• How Hamas innovated with drones to operate like an army - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
    https://thebulletin.org/2023/11/how-hamas-innovated-with-drones-to-operate-like-an-army

    Cet extrait donne le ton... Mais des infos sur l’usage “créatif” des drones par le Hamas.

    Now, in a highly publicized moment, Hamas is exhibiting another innovative iteration that will likely proliferate across the terrorist underworld. Hamas enjoys legitimacy among some state and non-state actors. Consequently, it will be more difficult to disrupt signals to other violent non-state actors conveying the effectiveness of its approach. Rather, its massed and combined arms approach with small UAS will be seen as a winning one that many terrorists will aim to imitate. Contending against avid violent non-state actors in irregular warfare is already a challenge and will be all the more so as terrorist groups innovate affordable ways to fight like states.

  • An existential discussion: What is the probability of nuclear war? - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
    https://thebulletin.org/2021/03/an-existential-discussion-what-is-the-probability-of-nuclear-war

    A risk of one percent per year would accumulate to worse-than-even odds over the lifetime of a child born today. Even if someone were to estimate that the lower bound should be 0.1 percent per year, that would be unacceptably high—that child would have an almost ten percent risk of experiencing nuclear devastation over his or her lifetime.

  • Why is America getting a new $100 billion nuclear weapon ?, by Elisabeth Eaves - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
    https://thebulletin.org/2021/02/why-is-america-getting-a-new-100-billion-nuclear-weapon

    Enquête absolument remarquable sur les armes nucléaires US (et leurs lobbies, la corruption, leurs opposants…).

    Un extrait parmi d’autres :

    In May of 2020, Warden spoke at the Bernstein Strategic Decisions Conference, an annual investors’ event, held virtually to accommodate the pandemic. She answered questions in front of a Northrop-logo backdrop while a Bernstein analyst asked questions from a home office. In March, the federal government had passed the CARES Act, spending $2.2 trillion to try to rescue the economy from the impact of the pandemic. It was considering another bailout package. The analyst asked, delicately, if the health crisis threatened to slow down the GBSD: “Some people have speculated that, GBSD being a very large long-term program, if there is budget pressure … Are you seeing any evidence of that as a possibility, that this could take a little bit longer to push through development than perhaps we had thought?”

    “We’re actually seeing quite the opposite focus, a focus on schedule and the importance of getting through the engineering phase of this program on time,” she replied. “It is important that we both get started now.”

    In early July, the House Armed Services Committee debated the defense authorization bill for 2021 in a late-night session. By this time, the coronavirus had shut down huge swathes of the economy, and the United States was identifying 50,000 new cases per day. House members wore masks and sat scattered from one another in a cavernous committee room. Ro Khanna, the California Democrat who represents Silicon Valley, made a pitch from a video screen. He proposed an amendment that would transfer $1 billion—or one percent of the missile’s projected cost—away from the GBSD and into a pandemic preparedness fund.

    In the ensuing discussion, Republican Rep. Liz Cheney of Wyoming, home of F.E. Warren Air Force Base and the city of Cheyenne, which like Great Falls anticipates a GBSD windfall, countered her colleague with a string of non-sequiturs. She said the Chinese government had caused the global pandemic; that Congress needed to “hold the Chinese government accountable for this death and devastation;” and that Khanna’s plan would benefit the government of China. “It is absolutely shameful in my view,” she said of his proposal. “I don’t think the Chinese government, frankly, could imagine in their wildest dreams that they would have been able to get a member of the United States Congress to propose, in response to the pandemic, that we ought to cut a billion dollars out of our nuclear forces.” Khanna’s proposal was voted down. The House went on to pass a defense authorization bill worth $741 billion, including $1.5 billion for the GBSD to be spent in 2021 alone.

    Of course, defense companies don’t expect politicians to vote for massive defense spending without encouragement, and their efforts at persuasion take several forms.

    First, they hire their former clients, retired military leaders. In a 2018 report, the Project on Government Oversight, a non-partisan watchdog, counted 24 former senior defense department officials who were employed at that time by Northrop Grumman.

    Second, defense contractors give money to elected officials, though not directly. A company’s employees, executives, and their family members may donate to political campaigns, as may the company’s Political Action Committees, or PACs, which are organizations set up for the purpose of making such contributions.

    #armement #nucléaire

  • Où sont les bombes atomiques ? - Philippe Rivière - Visionscarto
    https://visionscarto.net/ou-sont-les-bombes-atomiques

    Le Traité sur l’interdiction des armes nucléaires (TIAN) entre en vigueur le 22 janvier 2021. Désormais, la mise au point, l’essai, la production, le stockage, le transfert, l’utilisation et la menace de l’utilisation des bombes atomiques — stratégie dite de la dissuasion nucléaire — sont interdites, en raison des conséquences humanitaires catastrophiques qu’entraînerait leur emploi.

    Pour la carte il est recommandé de la regarder en « grand format » sur le site

    #armement #nucléaire #traité #nations_unies

    • Par curiosité : pourquoi le choix d’une échelle logarithmique pour comparer le nombre de têtes nucléaires ? (En dehors du fait que sinon, on ne représenterait pas grand chose en dehors des États-Unis et de la Russie.)

    • réponse degré zéro : justement pour faire tenir tout sur une même échelle ;-)

      plus sérieusement - encore que ce premier niveau de réponse est, en soi, un indice de ce qui va suivre (phénomène très dispersé => effets multiplicatifs plus que probables) :
      dans l’affaire, il s’agit bien d’un rapport de forces, il ne s’agit pas d’avoir 3 (ou 300) bombes de plus que son (éventuel) adversaire, mais bien 2 (ou 4) fois plus. Dans le même ordre d’idées, la probabilité pour une bombe de passer les défenses est aussi multiplicative : 1 sur 2 (ou 1 sur 10) franchira le barrage anti-missile. Qui dit rapport, dit effets multiplicatifs, dit donc échelle logarithmique.

    • J’ai privilégié cette approche logarithmique car il me semble que le graphique habituel (linéaire) pose deux problèmes :

      – en termes conceptuels : il écrase tous les pays qui ne sont pas Etats-Unis/Russie, et donc minore le risque que pose un pays qui acquiert la bombe (l’"épaisseur" de la Corée du Nord se limite à un trait de crayon). Autre manière de formuler cet argument, l’échelle log permet de montrer que 120 pays disposant chacun d’1 bombe formeraient un danger bien plus grave que 1 pays disposant de 120 bombes.

      START (l’accord de réduction des stocks) c’est très bien, surtout si ça permet de viser l’éradication à terme. Cela permet sans doute aussi quelques économies pour nos chères armées, et de limiter la pollution et le risque d’accidents. Mais est-on plus à l’abri d’un conflit ouvert avec 14 000 bombes qu’avec 70 000, je n’en suis pas persuadé.

      – en termes de lisibilité et d’information : le graphique log permet de voir nettement comment l’Inde et le Pakistan sont entrés dans le jeu en même temps et en se « marquant à la culotte », ce qui permet également de penser que leur conflit n’a que très marginalement à voir avec la Chine. On voit aussi comment la France qui est entrée un peu tard dans le jeu se voit rapidement comme un équivalent du Royaume-Uni.

    • Il prezzo dell’atomica sotto casa

      Archiviata la stagione dei misteri di Stato, nella politica italiana rimane un grande “non detto”: il nostro ruolo nella condivisione nucleare NATO (nuclear sharing). Anche se l’Italia non lo ha mai ammesso, il nostro Paese ospita circa 40 bombe nucleari americane e le nostre Forze armate si esercitano regolarmente al loro impiego. Le ONG che monitorano gli arsenali atomici hanno calcolato che in Europa siano rimaste circa 150 testate delle 7.300 schierate durante la Guerra fredda. Di queste, 20 si trovano nella base militare di Ghedi (Brescia) e altrettante nella base di Aviano (Pordenone). Tutto ciò, secondo molti commentatori, rappresenta una grave violazione del Trattato di non proliferazione, che dal 1970 vieta ai Paesi “non nucleari” di procurarsi armi atomiche. A breve, inoltre, questi ordigni saranno sostituiti da bombe più moderne e sofisticate: le B61-12. Ovviamente, sempre senza alcuna comunicazione ufficiale.

      Eppure, la presenza di armi nucleari comporta enormi rischi per la popolazione e l’ambiente. Come raccontato a Greenpeace Italia da un ex valutatore NATO, e riportato nell’inchiesta Il prezzo dell’atomica sotto casa, anni fa il Ministero della Difesa ha illustrato ai responsabili della sicurezza nucleare il danno potenziale di un attentato terroristico contro i bunker atomici di Ghedi e Aviano, rivelando che il fungo radioattivo avrebbe raggiunto dai 2 ai 10 milioni persone, a seconda della direzione di propagazione del vento e dei tempi di intervento. Una vera strage.

      La deflagrazione nucleare potrebbe essere innescata anche da un incidente. Negli ultimi decenni, Hans M. Kristensen, esperto di armi nucleari per l’Istituto Internazionale di Ricerche sulla Pace di Stoccolma (SIPRI) e la Federazione degli scienziati americani (FAS), ha reso pubblici numerosi documenti confidenziali che segnalavano problemi di sicurezza nei caveau nucleari europei: «Gli Stati Uniti correggono i difetti che trovano – ha precisato in un’intervista a Greenpeace – ovviamente non possono risolvere i problemi che non conoscono». Fino al 1997, ad esempio, non sapevano che se un fulmine avesse colpito l’hangar dei caccia mentre la bomba era priva della sua protezione sarebbe aumentato il rischio di reazione atomica. Nell’eventualità di un conflitto contro i Paesi NATO, inoltre, le due basi “nucleari” del Nord Est si troverebbero a essere dei bersagli.

      Se i rischi dell’atomica sotto casa non accennano a diminuire, gli stessi sostenitori della deterrenza nucleare faticano a indicare con chiarezza quali siano – in un contesto di minacce sempre più asimmetriche – quei benefici delle testate schierate in Europa che non possano essere conseguiti con le armi nucleari “strategiche” di stanza negli Stati Uniti. Alcuni esperti descrivono l’eventuale attacco nucleare NATO come una “missione dei sette miracoli consecutivi”: quasi impossibile, cioè, da portare a termine con successo. Ma il governo italiano tira dritto, e le poche mozioni parlamentari che mettono in discussione il nuclear sharing vengono immancabilmente bocciate.

      Eppure, tutte le volte che vengono interpellati, gli italiani si sono dimostrati nettamente contrari alle armi nucleari. Un recente sondaggio commissionato a Ipsos da Greenpeace rivela che l’80% degli intervistati è contrario a ospitare bombe atomiche e ad avere cacciabombardieri in grado di sganciarle. Quasi plebiscitario (81%) anche il sostegno al Trattato per la proibizione delle armi nucleari (TPNW), che punta alla “completa eliminazione” delle armi nucleari, come “unico modo per garantire che non siano mai usate in nessuna circostanza”. Con 51 ratifiche e 86 firmatari, il Trattato entrerà in vigore il 22 gennaio 2021, dopo aver raggiunto il traguardo delle 50 ratifiche il 24 ottobre.

      Ma l’Italia non sembra aver alcuna intenzione di aderire. In linea con i partner NATO, ha preso le distanze dai lavori ONU sin dall’inizio. Come ha spiegato alla Camera un sottosegretario dell’esecutivo Gentiloni, è stato «ritenuto inopportuno sostenere iniziative suscettibili di portare a una forte contrapposizione in seno alla Comunità internazionale». Ancora più dura la posizione del Governo giallo-verde (Conte I), che ha addirittura sollevato «dubbi circa la reale capacità del Trattato di porsi quale strumento di disarmo nucleare irreversibile, trasparente e verificabile».

      Recentemente alcuni senatori di M5S e LeU sono tornati a sollecitare l’adesione del nostro Paese al TPNW. Da Palazzo Chigi, però, nessuna risposta. Eppure, quando nel 2017 ICAN – la Campagna internazionale per abolire le armi nucleari – aveva chiesto ai parlamentari di tutto il mondo di impegnarsi per l’adesione del proprio Paese, dall’Italia erano arrivate circa 250 firme di deputati e senatori, essenzialmente PD, M5S e LeU, cioè le forze attualmente al governo. Alcuni firmatari hanno oggi incarichi di primo piano, come il Presidente della Camera Roberto Fico e il ministro degli Esteri Luigi Di Maio. Nonostante ciò, la Farnesina rimane critica sul TPNW. In una nota inviata a Greenpeace, il ministero degli Esteri ha espresso il timore che «il Trattato per la proibizione delle armi nucleari – piuttosto che contribuire all’obiettivo comune – rischi invece di acuire la contrapposizione in seno alla comunità internazionale».

      Oltre a mettere a repentaglio la sicurezza di tutti, le testate atomiche hanno costi altissimi e in costante crescita. Anche l’Italia ha il suo budget nucleare. Ma, a differenza degli USA, non lo rende noto. Una prima, e prudente, stima condotta dall’Osservatorio Milex nel 2018 ha calcolato che i costi direttamente riconducibili alla presenza di testate nucleari sul suolo italiano oscillano tra i 20 e i 100 milioni di euro l’anno. A questa cifra, vanno aggiunti i costi per sostituire i vecchi Tornado impiegati a Ghedi per i compiti nucleari con i famigerati F-35. Secondo fonti interne, proprio l’esigenza di rendere i nuovi cacciabombardieri compatibili con le bombe nucleari avrebbe spinto l’Italia a scegliere i costosi jet a stelle e strisce, invece dei più economici Eurofighter, che però avevano costi di adattamento alle testate USA molto alti.

      Nell’ipotesi che l’Italia riservi ai compiti nucleari venti F-35A, i costi per comprarli e utilizzarli per trent’anni si aggirano attorno ai 10 miliardi di euro. Di fronte alla scelta su come impiegare questa somma, solamente il 5% degli intervistati da Ipsos ha indicato la necessità di «avere dei cacciabombardieri di ultima generazione da destinare alle missioni nucleari». Il 95% del campione ha invece optato per altri impieghi, dal sistema sanitario (35%) al sistema economico e al lavoro (34%), fino al sistema scolastico (16%). Un verdetto inequivocabile. «Un pianeta sempre più instabile è più sicuro senza armi nucleari», dice Giuseppe Onufrio, direttore di Greenpeace Italia. «È tempo che l’Italia prenda una posizione chiara e definitiva sulle armi atomiche, chiedendo il completo ritiro delle bombe americane dal proprio territorio e ratificando il TPNW, un accordo storico che ci lascia sperare in un futuro di pace, finalmente libero dall’incubo dell’olocausto nucleare».

      https://confronti.net/2020/12/il-prezzo-dellatomica-sotto-casa

      #Italie

  • An explosion rocked a Russian research facility known for housing the smallpox virus - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
    https://thebulletin.org/2019/09/an-explosion-rocked-a-russian-research-facility-known-for-housing-the-s


    Smallpox virus virions.
    Credit : Fred Murphy / Sylvia Whitfield / CDC.

    An explosion Monday caused a fire at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology, a biological research facility in Siberia known for being one of the two centers in the world housing samples of live smallpox virus. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is the only other place known to maintain live samples of the deadly pathogen.

    According to the head administrator of Koltsovo city, where the research center, commonly called the #Vector_Institute, is located, the explosion occurred during scheduled maintenance work. The incident doesn’t pose a threat to the surrounding community, Nikolai Krasnikov told the Russian TASS news agency. According to TASS, there were no biohazard substances involved. One worker was injured and taken to a hospital with burns. Russia Today reported that emergency responders were treating the explosion and fire as a major incident, given the sensitive work of the Vector Institute.

    The Vector Institute is known for producing top-notch epidemiological research. According to TASS, researchers recently wrapped up successful trials on an Ebola vaccine earlier this year. Despite that reputation, there have been questions raised about the institute. A high-ranking Soviet bioweapons official who defected to the United States in the 1990s claimed that smallpox had been moved to the Vector Institute in order to conduct bioweapons research.

    The world’s other smallpox repository, the CDC, has also faced questions about its safety processes and infrastructure. In 2016, USA Today published an investigation on failures at the centers, including a 2009 incident where scientists in biohazard suits could see light seeping into a decontamination chamber where workers who’d just done work with deadly pathogens were supposed to be doused in a chemical shower.

    The last known smallpox outbreak was in 1977 and the World Health Organization declared the disease eradicated in 1980. The disease killed about 300 million people in the 20th century, and three in 10 people who contracted it died. Survivors were often left scarred and blind.

    Monday’s blast follows relatively closely on the heels of another explosion at a Russian facility conducting high-tech and risky research. In August, an accident at a missile test site killed five nuclear scientists. US officials believe researchers at the site were working on a nuclear-powered cruise missile.

    communiqué issu d’un bulletin de l’agence Tass
    Один человек пострадал при взрыве баллона в вирусологическом центре под Новосибирском - Происшествия - ТАСС
    https://tass.ru/proisshestviya/6890064

  • Dawn of a new Armageddon | Cynthia Lazaroff
    https://thebulletin.org/2018/08/dawn-of-a-new-armageddon

    This threat of nuclear attack is not a scenario, not a video game. Here this morning we experienced it personally, felt the terror. Now it is in my gut. I want our leaders to experience that same visceral awareness of how our lives – our lives – are at stake. Those 38 minutes made the unimaginable tangible, real. Source: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

  • How fast is the Arctic ice retreating? Just listen to it melt. | Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
    https://thebulletin.org/how-fast-arctic-ice-retreating-just-listen-it-melt11878

    for a melting glacier, you just hear a constant cacophony of sound. There are so many bubbles released to the water at the same time that you cannot just distinguish between individual pulsations.

    But when there is an iceberg, you can actually hear the individual popping sound, of individual bubbles being released into the water. For example, listen to this iceberg recording.

    #climat #son @intempestive

  • Decades in the making: The Iranian drone program | Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

    https://thebulletin.org/decades-making-iranian-drone-program11185

    This summer, Iran’s drone program became the latest component of the country’s defense sector to make headlines. In August, an unarmed Iranian drone reportedly came within 100 feet of an American fighter jet in the Persian Gulf. Earlier in the summer, the United States downed two Iranian drones, which it said, were flying in close proximity to US-backed ground forces in Syria. In June, Pakistan too stated it had shot down an Iranian drone flying in its airspace.

    These incidents put the Iranian drone program on Western observers’ radars as a new potential threat associated with the Islamic Republic. But Iran’s drone program actually started decades ago and serves a number of military and civil purposes. As Tehran deploys its drones more regularly, for more purposes and in more locations, policy-makers will have to understand the program’s nature, scope, strengths, and limitations if they want to effectively respond to it.

    #drones #iran #syrie #israël #bombardement

  • ITER is a showcase ... for the drawbacks of fusion energy | Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
    https://thebulletin.org/iter-showcase-drawbacks-fusion-energy11512

    One may wonder how that expended energy could ever be paid back—and of course it won’t. But the very visible embodiment of the tremendous energy investment represents only the first component of the ironic “Unlimited Energy.”

    (…) ITER’s anticipated 500 MW of thermal fusion power is not electric power. But what fusion proponents are loathe to tell you is that this fusion power is not some benign solar-like radiation but consists primarily (80 percent) of streams of energetic neutrons whose only apparent function in ITER is to produce huge volumes of radioactive waste as they bombard the walls of the reactor vessel and its associated components.

    #nucléaire #énergie #fusion #recherche

  • Cape Town, South Africa to become first city in the developed world to run out of water - World Socialist Web Site

    https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2018/01/29/cape-j29.html

    #it_has_begun #eau #afique_du_sud

    Cape Town, South Africa to become first city in the developed world to run out of water
    By Genevieve Leigh
    29 January 2018

    Authorities in South Africa’s drought stricken city of Cape Town are predicting that only 74 days are left until it becomes the first major city in the developed world to run out of water. The countdown to what is being called “Day Zero” is based on calculations for when the water supply in the dams will collectively drop below 13.5 percent, rendering the water system unusable.

  • The nuclear threat in 2017 | Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

    https://thebulletin.org/nuclear-threat-201711381

    It was a year stained by the epithets “little rocket man” and “dotard” and full of all-too-many nuclear threats. Beyond the confrontation between North Korea and the United States over Pyongyang’s nuclear program, in 2017 the strained US-Russia relationship, the Iran nuclear deal, nuclear modernization programs around the world, the India-Pakistan nuclear arms race, and even the mental state of the US president dominated world headlines. On a positive note (at least as seen by supporters of nuclear disarmament), the UN overwhelmingly adopted a treaty to ban nuclear weapons. But because the countries with nuclear weapons steadfastly refused to support the ban, it received a relatively dismissive reception in the United States—until the leaders of the treaty effort received the Nobel Peace Prize for their work.

    #nucléaire

  • Running out of time | John J. Hamre - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
    https://thebulletin.org/running-out-time11368

    I am dismayed by our rhetoric in Washington. We are talking like frightened little rabbits, afraid of a wolf in the forest. We have nothing to be afraid of, and the more we act like frightened little critters, the more we reward North Korea for pursuing a dead-end strategy. We tried a policy of dissuasion for the past 15 years, and it has failed. But a strategy of deterrence has worked and will continue to work.

    (John J. Hamre was elected president and chief executive officer of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in January 2000. Before joining CSIS, he served as the 26th US deputy secretary of defense.)

    #corée_du_nord #nucléaire #équilibre_de_la_terreur

  • How US nuclear force modernization is undermining strategic stability
    https://thebulletin.org/how-us-nuclear-force-modernization-undermining-strategic-stability-burs

    TL;DR: With no increase in number of warheads, modernization provides USA with credible first strike capability. In response to that, adversaries are pushed to pre-delegate launch authority to lower levels. Add USA’s displays of overconfidence in BMD to that if you are not worried enough yet !

    #dissuasion #nucléaire #nuclear #missiles #USA #BMD #Russia