aux pays de destination, ni aux pays d’origine.


      https://www.gisti.org/spip.php?article1799

    • Immigration : l’échec de la méthode Sami Nair. Le « codéveloppement » du chevènementiste ne démarre pas.

      Les uns parlent de fiasco, rigolent en douce : « C’était couru

      d’avance. » Les autres maintiennent que l’idée est révolutionnaire. Au Quai d’Orsay, certains assurent que le codéveloppement est enterré. A Matignon, d’autres affirment que l’aventure ne fait que commencer. Ces divergences, même radicales, seraient banales s’il ne s’agissait pas d’une approche totalement différente de la gestion des flux migratoires. Mais, un an après le lancement de la délégation interministérielle au codéveloppement, le démarrage est poussif : aucune convention n’a encore été signée avec les trois pays concernés (Maroc, Mali, Sénégal), et le contrat de réinsertion dans le pays d’origine (CRPO), proposé aux immigrés, n’a attiré que 27 personnes. « Normal, c’est un projet à long terme », assure-t-on à l’Office des migrations internationales (OMI, rattaché au ministère de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité). Il n’empêche, les chiffres sont rudes : Sami Naïr, père du concept, ancien délégué au codéveloppement et nouveau député européen (MDC), tablait sur des milliers de demandes. « Le codéveloppement, ça marche », persiste-t-il. Ces résultats décevants, voire piteux, signent-ils la mort du projet ?

      Marotte. Au départ, il y a cette idée, séduisante comme une évidence : transformer les émigrés en acteurs mobiles du développement de leur pays. En pratique, il s’agit de proposer, sur place, des conditions suffisamment attrayantes pour garder et/ou faire revenir les immigrés. Et, in fine, de substituer des flux transitoires aux flux permanents d’immigration irrégulière.

      Le codéveloppement a toujours été la marotte de Sami Naïr. Universitaire, très proche de Chevènement, rencontré dans sa jeunesse belfortaine, Naïr séduit les uns, excède les autres. « C’est un faux-jeton », assurent ces derniers, l’accusant d’avoir troqué ses convictions et son passé de pourfendeur des lois Pasqua (1) contre un bureau de conseiller place Beauvau. D’autres vantent son enthousiasme, sa vision de l’immigration et des rapports Nord-Sud. « On croirait qu’il va déplacer des montagnes », expliquent ses adversaires pour justifier son influence.

      Signe du climat passionnel qui règne autour de Jean-Pierre Chevènement, les détracteurs et même les partisans préfèrent garder l’anonymat. Mais tous, ou presque, reconnaissent sa compétence en matière de flux migratoires. « Je ne crois pas à une Europe-forteresse, mais à une Europe forte, qui intègre et dynamise les flux migratoires », dit-il malgré son appartenance au MDC, qui n’en fait pas un européen convaincu.

      Jospin séduit. Fin 1997, Sami Naïr remet à Jospin son rapport sur le codéveloppement. « La France ne peut plus, dans le contexte actuel, accueillir de nouveaux flux migratoires. Le codéveloppement n’a pas pour but de favoriser le retour des immigrés chez eux s’ils n’en ont pas la volonté », mais de « favoriser la solidarité active avec les pays d’origine », lit-on dans ce rapport. Jospin est très séduit, comme Martine Aubry, ainsi, bien sûr, que Chevènement. Le ministère de la Coopération n’y croit pas, des spécialistes dénoncent « une vieille idée des années 50 » et jugent impossible de renvoyer des gens contre leur gré. « La coopération avec les pays du Sud est un acte de solidarité, la gestion des entrées sur le territoire relève de la police. On ne peut associer les deux », estime le président du groupe de travail Migrations-développement, structure de réflexion qui regroupe des représentants de l’Etat et des ONG.

      Habiller les restrictions. Mais le contexte politique sert Naïr. Alors que s’achève l’opération de régularisation des sans-papiers, qui laisse 60 000 irréguliers sur le carreau, le conseiller de Chevènement devient le premier délégué interministériel au codéveloppement et aux flux migratoires. « Il fallait que Chevènement habille sa politique restrictionniste, explique aujourd’hui un anti-Naïr de la première heure. Si Chevènement avait mis pour les sans-papiers 10% de l’énergie consacrée au projet de Sami Naïr, on n’en serait pas là. C’est les avions renifleurs de l’immigration. » Le jugement est sévère. Car la délégation, finalement installée boulevard Diderot à Paris dans un local appartenant aux Finances, est bien modeste et n’a quasiment aucun fonds propre.

      Le Quai accusé. Les négociations des décrets sont agitées. « C’était un dossier très chaud. La Coopération n’a pas voulu jouer le jeu. Ils n’étaient pas contents qu’on leur enlève des budgets », se souvient-on à Matignon où on loue, sans réserve, le « travail remarquable de Sami, compte tenu des difficultés ». « Faux. On était demandeurs », se défend un haut fonctionnaire du Quai d’Orsay, auquel le ministère de la Coopération est rattaché. En fait, les adversaires du projet sont divisés. Aux Affaires sociales, le cabinet refuse qu’on dépense de l’argent pour former des immigrés en situation irrégulière. « Je me suis battu comme un chien, et Martine Aubry m’a soutenu », rétorque Sami Naïr. A la Coopération et aux Affaires étrangères, on juge le projet trop imprégné du fantasme de l’immigration zéro cher à Pasqua, qui avait déjà tenté ­ sans suite ­ une politique de codéveloppement : « Ça marche si le type n’est pas encore parti. Parce qu’une fois qu’il a goûté à l’Occident, même dans une banlieue pauvre, il connaît vraiment la différence, et il faut payer très cher pour qu’il reparte. »

      « Politique réac ». L’échec du contrat de réinsertion dans le pays d’origine affecte moins Sami Naïr que les commentaires désobligeants qui l’accompagnent. « Le CRPO n’est qu’un petit dossier de la politique de codéveloppement et il n’a pas été pris en charge », explique-t-il, visant l’OMI, pourtant riche des 1 300 francs ponctionnés à chacun des 70 000 régularisés de la circulaire Chevènement (visite médicale plus « taxe de chancellerie »).

      Les détracteurs du codéveloppement ne désarment pas quand on en vient au principal volet, nettement plus complexe : les conventions proposées au Maroc, au Mali et au Sénégal, prévoyant des investissements français en échange d’une limitation des flux migratoires. Le Maroc refuse de signer la convention. Le Mali et le Sénégal, d’abord réticents, ont été convaincus par les arguments de Naïr, et les accords devraient être signés à la rentrée. « La gaugauche s’est fait avoir. C’est une politique très réac enrobée de tiers-mondisme. Le colonialisme et les quotas, c’est fini, on ne dispose plus des gens contre leur gré », s’énerve un spécialiste, pourtant proche de Chevènement, qui s’appuie sur vingt ans d’échecs répétés de tous les systèmes d’aide au retour des immigrés. Ailleurs, on reconnaît que ce genre de politique se juge sur le long terme. Encore faut-il y mettre des moyens et une volonté politique. Et si, effectivement, le codéveloppement a été seulement perçu comme un habillage de la politique d’immigration, il est très probable qu’on en restera là.

      (1) Sami Naïr est l’auteur de Contre les lois Pasqua (1997).

      http://www.liberation.fr/societe/1999/07/08/immigration-l-echec-de-la-methode-sami-nair-le-codeveloppement-du-chevene

    • Codéveloppement et flux migratoires

      Je crois que le mieux pour comprendre ce que j’ai essayé de faire en matière de codéveloppement lié aux flux migratoires à la fin des années 90, c’est encore de résumer, brièvement, comment cette idée de codéveloppement a été élaborée et pourquoi elle reste d’actualité. On pardonnera une implication plus personnelle du propos, mais il se trouve que grâce à Jean-Pierre Chevènement, ministre de l’Intérieur à partir de juin 1997, j’ai été associé à la politique gouvernementale en matière d’immigration.

      https://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=MIGRA_117_0071

    • Je transcris ici les propos de Murat Julian Alder, avocat, député au Grand Conseil genevois, prononcés lors d’un débat à Infrarouge (autour de la minute 53) :

      « Il est temps qu’on pose la question sur la table avec les pays d’émigration. Au PLR on a la conviction qu’on est en droit, en tant qu’Etat qui malheureusement subit une partie de cette migration, d’exiger une contre-partie des pays à qui nous versons chaque année des centaines de millions de francs au titre de l’#aide_au_développement. Lorsqu’on est au pouvoir dans un pays, on en défend ses intérêts. Et la défense des intérêts de notre pays implique que nos gouvernants explique aux pays d’émigration que cette aide au développement est à bien plaire, mais qu’on peut faire davantage pour autant qu’il y ait une contrepartie. Et cette contrepartie c’est la conclusion d’#accords_de_réadmission, c’est aussi une aide davantage ciblée sur place dans les pays d’émigration au lieu de la politique de l’arrosoir que nous connaissons actuellement »

      #accords_bilatéraux

    • partout les nobles commencent à insinuer qu’il n’y a pas de probleme de migrations ( justifiées ou non ) mais que le probleme vient que les territoires de migration sont habités : rien moins qu’une invitation au génocide de basse intensité

    • Pourquoi penser l’ouverture des frontières

      1Au XIXe siècle, il était plus facile de traverser l’Atlantique qu’il ne l’est aujourd’hui de traverser la Méditerranée. Si la traversée prenait davantage de temps, le prix du voyage et le nombre de migrants n’avaient rien de comparable avec l’actuelle traversée de la Méditerranée. En 1903 par exemple, plus de 12 000 migrants pouvaient arriver en une seule journée dans le seul port d’Ellis Island1. Les migrants européens s’entassaient par milliers dans l’entrepont des bateaux payant l’équivalent de 175 à 275 dollars pour une traversée pénible de 8 à 14 jours. On estime à plus de 55 millions le nombre de migrants européens qui ont ainsi traversé l’Atlantique entre 1840 et 1914 (Hatton et Williamson, 1998 ; Ferenczi et Willcox, 1929). À ceux-ci, il faut ajouter quelque 100 millions de migrants vers le sud et le nord de l’Asie (McKeown, 2004). Un siècle plus tard, avec 100 millions de migrants de plus pour une population mondiale trois fois plus élevée, les migrations sont vues comme un problème nécessitant de nouvelles régulations en dépit de la fermeture drastique des frontières.

      http://ethiquepublique.revues.org/1727

    • Résidence permanente et liberté de circulation : deux irréconciliables ?

      Dans le cadre d’une ouverture des frontières à l’échelle internationale, la question de la résidence à prévoir au sens légal est d’une importance cruciale. En effet, le statut juridique est devenu un incontournable dans les discussions sur la liberté de circulation, avec le système migratoire que nous connaissons aujourd’hui, gouverné par un contrôle strict et stratifié selon le type de migrant. Le présent article vise à examiner les manifestations contemporaines de ce contrôle et à formuler des pistes de solution sur le type de droit de résidence à prévoir advenant une ouverture des frontières. Nous explorerons tout d’abord les fondements de la liberté de circulation et des protections juridiques pour les migrants, pour ensuite passer en revue le traitement des résidents non citoyens dans l’expérience canadienne et américaine, dans celle de l’Union européenne et dans le cadre des phénomènes de migrations Sud-Sud afin de faire un compte-rendu pour résoudre la question portée en titre. En conclusion, une synthèse des observations sera effectuée pour tenter de réconcilier la notion de résidence avec le droit à la libre circulation.

      http://ethiquepublique.revues.org/1747

    • Liberté de circulation et #gouvernance mondiale des migrations

      Les politiques migratoires ont connu, depuis environ deux décennies, un processus d’internationalisation, qui les voit être débattues dans des structures intergouvernementales (Organisation des Nations Unies et organisations internationales notamment) et devenir ainsi un enjeu de ce que ces institutions qualifient souvent de « gouvernance mondiale ». Ces débats se caractérisent par une tonalité pro-immigration (pour des raisons démographiques et économiques), ainsi que par l’ambition de refonder les politiques migratoires sur la base de principes universels (comme le développement ou les droits de l’homme). La liberté de circulation n’y apparaît cependant pas, et n’est même pas reconnue comme un scénario digne d’être mentionné. Cet article émet l’hypothèse que, s’il existe des raisons politiques évidentes qui empêchent des organisations intergouvernementales de remettre en cause la souveraineté des États, cette omission relève également de deux biais qui caractérisent les débats internationaux sur les migrations. Un biais utilitariste d’abord, qui n’aborde pas la mobilité comme un droit mais comme une stratégie (de réduction de la pauvreté dans les pays de départ, et de croissance dans les pays de destination). Un biais sédentariste ensuite, qui célèbre et encourage la mobilité, mais sans remettre en cause le lien entre les migrants et leur pays d’origine. Dans les deux cas, la possibilité du choix de migrer comme une décision autonome relevant de la liberté de circuler n’est pas prise en compte. Il s’ensuit que la mobilité reste un objet de contrôle, qui doit être normativement discipliné et encadré.

      http://ethiquepublique.revues.org/1749

    • La liberté de circulation et d’installation des personnes : des droits à respecter, une perspective crédible pour un monde marqué par la #mobilité

      Face aux impasses des politiques migratoires et à leurs conséquences humaines dramatiques, l’urgence s’impose d’une nouvelle approche des migrations fondée sur une prise en compte de la réalité de la mobilité et de ses causes. Une telle approche se distingue par son appui sur le droit et le respect des droits. Elle se nourrit et s’articule sur les valeurs de liberté, de justice et de fraternité. Elle suppose la fondation d’une nouvelle gouvernance mondiale des migrations, dégagée de la myopie étatique, des idéologies du rejet de l’autre, instruite des erreurs et des excès du néo-libéralisme, visant à s’affranchir des phénomènes de domination comme des privilèges. La liberté de circulation et d’installation des personnes, droit reconnu par la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme de 1948, doit servir d’horizon à la conception et à la mise en œuvre de politiques migratoires à l’échelle mondiale.

      http://ethiquepublique.revues.org/1750

    • Le paradigme de la mobilité propose-t-il une perspective adéquate de l’immigration internationale ?

      Dans l’opinion publique, la mondialisation a ouvert les vannes de l’immigration internationale, les migrants circulant désormais aussi facilement que les capitaux et les marchandises. En phase avec cette représentation relevant du sens commun, le domaine de la migration internationale tend à subir l’influence des théories de la mobilité qui jouissent d’un véritable effet de mode. Cette pensée emprunte à des courants d’idées privilégiant l’effacement des frontières. Le concept de « mobilité » repose sur deux visions contradictoires. La première suppose que les populations se déplacent à travers les frontières pour vendre et négocier leurs « capital social » (éducation, formation professionnelle, expérience de travail), là où les avantages économiques et sociaux sont les plus grands. La seconde considère que les obstacles à la mobilité sont la cause de nouvelles inégalités et de nouvelles hiérarchies dans le système mondial. Critiques de ces visions, certains spécialistes de l’immigration internationale estiment que les facteurs historico-structurels à l’œuvre dans les pays d’émigration et d’immigration ont une plus grande pertinence explicative que le recours à la question de la circulation.

      http://ethiquepublique.revues.org/1751

    • Migrants: voici dix raisons d’ouvrir les frontières

      Une opinion de François Gemenne, politologue, chercheur et enseignant à l’Ulg (CEDEM) et à Sciences Po (Paris) et Michel Agier, Anthropologue, directeur de recherches à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et directeur d’études à l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS).

      http://www.lalibre.be/debats/opinions/migrants-voici-dix-raisons-d-ouvrir-les-frontieres-55d6040335708aa4379f81c9

    • Alleviating Global Poverty: Labor Mobility, Direct Assistance, and Economic Growth - Working Paper 479

      Decades of programmatic experimentation by development NGOs combined with the latest empirical techniques for estimating program impact have shown that a well-designed, well-implemented, multi-faceted intervention can in fact have an apparently sustained impact on the incomes of the poor (Banerjee et al 2015). The magnitude of the income gains of the “best you can do” via direct interventions to raise the income of the poor in situ is about 40 times smaller than the income gain from allowing people from those same poor countries to work in a high productivity country like the USA. Simply allowing more labor mobility holds vastly more promise for reducing poverty than anything else on the development agenda. That said, the magnitude of the gains from large growth accelerations (and losses from large decelerations) are also many-fold larger than the potential gains from directed individual interventions and the poverty reduction gains from large, extended periods of rapid growth are larger than from targeted interventions and also hold promise (and have delivered) for reducing global poverty.

      https://www.cgdev.org/publication/alleviating-global-poverty-labor-mobility-direct-assistance-and-economic-grow
      #rapport