News Deeply

/2018

  • Why Every University Should Take in Refugee Students and Scholars

    The Institute of International Education’s Allan Goodman and Katherine Miller speak with Refugees Deeply about their work to help more refugee students access higher education and to protect refugee scholars.

    https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/04/10/why-every-university-should-take-in-refugee-students-and-scholars

    #études_universitaires #université #asile #migrations #intégration_professionnelle #éducation #réfugiés #intégration

  • How Borders Are Constructed in West Africa

    The E.U. has led an expensive and often contradictory effort to modernize African borders. Author #Philippe_Frowd looks at the gap between policy and outcomes.

    Over the past 15 years there has been a surge in E.U. spending on borders outside Europe. The impact of this funding on West Africa has received little attention until recently.

    A new book by Philippe M. Frowd, an expert on the politics of borders, migration and security intervention, seeks to correct this. In “Security at the Borders: Transnational Practices and Technologies in West Africa,” Frowd details both the high politics and everyday culture clashes that have shaped European interventions and the way they have been received in countries like Senegal.

    An assistant professor in the School of Political Studies at the University of Ottawa, Frowd coins the term “border work” to denote how everything from training to technology to migration deals work in combination with each other. Here in conversation with Refugees Deeply, he shares some of his main observations.

    Refugees Deeply: You talk about tracing the “who” of border work in West Africa. Can you explain your findings?

    Philippe Frowd: One of my book’s points is to use the term “border work” to identify how seemingly disparate practices such as negotiating migrant readmission agreements, deploying citizen identification technologies, funding border management projects and routine police cooperation actually combine. To try and make sense of what seems to be a bewildering but also often opaque set of actors operating at the intersection of these fields in West Africa specifically.

    One of the most striking developments of the past 10-15 years has been the phenomenal growth of E.U. border security-related spending, much of it in “third countries,” mainly in Africa. This has gone hand in hand with a growing salience of “border security” on the part of many African states as a way of understanding flows at borders.

    One of my main findings was the sheer diversity of actors involved in determining policies, experiences and practices of borders in the region. The African Union is the successor to the Organisation of African Unity which accepted Africa’s inherited borders in 1964, and the A.U. continues to provide assistance for demarcation of borders and dispute resolution. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is one of the guarantors of free movement in the region and generally pursues an ambitious agenda of greater harmonization (e.g., of visa policy).

    Yet other actors, such as the E.U. and U.N. specialized agencies (such as the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime), tend to have agendas driven by primarily Western security concerns. Then there are the more immediately visible police and gendarmeries who directly enact border controls. More recently, the G5 Sahel force consistently invokes border security and transnational crime.

    Beyond simply tracing who does what, there is tracing the interconnections and tensions between these different institutions. Looking sociologically at the diverse range of actors, we can see how knowledge is a crucial part of the equation: What is the vision of borders, security and migration each actor puts forward? On one hand, institutions like ECOWAS are focused on legal mobility rights while those such as Interpol envision mobility as a regulated, digitally legible practice. The range of actors who contribute to this border work is often a patchwork in which uneasy bedfellows co-exist. E.U. funding, for instance, goes to supporting free movement projects at the ECOWAS level but also to train and equip the security forces of states like Niger to crack down on irregular migration routes. West African borders are the product of the balance of forces between this range of competing visions.

    Refugees Deeply: Can you talk us through the way in which border practices move between different regions. Is there a model for the process of emulation?

    Frowd: Border security is made up of everyday routines but also of various digital and other technologies, both of which are potentially mobile. I point to a couple of ways that these tools of doing border security can travel: One of these is emulation of existing (often Western) methods and standards, but this also goes alongside what I describe as “pedagogy” and the role of exemplars.

    “West African borders are the product of the balance of forces between this range of competing visions.”

    All of these interact in some way. As an example, a border management project led by the IOM [International Organization for Migration] might include training sessions during which members of the local police and gendarmerie learn about key principles of border management illustrated by best practices from elsewhere. Emulation is the desired outcome of many of these trainings, which are the backbone of international border security assistance. The EUCAP Sahel missions, for example, put a heavy emphasis on training rather than equipping so there is a strong faith that mentalities matter more than equipment.

    Equipment also matters and plays its part in shaping how border security works. Biometrics, which aim to verify identification using some kind of body measurement, require ways of reading the body and storing data about it. Senegal adopted, in one decade, a range of biometric technologies for national I.D. cards and controls at borders. There is a very obvious mobility of technology here (a Malaysian company providing e-Passport infrastructure, a Belgian company providing visa systems) but movement of border practices is also about ideas. The vision of biometrics as effective in the first place is one that I found, from interviews with Senegalese police commanders, was strongly tied to emulating ideals of modern and selective borders found elsewhere.

    Refugees Deeply: In your work you identify some of the gaps between policy goals and to actual outcomes and practices. Can you talk us through the greatest discrepancies?

    Frowd: Some of the discrepancies I found showed some interesting underlying factors. One of these was the shifting role of global private sector companies in frustrating public policy goals. Not through deliberate sabotage or state capture, but rather through the diverging incentives around doing border work. In the case of Senegal’s biometric systems, the state has been keen to make as coherent an infrastructure as possible, with connections between various elements such as biometric passport issuance, automated airport arrivals for holders of this passport and systems such as the national I.D. card. Given the need for private companies to compete based on technological advantage, rival systems made by rival companies could not interconnect and share data without sharing of valuable corporate information.

    Another underlying factor for the discrepancies I point to is that, once again, the sociological dynamics of the people doing the border work come into play. Many border management projects bring together a diverse range of actors who can have competing visions of how security is to be performed and achieved. For instance the ways police and gendarmerie competed over border post data in Mauritania leading to separate databases. It can also happen at a larger scale through the lack of integration across the donor community, which leads to a huge amount of duplication.

    Refugees Deeply: You spent a section of your book on Spanish-African police cooperation to show the limits of European knowledge and technology. You mention a clash of cultures, can you elaborate?

    Frowd: This is a particularly salient point today for two reasons. First because we are hearing more elite (e.g., Frontex) discourse about the “reopening” of a migration route to Spain. Second because Spain itself is increasingly active in E.U. projects across the Sahel. My book tells some of the story of Spanish security ambitions in Africa. But these ambitions, and those of other Western partners, have hard limits. Some of these limits are quite straightforward: Climate is often a barrier to the functioning of surveillance technologies and some countries (like Mauritania) are harder to recruit international experts for if they cannot or do not bring their families along.

    In terms of Spanish-African cooperation, much of the narrative about clashes of cultures comes down to perceptions. One of the elements of the clash is a temporal one, with Spanish security officials often considering local partners as existing at a completely different stage of progress.

    More broadly in terms of the limits of knowledge itself, the ambitions of experts to implicitly recreate aspects of European best practice are flawed. Part of this form of border security knowledge involves supporting technological solutions to make African mobility more legible to states. This comes up against the reality that movement in West Africa is already quite free but highly informalized. European experts are well aware of this reality but seek to formalize these flows. A police expert I spoke to recently suggested co-located border posts, and many international funders are supportive of specific I.D. cards for residents of border regions. This is not to impede movement, but rather to rationalize it – in much the same way that common I.D. standards and databases underpin free movement within Europe.

    https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/07/18/how-borders-are-constructed-in-west-africa
    #externalisation #asile #migrations #réfugiés #frontières #Mauritanie #Sénégal

  • Why Spain is a Window into the E.U. Migration Control Industry

    Spain’s migration control policies in North Africa dating back over a decade are now replicated across the E.U. Gonzalo Fanjul outlines PorCausa’s investigation into Spain’s migration control industry and its warning signs for the rest of Europe.

    There was a problem and we fixed it.” For laconic President José María Aznar, these words were quite the political statement. The then Spanish president was speaking in July 1996, after 103 Sub-Saharan migrants who had reached Melilla, a Spanish enclave in North Africa, were drugged, handcuffed and taken to four African countries by military aircraft.

    President Aznar lay the moral and political foundations of a system based on the securitization, externalization and, increasingly, the privatization of border management. This system was consolidated by subsequent Spanish governments and later extended to the rest of the European Union, setting the grounds for a thriving business: the industry of migration control.

    Between 2001 and 2010, long before Europe faced the so-called “refugee crisis,” Spain built two walls in its North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, signed combined development and repatriation agreements with nine African countries, passed two major pieces of legislation on migration, and fostered inter-regional migration initiatives such as the Rabat Process. Spain also designed and established the Integral System of External Surveillance, to this day one of the most sophisticated border surveillance mechanisms in the world.

    The ultimate purpose of these efforts was clear: to deter irregular migration, humanely if possible, but at any cost if necessary.

    Spain was the first European country to utilize a full array of control and cooperation instruments in countries along the migration route to Europe. The system proved effective during the “cayuco crisis” in 2005 and 2006. Following a seven-fold increase in the number of arrivals from West Africa to the Canary Islands by boat, Spain made agreements with several West African countries to block the route, forcing migrants to take the even riskier Sahel passage.

    Although the E.U. questioned the humanitarian consequences of these deals at the time, less than a decade later officials across the continent have replicated large parts of the Spanish system, including the E.U. Emergency Trust Fund for Africa and agreements between the Italian and the Libyan governments.

    Today, 2005 seems like different world. That year, the E.U. adopted its Global Approach on Migration and Mobility, which balanced the “prevention of irregular migration and trafficking” with promising language on the “fostering of well-managed migration” and the “maximization” of its development impact.

    Since then, the combined effect of the Great Recession – an institutional crisis – and the increased arrival of refugees has diluted reformist efforts in Europe. Migration policies are being defined by ideological nationalism and economic protectionism. Many politicians in Europe are electorally profiting from these trends. The case of Spain also illustrates that the system is ripe for financial profit.

    For over a year, Spanish investigative journalism organization porCausa mapped the industry of migration control in Spain. We detailed the ecosystem of actors and interests facilitating the industry, whose operations rely almost exclusively on public funding. A myriad private contractors and civil society organizations operate in four sectors: border protection and surveillance; detention and expulsion of irregular migrants; reception and integration of migrants; and externalization of migration control through agreements with private organisations and public institutions in third countries.

    We began by focusing on securitization and border management. We found that between 2002 and 2017 Spain allocated at least 610 million euros ($720 million) of public funding through 943 contracts related to the deterrence, detention and expulsion of migrants. Our analysis reached two striking conclusions and one question for future research.

    Firstly, we discovered the major role that the E.U. plays in Spain’s migration control industry. Just over 70 percent of the 610 million euros came from different European funds, such as those related to External Borders, Return and Internal Security, as well as the E.U. border agency Frontex. Thus, Spanish public spending is determined by the policy priorities established by E.U. institutions and member states. Those E.U. institutions have since diligently replicated the Spanish approach. With the E.U. now driving these policies forward, the approach is likely to be replicated in other European countries.

    Secondly, our data highlights how resources are concentrated in the hands of a few businesses. Ten out of the 350 companies included in our database received over half of the 610 million euros. These companies have enjoyed a long-standing relationship with the Spanish government in other sectors such as defence, construction and communications, and are now gaining a privileged role in the highly sensitive areas of border surveillance and migration control.

    Our research also surfaced a troubling question that has shaped the second phase of our inquiry: to what extent are these companies influencing Spanish migration policy? The capture of rules and institutions by elites in an economic system has been documented in sectors such as defence, taxation or pharmaceuticals. That this could also be happening to borders and migration policy should alarm public opinion and regulators. For example, the key role played by private technology companies in the design and implementation of Spain’s Integral System of External Surveillance demonstrates the need for further investigation.

    Spain’s industry of migration control may be the prototype of a growing global phenomenon. Migration policies have been taken over by border deterrence goals and narratives. Meanwhile, border control is increasingly dependent on the technology and management of private companies. As E.U.-level priorities intersect with those of the highly-concentrated – and possibly politically influential – migration control industry, Europe risks being trapped in a political and budgetary vicious circle based on the premise of migration-as-a-problem, complicating any future reform efforts towards a more open migration system.

    https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/05/21/why-spain-is-a-window-into-the-e-u-migration-control-industry
    #Afrique_du_Nord #externalisation #modèle_espagnol #migrations #contrôles_migratoires #asile #frontières #contrôles_frontaliers #asile #réfugiés #histoire

  • L’Austria esce dal patto Onu per le migrazioni: “Limita la sovranità del nostro Paese”

    L’accordo internazionale che punta a difendere i diritti dei rifugiati entrerà in vigore a dicembre. Prima di Vienna, anche Usa e Ungheria si sono sfilati. Il governo Kurz: “Migrare non è un diritto fondamentale”.

    L’Austria esce dal patto Onu per le migrazioni: “Limita la sovranità del nostro Paese”

    L’accordo internazionale che punta a difendere i diritti dei rifugiati entrerà in vigore a dicembre. Prima di Vienna, anche Usa e Ungheria si sono sfilati. Il governo Kurz: “Migrare non è un diritto fondamentale”

    L’Austria annuncia il suo ritiro dal patto delle Nazioni Unite sulle migrazioni, e segue così l’esempio di Stati Uniti e Ungheria, che prima di lei sono uscite dall’accordo internazionale, in controcorrente con gli oltre 190 Paesi che l’hanno firmato. Lo ha comunicato il cancelliere Sebastian Kurz, motivando la scelta sovranista come una reazione necessaria per respingere un vincolo Onu che “limita la sovranità del nostro Paese”. Non ci sarà, dunque, nessun rappresentante di Vienna alla conferenza dell’Onu a Marrakech, in Marocco, il 10 e 11 dicembre. Mentre all’Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite dell’anno prossimo l’Austria si asterrà.

    COSA PREVEDE L’ACCORDO

    Il patto per le migrazioni era stato firmato da 193 Paesi a settembre 2017 ed entrerà in vigore a dicembre con la firma prevista al summit di Marrakech. Prevede la protezione dei diritti dei rifugiati e dei migranti, indipendentemente dallo status, e combatte il traffico di esseri umani e la xenofobia. E ancora, impegna i firmatari a lavorare per porre fine alla pratica della detenzione di bambini allo scopo di determinare il loro status migratorio; limita al massimo le detenzioni dei migranti per stabilire le loro condizioni, migliora l’erogazione dell’assistenza umanitaria e di sviluppo ai Paesi più colpiti. Facilita anche il cambiamento di status dei migranti irregolari in regolari, il ricongiungimento familiare, punta a migliorare l’inclusione nel mercato del lavoro, l’accesso al sistema sanitario e all’istruzione superiore e ad una serie di agevolazioni nei Paesi di approdo, oltre che ad accogliere i migranti climatici.

    LE RAGIONI DI VIENNA

    Un documento di 34 pagine, per politiche in favore di chi lascia il proprio Paese che promuovano una migrazione sicura. L’Austria in un comunicato respinge tutti i criteri stabiliti da quella che è stata ribattezzata la “Dichiarazione di New York”. Kurz, che da giovanissimo ministro degli Esteri fece il suo esordio mondiale proprio all’Assemblea generale dell’Onu, decide così di strappare e imporre il suo giro di vite sui migranti, spinto dal suo alleato al governo, l’ultradestra dell’Fpö di Heinz-Christian Strache, il quale a margine dell’annuncio del ritiro ha aggiunto: “La migrazione non è e non può essere un diritto fondamentale dell’uomo”. Il governo di Vienna, in particolare, spiega che “il patto limita la sovranità nazionale, perché non distingue tra migrazione economica e ricerca di protezione umanitaria”, tra migrazione illegale e legale. “Non può essere - continua il governo Kurz - che qualcuno riceva lo status di rifugiato per motivi di povertà o climatici”.

    “SEGUIAMO IL LORO ESEMPIO”

    Il patto, in realtà, non è vincolante ai sensi del diritto internazionale, una volta firmato. Si delinea come una dichiarazione di intenti, per mettere ordine nelle politiche sulle migrazioni a livello mondiale, all’insegna della solidarietà. Per questo, la mossa di Vienna assume un valore simbolico, sull’onda delle dichiarazioni di Kurz e i suoi che vorrebbero chiudere le porte dell’Europa all’immigrazione e controllare i confini. Trascina dietro di sé la lodi di altri partiti populisti europei, uno tra tutti l’AfD tedesca, con la leader Alice Weidel che non ha tardato a twittare: “Anche la Germania non aderisca, il Global Compact apre la strada a milioni di migranti africani e legalizza l’immigrazione irregolare”.

    https://www.lastampa.it/2018/10/31/esteri/laustria-esce-dal-patto-onu-per-le-migrazioni-limita-la-sovranit-del-nostro-paese-GbGo3HsbsGygjZ3aOjVfkJ/pagina.html
    #Global_compact #global_compact_on_refugees #migrations #réfugiés #asile #Autriche #Hongrie #USA #Etats-Unis

    • Austria to shun global migration pact, fearing creep in human rights

      Austria will follow the United States and Hungary in backing out of a United Nations migration pact over concerns it will blur the line between legal and illegal migration, the right-wing government said on Wednesday.

      The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration was approved in July by all 193 member nations except the United States, which backed out last year.

      Hungary’s right-wing government has since said it will not sign the final document at a ceremony in Morocco in December. Poland, which has also clashed with Brussels by resisting national quotas for asylum seekers, has said it is considering the same step.

      “Austria will not join the U.N. migration pact,” said Chancellor Sebastian Kurz, a conservative and immigration hard-liner who governs in coalition with the far-right Freedom Party.

      “We view some points of the migration pact very critically, such as the mixing up of seeking protection with labor migration,” said Kurz, who argues that migrants rescued in the Mediterranean should not be brought straight to Europe.

      U.N. Special Representative for International Migration Louise Arbour called the move regrettable and mistaken and said the compact simply aimed to improve the management of cross-border movements of people.

      “It is no possible sense of the word an infringement on state sovereignty - it is not legally binding, it’s a framework for cooperation,” she told Reuters.

      Vienna currently holds the rotating presidency of the European Union, a role that usually involves playing a mediating role to bridge divisions within the bloc. Instead its move highlighted the disagreements on migration that have blighted relations among the 28 member states for years.

      The Austrian government is concerned that signing up to the pact, even though it is not binding, could eventually help lead to the recognition of a “human right to migration”. The text of a cabinet decision formally approving its move on Wednesday said it would argue against such a right.

      “We reject any movement in that direction,” Freedom Party leader and Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache told a news conference after the weekly cabinet meeting.

      Arbour said such concerns were unfounded.

      “The question of whether this is an invidious way to start promoting a ‘human right to migrate’ is not correct. It’s not in the text, there’s no sinister project to advance that.”

      Austria took in roughly 1 percent of its population in asylum seekers in 2015 during a migration crisis in which more than a million people traveled to Europe, many of them fleeing war and poverty in the Middle East, Africa and elsewhere.

      That experience dominated last year’s parliamentary election and helped propel Kurz’s conservatives to power. He has said he will prevent any repeat of that influx and has implemented policies that include restricting benefits for new immigrants.

      The U.N. pact addresses issues such as how to protect people who migrate, how to integrate them into new countries and how to return them to their home countries.

      The United Nations has hailed it as a historic and comprehensive pact that could serve as a basis for future policies.

      Austria will not send an envoy to the signing ceremony in Morocco and will abstain at a U.N. General Assembly vote on the pact next year, Kurz’s office said.

      In a paper this month, the Brookings Institution, a U.S. think tank, said the pact “reflects widespread recognition, among even the most skeptical member states, that managing migration effectively is in the common interest”.

      Amnesty International criticized Vienna’s stance.

      “Instead of facing global challenges on an international level, the government is increasingly isolating Austria. That is irresponsible,” the rights group said in a statement.

      https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-migrants-austria/austria-to-withdraw-from-u-n-migration-agreement-apa-idUSKCN1N50JZ

    • Communication Breakdown in Austria – How Far-Right Fringe Groups Hijacked the Narrative on the Global Compact for Migration

      Yesterday Austria announced its withdrawal from the UN Global Compact for Migration (GCM), thus joining the United States and Hungary. The decision was met with little surprise. It followed an announcement in early October that Austria would reconsider its continued participation in the GCM process. And it followed weeks of efforts by the right-wing Freedom Party (FPÖ) and other far-right actors to discredit the GCM.

      As the Austrian decision gained media attention, many outside the world of migration policy wondered what the Global Compact for Migration is. This post is both for newcomers and long-time observers. For the newcomers, I explain how the GCM came about and why it is significant. Long-time observers may want to skip to the section discussing the context and implications of the Austrian decision to withdraw.
      What is the UN Global Compact for Migration?

      The short answer is that it is a non-binding agreement on migration at the UN level. The lengthy intergovernmental negotiations concluded in July, which means that the text of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration is already available. The text lays out 23 objectives covering a wide array of policies, including objectives on addressing the drivers of migration, better data gathering, border management, enhanced regular pathways and more. In December, states will adopt the GCM in Marrakesh, right after the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD).

      The long answer is that the Global Compact for Migration encompasses more than the final text. The process leading up to the agreement is just as noteworthy. The negotiations between states and with close participation of civil society actors stretched over eighteen months. At several thematic sessions, states, non-governmental organisations, researchers, grassroots organisations, and think tanks came together in New York, Vienna, and Geneva. In the sessions, actors mostly read out their condensed two- or three-minute statements. But intense discussions happened during panels, outside, at side-events, and during breaks. And parallel to the global proceedings, there were regional and, in some cases, also national consultations. It was thus also a process of learning and coalition-forming.
      Why did Austria decide to leave the Global Compact for Migration?

      The official Austrian critique of the Global Compact for Migration rests on two points. First, it argues that the GCM would eventually be a legally binding document. Second, the GCM is portrayed to diminish states’ national sovereignty. Neither of these statements holds true. Already in the preamble, it clearly says that it is “a non-legally binding, cooperative framework” and that it “upholds the sovereignty of States.” And during the lengthy negotiations, states overwhelmingly emphasized their sovereignty. The decision to leave therefore appears to be much more about short-term domestic politics than about the above-stated concerns.

      Already during the parliamentary election in 2017, the conservative People’s Party (ÖVP) and the far-right Freedom Party (FPÖ) outdid each other with anti-immigration rhetoric. Now that they form the current governing coalition, they have passed increasingly restrictive migration and integration policies. Their recent measures stretch from budget cuts for language courses parallel to restricting welfare based on language skills. In light of this, the Austrian decision is not surprising.

      But until recently, the Global Compact for Migration had not been a point of contention for the Freedom Party. In fact, the Austrian foreign ministry – currently headed by a minister affiliated with the FPÖ – took part in the negotiations. The timing of this withdrawal therefore merits attention. Some weeks ago, fringe groups on the far-right started to mobilize against the GCM. With online petitions, posters, and a protest in front of the UN headquarters in Vienna. The websites contain close to no information on the GCM. Instead, they make the baseless assertion that it would lead to “limitless migration” and repeat the alarmist imagery that Nigel Farage used for his “Breaking Point” banner ahead of the Brexit referendum. At the helm of this disinformation campaign is Martin Sellner, leader of the far-right Identarian movement.

      Shortly after, the Austrian Freedom Party also started to publicly criticize the Global Compact for Migration in widely read Austrian tabloids. During the evening news on the day of the official withdrawal, Armin Wolf confronted FPÖ Vice-Chancellor Strache with the question why the FPÖ had only begun its criticism after far-right fringe group activism had started. Strache denied any connection in the timing. Meanwhile, Martin Sellner celebrated the success of the imitative. Instead, Strache argued that it took time to reach a judgment on the final product. However, the text had been in its final shape for months.
      What can be learned from this?

      To be clear, one should not be tempted to overstate the significance of fringe actors. But one also should not leave the debate in the wider public about the Global Compact for Migration in their hands. The GCM negotiation process has been inclusive to those actors wishing to participate and all previous drafts of the agreement had been available online. The efforts were thus comparatively transparent. But, nonetheless, the communication with the wider public was not proactive.

      In the months that I had been involved with the GCM process, I was repeatedly surprised how many people within the world of migration and integration were unaware of the negotiations, even less so the wider public. And while it is not necessary to indulge in the technicalities of such a lengthy process, it meant that many people in Austria heard about the GCM only when far-right groups brought it to the fore. In the absence of wider public engagement, there was no counter-movement to challenge the misinformation that was spreading.

      What are the implications of this decision? And what is next?

      There is already talk of other countries following the path of Austria, Hungary, and the US. But instead of getting stuck in speculations about who else may withdraw, efforts should concentrate on the majority that upholds the Global Compact for Migration. This incident provides an opportunity to start a conversation beyond those tightly involved in migration policy.

      And it is important to remember that December will just be the beginning, not the end. Ahead lies a long road of implementation. Then, inclusiveness – especially of those directly affected by the GCM – and proactive communication will remain crucial.


      https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/2018/communication-breakdown-in-austria-how-far-right-fringe-groups-hijacked

      –-> et sur cette image, le fameux slogan australien #No_Way (you won’t make Australia home)
      #modèle_australien #Australie

    • Le Pacte de l’ONU pour les migrations divise le parlement

      Le gouvernement souhaite signer, avec une réserve, un projet de traité international sur les réfugiés. Des commissions parlementaires délivrent des messages contradictoires.

      Le Conseil fédéral doit-il approuver le Pacte mondial des Nations unies pour les migrations les 10 et 11 décembre à Marrakech ? C’est son intention. Il l’a annoncée le 10 octobre. Mais cette perspective fait des vagues, à tel point qu’une commission parlementaire émet de sérieuses réserves à ce sujet alors que d’autres sont divisées. Comme il l’avait promis, le gouvernement les a consultées avant de prendre une décision définitive.

      La Commission des institutions politiques du Conseil national (CIP-N) s’est manifestée la première. Le 19 octobre, elle a adopté une motion qui demande que la décision d’approbation soit soumise aux Chambres fédérales. Une semaine plus tard, la Commission de politique extérieure du Conseil des Etats (CPE-E) a adressé au Conseil fédéral une lettre annonçant son intention de déposer une requête similaire. Vendredi dernier, la CIP-N a franchi un pas de plus : par 15 voix contre 9, elle a formellement décidé de recommander au Conseil fédéral de ne pas approuver ce traité migratoire. Cette revendication sera discutée en séance plénière du Conseil national le 6 décembre.

      Ambassadeur actif et décrié

      Lundi, la CPE-N a émis un avis différent. Par 14 voix contre 10, elle recommande au Conseil fédéral d’apposer sa signature au bas du pacte de l’ONU. Dans des proportions similaires, elle a refusé de soumettre celui-ci au vote obligatoire ou de recueillir formellement l’avis des Chambres fédérales. La commission sœur du Conseil des Etats n’a pas encore rendu son verdict. Elle se réunit une nouvelle fois lundi prochain.

      C’est l’UDC qui a ouvert les feux. Mi-septembre, alors que personne à Berne ne se préoccupait de la prochaine signature de cette convention migratoire, elle a condamné ce texte, contraignant politiquement mais pas juridiquement, avec la plus grande virulence. Celui-ci prône une « migration sûre, ordonnée et régulière ». Selon le Conseil fédéral, ses objectifs recoupent les siens : réduire la migration irrégulière, renforcer l’aide sur place, lutter contre la traite des êtres humains et le trafic des migrants, sécuriser les frontières, respecter les droits humains, faciliter le rapatriement, la réintégration ou l’intégration durable dans le pays d’accueil. La Suisse a même joué un rôle moteur dans l’élaboration de ce texte, puisque l’ambassadeur auprès de l’ONU, Jürg Lauber, en a été l’une des chevilles ouvrières avec son homologue mexicain, Juan José Gomez Camacho, et la représentante spéciale de l’ONU pour les migrations internationales, Louise Arbour.
      Plusieurs pays ont renoncé

      L’UDC fait de ce document une lecture très différente. Elle y voit un moyen de permettre « aux migrants d’accéder plus facilement aux pays de leur choix, indépendamment de leurs qualifications ». Elle brandit la menace d’une immigration massive vers la Suisse. A quelques semaines du vote sur l’initiative contre les juges étrangers, et en vertu de l’article constitutionnel qui dit que la Suisse doit gérer son immigration de manière indépendante, l’UDC exige le rejet de ce pacte. Elle n’est pas seule. Le projet est aussi controversé au sein du PLR.

      Pour le Conseil fédéral, la situation n’est pas simple. Les Etats-Unis, la Hongrie et l’Autriche ont déjà fait savoir qu’ils ne participeraient pas à la signature. Comme l’ambassadeur Lauber, sur qui l’UDC tire à boulets rouges et qui est aussi la cible d’une campagne sauvage de la droite identitaire, a contribué activement aux négociations, un refus de la Suisse serait considéré comme un affront au sein de l’ONU.

      Par ailleurs, on rappelle volontiers que les fondements de ce texte, dont l’élaboration a débuté en 2016, recoupent la politique migratoire défendue par Didier Burkhalter et Simonetta Sommaruga. Or, le premier nommé a quitté le Conseil fédéral et c’est son successeur Ignazio Cassis, à qui l’on reproche de ne pas défendre suffisamment son émissaire auprès des Nations unies, qui a repris le flambeau. Début octobre, le gouvernement a proposé d’approuver le pacte assorti d’une réserve portant sur le traitement des mineurs âgés d’au moins 15 ans.

      https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/pacte-lonu-migrations-divise-parlement

    • Ne pas signer le Pacte de l’ONU sur les migrations est « une erreur politique »

      La #Suisse ne signera pas le Pacte de l’ONU sur les migrations, du moins pas pour l’instant, a décidé le Conseil fédéral. « Une erreur politique », selon le président du Parti socialiste Christian Levrat.

      Le Conseil fédéral a reconnu mercredi que ce Pacte est dans l’intérêt de la Suisse, mais estime qu’il est trop tôt pour le signer.

      https://www.rts.ch/info/suisse/10013083-ne-pas-signer-le-pacte-de-l-onu-sur-les-migrations-est-une-erreur-polit

    • Pour Louise Arbour, la volte-face de la Suisse porte atteinte à sa crédibilité multilatérale

      La représentante spéciale de l’ONU pour les migrations démonte le mythe de la perte de souveraineté des Etats qui adopteront le pacte à Marrakech en décembre. Elle ne comprend pas non plus la peur des « soft laws » qui saisit le parlement fédéral

      Alors que le Conseil des Etats débat ce jeudi d’une motion de l’UDC exhortant le Conseil fédéral à ne pas adopter le Pacte mondial de l’ONU pour les migrations ainsi que d’une proposition de la Commission des institutions politiques de soumettre son adoption à l’Assemblée fédérale, les Nations unies mettent les choses au point.

      Interrogée par Le Temps au Palais des Nations à Genève, Louise Arbour, représentante spéciale du secrétaire général de l’ONU pour les migrations, s’étonne des discussions au sujet du pacte qui serait, selon certains parlementaires fédéraux, « de la soft law [droit souple, ndlr] susceptible de se transformer en droit coutumier (obligatoire) ».

      « Je suis avocate moi-même. Je ne comprends pas cette notion selon laquelle ce pacte deviendrait subrepticement obligatoire contre la volonté de la Suisse. Je vous rassure. Ce n’est pas le cas. Aucune disposition du pacte n’empiète sur la souveraineté des Etats qui l’adoptent. »

      Un débat particulièrement agressif

      La responsable onusienne relève que le pacte, qui sera formellement adopté à Marrakech les 10 et 11 décembre prochain (sans la Suisse qui a, sur proposition du conseiller fédéral Ignazio Cassis, finalement renoncé à s’y rendre), offre un menu d’options et de bonnes pratiques que les Etats peuvent choisir d’adopter ou non. « Je suis étonnée que la Suisse s’inquiète de ce pacte. Elle applique elle-même déjà pleinement ce que prévoit le document », précise la Canadienne.

      A Berne, la tonalité du débat demeure très agressive. Certains parlementaires UDC vont jusqu’à demander que l’ambassadeur de Suisse auprès des Nations unies à New York, Jürg Lauber – par ailleurs diffamé dans une campagne menée par des mouvements identitaires et d’extrême droite autrichiens, allemands et suisses – soit traduit en justice pour « trahison ».

      Ignorance ou mauvaise foi ?

      Là encore, Louise Arbour n’en revient pas : « Ce genre de discours montre comment les processus internationaux sont mal compris. J’espère que c’est de l’ignorance et non de la mauvaise foi. Il faut savoir comment un tel processus fonctionne. Quand l’Assemblée générale de l’ONU décide de mettre en place un processus, le président de l’assemblée nomme des cofacilitateurs pour leurs qualités personnelles et non pour leur appartenance nationale.

      L’élaboration du pacte a été cofacilitée de façon neutre par l’ambassadeur Jürg Lauber et son homologue mexicain, Juan José Gomez Camacho. Tant la Suisse que le Mexique avaient des délégations complètement distinctes de leurs ambassadeurs. Il ne faut pas tout mélanger quant à la réelle implication de la Suisse. »
      Un pacte basé sur les faits

      Pour la responsable onusienne, le revirement de la Suisse par rapport à ses positions de négociation est problématique. « Que les Etats qui ont négocié dans leur capacité nationale et même obtenu des concessions d’autres Etats se dissocient aujourd’hui des positions qu’ils ont prises est très décevant. Une telle volte-face porte atteinte à leur crédibilité comme partenaires dans un environnement multilatéral. »

      Louise Arbour tente d’identifier la raison des résistances : « La migration peut être une question traitée de manière très fractionnée, parfois par plusieurs ministères. Sans grande cohésion. Cela peut avoir contribué à la difficulté de faire passer le message. »

      Pas le fruit de bureaucrates

      Quant à l’idée que le pacte migratoire serait le produit de l’imagination de bureaucrates de New York, elle s’en défend : « Le processus ayant mené au pacte a été très respectueux, et surtout basé sur la réalité et des faits. » Les crispations (sensibles en Hongrie, aux Etats-Unis, en Israël, en Suisse, etc.) autour du pacte ne sont pas justifiées, estime-t-elle.

      La meilleure manière de mener une politique migratoire nationale efficace est de coopérer avec ses voisins. La migration implique forcément une interdépendance. C’est ce cadre coopératif que propose le pacte, « négocié non pas en secret, mais avec la société civile, le secteur privé, les syndicats », ajoute Louise Arbour.

      Hors de l’ONU, la pression sur le Conseil fédéral est venue mercredi du CICR dont le président, Peter Maurer, appelle à adopter le pacte « négocié de façon totalement transparente pendant près de trois ans ». La Commission fédérale des migrations abonde dans le même sens, jugeant nécessaire de s’associer à cet effort mondial de réguler la migration.

      https://www.letemps.ch/monde/louise-arbour-volteface-suisse-porte-atteinte-credibilite-multilaterale

    • Global Compact, il governo sospende il patto Onu sull’immigrazione

      L’annuncio del premier Conte su input del ministro Salvini: l’Italia non parteciperà neanche al summit di Marrakech di dicembre.
      L’Italia sospende l’adesione al Global Compact sull’immigrazione, il patto firmato da oltre 190 Paesi il 19 settembre 2016 e ribattezzato “Dichiarazione di New York“. Inoltre l’Italia non parteciperà nemmeno al summit Onu di Marrakech, in Marocco, che tra il 10 e l’11 dicembre adotterà il documento.

      https://www.tpi.it/2018/11/29/global-compact-immigrazione-italia
      #Italie

    • What’s to Fear in the U.N. Global Compact for Migration?

      The forthcoming adoption of the United Nations’ global migration compact has sparked turmoil, particularly among members of the European Union. But the compact itself refutes much of the criticism, says Solon Ardittis, director of Eurasylum.

      After two years of intense intergovernmental negotiations, the United Nations Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration will be formally adopted on December 10-11 in Marrakech. Though the compact went largely unnoticed by most political parties and the public throughout the negotiation period, its forthcoming adoption is now sparking turmoil in Europe and around the world.

      To date, at least a dozen U.N. member states have declared they do not intend to sign it or are considering doing so. Last fall, the United States became the first to withdraw. Hungary followed earlier this year, which set off a domino effect of withdrawals in the European Union over the past few weeks. Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia have said they won’t sign, and Italy has signaled its disapproval, too. In Belgium, profound disagreement among coalition partners over the compact is threatening to bring down the government.

      So what exactly does the compact proffer to make it the source of such growing discontent? The 30-page document is an international, nonbinding agreement that aims “to make an important contribution to enhanced cooperation on international migration in all its dimensions.” Emerging in the wake of Europe’s 2015 refugee crisis, it draws on a range of existing international instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which the vast majority of member states are signatories. And it aims to develop an international cooperative framework acknowledging that no nation can address the contemporary problems of migration alone. This is the first time in history that all U.N. member states have come together to negotiate an agreement on migration in such a comprehensive manner.

      The compact is comprised of 23 objectives. These include, inter alia: collecting adequate data; ensuring all migrants have legal proof of identity; saving lives and establishing coordinated international efforts on missing migrants; strengthening the transnational response to smuggling and trafficking; managing borders in an integrated manner; and giving migrants access to basic services. The compact also includes a follow-up and review mechanism.

      Crucially, while acknowledging states’ shared responsibilities, the compact reaffirms their sovereign right to determine their national migration policies and to govern migration within their jurisdictions. It also stresses that the compact’s implementation will account for different national realities, capacities and levels of development; and will respect national policies and priorities.

      Given such lenient and largely unthreatening policy objectives, what’s behind the growing resentment?

      First, after only recently appearing on the radar of political parties in Europe and internationally, the compact now seems to offer a golden opportunity for populist parties and opinion-makers to push their claims that nations are losing control over their sovereignty and borders. Ironically, the same parties that now criticize the compact have traditionally challenged national governments for not taking sufficiently coordinated action to manage irregular migration, migrant smuggling and human trafficking, or for addressing the growing number of migrant fatalities at sea. The compact represents a foundation for such coordinated action.

      Its most vocal opponents claim, among other things, that the compact does not sufficiently distinguish between legal and illegal migration, that it mixes up the rights of asylum seekers with those of economic migrants, or even stipulates the number of migrants that each member state will need to accept. All this is strictly contradicted in the compact itself.

      Nevertheless, such unfounded criticism has eventually led many governments to adopt a low profile, avoid media exposure and be represented at the Marrakech conference next week at a much less senior level than anticipated. One notable exception is German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who has intensified efforts to reassure “concerned citizens” and to reaffirm that the compact aims to strengthen the protection of national borders rather than weaken them.

      Also worthy of mention is E.U. migration commissioner Dimitris Avramopoulos’s Dec. 4 warning that withdrawal from the compact could hamper cooperation with third countries to control migration and send mixed messages about the E.U.’s resolve to cooperate on an equal basis with its African partners to address future migration challenges. While the E.U. of course has its own cooperation channels and modalities with key migration origin and transit countries, particularly on development and migration management policies, there is little doubt the Global Compact would open additional avenues for the E.U. (and indeed other U.N. member states) to engage in more informal, multistakeholder and non donor-dominated discussions on a range of migration-related policy initiatives.

      The second point that needs be stressed, particularly with respect to the E.U., is that the compact bears no comparison to some of the remarkably more constraining transnational legal and policy frameworks on migration adopted over the past decade. In particular, there have been a wide array of E.U. directives on immigration (legal and irregular), migrant integration policies, migrant smuggling, trafficking in human beings and a range of related policy areas that have been regulated at European Union, rather than member state, level after the E.U. executive gained increased competences to legislate in this field.

      Of course, the E.U. has a history of controversial policy interventions on migration. However, with the exception of the E.U. refugee relocation program, which has generated limited consensus among member states, and of the United Kingdom and Denmark’s decision to opt out of some of the E.U.’s most stringent migration policy instruments, to date none of the bloc’s migration-related policies, including those that were legally binding and requiring transposition into national law, has generated as much turmoil as the U.N. Global Compact for Migration.

      The compact may have some inherent weaknesses, such as not sufficiently demonstrating that it will be relevant and actionable in member states with such contrasting migration features and policy approaches. Doubts also persist on the levels of financial resources that will be allocated to implement such a nonbinding and largely aspirational policy framework.

      It remains that the agreement to be signed next week need not become a cause for concern for any member of society, and even less so be used as a scapegoat by potentially ill-intentioned or ill-informed commentators. Despite its nonbinding nature, the Global Compact looks set to establish some potentially innovative ways for all key stakeholders – in government, civil society and the private sector – to communicate and cooperate on a range of contemporary migration issues.

      At this stage, what should really matter is the degree of genuine commitment signatory parties will express in the next few years and the quality and political clout of the follow-up and review mechanisms to be established after the compact is adopted. All the rest is unnecessary and unhelpful noise.

      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/12/05/whats-to-fear-in-the-u-n-global-compact-for-migration

    • Dispute over UN migration pact fractures Belgian government

      Belgium’s center-right government is fighting for its survival this week after the largest coalition party broke away from its three partners and said it would not back a global U.N.-backed migration pact.

      The right-wing N-VA party started a social media campaign against the migration pact Tuesday, more than two months after Prime Minister Charles Michel pledged he would sign the pact for Belgium at a meeting next week in Marrakech, Morocco.

      Instead of a coalition breakup, Michel announced late Tuesday he would take the issue to parliament for vote in the days to come.

      “I want parliament to have its say,” Michel said, staving off an immediate collapse of the government that has been in power for three years. “I have the intention to go to Marrakech and let the position of the parliament be known.”

      Michel’s statement came at the end of a hectic day dominated by an anti-pact social media campaign by the N-VA, of the biggest coalition partner.

      The in-your-face campaign featured pictures of Muslim women with their faces covered and stated the U.N. pact focused on enabling migrants to retain the cultural practices of their homelands.

      The party quickly withdrew the materials after the campaign received widespread criticism.

      “We made an error,” N-VA leader Bart De Wever told VRT network.

      De Wever apologized for the pictures of women wearing face-covering niqab in western Europe, but immediately added “these pictures are not fake. You can take pictures like this every day in Brussels. It is the stark reality.”

      Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel pledged at United Nations headquarters in September that he would go to a meeting in Marrakech, Morocco where the U.N.’s Global Compact Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration is to be signed next week.

      Amid the N-VA upheaval, a Cabinet meeting was canceled Tuesday afternoon and Michel resumed consultations with vice-premiers looking for a way out of the crisis.

      Remarking on the party’s withdrawn campaign, Christian Democrat Vice Premier Kris Peeters said: “I only have one word for this — indecent.”

      Even with the parliamentary vote, the options for ensuring the government’s survival were slimming down.

      The United Nations says the compact will promote safe and orderly migration and reduce human smuggling and trafficking.

      The N-VA said it would force Belgium into making immigration concessions. “In our democracy, we decide. The sovereignty is with the people,” the party said in a statement.

      Many experts said the accord is non-binding, but the N-VA said it still went too far and would give even migrants who were in Belgium illegally many additional rights.

      The U.N. compact was finalized in July with only the U.S. staying out. Several European nations have since pulled out of signing the accord during the Dec. 10-11 conference in Morocco.

      https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/belgian-government-fights-for-survival-over-un-migrants-pact

      #Belgique

    • Le pacte migratoire de l’ONU sème la discorde

      191 pays ont approuvé un accord sur la migration échafaudé par l’ONU. Ce jeudi à Berne, les Chambres devraient empoigner le pacte qui en découle, sous tension, et les pays favorables l’adopteront bientôt au Maroc. Histoire d’un texte controversé

      L’Europe s’est-elle remise de la crise migratoire de 2015 ? A voir les résistances qui ont émergé ces dernières semaines contre l’adoption du Pacte mondial de l’ONU sur les migrations, qui doit être formellement adopté à Marrakech le 11 décembre, il est permis d’en douter. Le pacte suscite un déferlement de propos haineux, voire complotistes. A l’ONU, on enregistre avec incompréhension, voire avec une once de panique, les critiques virulentes qui font florès, surtout en Europe. Le pacte est-il devenu un monstre qu’on ne contrôlerait plus ? Sur les 191 pays qui avaient accepté l’accord sur un tel pacte à New York en juillet dernier, seuls deux tiers disent désormais vouloir se rendre au Maroc. Les volte-face se multiplient.

      #Libre_circulation_mondiale

      Mercredi, en Belgique, le premier ministre, Charles Michel, a évité de peu une possible chute de son gouvernement. Au sein de la coalition gouvernementale, le parti flamand N-VA s’oppose avec véhémence au pacte. Le parlement belge a finalement apporté son soutien au premier ministre. Le mouvement des « gilets jaunes » en France, qui est aussi divers que peu structuré, est également happé par la vague anti-pacte. Sur Facebook, des « gilets jaunes » disent vouloir empêcher le président Emmanuel Macron de se rendre à Marrakech. Selon eux, le pacte va créer « un #chaos total » et permettra à quelque 900 000 migrants (voire 4 millions d’entre eux selon certains) d’entrer en France.

      Ils réclament la destitution du chef de l’Elysée. A l’image de l’UDC en Suisse, qui estime à tort que l’adoption du pacte équivaudrait à instaurer une libre circulation mondiale des personnes, les républicains et le Rassemblement national de Marine Le Pen en France soufflent aussi sur les braises. Ce samedi, cette dernière participera à Bruxelles à un meeting du parti nationaliste flamand Vlaams Belang en compagnie de Steve Bannon, l’ex-chef stratège de Donald Trump et héraut du souverainisme.

      Un pacte épouvantail de la #globalisation

      Des « gilets jaunes » allemands réunis sous la bannière du mouvement #Pegida à Berlin ont véhiculé le même type de message, exigeant la démission de la chancelière Angela Merkel, laquelle s’était distinguée en autorisant l’arrivée sur sol allemand d’un million de migrants de Syrie en 2015. L’onde de choc ne s’arrête pas là. Si Budapest a tout de suite exprimé son opposition au pacte onusien, d’autres pays de l’Europe de l’Est et du centre ont suivi : la #Bulgarie, la #Pologne, la #République_tchèque et l’Autriche. En #Slovaquie, le ministre des Affaires étrangères, qui soutenait le pacte, a démissionné face au refus de son gouvernement.

      En Italie, le ministre de l’Intérieur et chef de file du parti d’extrême droite de la Lega, Matteo Salvini, a été catégorique : « Le gouvernement italien, comme les Suisses qui ont porté à bout de bras le pacte avant de faire marche arrière, ne signera rien et n’ira pas à Marrakech. C’est le parlement qui devra en débattre. » Le pacte est devenu une sorte d’épouvantail de la globalisation dont se sont saisis les mouvements populistes et extrémistes. La bataille symbolise celle qui oppose désormais violemment les élites globalisées et les populations qui estiment subir la #mondialisation.

      Aux Etats-Unis, l’opposition de l’administration de Donald Trump n’est pas surprenante tant sa politique migratoire ultra-restrictive est le moyen de cimenter une base électorale remontée contre ce que le président appelle le « #globalisme ». L’#Australie, #Israël mettent aussi les pieds au mur. Même la #République_dominicaine s’est ralliée au camp du refus, craignant que les centaines de Haïtiens tentant chaque jour de franchir la frontière puissent venir s’établir sans problème dans le pays.

      Souveraineté intacte

      Ce pacte, juridiquement non contraignant, ne touche pas à la #souveraineté des Etats. Il ne contraint aucun pays à modifier sa #politique_migratoire, aussi dure soit-elle. Sert-il dès lors à quelque chose ? Il remplit un vide. Aucun cadre n’existait pour améliorer la coordination internationale du phénomène global de la migration. Avec ses 23 objectifs, il vise à encourager les potentiels migrants à rester dans leur pays d’origine en traitant au mieux les problèmes structurels qui les poussent à partir. Il prévoit une feuille de route que les Etats peuvent utiliser ou non pour gérer les 260 millions de migrants qui se déplacent chaque année. Il veut améliorer les voies de migration régulières.

      Face à cette #rébellion inattendue, la haut-commissaire de l’ONU aux Droits de l’homme, Michelle Bachelet, a déclaré hier à Genève : « Certains responsables politiques n’agissent pas en leaders. Ils suivent les sondages. » Directeur de l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations, le Portugais Antonio Vitorino exprime lui aussi son courroux : « Nous assistons de la part de certains secteurs politiques à la #manipulation, à la distorsion des objectifs du pacte. On a la sensation que la migration est devenue le #bouc_émissaire des problèmes culturels et sociaux. »

      https://www.letemps.ch/monde/pacte-migratoire-lonu-seme-discorde
      #populisme

    • European governments in melt-down over an inoffensive migration compact

      IT WAS LIKE watching paint dry, or other people’s children play baseball. Last month Gert Raudsep, an Estonian actor, spent two hours on prime-time television reading out the text of a UN migration agreement. Estonia’s government was tottering over whether to pull out of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, to give it its full name. So Mr Raudsep was invited to present the source of the discord to worried viewers. Thoughts of weary migrants from Africa and Latin America kept him going, he said. “But my eyes got a bit tired.”

      Mr Raudsep’s recital made for dull viewing because the compact is a dull document. Its 23 “objectives” are peppered with vague declarations, platitudes and split differences. Partly in the spirit of other global agreements like the Paris climate deal, it encourages states to co-operate on tricky cross-border matters without forcing them to do anything. It urges governments to treat migrants properly, but also to work together on sending them home when necessary. At best it helps build the trust between “sending” and “receiving” countries that is the foundation of any meaningful international migration policy.

      None of this has prevented European governments from melting down over it. In the end Estonia resolved its row; it will join more than 180 other countries in Marrakesh on December 10th-11th to adopt the compact. But so far at least ten others, including seven from Europe, have followed the lead of Donald Trump and pulled out of a deal that they helped negotiate. The agreement is agitating parliaments, sparking protests and splintering coalitions; Belgium’s is on the verge of collapse. More withdrawals may follow.

      Why the fuss? The text explicitly states that governments retain the sovereign right to make immigration policy. But critics say that cannot be trusted. Although the compact is not legally binding, they argue it is “soft law” that might one day be used to press governments into hard commitments, such as acknowledging a “human right” to migration or expanding the grounds for asylum.

      This is, largely, codswallop. The compact is hardly perfect; the drafters should have refrained from urging governments to “educate” journalists on migration, for example, or to hold “culinary festivals” to celebrate multiculturalism. Yet until cynical politicians started paying attention, the main charge the compact faced was toothlessness. Most of the political arguments against it emerged after governments had already approved the draft in July.

      That suggests other forces are at work. In Slovakia, the compact stirred passions only after the speaker of parliament, embroiled in a plagiarism scandal, sought a way to change the subject. The government has since withdrawn from the compact, which led the foreign minister, a former president of the UN General Assembly, to offer his resignation. In Germany a row over the compact, triggered by the right-wing Alternative for Germany (AfD), has forced the candidates running to succeed Angela Merkel as leader of the Christian Democratic Union to declare themselves: for or against? (The party chooses her successor on December 7th.) Now the AfD boasts, correctly, that its ideas have infiltrated the mainstream.

      As has become depressingly routine in Europe, the row over the UNcompact has little to do with its ostensible target and everything to do with the smouldering embers of a culture war that the drastic reduction in illegal immigration since the surge of 2015 has failed to extinguish. (A pointless spat over border controls nearly destroyed Mrs Merkel’s coalition earlier this year.) Immigration remains a potent topic for the right; the trouble in Belgium started when the country’s largest party, the nationalist New Flemish Alliance, began a social-media campaign against the compact, replete with imagery of women in niqabs and the like (it later apologised). But in the absence of a genuine crisis to mobilise support, fake problems must be confected. The UN compact is a sitting duck. There is no downside to hammering a multilateral agreement on a controversial subject negotiated by obscure officials in air-conditioned rooms abroad. That it was agreed by governments in plain sight, with parliamentarians invited to participate, is by-the-by.
      Displacement activity

      In Berlin, where outrage over the compact took the establishment by surprise, some say the government should have forcefully made the case for it as soon as it was agreed. Instead, caught on the back foot, Mrs Merkel and other defenders of the deal are locked into an awkward argument: that fears about the compact are overblown because it is not legally binding, but that it is also an important tool for managing migration. Yet aside from Mrs Merkel’s perennial reluctance to lead rather than react to debates, arguing for the deal earlier would simply have given opponents a bigger target and more time to shoot at it. A more sobering conclusion is that, for now, it has become impossible to have a level-headed conversation about managing migration in Europe.

      UN insiders profess themselves frustrated but unbowed by the string of withdrawals. (Many blame Sebastian Kurz, the Austrian chancellor, whose decision in October to pull out inspired several others to follow.) Although the idea for the compact was drawn up just after Europe’s refugee crisis of 2015-16—indeed, partly at the request of panicked European leaders—its provisions are global. Europe’s navel-gazing arguments have little bearing on the lot of Bangladeshi workers in the Gulf or Zimbabweans in South Africa.

      True enough. But Europe’s rejectionist governments are shooting themselves in the foot nonetheless. Even a hard-headed policy of tough border controls, swift return of illegal immigrants and encouraging would-be migrants to stay home obliges governments to work with others, if only to strike grubby repatriation deals. Building trust by sticking to international commitments lays the foundations for that. That so many governments are choosing to do precisely the opposite does not inspire hope that Europe is groping towards a more sensible migration policy.


      https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/12/08/european-governments-in-melt-down-over-an-inoffensive-migration-compact

      #dessin_de_presse #caricature

    • Under far-right pressure, Europe retreats from UN migration pact

      A previously obscure 34-page, jargon-filled document is causing political convulsions across Europe — even though it’s not even legally binding.

      Italy this week became the latest in a string of European countries to say it would not sign the U.N.’s Global Compact on Migration at a ceremony in Marrakech in just under two weeks. From the Netherlands through Belgium and Germany to Slovakia, the pact has triggered infighting in ruling parties and governments, with at least one administration close to breaking point.

      The fight over the pact illuminates how migration remains a combustible issue across the Continent, three years after the 2015 refugee crisis and with next May’s European Parliament election on the horizon. Far-right parties keen to make migration the key campaign issue have seized on the pact while some mainstream parties have sought to steal their thunder by turning against the agreement. Liberals and centrists, meanwhile, have found themselves on the defensive — arguing that the agreement poses no harm and migration is best handled through international cooperation.

      Louise Arbour, the senior U.N. official overseeing the pact, said she is surprised by the controversy, as diplomats from 180 countries — including many that have now pulled out — signed off on the text last summer after two years of negotiations.

      The initiative was launched at the request of Europe after the migration surge of 2015, Arbour said. The countries now having “second thoughts or misgivings” were very active during the negotiations and “extracted compromises from the others,” she told POLITICO in an interview.

      Arbour, a former Canadian judge and U.N. human rights commissioner, said the recent backtracking illustrates a clear “disconnect” between some countries’ foreign policies “and domestic pressures or national concerns that were not included into the process.”

      She stressed the compact is not binding and, after its formal adoption next month, “there is not a single member state that is obligated to do anything that it doesn’t want to.”

      The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, to give it its full name, sets out a “cooperative framework” for dealing with international migration. Signatories agree, for example, to limit the pressure on countries with many migrants and to promote the self-reliance of newcomers. The document states that no country can address migration alone, while also upholding “the sovereignty of States and their obligations under international law.”

      That assurance has not been enough to placate many in Europe. Hungary, whose Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has made anti-migrant policies his signature issue, pulled out while the pact was being negotiated. But the recent wave of European withdrawals was triggered by conservative Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz, who renounced the pact at the end of October.

      Heinz-Christian Strache, the leader of the far-right Freedom Party, Kurz’s coalition partner, declared that “Austria must remain sovereign on migration” and said the country is “playing a leading role in Europe.” At least in terms of the pact, that turned out to be true with Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Estonia and Switzerland all following Vienna’s lead. (Croatia caused confusion after its president declared she would not sign the document but the government later said a minister would go to Marrakech and support the adoption of the pact.)
      Bratislava, Berlin and beyond

      Slovakia is among the most recent countries to withdraw its support for the pact. After an EU summit on Sunday, Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini said Bratislava would not support the pact “under any circumstances and will not agree with it.”

      Foreign Minister Miroslav Lajčák on Thursday said he would resign after parliament decided to reject the pact. Lajčák was president of the U.N. General Assembly when the migration pact was adopted.

      Populist parties in other countries have forced the pact to the top of the political agenda. The Dutch government under Prime Minister Mark Rutte has come under pressure from far-right leaders, including Geert Wilders and Thierry Baudet, who refers to the agreement as the “U.N. Immigration Pact.” The government ordered a legal analysis of the text last week to ensure that signing it will not entail any legal consequences. The Cabinet finally decided on Thursday that it would support the pact, but would add an extra declaration, a so-called explanation of position, to prevent unintended legal consequences.

      In Germany, the pact has become an issue in the battle to succeed Angela Merkel — the EU politician most associated with a more liberal approach to migration — as leader of the ruling Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Two of the leading contenders for the post, Jens Spahn and Friedrich Merz, have both criticized the agreement and called for it to be amended.

      The German chancellor mounted a spirited defense of the pact, telling the Bundestag last week that the agreement is in Germany’s national interest as it will encourage better conditions for refugees and migrants elsewhere in the world.

      Arbour argued that although the pact is not legally binding, it is still worthwhile. “The pact is a major cooperation project ... a political initiative to align initiatives for the common benefit,” she said.

      But such arguments cut little ice with the WerteUnion ("Union of Values"), a group of thousands of conservative members of the CDU and its Bavarian sister party. It takes issue with multiple sections of the pact, such as a declaration that migrants “regardless of their status, can exercise their human rights through safe access to basic services.” The group argues that as German social benefits are high, such a commitment would encourage migrants to come to Germany.

      In Belgium, the pact has put liberal Prime Minister Charles Michel’s coalition government at risk. The Flemish nationalist N-VA, the biggest party in government, has demanded Belgium withdraw from the agreement. Michel is caught between his commitment to the pact and his coalition partner’s rejection of it — while seeking to fend off a Francophone opposition that will take any opportunity to portray him as a puppet of the Flemish nationalists ahead of federal, regional and European elections next May.

      Searching for a way to keep his government afloat, Michel has been consulting with a handful of European countries including Denmark, Estonia, the U.K. and Norway, to produce a joint statement to be attached to the pact, according to Belgian media. Another idea is for several of those countries to join the Netherlands in signing a common “explanation of position,” Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant reported.

      Arbour said it’s too late to start making changes to the pact itself. Renegotiating the text or attaching an extra statement is “not what other [countries] have signed up to,” she said.

      https://www.politico.eu/article/migration-un-viktor-orban-sebastian-kurz-far-right-pressure-europe-retreats

    • Apparemment, la #Suisse a soutenu le pacte, mais je ne comprends pas pourquoi elle a soutenu à New York, mais pas à Marrakech... reste le mystère pour moi, si je trouve la réponse à ma question, je la posterai ici.

      La CFM salue le soutien de la Suisse au Pacte mondial sur les réfugiés

      La Commission fédérale des migrations CFM salue le vote par la Suisse du Pacte mondial sur les réfugiés à l’Assemblée générale de l’ONU.

      Ce document marque la volonté internationale de mieux répondre aux défis des exodes de réfugiés. Il a le grand mérite de présenter un projet cohérent afin de soulager la pression sur les pays qui accueillent les réfugiés, de renforcer l’autonomie des réfugiés, de développer l’accès aux possibilités de réinstallation dans des pays tiers et de promouvoir les conditions permettant aux réfugiés de rentrer dans leurs pays d’origine lorsque cela redevient possible.

      Ce document n’est pas contraignant pour les États et ne va pas au-delà des engagements internationaux existants liés à la Convention de 1951 et au protocole de 1967 qui règlent les modalités d’accueil des réfugiés. Il marque cependant une volonté forte de la Communauté internationale déjà exprimée dans la déclaration de New York de 2016. Le pacte met en avant la nécessité de trouver des solutions globales et collectives au plan international pour soulager les souffrances des réfugiés au moyen de différents instruments allant de l’aide sur place à la réinstallation des plus vulnérables. Il institue un #Forum_Global_sur_les_réfugiés qui réunira tous les quatre ans des délégations de haut niveau et favorisera le dialogue et la mise en œuvre de projets communs. Cette volonté de favoriser une réponse globale et solidaire à l’échelle mondiale correspond à la tradition humanitaire de la Suisse et doit être saluée.

      https://www.ekm.admin.ch/ekm/fr/home/aktuell/stellungnahmen/2018/2018-12-14.html

    • Pacte migratoire : une large coalition de sympathisants anti-islam, extrême droite et néo-nazis a influencé les partis traditionnels en Europe

      Sur le site d’information POLITICO Europe (https://www.politico.eu/article/united-nations-migration-pact-how-got-trolled) deux chercheurs universitaires – #Laurens_Cerulus et #Eline_Schaart – racontent la virulente campagne en ligne de nombreux activistes d’#extrême_droite contre le Pacte migratoire de l’ONU. Elle a réussi à influencer les principaux partis traditionnels en Europe.

      Depuis le mois de septembre dernier une coalition de sympathisants #anti-islam, extrême droite et #néo-nazis s’est mobilisée sur les #réseaux_sociaux contre le Pacte migratoire. Le texte non contraignant n’avait jusque là pas inquiété les gouvernements, régulièrement consultés durant le processus de rédaction à l’ONU.

      Analyse du #cyber_activisme de groupuscules d’extrême droite

      L’intensité des interventions coordonnées sur Twitter notamment, les nombreuses vidéos et les pétitions en ligne, ont incité les responsables politiques de plusieurs pays à revenir en arrière sur leurs positions initiales. En Suisse, le Conseil fédéral a fait marche arrière sur son engagement favorable initial et a demandé au parlement de se prononcer. En Belgique, la controverse a conduit à la chute du gouvernement.

      Selon Laurens Cerulus et Eline Schaart, l’engouement initial quasi planétaire autour du Pacte migratoire – seuls les Etats-Unis et la Hongrie s’étaient initialement opposés au Pacte migratoire – a été stoppé par les attaques d’un réseau mondial de militants nationalistes d’extrême droite.

      Elles ont été menées par des “youtuber” populaires et des influenceurs politiques d’extrême droite comme l’activiste autrichien Martin Sellner. Ces efforts ont été coordonnés via des groupes de discussion et des sites Web hyper-partisans. Sur YouTube, les vidéos de Sellner figurent en tête de liste des clips les plus regardés, selon Tagesschau, un journal télévisé de la chaîne publique allemande.

      Ico Maly chercheur et enseignant sur les nouveaux médias et la politique à l’Université de Tilburg aux Pays-Bas est du même avis, selon lui les partis nationalistes du monde entier agissent ensembles sur des réseaux spécifiques. Tous ces acteurs s’informent mutuellement et adoptent les mêmes positions politiques.

      L’Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), un centre d’information et de recherche contre l’extrémisme basé à Londres surveille les activités de certains groupuscules sur internet et est arrivé à la même constatation, les comptes des médias sociaux gérés par le site Web Epoch Times, celui du chroniqueur populiste de droite Thomas Böhm, qui dirige le site d’information journalistenwatch.com et le blog anti-islam Philosophia Perennis figurent tous parmi les 10 comptes les plus cités dans plus d’un million de tweets analysés dans le monde après le 31 octobre, expliquent Laurens Cerulus et Eline Schaart.

      Que votera le parlement suisse ?

      Le 19 décembre dernier lors du vote à l’Assemblée générale de l’ONU, 152 pays ont approuvé l’accord. Les États-Unis, la Hongrie, Israël, la République tchèque et la Pologne ont voté contre le texte, 12 autres pays se sont abstenus (l’Algérie, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Bulgarie, le Chili, l’Italie, la Lettonie, la Libye, le Liechtenstein, la Roumanie, Singapour et la Suisse) tandis que 24 autres pays membres n’ont pas pris part au vote.

      En Suisse trop de politiciens ont été lamentablement influencés par des groupuscules ignares, désinformés et xénophobes. Ils auront bientôt la possibilité de démontrer leur confiance dans les avis déjà exprimés des experts suisses en matière de migration (1).

      Le 14 décembre, le Conseil fédéral décidait de mandaté le Département fédéral des affaires étrangères (DFAE) pour préparer un arrêté fédéral simple permettant aux chambres de se prononcer sur la signature ou non par la Suisse de ce pacte onusien. Le DFAE a jusqu’à fin 2019 pour préparer l’arrêté.

      On espère qu’il parviendra à convaincre car le texte ne crée pas de droit à la migration mais réaffirme simplement et justement le respect des droit fondamentaux des personnes migrantes. Je vous recommande la lecture de l’article de Laurens Cerulus et Eline Schaart dans POLITICO, How the UN Migration Pact got trolled.
      https://blogs.letemps.ch/jasmine-caye/2019/01/08/pacte-migratoire-une-large-coalition-de-sympathisants-anti-islam-extre

  • Italian government pressures #Panama to stop #Aquarius rescues on world’s deadliest maritime route

    Central Mediterranean– SOS MEDITERRANEE and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) are reeling from the announcement by the Panama Maritime Authority (PMA) that it has been forced to revoke the registration of the search and rescue ship Aquarius, under blatant economic and political pressure from the Italian government. This announcement condemns hundreds of men, women and children who are desperate to reach safety to a watery grave, and deals a major blow to the life-saving humanitarian mission of the Aquarius, the only remaining non-governmental search and rescue vessel in the Central Mediterranean. Both organisations demand that European governments allow the Aquarius to continue its mission, by affirming to the Panamanian authorities that threats made by the Italian government are unfounded, or by immediately issuing a new flag under which the vessel can sail.

    On Saturday, 22 September, the Aquarius team was shocked to learn of an official communication from the Panamanian authorities stating that the Italian authorities had urged the PMA to take “immediate action” against the Aquarius. The PMA message explained that, “unfortunately, it is necessary that [the Aquarius] be excluded from our registry, because it implies a political problem against the Panamanian government and the Panamanian fleet that arrive to European port.” The message came despite the fact that Aquarius meets all maritime standards and is in full compliance with rigorous technical specifications as required under the Panama flag.

    SOS MEDITERRANEE and MSF strongly denounce the actions as further proof of the extent to which the Italian government is willing to go to, knowing that the only consequence is that people will continue to die at sea and that no witnesses will be present to count the dead.

    “European leaders appear to have no qualms implementing increasingly abusive and vicious tactics that serve their own political interests at the expense of human lives,” said Karline Kleijer, MSF’s Head of Emergencies. “For the past two years, European leaders have claimed that people should not die at sea, but at the same time they have pursued dangerous and ill-informed policies that have brought the humanitarian crisis in the Central Mediterranean and in Libya to new lows. This tragedy has to end, but that can only happen if EU governments allow the Aquarius and other search and rescue vessels to continue providing lifesaving assistance and bearing witness where it is so desperately needed.”

    Since the beginning of the year, more than 1,250 people have drowned while attempting to cross the Central Mediterranean. Those that attempt the crossing are three times more likely to drown than those who made the same journey in 2015. The real number of deaths is likely much higher, as not all drownings are witnessed or recorded by authorities or U.N. agencies. This underreporting is represented in shipwrecks like the one in early September in which it is estimated that at least 100 people drowned.

    Meanwhile, the European-sponsored Libyan coastguard continues to make an increasing number of interceptions in international waters between Italy, Malta and Libya, while denying survivors their right to disembark in a place of safety as required by International Maritime and Refugee Law. Instead, these vulnerable people are returned to appalling conditions in Libyan detention centres, several of which are now affected by heavy fighting in Tripoli’s conflict zones.

    “Five years after the Lampedusa tragedy, when European leaders said ‘never again’ and Italy launched its first large scale search and rescue operation, people are still risking their lives to escape from Libya while the death rate on the Central Mediterranean is skyrocketing” said Sophie Beau, vice president of SOS MEDITERRANEE international. “Europe cannot afford to renounce its fundamental values.”

    News from the PMA arrived at the Aquarius while the team was engaged in an active search and rescue operation in the Central Mediterranean. Over the past three days, Aquarius has assisted two boats in distress and now has 58 survivors on board, several of whom are psychologically distressed and fatigued from their journeys at sea and experiences in Libya, and who must be disembarked urgently in a place of safety in accordance with international maritime law. Throughout its current operation and during all previous rescue operations, the Aquarius has maintained full transparency while operating under the instructions of all maritime coordination centres and following international maritime conventions.

    SOS MEDITERRANEE and MSF demand that European governments allow the Aquarius to continue its rescue mission by reassuring the Panama authorities that the threats made by the Government of Italy are unfounded, or by immediately issuing a new flag under which the vessel can sail.

    https://www.msf.org/italian-government-pressures-panama-stop-aquarius-rescues-worlds-deadliest-mari
    #asile #migrations #réfugiés #Méditerranée #ONG #sauvetage #pavillon

    • Le gouvernement italien fait pression sur le Panama pour stopper les opérations de sauvetage de l’Aquarius

      Les autorités maritimes du Panama ont annoncé à SOS Méditerranée et Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) avoir été forcées de révoquer l’enregistrement du navire de secours en mer Aquarius. Cette révocation résulte de la pression économique et politique flagrante exercée par le gouvernement italien et condamne des centaines d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants en fuite à rejoindre le cimetière marin qu’est devenu la Méditerranée. Elle porte un coup violent à la mission humanitaire vitale de l’Aquarius, le seul navire de recherche et de sauvetage non gouvernemental encore présent en Méditerranée centrale. Nos deux organisations demandent aux gouvernements européens d’autoriser l’Aquarius à poursuivre sa mission en intercédant auprès des autorités panaméennes et en réaffirmant que les menaces de rétorsion formulées à leur égard par les autorités italiennes sont infondées, ou en lui délivrant immédiatement un nouveau pavillon sous lequel naviguer.

      Le samedi 22 septembre, l’équipe de l’Aquarius a été choquée d’apprendre qu’une communication officielle émanant des autorités panaméennes, indiquait que le gouvernement italien les avait exhorté à prendre des « mesures immédiates » contre l’Aquarius. Le message des autorités maritimes du Panama expliquait alors que « malheureusement, il faut qu’il [l’Aquarius] soit exclu de notre registre, car maintenir ce pavillon impliquerait de sérieuses difficultés politiques pour le gouvernement panaméen et pour la flotte panaméenne qui travaille dans les ports européens ». Cela intervient en dépit du fait que l’Aquarius répond à toutes les normes maritimes en vigueur et qu’il respecte scrupuleusement les spécifications techniques exigées par les autorités du Panama.

      Les deux organisations humanitaires dénoncent ces actions comme une preuve supplémentaire du jusqu’au-boutisme du gouvernement italien qui choisit sciemment de laisser les gens se noyer en mer Méditerranée, et cherche à se débarrasser des derniers témoins de ces naufrages.

      "Les dirigeants européens semblent n’avoir aucun scrupule à mettre en œuvre des tactiques de plus en plus violentes et sordides qui servent leurs propres intérêts politiques au détriment des vies humaines", a déclaré Karline Kleijer, responsable des urgences chez MSF. « Au cours des deux dernières années, les dirigeants européens ont affirmé que plus personne ne devait mourir en mer, mais elles ont parallèlement mis en place des politiques dangereuses qui n’ont fait que renforcer la crise humanitaire en Méditerranée et en Libye. Cette tragédie doit cesser, et pour cela, il faut que les gouvernements de l’Union européenne autorisent l’Aquarius et d’autres navires de recherche et de sauvetage à continuer à fournir une assistance, là où elle est nécessaire, pour sauver des vies et témoigner de ce qu’il se passe. »

      Depuis le début de l’année, plus de 1 250 personnes se sont noyées alors qu’elles essayaient de traverser la Méditerranée centrale. Ceux qui tentent la traversée à présent ont trois fois plus de risque de se noyer que ceux qui ont fait le même trajet en 2015. Le nombre réel de décès est probablement beaucoup plus élevé, les autorités ou les agences des Nations unies n’étant pas témoins de toutes les noyades. Cela a été clairement mis en évidence lors du naufrage survenu au début du mois de septembre au large des côtes libyennes, où plus de 100 personnes se sont noyées.

      Pendant ce temps, les garde-côtes libyens, soutenus par l’Europe, continuent d’intercepter dans les eaux internationales entre l’Italie, Malte et la Libye un nombre croissant de personnes fuyant la Libye, les privant de leur droit à débarquer dans un lieu sûr, comme l’exige le droit international maritime et le droit international relatif aux réfugiés. Ces personnes vulnérables sont renvoyées dans un dangereux système de détention en Libye, où plusieurs centres de détention sont d’ailleurs actuellement touchés par les violents combats qui se déroulent à Tripoli, la capitale.

      "Cinq ans après la tragédie de Lampedusa, lorsque les dirigeants européens ont déclaré ‘plus jamais ça’ et que l’Italie a lancé sa première opération de recherche et de sauvetage à grande échelle, les gens risquent toujours leur vie pour fuir la Libye tandis que le taux de mortalité en mer Méditerranée grimpe en flèche », a tancé Francis Vallat, président de SOS MEDITERRANEE France.

      L’annonce des autorités maritimes du Panama est parvenue à l’Aquarius alors que ses équipes étaient engagées dans une opération active de recherche et de sauvetage en Méditerranée. Au cours des trois derniers jours, l’Aquarius a porté assistance aux passagers de deux bateaux en détresse et compte maintenant 58 rescapés à son bord. Plusieurs d’entre eux sont dans un état de détresse psychologique, épuisés par les expériences traumatisantes vécues en mer et en Libye Ces rescapés doivent être rapidement débarqués dans un port sûr conformément au droit international maritime.

      Tout au long de son opération de sauvetage actuelle et au cours de toutes les opérations précédentes, l’Aquarius a maintenu une transparence totale sur ses actions, intervenant sous les instructions des centres de coordination maritimes et respectant les conventions maritimes internationales en vigueur.

      SOS Méditerranée et MSF insistent de nouveau sur le fait que l’Aquarius doit être autorisé à poursuivre sa mission de secours humanitaire. Elles exigent que les gouvernements européens lui attribuent un nouveau pavillon ou qu’ils intercèdent auprès des autorités panaméennes, leur confirmant que les menaces de rétorsion formulées par le gouvernement italien sont infondées.

      http://www.sosmediterranee.fr/journal-de-bord/CP23-09-2018-Panama

    • Migranti, Panama blocca la nave #Aquarius_2. Msf e Sos Méditerranée: «Pressioni dal governo italiano»

      Le autorità panamensi hanno revocato l’iscrizione dai propri registri navali, informando il proprietario della richiesta italiana di «azioni immediate». Il Viminale nega ogni intervento. Salvini: «Nessun Paese vuole essere identificato con una nave che intralcia i soccorsi in mare e attacca governi democratici»

      https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/09/23/news/aquarius2-207151404

    • Pressioni italiane su Panama che cancellerà Aquarius dai registri navali, l’accusa è per non aver restituito alla Libia i migranti salvati

      SOS Méditerranée e Medici Senza Frontiere sono «sconvolte dall’annuncio dell’Autorità marittima di Panama di essere stata costretta a revocare l’iscrizione dell’Aquarius dal proprio registro navale sotto l’evidente pressione economica e politica delle autorità italiane.

      Questo provvedimento condanna centinaia di uomini, donne e bambini, alla disperata ricerca di sicurezza, ad annegare in mare e infligge un duro colpo alla missione umanitaria di Aquarius». Così in una nota le due organizzazioni umanitarie.

      SOS Mediterrannee e MSF chiedono all’Europa di permettere all’Aquarius di poter continuare ad operare nel Mediterraneo centrale e di far sapere alle autorità panamensi che «le minacce del governo italiano sono infondate o di garantire immediatamente una nuova bandiera per poter continuare a navigare».

      E’ quanto chiedono le due Ong in una nota nella quale è riportata anche una dichiarazione di Karline Kleijer, responsabile delle emergenze per Msf. «I leader europei - afferma Kleijer - sembrano non avere scrupoli nell’attuare tattiche sempre più offensive e crudeli che servono i propri interessi politici a scapito delle vite umane. Negli ultimi due anni, i leader europei hanno affermato che le persone non dovrebbero morire in mare, ma allo stesso tempo hanno perseguito politiche pericolose e male informate che hanno portato a nuovi minimi la crisi umanitaria nel Mediterraneo centrale e in Libia. Questa tragedia deve finire, ma ciò può accadere solo se i governi dell’Ue permetteranno all’Aquarius e alle altre navi di ricerca e soccorso di continuare a fornire assistenza».

      Salvini,denuncerò ong che aiutano scafisti - «Denuncerò per favoreggiamento dell’immigrazione clandestina chi aiuta gli scafisti». Lo afferma il Ministro dell’Interno Matteo Salvini che aggiunge: «Nelle ultime ore i trafficanti hanno ripreso a lavorare, riempiendo barchini e approfittando della collaborazione di qualche Ong. Tra queste c’è Aquarius 2, che poco fa ha recuperato 50 persone al largo di Zuara. Altri due gommoni, con a bordo 100 immigrati ciascuno, sarebbero in navigazione».

      Aquarius 2 recupera 50 persone,altre 100 in arrivo - Aquarius 2 ha recuperato 50 persone al largo della Libia, più precisamente al largo della città di Zuara. A renderlo noto è il Ministro dell’Interno Matteo Salvini.
      Salvini riferisce anche che Aquarius 2 sta per essere cancellata dai registri navali di Panama. La notizia era stata pubblicata due giorni fa dal quotidiano panamense La Prensa.

      "Per aver disatteso le procedure internazionali in materia di immigranti e rifugiati assistiti al largo delle coste nel Mediterraneo - si legge nell’articolo - l’amministrazione marittima panamense ha avviato l’iter per annullare d’ufficio la registrazione della nave «Aquarius 2», ex «Acquarius», con numero IMO 7600574. Questa nave ha registrato la prima immatricolazione in Germania e circa un mese fa è arrivata a Panama".

      «L’autorità marittima di Panama - riporta ancora la Prensa - ha riferito che la denuncia principale proviene dalle autorità italiane, che hanno riferito che il capitano della nave si è rifiutato di restituire gli immigranti e i rifugiati assistiti al loro luogo di origine».

      Nell’articolo si ricorda inoltre che già «l’amministrazione marittima di Gibilterra aveva negato il permesso di ’Aquarius’ di agire come un battello di emergenza e anche nel mese di giugno e luglio di quest’anno, ha chiesto formalmente che ’sospenda le sue operazioni’ e ritorni al suo stato di registrazione originale come ’nave oceanografica’».

      Galantino, strano parlare di migranti in dl sicurezza - «A me sembra strano che si parli di immigrati all’interno del decreto sicurezza. Inserirlo lì dentro significa giudicare già l’immigrato per una sua condizione», «per il suo essere immigrato e non per i comportamenti che può avere. E’ un brutto segnale sul piano culturale, perché si tratta di un tema sociale che va affrontato nel rispetto della legalità ma non possiamo considerare la condizione degli immigrati come una condizione di delinquenza». Lo ha detto a «Stanze Vaticane» di Tgcom24, Mons. Nunzio Galantino, Segretario Generale Cei.

      https://dirittiumani1.blogspot.com/2018/09/pressioni-italiane-su-panama-che.html

    • The Aquarius : Migrant rescue ship has registration revoked

      A rescue vessel operating in the central Mediterranean Sea has had its registration revoked, leaving its future operations in jeopardy.

      When the Aquarius next docks, it will have to remove its Panama maritime flag and cannot set sail without a new one.

      It is the last private rescue ship operating in the area used for crossings from Libya to Europe.

      The charities who run the vessel accuse the Italian government of pressuring Panama into deflagging the Aquarius.

      The two groups who lease it, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and SOS Mediterranée, say they were notified of the decision by the Panama Maritime Authority (PMA) on Saturday.

      The authority is said to have described the ship as a “political problem” for the country’s government, and said Italian authorities had urged them to take “immediate action” against them, according to SOS Mediterranée.

      Italy’s Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, who has previously described the aid boats as a “taxi service” for migrants, denies his country put pressure on Panama.

      On Sunday, he tweeted he “didn’t even know” what prefix Panama has for telephone calls.

      https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45622431

    • Dopo le accuse alle ong da oggi Mediterraneo senza presidi umanitari

      Oggi, 20 settembre 2018, uno degli obiettivi politici di molti governi europei sembra pienamente raggiunto: il Mediterraneo centrale è privo di presidi umanitari, di imbarcazioni destinate a prestare soccorso, di mezzi attrezzati e personale formato al fine di salvare vite umane.

      Dunque, con la sola eccezione della nave Aquarius, dove opera Medici Senza Frontiere, il Mediterraneo è stato, per così dire, sgomberato dalla presenza di tutti i soccorritori e i volontari. E di tutti gli operatori umanitari (medici, psicologi, mediatori e interpreti) – a partire dal 2015 – hanno realizzato centinaia di missioni e centinaia di salvataggi, risparmiando migliaia e migliaia di vittime, offrendo riparo e protezione ai fuggiaschi di tante guerre e di tante miserie. E riducendo il numero delle stragi che, non da ieri ma dai primi anni novanta (attenzione: dai primi anni novanta), si ripetono in quel tratto di mare. Ora lì operano, quando operano, solo navi e organismi degli stati europei, in genere indirizzati verso la difesa delle frontiere piuttosto che verso il soccorso dei naufraghi.

      E alcune guardie costiere prive di indirizzi politici univoci e le motovedette della Libia (meglio sarebbe dire: delle diverse milizie libiche). È ciò che alcuni governi europei, compreso quello italiano, si sono proposti da tempo: cancellare, o comunque ridurre al minimo, il ruolo delle organizzazioni non governative finalizzate al soccorso per lasciare campo libero all’attività di respingimento di migranti e profughi attraverso il blocco del Mediterraneo con la chiusura di porti, vie d’accesso, canali di fuga e rotte alternative. L’obiettivo è chiarissimo: attraverso l’esclusione delle Ong si persegue la mortificazione, fino all’annullamento, del diritto/dovere al soccorso.

      E per ottenere quest’ultimo scopo, nel corso degli ultimi due anni si è attuata una sequenza micidiale: prima una campagna di delegittimazione delle Ong tramite lo sfregio della loro identità e della loro immagine e l’indecente assimilazione dei soccorritori ai criminali («Le ong complici degli scafisti»); poi una successione di iniziative giudiziarie tendenti ad assimilare l’attività di soccorso a una fattispecie penale: ovvero il salvataggio come reato. Infine, un attacco politico fondato sulla rappresentazione di migranti e richiedenti asilo come nemici della stabilità e della sicurezza dell’Europa – e in particolare dell’Italia – e delle ong come loro complici e sicari.

      Oggi, a distanza di qualche anno da quando questa manovra politica è iniziata, sul piano giudiziario non c’è stato nemmeno un rinvio a giudizio per un solo membro di una sola ong e, all’opposto, si sono avute ordinanze e sentenze che riconoscevano la loro attività come fondamentale e pienamente rispettosa delle leggi e del diritto internazionale. Tuttavia, come si è detto, oggi nel Mar Mediterraneo i presidi umanitari sono ridotti al lumicino e le conseguenze materiali e il relativo carico di sofferenze è stato onerosissimo. Le navi delle Ong hanno dovuto percorrere molte miglia in più durante ciascuna missione e sono rimaste in mare per giorni senza l’indicazione di un porto di approdo sicuro – costringendo donne, uomini e bambini, già provati fisicamente e psicologicamente, ad affrontare lunghissime traversate, spesso in condizioni meteorologiche avverse. Non solo, quindi, le recenti politiche nazionali e internazionali hanno messo in pericolo la loro incolumità e quella degli equipaggi delle Ong, ma perfino la Guardia Costiera italiana, come è noto, ha dovuto attendere dieci giorni prima di poter sbarcare a Catania le persone salvate.

      Eppure la partita è tutt’altro che conclusa. I flussi di migranti e profughi continuano e le morti non si arrestano. E la riduzione delle cifre relative agli sbarchi corrisponde, in una certa misura, all’incremento del numero di quanti vengono rinchiusi nei centri di detenzione in Libia, e lì torturati, stuprati, uccisi. L’assenza di presidi umanitari nel Mediterraneo fa sì che sempre meno si sappia di quanto lì accade: ma se è vero, come è vero, che appena qualche giorno fa ben 184 persone sono sbarcate a Lampedusa, ciò significa che le fughe continuano ma che si sono fatte meno visibili e meno controllabili.

      Per tutte queste ragioni, ieri si è tenuta una conferenza stampa alla Camera dei Deputati dove Sandro Veronesi, i rappresentanti di Proactiva Open Arms, Sea Watch e Medici Senza Frontiere, Eleonora Forenza, Riccardo Magi e chi scrive, hanno ragionato intorno al tema «Mediterraneo. Mare loro». Si è ricordato che Proactiva Open Arms ha deciso di trasferire le sue missioni nel Mediterraneo Occidentale, in attesa di tornare il prima possibile a fare il suo lavoro: salvare vite umane. Altrettanto intendono fare Sea Watch e Medici Senza Frontiere, come hanno affermato Giorgia Linardi e Marco Bertotto, convinti che il diritto/dovere al soccorso costituisca una prerogativa fondamentale della civiltà umana.

      https://ilmanifesto.it/dopo-le-accuse-alle-ong-da-oggi-mediterraneo-senza-presidi-umanitari

      #ONG #Méditerranée #asile #migrations #Méditerranée_centrale #sauvetage #réfugiés

    • Le Panama retire son pavillon à l’“Aquarius 2”, le dernier bateau d’ONG en Méditerranée

      Les autorités panaméennes ont annoncé leur intention de retirer son pavillon au bateau Aquarius 2. SOS Méditerranée et Médecins sans frontières, qui affrètent le bateau, dénoncent des pressions du gouvernement italien.


      https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/le-panama-retire-son-pavillon-laquarius-2-le-dernier-bateau-d

    • L’Aquarius demande à accoster en France, Paris préfère une « solution européenne »

      Bientôt privé de pavillon, le navire humanitaire Aquarius était lundi « en route vers Marseille » après avoir demandé « à titre exceptionnel » à la France de pouvoir y débarquer les 58 migrants secourus à son bord. Mais Paris y semblait peu favorable, évoquant plutôt une « solution européenne ».

      « Aujourd’hui, nous faisons la demande solennelle et officielle aux autorités françaises » de donner, « de manière humanitaire, l’autorisation de débarquer » les rescapés, parmi lesquels 17 femmes et 18 mineurs, a indiqué le directeur des opérations de SOS Méditerranée, Frédéric Penard.

      Il est pour l’instant impossible de prévoir « quand le navire arrivera » sur les côtes françaises, a souligné M. Penard lors d’une conférence de presse à Paris, l’Aquarius étant « toujours susceptible d’être mobilisé » pour une opération de sauvetage.

      Mais il faudrait « environ quatre jours » au navire, qui se trouve actuellement au large de la Libye, pour gagner Marseille, a précisé Francis Vallat, le président de l’ONG en France.

      Depuis le début de la crise provoquée cet été par la fermeture des ports italiens aux migrants, la France n’a jamais accepté de laisser débarquer les navires humanitaires, arguant qu’en vertu du droit maritime les naufragés doivent être débarqués dans le « port sûr » le plus proche.

      « Nous avons alerté d’autres pays mais nous avons du mal à imaginer que la France puisse refuser, compte tenu de la situation humanitaire », a ajouté M. Vallat. Sans préjuger de la réponse, il a assuré qu’à aucun moment les autorités, qui ont été prévenues en amont, « ne nous ont dissuadés de monter vers Marseille ».

      Mais Paris semblait dans la soirée peu favorable à cette hypothèse. Contacté par l’AFP, Matignon a d’abord indiqué chercher « une solution européenne » selon le principe du « port sûr le plus proche ». « Et en l’occurrence ce n’est pas Marseille », a ensuite précisé le porte-parole du gouvernement, Benjamin Griveaux, sur Canal+.

      Pour SOS Méditerranée et Médecins sans frontières (MSF), qui ont affrété le navire, la situation est également « extrêmement critique » parce que le navire risque de perdre le pavillon du Panama au moment de toucher terre, a fait valoir M. Penard. Regagner Marseille, port d’attache du navire et siège de SOS Méditerranée, est donc crucial pour « mener ce combat, qui va être difficile, pour repavilloner l’Aquarius ».

      – « Du jamais vu » -

      Les autorités maritimes panaméennes ont annoncé samedi qu’elles allaient retirer son pavillon à l’Aquarius, déjà privé en août de pavillon par Gibraltar, pour « non-respect » des « procédures juridiques internationales » concernant le sauvetage de migrants en mer Méditerranée.

      « Du jamais vu et en soi un scandale », selon M. Vallat, qui a demandé au Panama « de revenir sur sa décision » et sinon aux Etats européens de fournir un pavillon à l’Aquarius. « Nous ne voulons pas nous arrêter, nous ne cèderons qu’à la force ou à la contrainte », a-t-il lancé.

      Les deux ONG avaient précédemment dénoncé « la pression économique et politique flagrante exercée par le gouvernement italien » sur les autorités panaméennes — allégation contestée par le ministre italien de l’Intérieur Matteo Salvini.

      Aujourd’hui « l’Aquarius est le seul navire civil en Méditerranée centrale, qui est la route maritime la plus mortelle du monde », a fait valoir SOS Méditerranée, avec « plus de 1.250 noyés » depuis le début de l’année.

      Les autres navires humanitaires, qui étaient encore une dizaine il y a un peu plus d’un an au large de la Libye, ont quitté la zone pour des raisons diverses. Le Lifeline est bloqué à La Valette où les autorités ont ouvert une enquête administrative, tandis que le Iuventa, soupçonné de collusion avec des passeurs, a été saisi par les autorités italiennes en août 2017.

      « Non seulement les Européens ne mettent pas en place de mécanisme de sauvetage pérenne, mais ils essaient de détruire la capacité de la société civile à répondre à cette crise en Méditerranée », s’est indignée AssiBa Hadj-Sahraoui de MSF.

      Même si on est loin du pic des arrivées de 2015, la question migratoire divise encore profondément l’Europe, qui cherche à empêcher les départs clandestins.

      En juin, l’Aquarius avait déjà été au cœur d’une crise diplomatique, après avoir récupéré 630 migrants au large de la Libye, débarqués en Espagne après le refus de l’Italie et de Malte de les accepter. Le scénario s’était répété en août pour 141 migrants débarqués à Malte.

      https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/09/24/l-aquarius-demande-a-accoster-en-france-paris-prefere-une-solution-europe

    • La marine royale ouvre le feu sur un go-fast et fait 1 mort et 3 blessés

      Les personnes à bord étaient toutes marocaines, à l’exception du pilote, espagnol.

      Un bateau qui naviguait dans les eaux marocaines de la Méditerranée, a été, ce mardi 25 septembre, la cible de tirs d’une unité de la marine royale, annonce un communiqué de la préfecture de M’diq-Fnideq. L’embarcation avait refusé de se conformer aux avertissements qui lui avaient été adressés, poursuit le communiqué.

      Le bateau rapide de type “Go fast”, qui a été arrêté, était piloté par un citoyen espagnol et transportait des candidats à l’immigration clandestine, selon les données initiales rapportées par la préfecture. Les migrants à bord seraient quant à eux de nationalité marocaine, rapportent 2M.ma.

      La #fusillade a causé 4 blessés qui ont été transférés à l’hôpital régional de Fnideq pour recevoir les traitements nécessaires.

      Une première information rapportée par nos confrères de 2M, citant une source hospitalière dans un post sur Twitter, indiquait qu’une femme parmi les blessés avait succombé à ses blessures à l’hôpital. Ce post a été supprimé dans la soirée, avant de repartager l’info après 22h.

      https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-marine-royale-ouvre-le-feu-sur-un-go-fast-et-fait-un-mort-et-tro
      #Maroc

      Une des victimes:
      Una joven, víctima de los disparos de la Marina Real de Marruecos cuando huía a España


      https://elpais.com/politica/2018/09/26/actualidad/1537984724_391033.html?id_externo_rsoc=TW_CC

    • L’"Aquarius", un bateau pirate ? Quatre questions sur l’imbroglio juridique qui menace le navire humanitaire

      Le Panama a décidé de retirer le pavillon accordé cet été au bateau géré par l’ONG SOS Méditerranée, remettant en cause sa mission de sauvetage de migrants récupérés au large de la Libye.

      Les obstacles à la navigation de l’Aquarius s’accumulent. Le Panama a annoncé, samedi 22 septembre, qu’il allait retirer son pavillon au navire humanitaire, alors que celui-ci cherche un port pour débarquer 58 naufragés secourus au large de la Libye. L’Aquarius avait repris ses activités de sauvetage la semaine dernière après une escale forcée de 19 jours, faute de pavillon, et a annoncé qu’il faisait désormais route vers Marseille. Franceinfo fait le point sur cette décision et ses conséquences pour le navire humanitaire.

      Comment le Panama justifie-t-il cette décision ?

      Les autorités maritimes du Panama se sont fendues d’une explication de quelques lignes dans un communiqué diffusé sur leur site. « L’administration maritime panaméenne a entamé une procédure d’annulation officielle de l’immatriculation du navire Aquarius 2, ex-Aquarius (...) après la réception de rapports internationaux indiquant que le navire ne respecte pas les procédures juridiques internationales concernant les migrants et les réfugiés pris en charge sur les côtes de la mer Méditerranée », établit ce communiqué.

      Le Panama évoque également le fait que le navire s’est déjà vu retirer son pavillon par Gibraltar. En août, le gouvernement de Gibraltar avait révoqué le pavillon de l’Aquarius après lui avoir demandé de suspendre ses activités de sauvetage pour lesquelles il n’est pas enregistré dans le territoire britannique. Le bateau s’était alors tourné vers le Panama.

      L’"Aquarius" a-t-il enfreint le droit international ?

      A quelles « procédures juridiques internationales » le Panama fait-il référence ? L’Etat d’Amérique centrale indique que la principale plainte émane des autorités italiennes, selon lesquelles « le capitaine du navire a refusé de renvoyer des migrants et réfugiés pris en charge vers leur lieu d’origine ».

      Une référence, ici, au refus du navire de ramener en Libye des naufragés qui avaient pris la mer depuis les côtes libyennes, selon Alina Miron, professeure de droit international à l’université d’Angers et spécialisée dans le droit maritime, « puisque tous les naufragés secourus par l’Aquarius, depuis qu’il bat le pavillon panaméen, venaient de Libye », souligne-t-elle à franceinfo.

      Et « de ce point de vue-là, l’Aquarius ne contrevient nullement au droit international », explique Alina Miron. « L’Aquarius a surtout l’obligation de ne pas les ramener en Libye », fait-elle valoir. En effet, les conventions maritimes internationales prévoient que toute personne secourue en mer, quels que soient son statut et sa nationalité, soit débarquée dans un lieu sûr. Or, la Libye n’est pas considérée comme un lieu sûr de débarquement, comme l’a rappelé le Haut-Commissariat pour les réfugiés des Nations unies (HCR) en septembre.

      Quel est le rôle de l’Italie dans cette décision ?

      « Cette révocation résulte de la pression économique et politique flagrante exercée par le gouvernement italien » sur le Panama, ont déclaré les ONG Médecins sans frontières et SOS Méditerrannée, qui gèrent l’Aquarius, dans un communiqué.

      « Le communiqué du Panama établit que les autorités ont pris cette décision suite à une communication avec l’Italie. Cela veut bien dire que le Panama n’a pas pris cette décision de son propre chef, d’autant plus qu’il avait pris le temps de vérifier la situation de l’Aquarius avant de lui accorder son pavillon cet été », souligne de son côté Alina Miron.

      Le communiqué du Panama précise par ailleurs que « l’exécution d’actes portant atteinte aux intérêts nationaux constitue une cause de radiation d’office de l’immatriculation des navires ».

      Cela illustre les pressions de l’Italie qui ont conduit le Panama à prendre cette décision.Alina Miron, spécialiste du droit maritimeà franceinfo

      Qu’est-ce que cela change pour l’"Aquarius" ?

      Le retrait du pavillon panaméen n’est pas effectif immédiatement. Les conventions internationales établissent qu’aucun changement de pavillon ne peut intervenir au cours d’un voyage ou d’une escale. L’Aquarius conserve donc son pavillon pendant toute la durée de son voyage, jusqu’à ce qu’il rejoigne son port d’attache au Panama ou qu’il fasse une longue escale technique.

      « Ça, c’est en théorie, détaille Alina Miron, mais le Panama a créé une situation de confusion et certaines marines nationales, notamment la marine libyenne, vont utiliser cette confusion pour considérer l’Aquarius comme un navire sans nationalité. » Or, les marines nationales peuvent exercer des pouvoirs de police sur des navires sans nationalité en haute mer, ce qui est impossible sur un navire qui bat pavillon, développe la juriste. « Le risque le plus immédiat, pour l’Aquarius, c’est que la marine libyenne monte à bord pour opérer des vérifications, même sans accord du capitaine », explique Alina Miron.

      Face à cette situation, SOS Mediterrannée et Médecins sans frontières « demandent aux gouvernements européens d’autoriser l’Aquarius à poursuivre sa mission, en intercédant auprès des autorités panaméennes et en réaffirmant que les menaces de rétorsion formulées à leur égard par les autorités italiennes sont infondées, ou en lui délivrant immédiatement un nouveau pavillon sous lequel naviguer ».

      https://mobile.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/migrants/aquarius/l-aquarius-un-bateau-pirate-quatre-questions-sur-l-imbroglio-juridique-qui-menace-le-navire-humanitaire_2954663.html#xtref=http://m.facebook.com

    • Aquarius, "Stati Ue concedano bandiera”. E spunta l’ipotesi Vaticano

      Dopo le pressioni Panama cancella Aquarius II dal suo registro. Penard (Sos Mediterranée): “Stati che dicono di aderire a solidarietà propongano soluzione”. Lodesani (Msf): “Stanchi di menzogne e attacchi, nostro obiettivo salvare vite, a bordo anche famiglie libiche che scappano da inferno”

      Un appello a tutti gli Stati europei, in particolare a quelli che “ripetono di aderire a valori di solidarietà” perché consentano l’iscrizione della bandiera della nave Aquarius II, in uno dei loro registri nazionali. “L’unico gesto concreto per rendere ancora possibile il salvataggio in mare di persone in difficoltà all’ultima nave di ong rimasta nel Mediterraneo”. Lo hanno ribadito in una conferenza stampa oggi a Roma Frederic Penard, direttore delle operazioni Sos Mediterranee e Claudia Lodesani, presidente di Medici senza frontiere.

      Il caso politico diplomatico è noto: dopo gli ultimi salvataggi in mare operati da Aquarius II, a largo della Libia, e il rifiuto di riconsegnare le persone alla cosiddetta guardia costiera libica, Panama ha comunicato di voler ritirare la sua bandiera alla nave, per evitare di avere “problemi politici” con l’Italia. Ma l’assenza di una bandiera vuol dire di fatto fermare la nave. “Per noi è stato uno shock - spiega Penard - In questo momento siamo l’ultima nave a fare ricerca e soccorso nel Mediterraneo. Per l’iscrizione al registro di Panama abbiamo fornito oltre 70 certificazioni alle autorità, siamo perfettamente in regola e abbiamo sempre agito nella legalità - aggiunge il responsabile di Sos Mediterranèe -. Abbiamo chiesto spiegazioni, anche per capire il perché di questo passo indietro”. Le due ong spiegano che in una nota riservata dell’autorità marittima panamense inviata all’ armatore di Aquarius, si dice esplicitamente che la nave deve essere esclusa dal registro perché la sua permanenza provocherebbe un “problema politico” con l’Italia. L’armatore di Aquarius ha parlato esplicitamente di “pressioni politiche” sul governo panamense.

      “La nostra richiesta è che Panama torni indietro sulla sua decisione, riconsiderandola - aggiunge Penard -. Inoltre chiediamo agli Stati europei di proporre una soluzione per Aquarius, e alla società civile di fare pressione sui propri governi per sostenere il nostro lavoro, il soccorso in mare non può essere criminalizzato”. In queste ore alcuni parlamentari si sono mossi in Svizzera per chiedere che il governo elvetico conceda la propria bandiera.

      Un appello dal basso, che inizia a circolare anche sui social, chiama in causa anche il Vaticano: “Non so se sia possibile, ma se lo fosse, sarebbe bello che il Vaticano offrisse la propria bandiera alla nave Aquarius - sottolinea don Luca Favarin, parroco di Padova su Facebook-. Una chiesa in acqua non farà mai acqua. Così limpidamente e semplicemente schierata dalla parte degli ultimi, sbilanciata sui diritti dei poveri”. Penard ha spiegato di non aver contattato direttamente nessuno stato, e che l’appello vale per tutti quindi semmai fosse offerto il registro Vaticano sarebbe accettato con favore, anche se “probabilmente quel registro, che esiste, non viene usato da secoli”.

      Intanto, le due organizzazioni non nascondono il malumore per i continui attacchi politici, e mediatici, nei confronti del loro operato. "Siamo stanchi di menzogne, attacchi e intimidazioni, di essere additati come quelli che violano le norme internazionali. È il momento di accusare chi sono i veri responsabili del business degli scafisti: le scellerate politiche europee” sottolinea Claudia Lodesani. “Siamo stati chiamati noi vicescafisti - aggiunge - ma oggi gli Stati europei non prendono neanche in considerazione l’ipotesi di pensare a vie legali di ingresso. Sono queste politiche che aiutano gli scafisti, non certo noi. Il nostro obiettivo è la salvaguardia della vita umana e in nome di questo operiamo salvataggi in mare”. Lodesani ricorda che dall’inizio dell’anno, pur a fronte di una diminuzione di arrivi dell’80 per cento, ci sono già stati 1260 morti in mare. “Siamo passati da 1 morto ogni 32 a 1 morto ogni 18 - Ostacolare il soccorso e l’azione umanitaria vuol dire solo eliminare testimoni scomodi dal Mediterraneo. La vita delle persone non è più al centro delle politiche, ma ora le persone sono usate come ostaggio dalla politica - aggiunge - . Questa situazione è responsabilità è di tutti i paesi europei, anche perché parlando di poche persone. Inoltre, bisogna ricordare che il salvataggio in mare va distinto dall’accoglienza ed è governato da leggi internazionali. Va assicurato il porto più sicuro e più vicino di sbarco. Poi - continua - come sempre abbiamo fatto, chiediamo la solidarietà europea nell’accoglienza”.

      Tra le 58 persone tratte in salvo da Aquarius II nel Mediterraneo ci sono anche 37 libici: “ si tratta di famiglie che scappano dall’Inferno della Libia, un paese attualmente in guerra. E che quindi non può essere considerato un luogo sicuro, le persone non possono essere respinte in Libia. Ci chiediamo se riportarle in quell’inferno sia etico e se sia legale”. “Tra le altre persone a bordo - aggiunge Mathilde Auvillain, di Sos Mediterranée, ci sono 18 minori, 17 donne, di cui una incinta. Ci siamo rifiutati di fare il trasbordo di queste persone sulle motovedette libiche, perché riportarle indietro è illegale”. Lo sbarco, dopo il rifiuto dell’Italia dovrebbe avvenire nei prossimi giorni a Malta, ma non si sa ancora quando. I migranti saranno poi accolti in 4 paesi: Francia, Portogallo, Spagna e Germania.

      “Il soccorso in mare è regolato da principi fondamentali e regole precise - spiega Lorenzo Trucco, presidente di Asgi (Associazione studi giuridici sull’immigrazione) - In particolare, dalla Convenzione Soas sulla salvaguardia in mare, dalla Convenzione Sar e dalla Convenzione europea sul soccorso in mare. Tutte queste convenzioni sono state ratificate con leggi in Italia e tutte dicono che il principio primario è la salvaguardia della persona, che va salvata e portata in un luogo sicuro. Per questo la questione libica non è un’opinione, è certificato che non si tratti un luogo sicuro, quello che accade nei centri di detenzione è stato denunciato a settembre anche da Unhcr. Il respingimento di persone in Libia è grave - afferma - La questione del soccorso non è solo diritto ma un obbligo sanzionato da tutte le nazioni. E’ paradossale, quindi, quello che sta succedendo”.

      Duro il commento anche di Filippo Miraglia di Arci sulle pressioni dell’Italia verso il governo panamense: “Msf e Sos Medierranée in questo momento rappresentano tutti noi in mare, mi fa accapponare la pelle pensare che il governo italiano abbia intimidito in maniera mafiosa il governo panamense - afferma - E’ un gesta che fa venire i brividi, come fa venire i brividi il combinato disposto tra la chiusura dei porti e il decreto Salvini. C’è da vergognarsi”.

      http://www.redattoresociale.it/Notiziario/Articolo/598417/Aquarius-Stati-Ue-concedano-bandiera-E-spunta-l-ipotesi-Vaticano
      #Vatican

    • Appel à donner le pavillon suisse à l’Aquarius : interview de Guillaume Barazzone

      Le Conseil fédéral doit accorder un pavillon suisse à l’Aquarius, ont demandé mercredi trois parlementaires. Depuis trois jours, ce navire qui porte secours aux migrants en mer Méditerranée, n’a plus de drapeau. Interview de Guillaume Barazzone (PDC/GE), l’un des auteurs de cette interpellation.

      https://www.rts.ch/play/radio/forum/audio/appel-a-donner-le-pavillon-suisse-a-laquarius-interview-de-guillaume-barazzone?i

    • Vive émotion au Maroc après les tirs meurtriers de la marine sur un bateau de migrants

      La jeune femme tuée tentait d’atteindre l’Espagne. Un trajet de plus en plus emprunté, sur fond de tension migratoire accrue dans le royaume.

      L’émotion était vive au Maroc, mercredi 26 septembre, au lendemain de la mort d’une femme de 22 ans, originaire de la ville de Tétouan, tuée alors qu’elle tentait d’émigrer vers l’Espagne. Selon les autorités locales, la marine a été « contrainte » d’ouvrir le feu alors qu’un « go fast » (une puissante embarcation à moteur) piloté par un Espagnol « refusait d’obtempérer » dans les eaux marocaines au large de M’diq-Fnideq (nord). Outre la jeune Marocaine décédée, trois autres migrants ont été blessés, a confirmé une source officielle à l’AFP.

      Le drame s’est produit dans un contexte de tension migratoire au Maroc, confronté à une forte hausse des tentatives d’émigration depuis ses côtes et autour des enclaves espagnoles de Ceuta et Melilla. Rabat a ainsi indiqué avoir empêché 54 000 tentatives de passage vers l’Union européenne depuis janvier. De son côté, le Haut-Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (HCR) chiffre le nombre d’arrivées en Espagne à quelque 40 000 personnes depuis le début de l’année (contre 28 000 en 2017 et 14 000 en 2016).

      Rafles et éloignements forcés

      La route migratoire Maroc-Espagne, qui était très utilisée il y a une dizaine d’années, a connu une nouvelle hausse d’activité depuis le renforcement des contrôles sur la Libye et les témoignages d’extrême violence contre les migrants par les réseaux de passeurs dans ce pays. Mais le Maroc voit également augmenter le nombre de ses nationaux candidats au départ, poussés par l’absence de perspectives dans un pays où 27,5 % des 15-24 ans sont hors du système scolaire et sans emploi. Selon le HCR, les Marocains représentaient 17,4 % des arrivées en Espagne en 2017, la première nationalité devant les Guinéens et les Algériens.

      Depuis 2015, le palais royal avait mis en avant une nouvelle politique migratoire avec deux campagnes de régularisation de 50 000 clandestins, principalement des Subsahariens. Mais ces derniers mois, le royaume a considérablement durci ses pratiques, multipliant les rafles et les éloignements forcés. Selon le Groupe antiraciste de défense et d’accompagnement des étrangers et migrants, une association marocaine, 6 500 personnes ont ainsi été arrêtées et déplacées du nord du pays vers des villes reculées du centre et du sud entre juillet et septembre.

      Le gouvernement a eu beau plaider que ces déplacements se font dans le « respect de la loi », les associations dénoncent des violences et l’absence de cadre légal concernant ces pratiques. Mi-août, deux migrants sont morts après avoir sauté du bus qui les éloignait de Tanger. Amnesty International a souligné une « répression choquante », « à la fois cruelle et illégale ». « Depuis fin juillet, la police marocaine ainsi que la gendarmerie royale et les forces auxiliaires procèdent à des raids majeurs dans les quartiers de plusieurs villes où vivent les réfugiés et les migrants, d’une intensité particulière dans les provinces du nord du pays de Tanger, Nador et Tétouan, qui bordent la frontière espagnole », écrit l’ONG. Les zones entourant les deux enclaves espagnoles en terre africaine, Ceuta et Melilla, sont traditionnellement le lieu de regroupement des migrants qui veulent tenter de rejoindre l’Europe.

      https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/09/27/vive-emotion-au-maroc-apres-les-tirs-meurtriers-de-la-marine-sur-un-bateau-d

    • Migranti, la sfida delle associazioni italiane: una imbarcazione nel Mediterraneo per salvarli

      Ong e Onlus hanno organizzato un’imbarcazione battente la bandiera del nostro Paese per «un’azione di disobbedienza morale contro gli slogan delle destre nazionaliste e di obbedienza alle leggi del mare, del diritto internazionale e della Costituzione»

      A BORDO DELLA NAVE APPOGGIO BURLESQUE - Il rimorchiatore battente bandiera italiana “Mare Ionio” è partito nella notte di mercoledì dal porto di Augusta alla volta della costa Libica. Si tratta della prima missione in acque internazionali completamente organizzata in Italia ed è stata ribattezzata “Mediterranea”.
      Il progetto, promosso da varie associazioni (tra cui Arci nazionale, Ya Basta di Bologna, la Ong Sea-Watch, il magazine online I Diavoli e l’impresa sociale Moltivolti di Palermo) e sostenuto politicamente e finanziariamente da Nichi Vendola e tre parlamentari di Leu (Nicola Fratoianni, Erasmo Palazzotto e Rossella Muroni). E’ stato avviato nello scorso luglio ed ha preso corpo nei mesi successivi. L’attività del “Mar Ionio” sarà ufficialmente circoscritta di “monitoraggio, testimonianza e denuncia”, spiegano gli organizzatori. Tuttavia tra le dotazioni a disposizione del “Mare Ionio” ci sono anche gli equipaggiamenti per il Sar, l’attività di search and rescue per la quale però non è abilitato.

      Nelle prossime ore l’imbarcazione, seguita dalla barca appoggio Burlesque (uno sloop Bavaria 50 battente bandiera spagnola con a bordo giornalisti nazionali e internazionali, attivisti e mediatori culturali), entrerà in azione nella stessa zona in cui da qualche giorno incrocia il veliero Astral dell’ong spagnola Open Arms, più volte definita dal ministro dell’Interno Matteo Salvini, un “taxi del mare”.

      “Non potevamo più stare a guardare – dicono da bordo gli attivisti - bisognava agire e trovare il modo di contrastare il declino culturale e morale che abbiamo davanti. Quella di Mediterranea è un’azione di disobbedienza morale ed al contempo di obbedienza civile. Disobbediamo al prevalente del discorso pubblico delle destre nazionaliste obbedendo alle leggi del mare, del diritto internazionale e della nostra Costituzione che prevedono l’obbligatorietà del salvataggio di chi si trova in condizioni di pericolo”.


      https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/10/04/news/migranti_una_nave_delle_ong_italiane_nel_mediterraneo_per_salvarli-208134

      –-> reçu par la mailing-list Migreurop, en commentaire de l’article italien:

      FR : Plusieurs ONG ont organisé un bateau battant le drapeau de l’Italie comme une « action de désobéissance morale contre les slogans des droites nationalistes et d’obéissance aux droits de la mer, au droit international et à la Constitution »
      Le remorqueur battant le drapeau italien « #Mare_Ionio » est parti dans la nuit de mercredi du port d’Auguste (Sicile) vers les côtes libyennes. C’est la première mission en eaux internationales entièrement organisée en Italie et a été nommée « #Mediterranea ».
      Le projet, à l’initiative de diverses associations (dont Arci, Ya Basta de Bologne, l’ONG Sea-Watch, la revue en ligne I Diavoli et Moltivolti de Palerme) est politiquement soutenue et financée par Nichi Velonda et trois autres parlementaires LeU (Nicola Fratoianni, Erasmo Palazzotto e Rossella Muroni).
      Le projet a commencée en juillet dernier et a pris forme dans les mois suivants. L’activité de « Mare Ionio » sera officiellement circonscrite à celles de la « surveillance, le témoignage et la dénonciation », expliquent les organisateurs. Cependant, parmi les équipements et les dispositifs du « Mare Ionio », on retrouve des équipements Sar, l’activité de Search and Rescue pour laquelle il ne dispose pas d’habilitation.
      Dans les prochaines heures, l’embarcation, suivie par le bateau Burlesque (un voilier Bavaria 50 battant le drapeau espagnol, avec à bord des journalistes nationaux et internationaux, des activistes et des médiateurs culturels), entrera en action dans la même zone que le voilier Astral de l’ONG espagnole Open Arms, défini à plusieurs reprises comme un « taxi de la mer » par le ministre de l’Intérieur Matteo Salvini.

    • New Italian-flagged migrant rescue ship heads into Mediterranean

      A new Italian-flagged migrant rescue ship was headed for the waters off Libya on Thursday, one of the aid groups running the boat said, after similar vessels were prevented from operating.

      “The #MareJonio is on its way!” Sea-Watch tweeted. “In cooperation with #Mediterranea we are back at sea, to keep a sharp lookout and to challenge the European policy of letting people drown.”

      The announcement came on the same day that the Aquarius rescue ship sailed into Marseille harbour and an uncertain fate after Panama pulled its flag, meaning it cannot leave port without a new flag.

      The Mare Jonio is a tug flying the Italian flag that left Augusta in Sicily on Wednesday evening, headed south, maritime tracking websites said. The 37-metre vessel – around half the length of the Aquarius – is not intended to rescue migrants and bring them to a safe port, but to spot and secure migrant-carrying boats that are in distress.

      It will also provide a civilian presence in an area where they say the Libyan coastguard and international military vessels are failing to rescue people, despite several shipwrecks in September. Spanish NGO Proactiva Open Arms sent the Astral sailboat to the area on a similar mission a few days ago.

      The Astral was off the coast of Lampedusa on Wednesday to commemorate the fifth anniversary of a shipwreck there in which 366 migrants died in 2013. The disaster pushed Italy to launch its Mare Nostrum military operation to rescue migrants making the perilous journey from North Africa to Europe.

      Since then European Union and NGO boats have joined in, although most of the aid group boats have now stopped work, some because of what they say are trumped-up administrative charges.

      The International Organisation for Migration says that around 15,000 migrants have drowned in the central Mediterranean since the Lampedusa disaster. During the same period Italy has received around 600,000 migrants on its coast, while other European nations have closed their borders.

      Italy’s former centre-left government tried to stem the flow of migrants by working with the Libyan authorities and limiting the NGO effort. Anti-immigrant Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini, who came to power as part of a populist government in June, has since then closed Italian ports to civilian and military boats that have rescued migrants, saying Italy bears an unfair share of the migrant burden.


      https://www.thelocal.it/20181004/new-italian-flagged-migrant-rescue-ship-heads-into-mediterranean
      #Mare_Jonio

    • Tweet de Matteo Villa:

      Tutto sbagliato nella missione di #Mediterranea. Un disastro pronto per succedere, sotto tutti i punti di vista: tecnico, logistico, politico. Non è così che si fa salvataggio in mare. E non è così che si fa azione politica.
      Il problema è molteplice. Non si va in mare: (a) con gente impreparata; (b) con navi scassate e che contengono a malapena l’equipaggio; (c) con intenti solo politici, senza possibilità di salvare vite; (d) con lo scopo di forzare, portando violenza dove dovrebbe esserci soccorso.

      https://twitter.com/emmevilla/status/1047886597071548416

    • Italian-flagged migrant rescue boat defies anti immigration minister

      Vessel Mare Jonio sets out towards Libya despite Matteo Salvini clampdown on rescued migrants entering Italian ports

      The first non-military, Italian-flagged, rescue boat to operate in the Mediterranean since the migration crisis began has left for waters off Libya, in a direct challenge to Italy’s far-right interior minister, Matteo Salvini.

      NGO rescue boats have all but disappeared from the main migration routes since Salvini announced soon after taking office this summer that he was closing Italian ports to non-Italian rescue vessels.

      The Italian flag on the 38-metre Mare Jonio will make it harder for Salvini to prevent it from docking, though he could still move to prevent people from disembarking. The boat has been bought and equipped by a coalition of leftwing politicians, anti-racist associations, intellectuals and figures in the arts, under the supervision of two NGOs. Its mission has been called Mediterranea.
      “We want to affirm a principle of humanity that rightwing policies seem to have forgotten,” Erasmo Palazzotto from the leftwing LeU (Free and Equal) party said.

      Anti-immigration policies by the Maltese and Italian governments, which have closed their ports to rescue vessels, have driven a sharp decrease in rescue missions. People seeking asylum are still attempting the risky crossing. But without the rescue boats, shipwrecks are likely to rise dramatically.
      Advertisement

      In August, Salvini refused a landing to 177 people saved in the central Mediterranean by an Italian coastguard ship. The vessel was authorised to dock at the port of Catania but the people on board were forced to remain on board for almost a week.

      ‘‘Should we expect Salvini to close the ports to us too? We are an Italian boat, flying the Italian flag. They will have to answer to this,” Palazzotto said. “If they then attempt to refuse to let the migrants disembark we will not remain silent and will give voice to them from the ship.”

      The ship has received support from the Spanish NGO Pro-Activa and the aid group Seawatch, as well as the writer Elena Stancanelli and the film director Paolo Virzì.

      “This is a moral disobedience mission but also a civil obedience one,” the Mediterranea mission’s press office said in a statement. “We will disobey nationalism and xenophobia. Instead we will obey our constitution, international law and the law of the sea, which includes saving lives.”

      The death toll in the central Mediterranean has fallen in the past year, but the number of those drowning as a proportion of arrivals in Italy has risen sharply in the past few months, with the possibility of dying during the crossing now three times higher. So far in 2018, 21,041 people have made the crossing and 1,260 have died.

      https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/04/italian-flagged-migrant-rescue-boat-mare-jonio-sets-sail-in-challenge-t

    • Giovedì 4 ottobre – ore 16.25 – Salvini: “Nave Mediterranea? In Italia non ci arrivate”. “Ho saputo che c’è una nave dei centri sociali che vaga per il Mediterraneo per una missione umanitaria e proverà a sbarcare migranti in Italia. Fate quello che volete, prendete il pedalò. Andate in Tunisia, Libia o Egitto, ma in Italia nisba”. Lo ha detto il vicepremier e ministro dell’Interno Matteo Salvini in una diretta Facebook con riferimento alla nave italiana Mediterranea, salpata oggi per svolgere un’attività di monitoraggio, testimonianza e denuncia della situazione nel Mediterraneo.

      “Potete raccogliere chi volete però in Italia non ci arrivate”, ha aggiunto Salvini.

      https://www.tpi.it/2018/10/05/governo-ultime-news

    • *Perché la missione umanitaria «Mediterranea» rischia di diventare un boomerang*

      Mezzi inadeguati, personale non preparato, ricerca dello scontro diplomatico. «Politicizzare i salvataggi in mare rischia di non portare benefici», dice Matteo Villa dell’Ispi.

      Una piccola missione umanitaria nel Canale di Sicilia rischia di compromettere le operazioni di salvataggio dei migranti nel Mediterraneo, già rese complesse dalla politica dei respingimenti adottata dal governo italiano. Nella notte tra mercoledì e giovedì il piccolo rimorchiatore Mare Jonio è salpato dal porto di Augusta per dirigersi verso le acque sar (search and rescue) della Libia, nell’ambito dell’operazione denominata “Mediterranea”. La missione è stata preparata in gran segreto durante gli ultimi mesi e coinvolge ong (Sea Watch), associazioni (Ya Basta Bologna e Arci), e politici (Fratoianni, Palazzotto, Vendola e Muroni) che hanno raccolto i finanziamenti necessari. L’obiettivo – spiega il sito di “Mediterranea” – è quello di svolgere l’“essenziale funzione di testimonianza, documentazione e denuncia di ciò che accade in quelle acque, e che oggi nessuno è più messo nelle condizioni di svolgere”. Quasi un assist per il ministro dell’Interno Matteo Salvini, che l’ha subito definita una «nave di scalcagnati dei centri sociali che va a prendere tre merluzzetti». «E’ una sentinella civica, benvenga», ha commentato invece l’altro vicepremier, Luigi Di Maio, ribadendo la scarsa condivisione di vedute con la Lega in tema di immigrazione.

      Mare Jonio è un’imbarcazione datata – varata nel 1972 – e rimessa a nuovo per l’occasione, ma soprattutto piccola, con appena 35 metri di lunghezza e 9 di larghezza. E’ coadiuvata dal veliero Astral dell’ong Proactiva Open Arms, l’unica nave umanitaria ancora attiva nel Mediterraneo centrale (anch’essa con soli compiti di osservazione) e da una goletta con a bordo giornalisti e mediatori culturali. Degli 11 membri dell’equipaggio a bordo del Mare Jonio, fatta eccezione per due operatori dell’ong Sea Watch, nessuno ha esperienze di operazioni sar in mare. La nave è dotata di un solo Rhib (la sigla sta per Rigid Inflatable boats), uno dei piccoli motoscafi adatti a svolgere salvataggi, anche in condizioni difficili. Un container è stato invece adattato a ospedale di bordo, pronto a prestare soccorso in caso di emergenza.

      Nonostante la missione voglia essere una risposta delle ong alla campagna anti-migranti voluta dal governo gialloverde, le criticità sono diverse. “L’idea di fondo, quella di aumentare l’attenzione generale nel Mediterraneo, è giusta. Ma politicizzare i salvataggi in mare rischia di non portare benefici, soprattutto nel lungo periodo”, spiega al Foglio Matteo Villa dell’Ispi. Secondo il ricercatore, che da anni studia i flussi migratori attraverso il Mediterraneo, gli strumenti a disposizione di “Mediterranea” sono inadeguati rispetto all’obiettivo della missione: “Pensare di pattugliare una zona tanto vasta con una sola imbarcazione non ha senso, oltre a comportare un esborso eccessivo tra carburante e strumentazione. Se davvero l’attività principale è quella di monitorare, è molto più efficace usare gli aerei, come succede già con i ’Piloti volontari’, attivi con ottimi risultati da maggio”.

      Ma l’aspetto ancora più preoccupante riguarda i rischi cui saranno sottoposti sia i migranti sia l’equipaggio di “Mediterranea”. Dice Villa: “Le perplessità sono tante e sono condivise anche da molti altri operatori umanitari che con professionalità compiono attività sar. Sotto diversi punti di vista, sia logistici sia politici, la missione è pronta a trasformarsi in un disastro a causa della notevole approssimazione con cui è organizzata, dice il ricercatore dell’Ispi. Nella migliore delle ipotesi l’operazione potrebbe risolversi in una magra figura, come già successo un anno fa con ’Defend Europe’, la nave anti-ong partita per ostacolare le missioni umanitarie e poi finita in avaria”. Ma potrebbero crearsi anche circostanze più complesse. “In caso di identificazione di un barcone in emergenza non è chiaro come si comporterà Mare Jonio. Sulla base di quanto avviene già adesso, è probabile che contatterà il comando Mrcc di Roma che coordina le operazioni di salvataggio e che, a sua volta, contatterà le autorità libiche. Nel caso di intervento delle motovedette di Tripoli potrebbe succedere di tutto: il rimorchiatore come intende agire? Interverrà? Segnalerà l’emergenza e basta?”, si chiede Villa. Per non parlare delle difficoltà logistiche: “In quei momenti concitati i migranti, soprattutto alla vista delle motovedette libiche, sono presi dal panico, molti si gettano in acqua per paura di essere riportati indietro. A bordo del rimorchiatore pare possano essere raccolte poche persone, e certo non per lunghi periodi di tempo”. Andare a cercare lo scontro aperto o l’incidente diplomatico per riaccendere l’attenzione dei governi sui salvataggi in mare può trasformarsi in un boomerang per le ong. La mobilitazione è figlia senza dubbio della politica migratoria più stringente adottata dal governo italiano. “Ma affidare a gruppi antagonisti le operazioni di salvataggio, senza una preparazione e una visione di lungo periodo – conclude Villa – rischia di essere controproducente per chi ritiene i salvataggi in mare una questione molto seria”.

      https://www.ilfoglio.it/cronache/2018/10/05/news/perche-la-missione-umanitaria-mediterranea-rischia-di-diventare-un-boomeran

    • « On doit veiller à ce que ces gens ne se noient pas »

      L’Aquarius vient de perdre pour la deuxième fois son pavillon. Le navire de sauvetage fait route vers Malte avec 58 migrants à son bord. Sans pavillon, il devrait interrompre sa mission. Des parlementaires demandent qu’on lui donne le pavillon suisse.

      Avec les organisations d’entraide Médecins sans frontières (MSFLien externe) et SOS MéditerranéeLien externe, l’Aquarius sauve des migrants en détresse. Il est le dernier navire de sauvetage non gouvernemental en Méditerranée centrale. Depuis que l’Italie a fermé ses ports aux bateaux humanitaires, toutes les ONG se sont retirées du secteur.

      Le week-end dernier, le Panama a annoncé qu’il retirerait son pavillon à l’Aquarius, car celui-ci n’aurait pas respecté le droit international de la mer. En août, Gibraltar avait déjà biffé le navire de son registre maritime. Sans pavillon, l’Aquarius ne peut plus remplir ses missions de sauvetage.

      Cette semaine, trois parlementaires suisses ont demandé, par voie d’interpellation, un geste humanitaire de la Suisse, afin qu’elle accorde son pavillon à l’Aquarius. L’un d’eux est #Kurt_Fluri, conseiller national du Parti libéral-radical et maire de la ville de Soleure. Interview.

      swissinfo.ch : Vous avez la réputation d’être un politicien réaliste. Cette idée humanitaire a-t-elle des chances de passer ?

      Kurt Fluri : Ce qui nous émeut, ce sont les tragédies qui se jouent en Méditerranée. Et c’est peut-être une solution possible pour atténuer le problème. Je ne sais pas si c’est une illusion. C’est pourquoi nous posons la question au gouvernement.
      La Suisse n’a qu’une petite flotte marchande de 30 navires. Pourquoi devrait-elle précisément accorder son pavillon à un bateau de sauvetage ?

      Nous sommes tous d’accord qu’il s’agit d’une situation tout à fait exceptionnelle. Pour moi, cela ne change rien au fait que l’on devrait faire en sorte que ces gens n’essaient même pas de traverser la Méditerranée. Mais s’ils le font quand même, on doit veiller à ce qu’ils ne se noient pas et à ce qu’ils soient admis en Europe.
      Selon la loi, le pavillon suisse est réservé aux navires de commerce. S’il faut modifier la loi pour répondre à votre demande, cela va prendre beaucoup de temps pour que l’Aquarius puisse hisser le pavillon suisse. Or, il a besoin d’une solution rapide…

      Le sens de notre interpellation, c’est de clarifier à quelles conditions il serait possible d’arriver à quelque chose. Ce que nous allons faire concrètement dépendra de la réponse du gouvernement.
      Si l’Aquarius battait pavillon suisse, est-ce qu’il n’en résulterait pas automatiquement l’exigence que les migrants qu’il sauve soient conduits en Suisse ?

      Ici comme ailleurs, c’est le système de Dublin qui s’applique. Il définit quel pays est en charge de l’examen de la demande d’asile. Les requérants doivent demander l’asile dans le premier pays de l’UE ou pays signataire de l’accord, comme la Suisse, où ils arrivent. La répartition se fait ensuite.

      Toutefois, l’UE est invitée à décider d’une répartition plus équitable, afin de soulager le plus vite possible les pays méditerranéens, l’Italie, la Grèce et l’Espagne, des réfugiés qui arrivent chez eux.
      Avez-vous pleine confiance en les responsables de ce navire de sauvetage, auquel vous voulez accorder le pavillon suisse ?

      Oui, je fais confiance à ces responsables.
      Le Panama leur a pourtant retiré son pavillon au prétexte qu’ils auraient violé le droit maritime international…

      D’après moi, c’était pour se protéger. Le Panama veut se débarrasser de ce devoir, qui est apparemment devenu un fardeau pour lui.
      MSF et SOS Méditerranée disent que le Panama a retiré son pavillon sur pression de l’Italie. Ça vous paraît possible ?

      Il y a certainement eu des tentatives de pression.
      Cette pression ne pourrait-t-elle pas s’exercer sur la Suisse, si elle intervient ?

      C’est possible. Nous soutenons l’appel lancé à l’UE pour qu’elle décide d’une répartition plus équitable des réfugiés. L’Italie serait alors également satisfaite. Malheureusement, l’UE n’y arrive pas.

      https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/pavillon-suisse-pour-l-aquarius-_-on-doit-veiller-%C3%A0-ce-que-ces-gens-ne-se-noient-pas-/44434264

    • Nous avons un navire !

      Dans un texte confié à Mediapart, le sociologue et activiste italien #Sandro_Mezzadra revient sur la mise à l’eau du « Mare-Ionio », ce navire battant pavillon italien, affrété jeudi par des activistes de la gauche italienne pour secourir des migrants en Méditerranée, en opposition aux politiques de l’extrême droite au pouvoir à Rome.

      Les noms des victimes résonnent les uns après les autres, des noms sans corps qui racontent une multitude de vies et d’histoires, brisées sur les frontières de l’Europe : le court-métrage de Dagmawi Yimer s’intitule Asmat-Nomi, une des œuvres les plus puissantes et évocatrices sur le naufrage du 3 octobre 2013 [visible ici : https://vimeo.com/114343040]

      . Au fond, l’anonymat est une des caractéristiques qui définissent les femmes, les hommes et les enfants en transit dans la mer Méditerranée — comme dans de nombreux autres espaces frontaliers. Réhabiliter la singularité irréductible d’une existence est le geste extrême de résistance que nous propose Asmat-Noms.

      Cinq ans après ce naufrage, alors que l’on continue de mourir en Méditerranée, nous avons mis un navire à la mer, le Mare-Ionio. Nous l’avons fait après un été marqué par un gouvernement italien qui a déclaré la guerre contre les migrations et contre les organisations non gouvernementales, en fermant les ports et en séquestrant sur un navire de la Garde côtière des dizaines de réfugié.e.s et de migrant.e.s. La criminalisation des opérations « humanitaires » a vidé la Méditerranée des présences gênantes, a repoussé les témoins et a réaffirmé l’anonymat de femmes et d’hommes en transit : à l’abri des regards indiscrets, la Garde côtière libyenne a pu renvoyer aux centres de détention, c’est-à-dire à la torture, à la violence et à l’esclavage, des centaines de personnes, tandis que d’autres ont fait naufrage. Et certains se réjouissent de cela, en criant victoire...

      Cela n’a pas été facile de réaliser la mise à l’eau du Mare-Ionio. La plateforme qui s’est appelée très simplement Operazione Mediterranea n’est pas une ONG : celles et ceux qui ont travaillé à la recherche et à la préparation de l’embarcation ces dernières semaines n’avaient aucune expérience de ce monde associatif. Mais sur les docks de nombreux ports, nous avons rencontré des gens qui nous ont aidé.e.s sur la base de rapports professionnels, mais aussi guidé.e.s par une solidarité instinctive et par l’élan de refus de plus en plus partagé par les gens de la mer, une réponse au mépris de la vie et du droit international — en particulier après l’affaire du navire Diciotti.

      L’expérience et la collaboration de diverses ONG actives ces dernières années dans la Méditerranée ont joué un rôle décisif dans la réalisation de notre projet. L’une d’entre elles (Sea-Watch) fait partie de la plateforme, tandis qu’Open Arms coordonnera ses activités avec les nôtres. D’autre part, l’opération que nous avons lancé affronte ouvertement la criminalisation actuelle des interventions « humanitaires ». Ils sont loin les jours où la « raison humanitaire » pouvait être analysée comme un élément appartenant à un système de gouvernance (des migrations, notamment) bien plus large. Le défi ne peut être que radicalement politique. Il s’agit d’investir en particulier cela : l’affirmation pratique du droit d’un ensemble de sujets non étatiques à intervenir politiquement dans une zone où les « autorités compétentes » violent de manière flagrante le devoir de préserver la vie des gens en transit.

      C’est autour de ce point que la plateforme Operazione Mediterranea : une plateforme ouverte à l’adhésion et à la participation de celles et ceux qui voudront nous soutenir dans les semaines à venir (notamment via un crowdfunding, ce qui est vraiment essentiel pour assurer la réalisation d’un projet ambitieux et prenant). Cet aspect est évidemment fondamental. Mais l’objectif est plus général : il s’agit d’ouvrir, à travers une pratique, un espace de débat, d’action et de conflit à propos des migrations en Italie et en Europe.

      Nous voudrions que notre navire fende la mer, comme la terre des mobilisations qui, sur la question migratoire, se sont déployées ces derniers mois, de Vintimille aux Pouilles, de Catane à Milan ; nous voudrions que le Mare-Ionio devienne une sorte de forum, que des milliers de femmes et d’hommes se l’approprient, qu’il soit présent sur les places et dans les rues, que de lui se propagent des récits d’une migration radicalement différente de celle incarnée par les menaces et les décrets de Salvini : nous voudrions que le navire soit un instrument pour proposer une Italie et une Europe autres.

      Nous ne sous-évaluons pas la difficulté de cette période. Nous savons que nous agissons en tant que minorité, que nous devons affronter une hégémonie qui nous est hostile concernant la migration ; nous savons que ces derniers mois l’équation entre le migrant et l’ennemi (à laquelle même des forces politiques qui ne se définissent pas de droite ont donné une contribution essentielle) a été exacerbée, autorisant et promouvant la diffusion en Italie d’un racisme de plus en plus agressif. Mais nous savons aussi que cette hégémonie peut et doit être renversée, en assumant les risques et le hasard qui sont inévitables. L’opération qui a commencé ce 3 octobre, date chargée d’une valeur symbolique, est une contribution qui va dans ce sens.

      Un navire, comme le disait C.L.R. James dans son grand livre sur Melville (écrit en 1952 dans une cellule d’Ellis Island, en attendant son expulsion des États-Unis pour « activité anti-américaine »), n’est au fond qu’un ensemble divers et varié des travaux et des activités à bord, qui littéralement le constituent. Voilà, notre navire ne serait rien sans la passion et l’engagement de centaines de femmes et d’hommes qui ont travaillé et qui travaillent pour le faire naviguer, mais aussi pour construire et démultiplier de nouvelles passerelles entre mer et terre. Un navire, comme le rajoutait James, « est une miniature du monde dans lequel nous vivons ». Dans notre cas, c’est une miniature du monde que nous nous engageons à construire. Et nous sommes certain.e.s que nous serons bientôt des milliers à partager cet engagement.

      https://blogs.mediapart.fr/les-invites-de-mediapart/blog/061018/nous-avons-un-navire

    • L’Aquarius, sous pavillon suisse ? Carlo Sommaruga face à Hugues Hiltpod

      Trois parlementaires suisses - Ada Marra (PS/VD) Guillaume Barrazone (PDC/GE) et Kurt Fluri (PLR/SO) - ont déposé à Berne une interpellation pour que notre pays octroie le pavillon national à l’Aquarius. Le navire affrété par SOS Méditerranée, qui est en mer depuis 2016, a recueilli quelque 30 000 personnes en danger de mort. Sur change.org, près de 20 000 personnes ont signé une pétition dans ce sens. Carlo Sommaruga, conseiller national socialiste et Hugues Hiltpold, conseiller national PLR exposent leurs point de vue.

      Pour un pavillon suisse humanitaire

      Carlo Sommaruga, conseiller national socialiste

      La Suisse doit accorder le pavillon à l’Aquarius, le bateau humanitaire affrété par SOS Méditerranée, pour secourir les migrants en perdition en pleine mer. C’est une nécessité humanitaire destinée à sauver des milliers de vies. Un geste qui s’inscrit dans la tradition humanitaire de la Suisse. En cohérence tant avec la générosité de la population suisse pour les populations en difficulté qu’avec la position défendue jusqu’à aujourd’hui par notre pays sur la scène politique et diplomatique internationale. Le dernier rapport de l’Organisation internationale des migrations montre que les traversées de la Méditerranée par des hommes et des femmes de tout âge, accompagnés de leurs enfants, voire de nouveau-nés, ont commencé dès les années 70.

      La cause en est la fermeture progressive de la migration légale par les pays européens, qui ont rejeté les migrants sur les routes clandestines et dangereuses, notamment la Méditerranée. Or, ceux qui depuis des décennies empruntent ces routes ne le font pas par plaisir ou par goût de l’aventure. Comme les Suisses du XIXe siècle dont plus de 500 000 rejoignirent les USA ou les 29 millions d’Italiens qui quittèrent leur pays de 1860 à nos jours, les migrants d’aujourd’hui se mettent en marche pour les mêmes raisons. La croissance démographique et le manque d’opportunités de travail dans les campagnes et dans les villes.

      Aujourd’hui s’ajoutent les affres des dictatures, comme en Érythrée, des conflits civils, comme en Libye, et des guerres internationales, comme en Syrie. En 2013, suite au naufrage de 366 migrants au large des côtes italiennes, le premier ministre Enrico Letta lançait l’opération Mare Nostrum. La marine italienne sauvait plus de 150 000 êtres humains de la noyade en Méditerranée. L’opération fut close en raison de la lâcheté des pays européens qui refusaient de venir en appui à l’Italie. L’Union européenne remplaça le dispositif de sauvetage par un dispositif de défense des frontières géré par Frontex. Depuis lors, ce sont les organisations humanitaires et leurs bateaux qui assument l’immense et courageuse tâche de sauver les naufragés en Méditerranée.

      Les bateaux se nomment Sea-eye, Lifeline, Aquarius et, depuis peu, le Mare Jonio. Au cours des deux dernières années SOS Méditerranée, organisation créée et soutenue par des citoyens européens, par son navire l’Aquarius, a sauvé 29 600 personnes, soit l’équivalent de la population de Lancy. L’Aquarius comme les autres bateaux humanitaires doivent poursuivre leur mission aussi longtemps que les États se défaussent de leurs responsabilités.

      Il est inacceptable que l’Aquarius reste à quai sans pavillon alors que des personnes meurent en pleine Méditerranée. La Suisse neutre doit rester fidèle à ses engagements humanitaires, qu’elle a poursuivi en soutenant le CICR, le HCR et bien d’autres organisations. Elle doit accorder le pavillon. La loi le permet et cela ne coûte rien. Il faut saluer l’intervention de parlementaires du PLR, PDC, Verts et PS dans ce sens, tout comme la lettre adressée ce jour par des personnalités au Conseil fédéral. Refuser le pavillon à l’Aquarius, c’est un choix politique. Celui de mépris de la vie et du rejet de la solidarité humaine. Il faut tous espérer que Conseil fédéral ne s’inscrive pas dans cette logique.

      Haut de la page

      Aquarius : le respect de la loi avant tout !

      Hugues Hiltpold, conseiller national PLR

      La crise des migrants en Méditerranée est terrible, personne ne peut le contester. Bon nombre de personnes sont attirées par l’Europe et se livrent à la merci de passeurs peu scrupuleux, avec à la clé de nombreux et épouvantables drames humains. Durant deux ans, le navire humanitaire Aquarius, ancien navire des gardes-côtes allemands battant pavillon panaméen, a secouru près de 30 000 personnes en détresse. Avec un certain succès il faut le reconnaître. Puis, sous pression internationale, il a cessé de battre pavillon panaméen, errant en mer quelque temps à la recherche d’un port d’accueil voulant bien l’accueillir.

      Ayant mouillé l’ancre aujourd’hui à Marseille, il attend de pouvoir naviguer à nouveau, mais a besoin pour ce faire qu’un pays accepte qu’il puisse battre son pavillon. Certains élus fédéraux estiment que ce navire humanitaire devrait battre pavillon suisse. Or, la loi suisse ne le permet tout simplement pas. L’article 3 de la loi fédérale sur la navigation maritime sous pavillon suisse stipule qu’un pavillon suisse ne peut être arboré que par des navires suisses. L’article 35 de cette même loi précise, s’agissant de la navigation non professionnelle, que des exceptions peuvent être autorisées par le Département fédéral des affaires étrangères pour inscrire, dans le registre des navires suisses, un bâtiment exploité par une société suisse ou ayant son siège en Suisse, à des fins notamment humanitaires.

      Cette dérogation doit faire l’objet d’une enquête minutieuse permettant de fixer les conditions de la dérogation, notamment eu égard aux intérêts pour la Suisse de justifier cette dérogation. Il convient de noter qu’une telle dérogation est exceptionnelle. On constate que la situation actuelle du navire humanitaire Aquarius n’est pas conforme à la loi.

      Il n’est pas contesté que l’association SOS Méditerranée, qui exploite l’Aquarius, n’est pas suisse, n’a pas son siège en Suisse et n’a aucune relation particulière avec notre pays.

      Dès lors, permettre à l’Aquarius de battre pavillon suisse reviendrait purement et simplement à bafouer la loi ! Ce faisant, nous violerions de surcroît les accords de Schengen et Dublin qui nous lient avec l’Union européenne, au respect desquels ceux qui voudraient accorder le pavillon Suisse à l’Aquarius sont notoirement attachés. Aussi terrible que soit cette catastrophe humanitaire, elle ne doit pas conduire notre pays à bafouer notre État de droit et le droit international. Il en va de notre crédibilité et du respect de nos institutions.

      https://www.tdg.ch/blog-wch/standard/aquarius-pavillon-suisse-carlo-sommaruga-face-hugues-hiltpod/story/31191020

    • Migrants : le hold-up de la Libye sur les sauvetages en mer

      Cet été, en Méditerranée, la Libye a créé en toute discrétion sa propre « zone de recherche et de secours », où ses garde-côtes sont devenus responsables de la coordination de tous les sauvetages, au grand dam de l’Aquarius et des ONG. Enquête sur une décision soutenue par l’Union européenne qui jette toujours plus de confusion en mer.

      Vu de loin, c’est un « détail ». Un simple ajout sur une carte maritime. Cet été, la Libye a tracé une ligne en travers de la Méditerranée, à 200 kilomètres environ au nord de Tripoli. En dessous, désormais, c’est sa zone SAR (dans le jargon), sa « zone de recherche et de secours ». Traduction ? À l’intérieur de ce gigantesque secteur, les garde-côtes libyens sont devenus responsables de l’organisation et de la coordination des secours – en lieu et place des Italiens.

      Pour les navires humanitaires, la création de cette « SAR » libyenne, opérée en toute discrétion, est tout sauf un « détail ». Il n’est pas un sauveteur de l’Aquarius, pas un soutier du Mare Jonio ni de l’Astral (partis relayer sur place le bateau de SOS Méditerranée) qui ne l’ait découvert avec stupeur. Car non seulement les garde-côtes libyens jettent leurs « rescapés » en détention dès qu’ils touchent la terre ferme, mais certaines de leurs unités sont soupçonnées de complicité avec des trafiquants et leurs violences sont régulièrement dénoncées.

      Pour les migrants qui s’élancent en rafiot de Sabratha ou Zaouïa, ce « détail » est surtout une trahison supplémentaire : l’Union européenne a budgété plus de 8 millions d’euros en 2017 pour aider Tripoli à créer cette zone « SAR » bien à elle. Alors que les vingt-huit ministres de l’intérieur doivent discuter vendredi 12 octobre du renforcement des frontières de l’UE, Mediapart a enquêté sur ces trois petites lettres qui mettent les humanitaires en colère et jettent la confusion en mer.

      Pour comprendre, il faut d’abord savoir que la Libye, comme n’importe quel État côtier, est souveraine dans ses « eaux territoriales ». Sur cette bande de 19 kilomètres, les garde-côtes de Tripoli ont toujours joué à domicile et jamais l’Aquarius n’y aventurerait sa quille. Mais au-delà, la Méditerranée se complique, elle se découpe en zones SAR : celle de l’Italie ici, celle de la Grèce là-bas, celles de Malte ou encore de l’Égypte, toutes déclarées auprès de l’Organisation maritime internationale (OMI), chacune associée à un « centre de coordination des secours » national (ou MRCC), qui reçoit l’ensemble des signaux de détresse émis dans sa zone, de même que les appels des navires humanitaires qui repèrent des migrants aux jumelles.

      Selon les conventions internationales, chaque MRCC, celui de Rome par exemple, a ensuite la responsabilité d’organiser les secours dans son secteur, de solliciter les navires les mieux placés (tankers et militaires compris), de dépêcher ses propres garde-côtes si nécessaire.

      Jusqu’ici, au large de ses eaux territoriales, la Libye n’avait pas déclaré de zone SAR, faute d’une flotte suffisante et surtout d’un « centre de coordination » en état de marche, capable de communiquer avec la haute mer par exemple. Pour éviter un « triangle des Bermudes » des secours, les Italiens s’y étaient donc collés ces dernières années, élargissant de fait – sinon en droit – leur champ d’activité. Puis le 28 juin dernier, sans prévenir, Tripoli a déclaré sa zone « SAR » et son « centre de coordination » auprès de l’OMI, officialisés du jour au lendemain. Les Italiens ont passé la main. Changement de régime.

      Depuis, dans l’esprit des Libyens, « aucun navire étranger n’a le droit d’accéder [à leur SAR] sauf demande expresse [de leur part] ». C’est ainsi, en tout cas, que le commandant de la base navale de Tripoli, Abdelhakim Bouhaliya, interprétait les choses en 2017 – quand les autorités avaient esquissé une première SAR avant de se rétracter. Dans leur viseur : « les ONG qui prétendent vouloir sauver les migrants clandestins et mener des actions humanitaires », selon les mots sans fard du général Ayoub Kacem, l’un des porte-parole de la marine à l’époque. Un an plus tard, la SAR est bel et bien là. Et il devient urgent que les garde-côtes ouvrent un manuel de droit.

      Car en principe, « la navigation dans leur SAR reste libre, décrypte Kiara Neri, spécialiste de droit maritime et maîtresse de conférences à l’université Jean-Moulin-Lyon-III. Ils n’ont absolument pas le pouvoir d’interdire leur SAR aux navires humanitaires, ce n’est pas devenu leur chasse gardée ». Dans les faits, pourtant, « ils font comme s’ils étaient souverains, s’indigne Nicola Stalla, coordinateur des sauvetages sur l’Aquarius. Ils étaient déjà agressifs avant, mais ils se comportent de plus en plus comme s’ils étaient dans leurs eaux territoriales. Ils ordonnent aux ONG de s’éloigner, ils menacent, par le passé ils ont déjà ouvert le feu plusieurs fois ».

      Concrètement, depuis cet été, « ce n’est plus Rome mais le MRCC de Tripoli qui reçoit les signaux d’alerte et désigne le navire le plus proche pour intervenir », insiste Kiara Neri. À supposer qu’ils répondent aux appels, déjà. « Le MRCC de Rome, lui, était efficace, regrette Nicola Stalla. Quand j’appelais, il y avait toujours un officier à qui parler. Là c’est tout le contraire : les garde-côtes libyens ne répondent pas, ou ne parlent pas bien anglais, ou ne répercutent pas les infos à tous les navires présents sur la zone… » Il y a quelques jours, l’association Pilotes volontaires, qui scrute la mer depuis le ciel à bord de son petit Colibri, s’est aussi arraché les cheveux. « On a repéré une embarcation avec une vingtaine de migrants, raconte un bénévole. On a vite appelé Rome, qui nous a renvoyés automatiquement sur Tripoli, qui n’a jamais répondu. » Ils ont fini par contacter, en direct, un tanker qui croisait à proximité. Du bricolage impensable jusqu’à cet été.

      À supposer qu’ils réagissent correctement, les Libyens peuvent aussi être tentés d’ignorer les humanitaires, de « privilégier » leurs garde-côtes pour les sauvetages, voire des navires marchands. Car ces derniers acceptent parfois de remettre aux Libyens les migrants qu’ils « repêchent », de les transborder en pleine mer pour s’en débarrasser sans trop se dérouter, sans égard pour le droit international qui impose de débarquer ses rescapés dans un « port sûr » où les droits de l’homme sont respectés – ce que la Libye n’est certainement pas, de l’avis même du HCR, l’agence des Nations unies pour les réfugiés. « Sans ONG pour témoigner, ces personnes sont perdues dans la narration », dénonce l’Italien Nicola Stalla, d’une formule presque poétique.

      Et si les humanitaires repèrent un pneumatique par eux-mêmes, peuvent-ils désormais être interdits de sauvetage ? « Il y a une subtilité, répond Kiara Neri. Dans leur SAR, les Libyens ont compétence pour coordonner les opérations. Donc s’ils approchent d’une embarcation en détresse [en même temps que l’Aquarius par exemple – ndlr], ils peuvent toujours dire : “On s’en occupe.” Mais ils n’ont certainement pas le droit de monter à bord, aucun pouvoir de police… » Dans les faits, la confusion est à son maximum.

      Ainsi, le 23 septembre, l’Aquarius et les garde-côtes libyens se sont disputés quarante-sept vies en pleine nuit, pendant des heures. Directement alerté par Alarm Phone (une sorte de « central téléphonique » associatif à disposition des migrants qui tentent la traversée), l’Aquarius a foncé vers le secteur indiqué tout en contactant le MRCC de Tripoli, conformément à ses obligations. Au début, pas de réponse. Puis un accord de principe. Puis un patrouilleur libyen arrivé sur le tard a voulu stopper le sauvetage entamé (des femmes et des enfants d’abord), pour reprendre l’affaire en mains. « Quittez la zone ! », ont hurlé les garde-côtes à la radio, selon une journaliste du Monde à bord. « Vous connaissez Tripoli ? Vous voulez venir faire une petite visite ? (…) Vous allez avoir de gros problèmes, on ne veut plus coopérer avec vous parce que vous nous désobéissez. » Le capitaine a tenu bon, mais l’Aquarius a quitté la zone à l’issue de l’opération – sa dernière à ce jour, puisque le Panama l’a privé de pavillon.

      « Le comble du cynisme »

      « Si nous trouvons une embarcation en détresse dans la SAR libyenne, nous ferons le sauvetage même si les garde-côtes demandent de ne pas intervenir », annonce aussi l’équipe de l’Aita Mari, un chalutier basque espagnol sur le point de prendre la route de la Méditerranée centrale, à l’initiative de deux ONG (Salvamento maritimo humanitario et Proem-Aid) soutenues par le gouvernement régional de centre-droit (qui a déboursé 400 000 euros), ainsi que de petites communes basques et andalouses. « La loi, c’est celle du port sûr. Peu importe que l’OMI ait dit “Oui” à la Libye », résume Daniel Rivas Pacheco, porte-parole du projet.

      D’ailleurs, comment une telle zone de « secours » a-t-elle pu être créée ? La Libye, membre de l’OMI (institution des Nations unies) et signataire des conventions internationales sur le secours en mer, a simplement déclaré les coordonnées géographiques de sa zone et de son MRCC. En fait, l’OMI ne « reconnaît » pas les SAR, elle les enregistre, sans audit préalable. N’a-t-elle pas le pouvoir de rejeter l’initiative d’un pays dénué de « port sûr » ? « L’OMI n’a pas le droit de décider si tel ou tel pays est un lieu sûr », nous répondent ses services. Elle peut toujours intervenir en cas de « coordonnée non valide » ou d’« erreur typographique ». Pour le reste…

      Ce processus de déclaration suppose tout de même une coordination préalable avec les pays voisins et des discussions préparatoires (Mediapart a retrouvé un point d’étape soumis à l’OMI en décembre 2017 par l’Italie, qui évoque le soutien de l’UE). Rome et l’Europe ont bien encouragé Tripoli à prendre ses « responsabilités ».

      Pour s’en convaincre, il faut se plonger dans les détails d’un vaste programme européen de soutien à la Libye datant de 2017, doté de 46 millions d’euros, qui vise tout à la fois le renforcement de ses frontières, la lutte contre son immigration illégale et l’amélioration de ses opérations de sauvetage en mer. On y découvre que l’UE a budgété plus de 6 millions d’euros, sur plusieurs années, rien que pour aider Tripoli à créer sa propre SAR et son MRCC « maison » – auxquels s’est ajouté 1,8 million via le Fonds pour la sécurité intérieure de l’Union.

      Les activités programmées ne peuvent être plus claires : « Assister les autorités libyennes pour qu’elles soient en capacité de déclarer une zone SAR », « Évaluations techniques pour la conception d’un véritable MRCC », « Formation pour le personnel opérationnel du MRCC », « Aider les garde-côtes à organiser leur unité SAR » ou encore « à développer des procédures SAR standard », etc.

      Jusqu’ici, on avait surtout entendu parler des fonds européens engagés pour former les garde-côtes (au droit international, au droit des réfugiés, etc.) ou de la fourniture d’équipements censés améliorer la qualité et l’efficacité de leurs opérations de « secours » (voir ici notre précédent article). Les ONG s’en étaient indignées, moult fois. Mais c’est encore autre chose que d’aider les Libyens à élargir leur périmètre d’action, à endosser la responsabilité des opérations au-delà même de leurs eaux territoriales.

      « L’idée n’est évidemment pas de les mettre en compétition avec les ONG et les autres acteurs, plaide-t-on à la Commission. C’est de lutter contre les trafiquants et de sauver des vies. » L’UE n’en démord pas.

      Les services de la Commission tiennent tout de même à préciser qu’à ce stade, sur les quelque 8 millions d’euros budgétés, seul 1,8 million a effectivement été déboursé pour une « étude de faisabilité » de la SAR libyenne. Rien d’autre n’aurait été mis en place avant que la Libye ne dégaine le 28 juin, plus vite que son ombre, aiguillonnée par l’Italie de Matteo Salvini.

      « Le secours n’est absolument pas la priorité de l’Union européenne, dénonce Charles Heller, chercheur associé à l’agence Forensic Architecture, collectif basé à l’université londonienne de Goldsmiths qui enquête sur les violations des droits humains, notamment en Méditerranée. Ce que font les garde-côtes libyens, ce sont des interceptions, de pures opérations de contrôle des frontières pour le compte de l’UE. »

      En 2012, rappelle-t-il, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme avait condamné l’Italie pour ses pratiques de « refoulement direct » de migrants, après qu’un vaisseau de la marine nationale avait récupéré à son bord (soit sur le sol italien juridiquement) des Somaliens et des Érythréens, raccompagnés illico à Tripoli sans qu’ils aient pu exercer leur droit fondamental à demander l’asile. La nouvelle politique consiste donc « à opérer des “refoulements indirects”, à externaliser auprès des Libyens le contrôle de nos frontières », analyse Charles Heller. « Après une phase de criminalisation des ONG, après l’aide au rétablissement d’une institution de garde-côtes à peu près fonctionnelle, la déclaration d’une SAR libyenne était fondamentale pour donner à ces opérations un vernis humanitaire. Il fallait que les garde-côtes libyens aient tous les attributs : une SAR, un MRCC, etc. C’est la consécration d’un processus. Sachant que ces opérations de “secours” ont pour effet de ramener des gens sur un territoire où leurs droits sont systématiquement violés, c’est le comble du cynisme. »

      Sauvé le 21 juin dernier par le Lifeline, un exilé du Darfour a confié à Mediapart qu’il avait été intercepté trois fois en mer par les garde-côtes libyens, et ramené trois fois dans des centres de détention officiels où les gardiens « frappent tout le monde, tout le temps, avec des bâtons ». « On nettoyait, on lavait le linge, on faisait de la peinture sans être jamais payés », raconte Abazer, aujourd’hui réfugié en France, évoquant une forme d’« esclavage ». Ça, un port sûr ?

      « L’UE fait décidément preuve d’un grand courage, grince Patrick Chaumette, professeur de droit à l’université de Nantes. On laisse les Libyens menacer les ONG, tirer en l’air, confondre leur SAR avec leurs eaux territoriales, dire : “Vous devez nous obéir !”… On a des politiques qui trouvent des prétextes fallacieux pour poursuivre leur véritable objectif : aider la Libye à empêcher les départs en mer. Comme si le droit ne servait plus à rien. Pour nous, universitaires, c’est terrifiant. »

      D’après des chiffres provisoires compilés par Matteo Villa, chercheur pour un think tank italien (l’ISPI), 1 072 migrants se seraient lancés depuis la Libye en septembre, 713 auraient été interceptés, 125 auraient posé le pied en Europe, 234 auraient disparu. Soit un taux de mortalité de plus de 21 %, treize fois plus élevé qu’il y a un an, jamais atteint depuis des années.


      https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/111018/migrants-le-hold-de-la-libye-sur-les-sauvetages-en-mer
      #SAR #zone_SAR #cartographie #visualisation

    • Barcone in avaria con 70 persone al largo di Lampedusa: l’Italia prima dice no, poi interviene

      Dopo il braccio di ferro con la nave «Mare Jonio» che ha raccolto l’sos e si è diretta sul posto. E con Malta che non aveva mezzi per i soccorsi. Soddisfatti gli attivisti del progetto umanitario Mediterranea: «Siamo felici che tutti siano in salvo»

      Un barcone con 70 migranti partito dalla Libia venerdì mattina è stato scortato dalle motovedette della Guardia Costiera italiana fino al porto di Lampedusa dove ha attraccato in banchina intorno alle tre del mattino. Di lì a poco, è iniziato lo sbarco dei suoi passeggeri. E questa, già di per sé, è una notizia in epoca di porti chiusi, respingimenti e frontiere blindate. Ma lo è ancora di più se si considera che il gesto della Guardia Costiera è stato solo l’atto finale, la resa, di una lunga partita a scacchi giocata sin dalle sette del pomeriggio dal rimorchiatore Mare Jonio – la nave del progetto Mediterranea – contro le autorità, maltesi prima, e italiane poi.

      La Mare Jonio, giunta al suo ultimo giorno di missione nelle acque libiche, stava lentamente tornando verso l’Italia quando, poco dopo il tramonto, è stata raggiunta da un Navtext, un messaggio di allerta, inviato dalle autorità di La Valletta (l’Mrcc, maritime rescue coordination center): nel testo si segnalava “un gommone in avaria con 70 persone a bordo in acque maltesi”. L’imbarcazione, stando alle coordinate messe nero su bianco nel messaggio, si trovava sì in una zona di competenza maltese ma molto vicino all’isola di Lampedusa. Praticamente al confine. Il messaggio non dava altri elementi.

      La Mare Jonio si trovava, in quel momento, a 40 miglia di distanza dal gommone. Ci sarebbero volute almeno quattro ore buone. Dopo aver modificato la rotta, la plancia del rimorchiatore italiano ha così deciso di mettersi in contatto con Mrcc Malta per avere eventuali altre informazioni o, quanto meno, capire la fonte di quella notizia. I maltesi, però, non avevano altri elementi utili. E soprattutto non avevano mezzi a disposizione per arrivare “fino là” a vedere che cosa era capitato al gommone. Quanto alla fonte, era l’Alarmphone: un servizio dedicato che smista allarmi raccolti dalle varie imbarcazioni che incrociano nel Mediterraneo.

      La Mare Jonio ha così provato a tirare quel filo, ha chiamato Alarmphone e ha chiesto informazioni, scoprendo che di quell’allarme, loro, non sapevano nulla. Malta, dunque, aveva mentito.Mentre il rimorchiatore procedeva verso le coordinate impostate subito dopo l’arrivo del Navtext, gli italiani hanno quindi chiamato l’Mrcc di Roma. E’ vero che l’imbarcazione era in zona di competenza maltese, ma è vero anche che era in avaria e che, stando alle informazioni, la corrente la stava spingendo verso le acque italiane. E poi Malta aveva dichiaratamente rinunciato a intervenire. Il naufragio di quelle settanta anime, insomma, era un rischio più che concreto. La risposta delle autorità italiane è però stata piuttosto rigida. Burocratica. “In acque di competenza maltese coordina Malta. Non è un problema nostro, quando verranno in acque italiane, vedremo”.

      La situazione agli occhi degli attivisti cominciava a farsi preoccupante. Né La Valletta né Roma volevano intervenire e la Mar Jonio era a quattro ore di distanza. E’ cominciata così una lunga serie di telefonate tra il parlamentare di Sinistra Italiana, Erasmo Palazzotto – uno degli ideatori della Missione Mediterranea – la Guardia Costiera e il ministero delle Infrastrutture. Danilo Toninelli aveva il telefono staccato, e dunque il dossier era gestito dal capo di Gabinetto, Gino Scaccia. Il quale però non ha voluto andare oltre il concetto iniziale: “Acque maltesi-problema maltese”.

      Il comandante della Guardia Costiera di fronte alle insistenze di Palazzotto, “siamo una nave italiana e le segnaliamo un problema a due miglia dalle acque italiane”, ha spiegato che “nessuna nave italiana quando ha un problema in Brasile si sogna di chiamare la Guardia Costiera italiana”. Il resto della triangolazione è stato utile solamente per capire tre cose. Uno quello che inizialmente doveva essere un gommone era in realtà un barcone di legno. Due, l’avevano trovato due pescherecci tunisini (il Fauzi e l’Adamir) che però dopo aver dato l’allarme se ne erano andati. Tre, a distanza di quattro ore, il Mare Jonio continuava ad essere l’unica imbarcazione che si stava dirigendo verso il barcone per cercare di trarre in salvo le settanta persone che erano a bordo.

      Era l’una del mattino, ormai. E il rimorchiatore era quasi arrivato alla zona indicata dal primo allarme. Ma in mare non c’era nessuno. Dalla plancia hanno ricontattato sia Roma che La Valletta per avere coordinate più precise. Ma dai due Mrcc sono arrivate le indicazioni di due punti diversi. A distanza di dodici miglia l’uno dall’altro, più di un’ora di navigazione: mentre i maltesi davano l’imbarcazione in acque italiane, molto vicino a Lampedusa, secondo gli italiani il barcone si trovava ancora nel mare di Malta.

      A quel punto il rimorchiatore ha smesso di contare sugli aiuti via radio delle autorità che evidentemente stavano giocando a nascondere la barca più che a fargliela trovare e hanno cominciato a perlustrare la zona, partendo dalle coordinate fornite dall’Mrcc italiano. Dopo nemmeno mezz’ora, via radio, l’ultima comunicazione della nottata: “La Guardia Costiera italiana ha intercettato il barcone a 2,7 miglia da Lampedusa. E l’ha scortato in porto. I migranti stanno tutti bene”. Festeggiano quelli di Mediterranea: “Siamo felici di apprendere che dopo una notte di monitoraggi e segnalazioni queste persone siano in salvo, in Italia”.


      https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/10/12/news/gommone_con_70_persone_in_avaria_davanti_a_lampedusa_mare_jonio_chiede_in

    • Un jeune migrant marocain de 16 ans blessé par balles par la #Marine_royale

      La Marine royale a encore tiré à balles réelles sur des migrants. Après la mort de #Hayat, c’est cette fois-ci un jeune de 16 ans qui est blessé par balles à l’épaule lors de l’interception d’une barque transportant 50 migrants, tous marocains, qui tentaient de rejoindre illégalement l’Europe, selon 2M.ma citant une source sécuritaire et précisant sur Twitter qu’il s’agissait « de tirs de sommations d’usage en direction de l’embarcation ». L’adolescent blessé a d’ores et déjà été transporté vers l’hôpital de Tanger, précise la même source. L’embarcation interceptée tôt ce matin se trouvait entre Assilah et Larache, sur la façade Atlantique des côtes marocaines. Contactée par Le Desk, une source militaire autorisée confirme l’information précisant qu’un communiqué officiel est en cours de préparation.

      https://ledesk.ma/encontinu/un-jeune-migrant-marocain-de-16-ans-blesse-par-balles-par-la-marine-royale

    • Au Maroc, deux ans de prison pour avoir dénoncé sur #Facebook la mort d’une migrante

      La jeune femme originaire de Tétouan a été tuée fin septembre par des tirs de la marine royale alors qu’elle tentait de rejoindre clandestinement les côtes espagnoles.

      Un Marocain a été condamné à deux ans de prison ferme pour avoir protesté sur les réseaux sociaux contre la mort d’une jeune migrante tuée fin septembre par des tirs de la marine marocaine, a-t-on appris jeudi 18 octobre auprès de son avocat.

      #Soufiane_Al-Nguad, 32 ans, a été condamné dans la nuit de mercredi à jeudi par le tribunal de Tétouan, ville du nord du Maroc, pour « #outrage_au_drapeau_national », « #propagation_de_la_haine » et « #appel_à_l’insurrection_civile », selon son avocat Jabir Baba. Il avait été interpellé début octobre, après des troubles lors d’un match de football le 30 septembre à Tétouan.

      Selon son avocat, avant ce match, M. Al-Nguad avait appelé, à travers des publications sur sa page Facebook, le groupe des ultras Los Matadores du club de football local à « manifester et à porter des habits noirs de deuil » pour protester contre le décès de #Hayat_Belkacem.

      La mort de cette étudiante de 22 ans, tuée le 25 septembre par la marine marocaine alors qu’elle tentait de gagner clandestinement les côtes espagnoles en bateau, avait suscité la colère dans le pays. Les autorités marocaines avaient dit avoir visé l’embarcation en raison de ses « manœuvres hostiles ».

      « Venger Hayat »

      Dix-neuf supporters âgés de 14 à 23 ans sont également jugés à Tétouan pour « outrage au drapeau national », « manifestation non autorisée » et « destruction de biens publics et privés », pour avoir manifesté le soir du même match.

      Ces supporters avaient été arrêtés peu après pour avoir brandi des drapeaux espagnols et crié des slogans comme « Viva España » (« Vive l’Espagne ») lors du match. Ils avaient aussi manifesté sur le chemin du stade en appelant à « #venger_Hayat ».

      Ces dernières semaines, des dizaines de vidéos montrant des jeunes Marocains en route vers l’Espagne à bord de bateaux pneumatiques sont devenues virales sur les réseaux sociaux, dans un pays marqué par de grandes inégalités sociales sur fond de chômage élevé chez les jeunes.

      Depuis le début de l’année, l’Espagne est devenue la première porte d’entrée vers l’Europe, avec près de 43 000 arrivées par voie maritime et terrestre, selon l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM).

      https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/18/au-maroc-deux-ans-de-prison-pour-avoir-denonce-sur-facebook-la-mort-d-une-mi
      #réseaux_sociaux #délit_de_solidarité #condamnation #résistance #manifestation

    • Avec l’équipage du « Mare Ionio », les anti-Salvini retrouvent de la voix en Italie

      Le Mare Ionio, parti des côtes italiennes le 4 octobre, sillonne la Méditerranée pour une mission de surveillance et de contrôle. Dans un pays gouverné par l’extrême droite, une myriade d’acteurs de la société civile a imaginé cette aventure, humanitaire mais aussi très politique.

      Palerme (Italie), correspondance.- Sur le mur de la cour du centre Santa Chiara, en plein cœur de la Palerme populaire, cinq visages s’affichent, vidéo-projetés dans l’obscurité. Tee-shirts blancs siglés du logo bleu et rouge de la plateforme civile Mediterranea, traits fatigués, les membre de l’équipage du Mare Ionio s’apprêtent à dresser un bilan de leur première semaine en mer.

      « Regardez, on peut dire qu’il y a du monde ce soir, vous les voyez ? » interroge Alessandra Sciurba, face aux mines circonspectes de l’équipage. Au moins 200 personnes sont venues écouter les cinq hommes. « Ça fait plaisir, on se sent parfois très seuls en mer », sourit Luca Casarini, un activiste italien connu pour sa participation au mouvement de désobéissance civile Tute Bianche (« Les Blouses blanches »), particulièrement actif de 1994 à 2001.

      Malgré la connexion parfois hésitante de l’équipage, qui se trouve à 35 miles de Khoms et de la côte libyenne, Erasmo Palazzotto se lance, en direct sur Skype : « Le climat est surréaliste ici. On n’a croisé personne d’autre, la radio est silencieuse. C’est comme si la mer était déserte. » Copropriétaire du bateau Mare Ionio, député palermitain de la Sinistra italiana (« Gauche italienne », à la gauche des sociaux-démocrates), il se réjouit : « On ne sait pas si c’est parce que nous sommes présents en mer mais Malte a effectué un sauvetage de deux embarcations de migrants. Ça faisait près d’un an que ce n’était pas arrivé. »

      La remarque sur le sauvetage de 220 personnes les 6 et 7 octobre au large des eaux maltaises n’est pas anodine. Depuis la formation du nouveau gouvernement italien et la nomination de Matteo Salvini au ministère de l’intérieur en juin, la Méditerranée centrale est devenue le terrain d’une véritable bataille navale. Les ONG évincées, les cartes sont redistribuées entre gardes-côtes italiens, maltais et libyens.

      Battant pavillon italien, composé d’un équipage italien, le Mare Ionio s’est donné pour mission de surveiller, contrôler et témoigner de ce qui se passe en Méditerranée centrale, dans ce tronçon de mer emprunté par les migrants pour rejoindre les côtes italiennes et déserté par les bateaux des ONG depuis quelques semaines. Il ne s’agit donc pas d’un bateau de sauvetage, même si l’équipage est paré à cette éventualité.

      Matteo Salvini a bien compris la portée politique de cette aventure. Quelques heures après l’annonce du départ de l’embarcation, le 4 octobre, il avait offert à ses sympathisants un direct Facebook plus exalté qu’à son habitude. « Prenez un pédalo, faites ce que vous voulez », a-t-il ironisé, mais hors de question d’amener des migrants en Italie, a-t-il poursuivi, ricanant au sujet de ce « bateau des centres sociaux qui erre en Méditerranée ».

      Parmi les protagonistes de la plateforme civile Mediterranea, personne ne s’aventure sur le terrain de la politique partisane. Comme si, d’une certaine manière, le paysage politique italien n’était pas à la hauteur des enjeux. « Attention, on n’est pas là pour reconstruire la gauche italienne », met en garde Fausto Melluso de l’Arci Porco Rosso, un local associatif particulièrement impliqué dans l’aide aux migrants.

      Même le député de Gauche italienne évite les joutes politiques et élude : « Je représente des milliers de personnes indignées par ce qui se passe et qui n’ont peut-être pas voté pour moi mais avaient besoin de savoir qu’une partie des institutions italiennes se trouve ici, au milieu de cette bataille historique entre barbarie et civilisation. » Une indignation qu’ils ont voulu « transformer en action », ajoute-t-il.

      « On discute de politique à terre, pas en mer. En mer, on ne laisse personne mourir, on amène les gens dans un port sûr et ensuite on discute de ce que vous voulez », tranche Giorgia Linardi, porte-parole en Italie de l’ONG allemande Sea Watch, qui est associée au projet Mediterranea.

      « C’est une mission d’obéissance civile et de désobéissance morale. On ne pouvait pas se résoudre à se dire que c’était la seule société possible », résume Alessandra Sciurba, l’une des membres de la plateforme Mediterranea et chercheuse à l’université de Palerme. Tous répètent à l’envi cette formule, énoncée par Marta Pastor, jeune diplômée de 26 ans qui s’est embarquée sur le bateau comme bénévole : « L’important, pour nous, c’est aussi de nous sauver nous-mêmes, de nous sauver des saletés qui se passent tous les jours sous nos yeux. »

      Pour Alessandra Sciurba, ce défi va bien au-delà de l’Italie : « Dans le débat politique, tout un monde n’est plus représenté, entre l’Europe démocratico-progressiste qui a accepté les plans économiques de la Troïka [FMI, BCE et Commission européenne – ndlr] et joué avec les politiques migratoires, et l’Europe de Visegrad [Hongrie, Pologne, Slovaquie, République tchèque – ndlr], souverainiste et nationaliste. Nous sommes convaincus qu’il existe une troisième Europe, et c’est surréaliste qu’il faille aller en mer pour lui redonner de la voix. »

      Ce projet européen doit « partir de la société civile, des citoyens et surtout des villes », défend l’équipage. Ce n’est pas un hasard, expliquent les membres de Mediterranea, si les deux drapeaux hissés sur le mât sont celui de l’Union européenne et celui de la ville de Palerme. Dans son habituel costume noir, entouré par quelques journalistes et par les membres de Mediterranea, Leoluca Orlando, le maire de la ville, a profité de la première escale technique du Mare Ionio sur le quai trapézoïdal de Palerme pour marteler, une fois encore, ce discours si singulier dans le reste de l’Italie : « Le port de Palerme sera toujours ouvert ! »

      Sur le pont du bateau, Claudio Arrestivo a moins l’habitude de ces raouts que son voisin. Il représente le Moltivolti, un espace de restauration et de coworking au cœur de Palerme, qui a rejoint la plateforme Mediterranea dès ses débuts, en juin : « On prend plus de risques à ne pas s’embarquer qu’à faire partie du projet. » Les entrepreneurs rêvent désormais de faire des émules à travers le reste du pays.

      C’est le défi majeur de la plateforme civile : réussir, à terre, à susciter l’adhésion. « Dans tout le pays, nous allons organiser une “via terra”, un parcours sur terre de Mediterranea en organisant des événements culturels qui nous permettront de recueillir des fonds », explique Evelina Santangelo, écrivaine palermitaine à la tête d’un groupement national d’artistes, écrivains et acteurs du monde de la culture qui soutiennent l’initiative.

      La tâche est grande : près de 195 000 euros ont déjà été récoltés grâce à une cagnotte participative soutenue par 1 892 personnes, sur un budget total estimé à 700 000 euros pour deux mois de mission en mer.

      https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/221018/avec-l-equipage-du-mare-ionio-les-anti-salvini-retrouvent-de-la-voix-en-it

    • Migrant campaign ship confronts Italy in the Mediterranean

      A Mediterranean coalition of campaigners against Italy’s hardline migration policies have bought a ship in a crowdfunding appeal to shame authorities into rescuing stranded migrants off the North African coast.

      The group, Mediterranea Saving Humans, raised more than 250,000 euros in three weeks, to buy and launch the Italian-flagged Mare Jonio to raise the alarm about migrant boats in distress in the Mediterranean Sea.

      Its first mission launched on October 4 from the southern Italian island of Sicily and succeeded in pressuring the Italian Coast guard into rescuing 70 people aboard a dinghy eight days later, according to the group.

      “The presence of Mediterranea was fundamental in raising attention to what is really happening in the waters south of Sicily and to prevent our governments from turning their backs to tragedies that call upon human compassion,” the group wrote on its website.

      https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/migrant-campaign-ship-confronts-italy-in-the-mediterranean-1.787355

    • E infine restò solo la Mediterranea a salvare le vite in mare

      Ormai, quelli della Mediterranea sono rimasti i soli a cercare di rendere meno amaro il bilancio delle morti di migranti in mare in questo terrificante 2018. Soltanto nel mese di settembre, il 20 per cento di chi è partito dalla Libia risulta morto o disperso. Si tratta di uno degli anni peggiori di sempre, da questo punto di vista. E poco importa che in Italia siano diminuiti gli sbarchi se ciò coincide con un tasso di mortalità maggiore nelle acque internazionali.

      Dopo le 13 di oggi, la nave è salpata dal porto di Palermo per la seconda missione di monitoraggio e denuncia nelle acque internazionali tra le coste italiane e la Libia. C’era stata, nei mesi scorsi, l’avvio della missione, iniziata lo scorso 4 ottobre e durata 12 giorni, aiutata anche dal parlamentare di Liberi e Uguali Erasmo Palazzotto.
      Mediterranea, il suo ruolo in mare per sorvegliare una frontiera letale

      In questi ultimi giorni, la nave italiana della piattaforma Mediterranea era all’ancora nel porto siciliano per una sosta tecnica e di rifornimento: si tratta dell’unica nave in navigazione nel Mediterraneo centrale con l’essenziale funzione di testimonianza e pronta a intervenire, qualora fosse necessario, in soccorso di imbarcazioni in difficoltà. Un vero e proprio baluardo ultimo per evitare quella che può a buon diritto essere considerata una tragedia del nostro secolo.

      Il fatto che non ci siano più imbarcazioni a monitorare le rotte dei migranti è una diretta conseguenza della campagna di criminalizzazione delle ONG e delle politiche di chiusura dei confini, portata avanti in maniera risoluta dalla Lega e dal ministro dell’Interno Matteo Salvini. Non dobbiamo dimenticarci, che il Mediterraneo è considerato la frontiera più letale al mondo e che nello scorso mese di settembre ha registrato il numero drammatico di una persona morta o dispersa su cinque, tra coloro che hanno tentato la traversata.
      L’importanza di Mediterranea nei giorni scorsi

      Il 12 ottobre scorso, la nave Mediterranea ha avuto un ruolo determinante nel sollecitare il salvataggio tempestivo di settanta persone in pericolo al largo di Lampedusa, dopo il rimpallo di responsabilità tra Malta e Italia. Non solo: ha tenuto accesa l’attenzione dell’opinione pubblica su quanto realmente accade nelle acque a sud della Sicilia.

      Alla missione iniziata oggi parteciperà anche Riccardo Gatti di Proactiva Open Arms e un team di soccorso in mare della Ong tedesca Sea-Watch partner del progetto.


      https://www.giornalettismo.com/archives/2682517/mediterranea-unica-nave-mare-migranti

    • Trois ONG lancent une opération de sauvetage au large de la Libye

      Plus aucun bateau d’ONG ne menait d’opération de sauvetage dans la zone depuis celle menée fin septembre par l’« Aquarius ».
      Trois ONG ont lancé une mission de sauvetage de migrants au large de la Libye, où il n’y avait plus de bateaux humanitaires depuis fin septembre. Les trois navires engagés dans cette mission, l’#Open-Arms de l’ONG espagnole Proactiva Open Arms, le #Sea-Watch3 de l’ONG allemande Sea-Watch et le Mare-Jonio de l’ONG italienne Mediterranea, naviguent depuis vendredi dans les eaux internationales entre l’Italie et la Libye.

      Le Mare-Jonio était déjà parti début octobre patrouiller dans la zone pour témoigner du drame des migrants. Plus aucun bateau d’ONG ne menait d’opération de sauvetage dans la zone depuis celle menée fin septembre par l’Aquarius. Ce navire, affrété par Médecins sans frontières et SOS Méditerranée, est à quai à Marseille dans l’attente d’un pavillon lui permettant de naviguer, après le retrait de ceux de Gibraltar puis du Panama. La justice italienne a par ailleurs demandé mardi son placement sous séquestre pour une affaire de traitement illégal de déchets.

      La mission n’avait pas été annoncée en amont pour « ne pas se retrouver bloquée par une quelconque ruse, comme cela a été le cas pour l’Aquarius », a dit le fondateur de Proactiva Open Arms, Oscar Camps. Plongée dans le chaos depuis la chute du dictateur Mouammar Kadhafi dans une insurrection soutenue par l’OTAN en 2011, la Libye est l’un des principaux pays de transit pour les migrants subsahariens tentant de rejoindre l’Europe à partir de ses côtes. L’Espagne est devenue cette année la première porte d’entrée des migrants en Europe devant l’Italie mais la route de la Méditerranée centrale reste la plus dangereuse avec 1 277 des 2 075 morts recensés cette année par l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations.

      https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2018/11/23/trois-ong-lancent-une-operation-de-sauvetage-au-large-de-la-libye_5387774_32

    • What It Means for Migrants When Europe Blocks Sea Rescues

      With no NGO vessels to rescue migrants crossing the central Mediterranean, people are drowning. Dr. David Beversluis, physician onboard one of the last rescue ships in the Mediterranean, looks at what it means when Europe turns its back.

      There is no more tragic place to witness the consequences of populist politics and anti-immigrant fears than the central Mediterranean Sea, where people are dying trying to reach safety in Europe.

      Many flee violence and poverty in forgotten places across Africa and beyond, before being kidnapped by traffickers and horribly abused in Libya. In a final bid for freedom, they board crowded, flimsy rafts that launch from the Libyan shore into Mediterranean waters.

      This year alone, more than 1,200 men, women and children have died trying to make this journey to Europe, according to the International Organization for Migration’s Missing Migrants project. These are just the deaths we know about.

      This summer I served as the physician onboard the Aquarius, a search and rescue ship operated by the aid organizations Doctors Without Borders and SOS Mediterranee that has assisted nearly 30,000 people since it launched in 2016. It was one of the ship’s last missions before the Italian government pressured Panama to revoke its registration after months of blocking rescue ships from Italian ports. In its current predicament, the Aquarius is unable to conduct search and rescue operations. Currently, there are no NGO aid vessels to rescue people crossing the central Mediterranean, and because of this people are drowning.

      On missions, we rescue people from boats in distress, we pull drowning people from the water, and we give food, water and lifesaving medical care. After we stabilize our patients, we sit and talk to people and hear their stories.

      I spoke with a young man who told me his brothers were targeted and killed last year during a violent conflict in Cameroon. He decided to leave his wife and young son behind because he was being threatened himself, and he was hopeful that if he made it to Europe he could eventually build a better life for his child. I could feel the pain in his words; he had no choice but to leave his loved ones behind.

      Several Somali boys told me of the months they spent traveling from country to country, first across the sea to Yemen, then to Sudan and eventually through the Sahara to Libya. Each step was a gamble for a better life. Along the way they faced extortion, imprisonment and death.

      An Eritrean boy told me he was kidnapped in Sudan and spent more than a year in captivity in Libya, where countless men and women are imprisoned by human traffickers and subjected to torture, rape and death. Another soberly described how his brother was shot in the head next to him, his body left behind in the desert.

      Each person has horrific stories of their time in Libya. They pause and shake their heads as they remember, deciding how to replay their experiences for somebody who can’t even imagine. One Nigerian man told me, “My mouth can’t form the words to describe what happened to me in Libya.”

      But he slowly opened up about his months spent in captivity. He described extreme sexual violence – rapes and genital mutilation – stories we hear repeatedly from both men and women who are trafficked in Libya.

      A Somali teenager said he was held in Libya for seven months inside a small room with more than 300 people where they had one latrine, were never able to shower or change clothes and were given meager food and water.

      And they were lined up every day, beaten with sticks and shouted at for money they didn’t have. He showed me scars on his back and arms as he mimicked the daily beating motion. The violence he lived through is written permanently in these scars on his body.

      Libya is simply not a safe place for refugees and migrants. But instead of responding humanely through a dedicated search and rescue system in the Mediterranean, or by creating safe and legal ways to apply for asylum, the European Union has poured money into building up the Libyan coast guard, which intercepts thousands of migrants and refugees as they attempt to flee. They are returned to Libya and held in official detention centers in atrocious, inhumane conditions. And as conflict erupts again between warring militias in the capital, Tripoli, many of them are directly in the line of fire.

      The stories we hear on the Aquarius highlight how people are repeatedly stripped of their humanity and dignity. And while they also have flashes of hope for a brighter future, each person understands that their difficult journey is far from over.

      In today’s political climate, Doctors Without Borders and other organizations have had to fight to disembark each rescued person in a safe place where their human rights will be respected. We’ve had to take people as far away as Spain after closer countries such as Italy have repeatedly closed their ports and European governments have refused to find sustainable and humane solutions.

      These difficulties grow as narratives of fear and hate toward migrants and refugees are repeated over and over, from Europe to America and elsewhere around the world. People are being treated as pawns by politicians unwilling to take responsibility for human lives. Borders close, walls are built and people are left to suffer and die.


      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/11/19/what-it-means-for-migrants-when-europe-blocks-sea-rescues

    • Italy orders seizure of migrant rescue ship over ’HIV-contaminated’ clothes

      Prosecutors allege garments on Aquarius should have been labelled as ‘toxic waste’.

      Italian authorities have ordered the seizure of the migrant rescue ship Aquarius after claiming that discarded clothes worn by the migrants on their voyage from Libya to Italy could have been contaminated by HIV, meningitis and tuberculosis.

      Prosecutors from Catania, eastern Sicily, alleged that the waste was illegally labelled by the ship’s crew as “special waste” rather than “toxic waste”.

      The Aquarius is currently docked in Marseilles, France, where so far it is beyond the reach of the Italian authorities.

      The ship is operated by the charity Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and SOS Méditerranée. Prosecutors in Catania said: “If Aquarius would disembark to Italy, it will be immediately put under seizure.”

      Nevertheless, the Italian authorities have placed 24 people under investigation for ‘‘trafficking and the illegal management of waste,” including the captain of the Aquarius, Evgenii Talanin, and Michele Trainiti, deputy head of the Italy mission of MSF Belgium. The Sicilian prosecutors also fined MSF a total of €460,000 (£409,000) and froze some of its bank accounts based in Italy.

      A total of 24 tonnes of discarded material – including leftover food and medical materials as well as clothes – was being investigated.

      Aids campaigners criticised the prosecutors’ claims that clothing could have been contaminated with HIV. “Clothing categorically is not, and has never been, an HIV transmission risk,” said Deborah Gold, chief executive of the National AIDS Trust.

      “This would have stood out as ridiculous even amongst the misinformation of the 1980s, never mind in 2018. Migrants and people seeking asylum have historically been attacked using myths about HIV and infectious conditions, and we condemn this both for its stigmatising of people living with HIV and of migrants fleeing hardship.”

      The Aquarius has been stuck in Marseilles since the Panamanian authorities revoked its flag, after “complaints by the Italian authorities”. But the ship seemed to have reached an agreement with a country that would offer the NGO its flag and was ready to leave the French port in few days to reach the waters of Libya.

      Matteo Salvini, Italy’s far-right deputy prime minister, hailed the seizure order for the Aquarius, tweeting: “It seems I did well to close the Italian ports to the NGOs.”

      NGO rescue boats have almost all disappeared from the central Mediterranean since Salvini announced soon after taking office that he was closing Italian ports to non-Italian rescue vessels.

      The chief prosecutor of Catania, Carmelo Zuccaro, who is leading the investigation against the Aquarius and who is known for having launched several investigations against the rescue boats operated by aid groups, has recently dropped the charges for illegal detention and kidnapping against Salvini, after the minister of the interior was placed under investigation for preventing the disembarkation of migrants from the coastguard ship Ubaldo Diciotti, last August.

      In a statement released on Tuesday, MSF described the allegations against the Aquarius crew as “disproportionate and unfounded, purely aimed at further criminalising lifesaving medical-humanitarian action at sea’’.

      “After two years of defamatory and unfounded allegations of collusion with human traffickers against our humanitarian work, we are now accused of organised crime aimed at illicit waste trafficking. This latest attempt by the Italian authorities to stop humanitarian lifesaving search and rescue capacity at any cost is sinister” says Karline Kleijer, MSF’s head of emergencies.

      “This is another strike in the series of attacks criminalising humanitarian aid at sea. The tragic current situation is leading to an absence of humanitarian search and rescue vessels operating in the central Mediterranean, while the mortality rate is on the rise,” said Frédéric Penard, SOS Méditerranée’s head of operations.

      People seeking asylum are still attempting the risky crossing but, without the rescue boats, the number of shipwrecks is likely to rise dramatically.

      The death toll in the Mediterranean has fallen in the past year, but the number of those drowning as a proportion of arrivals in Italy has risen sharply in the past few months, with the possibility of dying during the crossing now three times higher.

      According to the International Organization for Migration, so far in 2018 more than 21,000 people have made the crossing and 2,054 have died.

      https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/20/italy-orders-seizure-aquarius-migrant-rescue-ship-hiv-clothes
      #maladies #contamination

      La réponse de MSF:
      Sequestro nave Aquarius. Inquietante e strumentale attacco per bloccare azione salvavita in mare
      https://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/news-e-storie/news/sequestro-nave-aquarius-inquietante-e-strumentale-attacco-per-b

      v. aussi:
      https://seenthis.net/messages/740369

    • L’Italie demande la mise sous séquestre de l’« Aquarius » à Marseille

      La justice italienne a demandé le placement sous séquestre de l’Aquarius, actuellement bloqué à Marseille, a annoncé, mardi 20 novembre, l’ONG Médecins sans frontières (MSF). Des comptes bancaires en Italie de MSF ont également été placés sous séquestre.

      Le navire humanitaire affrété par les ONG SOS Méditerranée et MSF pour secourir les migrants au large de la Libye est soupçonné d’avoir fait passer vingt-quatre tonnes de déchets potentiellement toxiques pour des déchets classiques.

      L’enquête, coordonnée par le parquet de Catane (Sicile), porte sur le traitement des déchets à bord – restes alimentaires, vêtements des personnes secourues, déchets issus des activités médicales – dans les ports italiens où l’Aquarius débarque des milliers de migrants secourus en mer.

      « Empêcher les actions médicales et humanitaires »

      « Les opérations portuaires de nos navires de secours en mer ont toujours suivi les normes en vigueur, s’est défendu MSF dans un communiqué. Les autorités compétentes n’ont jamais questionné nos procédures ni identifié un quelconque risque pour la santé publique depuis que MSF a commencé ses opérations de secours. »

      La mise sous séquestre de l’Aquarius est « mise en œuvre dans l’unique but d’empêcher les actions médicales et humanitaires pour sauver des vies en mer en les criminalisant encore davantage », dénonce l’ONG.

      Depuis que le Panama a annoncé sa décision de retirer au bateau humanitaire son pavillon à la fin de septembre pour « non-respect » des « procédures juridiques internationales » concernant le sauvetage des migrants en mer, l’Aquarius est bloqué dans le port de Marseille.

      L’Aquarius est le dernier navire humanitaire à parcourir la Méditerranée pour secourir des migrants qui tentent la traversée clandestine vers l’Europe, fait valoir l’association. Depuis quatre ans, plus de 15 000 personnes sont mortes noyées en Méditerranée en tentant la traversée sur des embarcations de fortune, selon l’ONG. En deux ans et demi, SOS Méditerranée dit avoir secouru 29 523 personnes dont 23 % sont des mineurs.

      https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2018/11/20/l-italie-demande-la-mise-sous-sequestre-de-l-aquarius-a-marseille_5385916_32

    • Migrants : la justice italienne demande la mise sous séquestre à Marseille de l’Aquarius

      La justice italienne a demandé le placement sous séquestre du navire humanitaire Aquarius à Marseille pour une affaire de traitement illégal de déchets, un nouveau coup dur pour les ONG qui se portent au secours des migrants en mer.

      L’ONG Médecins sans frontières (MSF), qui affrète l’Aquarius avec SOS Méditerranée depuis 2016, a réfuté toute malversation et dénoncé « une mesure disproportionnée et instrumentale, visant à criminaliser pour la énième fois l’action médico-humanitaire en mer ».

      A la demande du parquet de Catane (Sicile), la justice italienne « a ordonné le placement sous séquestre » du navire et de comptes bancaires de MSF, selon un communiqué du parquet. Mais MSF a annoncé son intention de faire appel.

      Interrogé par l’AFP, le procureur de la République de Marseille, Xavier Tarabeux, a déclaré n’avoir reçu « à ce jour » aucune demande des autorités italiennes concernant l’Aquarius.

      La mesure ne change de toute façon pas la donne au large de la Libye, où les ONG ont secouru plus de 120.000 migrants depuis 2014 mais sont désormais quasi-absentes après 18 mois d’incessantes attaques politiques — de gauche comme de droite —, judiciaires et administratives.

      Plusieurs ONG ont suspendu ou déplacé leurs activités, tandis que d’autres voient leur navire bloqué en Italie, à Malte ou en France, comme c’est le cas de l’Aquarius.

      L’Aquarius est amarré à Marseille depuis début octobre dans l’attente d’un pavillon lui permettant de naviguer après le retrait de ceux de Gibraltar puis du Panama.

      « J’ai bien fait de bloquer les navires des ONG », a réagi Matteo Salvini (extrême droite), ministre italien de l’Intérieur depuis juin. « J’ai arrêté non seulement le trafic des immigrés clandestins mais aussi celui des déchets toxiques ».

      Selon le parquet, l’Aquarius et le Vos Prudence, un autre navire affrété par MSF en 2017, sont soupçonnés d’avoir fait passer pour des déchets classiques un total de 24 tonnes de déchets présentant un risque sanitaire, économisant au total 460.000 euros.

      – « Aucune mise en garde » -

      L’enquête porte sur le traitement des vêtements trempés et souillés abandonnés par les migrants à bord, ainsi que des restes alimentaires et déchets sanitaires, que les deux navires ont confiés aux services des ordures des ports où ils débarquaient les migrants secourus en mer.

      Or, les équipes médicales de MSF à bord ont signalé parmi les migrants de nombreux cas de gale, HIV, méningites ou infections respiratoires comme la tuberculose et ne pouvaient ignorer le risque de transmission de virus ou d’agents pathogènes via leurs vieux vêtements, selon le parquet.

      « Nous avons suivi les procédures qui nous étaient indiquées. La preuve en est qu’en trois ans d’activité, dans un contexte très surveillé, nous n’avons reçu aucune mise en garde, aucune amende, aucune forme d’alerte préventive de la part des autorités », a déclaré Marco Bertotto, un responsable de MSF, lors d’une conférence de presse.

      « En ce moment, nos équipes travaillent avec le virus Ebola au Congo, le choléra au Congo également et dans d’autres pays d’Afrique Centrale. Donc le fait d’être accusés de comportement irresponsable (...) est ridicule », a dénoncé Gianfranco de Maio, médecin de MSF.

      En Italie, des voix se sont également élevées pour demander comment avaient été traités les déchets similaires sur les navires de la marine ou des garde-côtes italiens, qui ont secouru plus de 300.000 migrants depuis 2014.

      Pour l’instant, plusieurs comptes bancaires de MSF ont été placés sous séquestre dans le cadre de cette enquête, qui concerne aussi deux agents maritimes qui faisaient l’interface avec les autorités portuaires, les capitaines des navires et plusieurs responsables de MSF à bord.

      Mais pour Gabriele Eminente, directeur général de MSF en Italie, le « seul crime que nous voyons aujourd’hui en Méditerranée est le démantèlement total du système de recherches et de secours ».

      Grâce à des accords controversés conclus en Libye par le précédent gouvernement de centre gauche pour empêcher les migrants de prendre la mer, puis à la politique des ports fermés de M. Salvini, l’Italie a vu le nombre d’arrivées sur ses côtes chuter drastiquement à partir de l’été 2017.

      Cette année, l’Italie a enregistré 22.500 arrivées sur ses côtes, soit une baisse de plus de 80% par rapport aux années précédentes. Mais selon l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), faute de navires de secours, la traversée depuis la Libye a coûté la vie à au moins 1.267 migrants cette année.


      https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Migrants-justice-italienne-demande-mise-sequestre-Marseille-Aquarius-2018-

    • How the Debate Over Flags Sidelined Europe’s Migrant-Rescue Ships

      Europe’s aggressive migration policy has seen Italy dive into the obscure world of national shipping flags to sabotage rescue missions. Researcher Hannah Markay argues that such moves undermine the international legal requirement to save human lives at sea.

      To deter migrants crossing the Mediterranean Sea, European authorities have seized upon a seemingly innocuous bit of international maritime law to block NGO-run rescue ships from their lifesaving work: the requirement that every vessel with seaward ambitions – from search-and-rescue vessel to pleasure boat – carry a national flag.

      The debate over whether NGO boats that rescue migrants are lifelines or “taxis of the sea” is old news. Lately, Italy and other European states have pursued a similar tactic to the one used by the United States in 1931 when it caught gangster Al Capone on charges of tax fraud: Unable to find legal issues with actual rescue missions, authorities are trying to sideline NGO vessels by diving into the minutiae of ships’ national registrations. Italian prosecutors got even more creative this week when they ordered the seizure of the rescue ship Aquarius, operated by Doctors Without Borders, over “illegal waste disposal.”

      Thus, debates over bureaucratic details have eclipsed another requirement of international law: the duty to save human lives at sea.

      Another way in which Italy has used bureaucracy to sabotage NGOs’ rescue missions is by asking them to sign a “code of conduct.” The 11-point code – aimed at stopping what Italy viewed as the groups’ facilitation of people-smuggling across the sea – barred them from entering Libyan territorial waters to undertake rescues; banned them from making calls or sending up flares to signal their location to migrant boats in distress; and threatened to bar access to Italian ports if groups did not sign or comply. Several NGO vessels refused to sign. In retaliation, Italy ordered some of them to be seized.

      These disputes have prevented ships with hundreds of just-rescued, vulnerable people aboard from disembarking in Europe. This happened recently with the Aquarius, the Lifeline and even the Diciotti, an Italian coast-guard ship barred from disembarking 177 refugees and migrants in Italy’s port of Catania for several days.

      Humanitarian groups have found ways around Europe’s bureaucratic obstacles. When Italian deputy prime minister Matteo Salvini threatened to close Italian ports to rescue vessels not bearing the country’s flag, a coalition of activists launched the first-ever Italian-flagged rescue ship, Mare Jonio, to conduct missions off Libya earlier this fall.

      But more often bureaucracy wins. Desperate migrants do not have the luxury of waiting for courts to rule on the legality of states’ actions. The bureaucratic games are directly responsible for the rising rate of deaths in the Mediterranean.
      A Game of Migrant ‘Hot Potato’

      Under international maritime law, every state must require any ship flying its flag – whether it’s a civilian, military or humanitarian vessel – to assist persons in distress at sea, without endangering the ship or crew. Coastal states must also render assistance in areas identified as their search-and-rescue (SAR) zones.

      In theory, the duty to assist applies to any ship able to hear a distress signal. Maritime rescue coordination centers around the world coordinate rescue missions in their respective zones and determine the national authority responsible for responding.

      But in reality this resembles a game of hot potato in the central Mediterranean, in which states quickly delegate or refuse responsibility.

      This was evident when Malta recently gave life-vests, petrol and a compass to a migrant boat in its SAR zone, then directed it to the shores of Lampedusa. European ships within reach of the distress signal are starting to preemptively avoid the waters near Libya altogether or are (illegally) turning around before acknowledging a migrant boat’s mayday signals.

      In this political climate, the few still-operational NGO rescue vessels are more important than ever. In their absence, rescues coordinated by European authorities end with migrants being returned to Libya, which may breach international laws around non-refoulement. With its ongoing civil war and record of detaining migrants, Libya is hardly a safe haven.

      This was the fate of 92 rescued refugees and migrants aboard a cargo ship docked in Libya’s port of Misrata who defiantly claimed they would rather die than return to Libya. The 10-day standoff ended when Libyan authorities used rubber bullets and tear gas to force disembarkation.

      Meanwhile, Libya is also playing the bureaucratic game. Under international law, territorial waters consist of the 12 nautical miles (13.8 miles/22.2km) off the coast of any state, but last year Libya declared its own SAR zone of 74 nautical miles. There is no legal basis for this expansion. Libyan authorities warned NGOs to stay out. Three European NGOs stopped sea rescue missions after Libya’s threats of violence.

      Martin Taminiau, a volunteer with the NGO vessel Sea-Watch, which Malta detained for months over its national registration, said NGO ships must weigh bureaucratic roadblocks against the need to help migrants in distress.

      “We have the right to enter these waters to save lives, but we also want to be able to operate long term,” he said.
      Responsibility to Save Lives ‘Lost at Sea’

      The legal and moral responsibility to save lives has been lost at sea, overshadowed by the technical debates over national flags, zones of responsibility, territorial waters and waste-disposal procedures.

      Watchdog and humanitarian groups must maintain pressure on the European Union to respond promptly to distress calls in their SAR zones and to communicate transparently with any boats prepared to make the rescue, in accordance with international law.

      The 1979 Search and Rescue Convention clearly designates areas of responsibility for responding to distress calls. This must translate into true responsibility and life-saving.

      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/11/22/how-the-debate-over-flags-sidelined-europes-migrant-rescue-ships

    • Che cosa può una nave?

      Si può fare!

      Era la metà di giugno quando ha cominciato a prendere forma quella che sarebbe poi divenuta la piattaforma “Mediterranea”. Salvini aveva da poco chiuso i porti italiani alla nave Aquarius, di “Medici Senza Frontiere” e “Sos Méditerranée”, definendo una “crociera” la lunga traversata che avrebbe portato in Spagna gli oltre novecento profughi e migranti che si trovavano a bordo. Era il coronamento di una vera e propria guerra alle ONG, avviata nell’aprile del 2017 dal procuratore di Catania Carmelo Zuccaro e poi proseguita dal ministro Minniti – il coronamento e al tempo stesso un’intensificazione senza precedenti: se negli anni scorsi molti di noi avevano analizzato criticamente la svolta governamentale della “ragione umanitaria”, cioè l’incorporazione delle ONG nei dispositivi di governo dei confini e delle migrazioni, era evidente che ci trovavamo davanti a una brutale soluzione di continuità. L’intervento umanitario era ora direttamente criminalizzato, azzerando quelle reti di soccorso volontario che negli anni precedenti, spesso integrate con le operazioni SAR delle diverse guardie costiere e delle forze armate, erano state comunque dispiegate nel Mediterraneo.

      Che fare di fronte a questa svolta, evidentemente sintomatica di un atteggiamento destinato a improntare l’azione del governo per mare e per terra nei mesi successivi? La domanda non poteva essere aggirata, e ha cominciato a risuonare con insistenza nelle conversazioni tra compagni e compagne. La resistenza, certo: la denuncia di quanto stava accadendo, i presìdi di protesta, le iniziative di pressione per la riapertura dei porti. E il tentativo di comprendere il significato più profondo di quanto stava accadendo, di anticipare le mosse successive del governo definendo un quadro interpretativo generale della “fase”. Ma ci sembrava che tutto questo non fosse sufficiente, che si dovesse e si potesse fare di più: che fosse necessario mettere in campo una pratica, capace di determinare spiazzamento e quantomeno di alludere a una mossa “offensiva”, al di là del carattere necessariamente difensivo della resistenza – e per riqualificare il terreno su cui quest’ultima si determina. E allora, perché non agire direttamente nel vivo delle contraddizioni del dispositivo retorico e politico della campagna governativa? Perché non comprare e mettere in mare una nave? Una nave battente bandiera italiana, in modo che nessun governo potesse chiuderle i porti del nostro Paese…

      Nei mesi successivi abbiamo misurato a pieno il carattere quasi donchisciottesco dell’impresa in cui avevamo deciso – letteralmente – di imbarcarci: una scommessa, un azzardo in qualche modo al buio. Qualche compagno, con conoscenza professionale dei mondi che ruotano attorno alle navi, ci ha aiutato a orientarci. Per un po’ abbiamo accantonato la filosofia e la teoria politica, cercando di farci almeno un’idea del diritto della navigazione, dell’ingegneria navale e della scienza logistica applicata. Mentre la ricerca della nave proseguiva, abbiamo trovato molti complici e sodali, a volte inaspettati e spesso proprio in quei mondi dello shipping dove il principio per cui “ogni singola vita a rischio in mare deve essere messa al sicuro” appare profondamente radicato e viene ritenuto intangibile. E abbiamo incontrato la disponibilità di Banca Etica a sostenere il progetto dal punto di vista finanziario, aprendo una linea di credito dedicata.

      Dentro e contro i mondi della logistica e della finanza ha dunque cominciato a prendere corpo “Mediterranea”, mentre un insieme di soggetti collettivi di diversa provenienza e natura si aggregava a prefigurare un’originale piattaforma sociale e politica. Quando infine abbiamo trovato e siamo riusciti ad acquistare la nave (la “Mare Jonio”), abbiamo subito capito che il lavoro più importante – costruire la nostra nave – cominciava allora: si trattava intanto, letteralmente, di adeguarla alle operazioni di “ricerca e salvataggio” (un compito a cui si sono dedicati con entusiasmo decine di compagne e compagni, con l’essenziale collaborazione della ONG tedesca Sea Watch); e poi di preparare gli equipaggi e di tessere le reti di terra che avrebbero sostenuto e reso possibile l’azione in mare della “Mare Jonio”. Questo lavoro di costruzione collettiva è ben lungi dall’essere terminato. E tuttavia, nella notte tra il 3 e il 4 ottobre, la nostra nave è salpata per la sua prima missione. Senza alcuna supponenza abbiamo pensato che un primo obiettivo era stato raggiunto. Avevamo dimostrato che si può fare.

      Per mare …

      Tra il 4 ottobre e il 4 dicembre scorsi la “Mare Jonio” ha percorso in tre distinte missioni più di 4.800 miglia marine, più o meno la distanza che separava i migranti italiani tra la fine dell’Ottocento e l’inizio del Novecento dall’agognato approdo a Ellis Island. Ci siamo mossi all’interno di quello che viene chiamato il Mediterraneo Centrale, entro un mare solcato e striato da tensioni geopolitiche che si traducono in confini elusivi, ma non per questo meno cogenti. Il caleidoscopio composto da acque territoriali, zone contigue, zone economiche esclusive, aree SAR (Search And Rescue) è come tagliato trasversalmente dalle linee di attrito tra Grecia e Turchia (che solcano il Mediterraneo Orientale), tra Marocco e Spagna (il Mediterraneo Occidentale) e tra Italia e Libia (appunto il Mediterraneo Centrale), con altri Paesi costieri a fare ciascuno il proprio gioco (dalla Tunisia a Malta, dall’Algeria all’Egitto).

      Non è affatto casuale che le aree marittime appena menzionate corrispondano anche alle tre principali “rotte” seguite dai flussi migratori verso l’Europa e che la maggiore o minore pressione lungo ciascuno di questi corridoi di transito rinvii, di volta in volta, a cangianti condizioni economiche, sociali e politiche nei Paesi di partenza e di arrivo; alle spinte soggettive che caratterizzano la propensione a migrare di questa o quella composizione; alle differenti e articolate strategie di gestione dei flussi, prima fra tutte la progressiva esternalizzazione dei confini dell’Unione Europea stessa, in un gioco di continui ridislocamenti che sembra ben lungi dall’aver trovato un suo punto di equilibrio. Basti pensare al ruolo che il Marocco si sta oggi preparando (nuovamente) a giocare sul terreno – mercantile! – degli accordi per il contenimento e il respingimento, entro un quadro in cui l’accordo tra UE e Turchia e i patti stretti da diversi governi italiani con tribù e milizie libiche hanno fatto, negli ultimi tre anni, da apripista. O, in quest’ultimo quadrante, ai tentativi di spostare più a sud, alla frontiera tra Niger e Libia, il “lavoro sporco” svolto in questi anni da apparati “formali e informali” in Tripolitania e Cirenaica.

      In questa cornice, di cui abbiamo potuto registrare le continue modificazioni perfino nel corso delle otto settimane delle nostre prime tre missioni, la presenza e l’attività della “Mare Jonio” hanno messo in tensione il regime SAR, costringendo più volte imbarcazioni della Guardia Costiera maltese e italiana a muoversi in soccorso dei migranti, e hanno svolto una rilevante funzione di inchiesta, facendo luce là dove si pretendeva (obiettivo essenziale dell’attacco alle ONG) che non ci fossero più testimoni attenti e consapevoli. L’Operazione Mediterranea ha conteso con successo alle “autorità competenti” il diritto a intervenire in aree di crisi e ha così aperto un campo in cui sono divenute visibili le trasformazioni già intervenute e in atto nel regime SAR, le cui aree di competenza funzionale sono state via via interpretate come veri e propri spazi di esercizio di sovranità nazionali, sostituendo nei fatti la logica del primato della concreta efficacia nel salvataggio in mare con quella mortifera della sclerotizzazione burocratica dei protocolli operativi nella gestione di rigide “frontiere” acquee. Abbiamo così disvelato e misurato nei fatti la ormai costitutiva inadeguatezza dell’attuale regime SAR a esercitare funzioni di soccorso in mare, ma anche una serie di elementi di cruciale importanza: il fatto che dalla Libia, al contrario di quanto affermato dalla propaganda del governo italiano, si continui a partire, seppure con modalità diverse rispetto al passato; le mutate geografie, i nuovi assetti logistici, la composizione variabile degli attraversamenti del Mediterraneo; la dipendenza dell’intervento sui flussi a monte, cioè sul territorio libico, dalla contingenza di complessi e tutt’altro che trasparenti giochi di potere, economico e politico (come si è visto in coincidenza con lo svolgimento a Palermo, nel novembre scorso, della Conferenza Internazionale sulla Libia); la continuità dell’intervento della “Guardia Costiera” libica (le virgolette sono d’obbligo, visto che al suo interno operano, sotto diretta supervisione del Viminale, soggetti che fino a pochi mesi fa sarebbero stati considerati “trafficanti di esseri umani”) nell’agire dentro e fuori le acque territoriali del Paese africano per operare veri e propri respingimenti collettivi; la resistenza, la formidabile determinazione delle donne e degli uomini in fuga dai campi di detenzione libici a non farsi ricondurre in quei luoghi di violenza e di sfruttamento (le due vicende della nave “Nivin” e del peschereccio “Nuestra Madre de Loreto” sono da questo punto di vista esemplari).

      A metà novembre il ministro dell’Interno italiano ha annunciato trionfalmente che il Mediterraneo era stato infine liberato dalla presenza delle navi delle ONG. “Mediterranea”, con la sua azione, ha al contrario determinato le condizioni di possibilità di un’alleanza transnazionale senza precedenti tra diverse ONG: nel corso di quella che è stata per noi la terza missione ci siamo coalizzati con Open Arms e Sea Watch, dando vita a United4Med e mettendo in mare un piccola flotta, sostenuta dal cielo da due velivoli da ricognizione. Indipendentemente dagli esiti di questa missione (caratterizzata dall’intervento a sostegno del peschereccio “Nuestra Madre de Loreto”), sono state poste le condizioni per un coordinamento operativo destinato a durare nel tempo e per ulteriori nuove alleanze nei prossimi mesi. Ma un momento di significativa importanza è stata anche la sosta di diversi giorni nel porto di Zarzis, in Tunisia, dove l’incontro con le associazioni dei pescatori – da sempre impegnati nelle operazioni di soccorso in mare, e per questo criminalizzati in Italia – e con gli attivisti del “Forum Tunisino per i Diritti Economici e Sociali”, ci ha consentito di cominciare a gettare ponti con la terra non solo verso Nord, ma anche verso Sud.

      … e per terra.

      La costruzione di una forte e strutturale connessione tra “terra e mare” è stata per noi fin dall’inizio, del resto, uno degli obiettivi essenziali di “Mediterranea”. Abbiamo spesso affermato che non siamo una ONG, senza per questo mancare di riconoscere l’importanza fondamentale, per il nostro progetto, della collaborazione con Sea Watch e Open Arms, la straordinaria passione che anima molte volontarie e molti volontari delle ONG, e i risultati concreti ottenuti negli anni da queste ultime, in termini di vite umane strappate a morte certa. Quest’affermazione significa piuttosto che non consideriamo il nostro intervento semplicemente limitato ai luoghi in cui si produce l’emergenza “umanitaria”; che ne enfatizziamo il carattere politico e non semplicemente “tecnico” o “neutrale”; che rivendichiamo la possibilità di agire, laddove se ne determinino le condizioni, al di fuori dei quadri giuridici stabiliti, per alludere semmai alla fondazione conflittuale di nuovi diritti.

      È su queste basi che valutiamo l’indubbio successo che “Mediterranea” ha raccolto in terra (tra l’altro per i risultati, inediti per il contesto italiano, del crowdfunding, con quasi quattrocentomila euro raccolti in poco più di due mesi). Tanto nel corso delle iniziative organizzate da un gruppo di donne e uomini di cultura e spettacolo (la “Via di Terra”), quanto nelle decine e decine di assemblee che si sono tenute in tutta Italia (e in qualche città europea) abbiamo fatto esperienza di un entusiasmo e di una passione, di una partecipazione anche emotiva, di una curiosità e di un’adesione che da tempo non ricordavamo. Si badi: queste “tonalità emotive” non corrispondono in alcun modo a un’omogeneità politica. La nostra nave è stata appropriata e in qualche modo reinventata dalle posizioni più diverse, all’interno di centri sociali così come di parrocchie, di università e di scuole, di piccoli circoli di Paese e di assemblee metropolitane; mentre il 24 novembre, ci piace ricordarlo, sulla “Mare Jonio” la bandiera di “Mediterranea” ha sventolato accanto a quella del movimento più forte e radicale dei nostri giorni, “Non Una di Meno”. Ma è proprio questa eccedenza di significati attribuiti a “Mediterranea”, anche al di là delle intenzioni iniziali di questo progetto, a rappresentare per noi il dato più significativo. E a costituire la potenzialità più rilevante per l’immediato futuro.

      La situazione “in terra” è del resto anch’essa cambiata nei due mesi in cui la “Mare Jonio” ha effettuato le sue missioni nel Mediterraneo. Il consolidamento dell’egemonia di Salvini all’interno del governo “giallo-verde” e l’indubbio consenso che circonda la sua azione si sono coniugati con la conversione in legge del cosiddetto “Decreto sicurezza” (mentre un discorso a parte meriterebbe la vicenda della legge di Bilancio e lo “scontro” con la Commissione Europea). Non è questo il luogo per un’analisi nel dettaglio delle disposizioni di legge in esso contenute. Basti dire che il drastico ridimensionamento del sistema SPRAR punta a radicare ulteriormente nel tessuto sociale una logica emergenziale, producendo “illegalità” e rendendo sempre più fragile e insicura la condizione di migliaia di profughi e migranti. Mentre il sostanziale smantellamento della “protezione umanitaria” colpisce tra l’altro duramente, e in modo selettivo, le donne migranti, in particolare quelle in fuga da condizioni di violenza. Al tempo stesso, l’inasprimento delle sanzioni penali per blocchi stradali e occupazioni abitative colpisce in primo luogo ancora i e le migranti, protagonisti in questi anni di straordinarie lotte sul lavoro (si pensi ai blocchi dei magazzini della logistica) e per la casa.

      Siamo di fronte a un tendenziale azzeramento delle mediazioni, che si manifesta prima di tutto sul terreno della migrazione, ma che si indirizza selettivamente contro un insieme più ampio di soggetti. Come agire di fronte a questa rottura? “Mediterranea” non ha certo lezioni da impartire a chi quotidianamente pratica la resistenza. Ha forse però, a partire dalla sua parziale esperienza, almeno due indicazioni da proporre.

      In primo luogo, mostra l’importanza di accompagnare all’azione di resistenza la messa in campo di pratiche capaci di intervenire direttamente sui problemi che si presentano. Si può pensare che oggi queste pratiche possano e debbano dispiegarsi anche sul terreno della costruzione di infrastrutture, materiali e immateriali, una costruzione aperta e in divenire, come aperta e in divenire è stata ed è la costruzione della nostra nave. Proviamo a immaginare un’azione che combini, in modo aperto ed espansivo, la resistenza allo smantellamento del sistema SPRAR e della protezione umanitaria con la costruzione di infrastrutture alternative per l’ “accoglienza”, coinvolgendo il mondo degli operatori e delle operatrici e facendo tesoro dell’esperienza dei centri anti-violenza e delle case rifugio all’interno del movimento femminista. Non ne risulterebbe straordinariamente più forte la stessa resistenza?

      In secondo luogo, “Mediterranea” può offrire l’esperienza di quella che vorremmo chiamare una politica del diritto, ovvero di un tentativo di affermare (ancora una volta: con una pratica) la legittimità e la legalità di qualcosa di tanto elementare quanto il dovere di salvare i naufraghi in mare. In questo tentativo, ha “testato” l’intreccio tra molteplici sistemi giuridici (quelli nazionali, quello europeo, il “diritto internazionale del mare”), tentando di allargare le tensioni all’interno e tra di essi, aprendo varchi e scontrandosi con limiti. È un tentativo che bisogna continuare a fare (per mare così come per terra) con maggiore determinazione. E con la necessaria spregiudicatezza e radicalità, perché siamo convinti che di fronte ai limiti occorra forzare, sia cioè indispensabile praticare, dal nostro punto di vista, la rottura.

      To be continued.

      Che cosa può dunque una nave? Va da sé che c’è un tratto ironico in questa variazione sul tema di una celebre domanda deleuziana. Pur non disdegnando imprese donchisciottesche, cerchiamo di mantenere una qualche sobrietà. Indubbiamente, la nostra nave ha dimostrato di poter intervenire operativamente nel Mediterraneo, svolgendo tra le altre cose un’efficace funzione di inchiesta e denuncia sulle trasformazioni del regime SAR e delle dinamiche di attraversamento e rafforzamento del confine marittimo. Ha messo in collegamento le due sponde del Mediterraneo e ha prodotto straordinari effetti di risonanza in terra, aprendo spazi nuovi attraverso una molteplicità di incontri imprevisti. Ma una nave può essere soltanto uno dei molti dispositivi di cui dobbiamo dotarci nella lotta per costruire un mondo in cui sia possibile, tanto per cominciare, respirare più liberamente.

      In ogni caso, la nostra nave – lo abbiamo detto più volte – è in costruzione, ed è in fondo questo ininterrotto processo di costruzione collettiva che ci sembra prezioso. Che cosa diventerà “Mediterranea” nei prossimi mesi? È una domanda che deve rimanere aperta nelle sue linee generali. Certamente, proseguiremo le operazioni marittime. Questo richiederà un’ulteriore “professionalizzazione” del lavoro, un salto di qualità nella strutturazione dell’ “impresa per fare l’impresa”, una rinnovata cura per gli aspetti logistici e finanziari, la formazione di attivisti e attiviste auspicabilmente nel quadro di una cooperazione rafforzata con diverse ONG. È questo un aspetto fondamentale di “Mediterranea”, nata da un patto tra soggetti diversi che si sono riconosciuti uguali nella condivisione dell’urgenza dell’intervento di soccorso in mare.

      Al tempo stesso, sarà necessario riaffermare e riqualificare il significato della nostra affermazione secondo cui “non siamo una ONG”. Si tratterà cioè di riprendere gli elementi essenziali che abbiamo indicato in precedenza: il carattere politico del progetto, la moltiplicazione di ponti tra il mare e la terra, una “politica del diritto” certo consapevole dei quadri ordinamentali dati (e delle forzate interpretazioni consuetudinarie che i più recenti rapporti di forza politici hanno orientato), ma anche determinata nella capacità di praticare rotture. E occorrerà farlo allargando le relazioni e approfondendo il lavoro tanto sul piano sociale quanto nello spazio europeo, puntando in primo luogo al coinvolgimento delle tante città che si sono costituite, esplicitamente o implicitamente, come “città rifugio” negli ultimi anni.

      Sono questioni attorno a cui è aperto il confronto tra tutti coloro che partecipano al progetto. La nostra proposta è quella di lavorare – da qui alla primavera – alla costruzione di una sorta di “stati generali” di “Mediterranea”: non un evento, ma l’esito di un percorso di inchiesta e di discussione, che riprenda i fili delle molte risposte che “Mediterranea” ha raccolto e che ci permetta di avanzare sul terreno della costruzione collettiva. Ripartire dai territori in cui si sono svolte (e continuano a svolgersi) le iniziative di sostegno al progetto, valorizzare gli “incontri imprevisti” per quel che riguarda tanto eterogenee aree politiche e culturali quanto i diversi “mondi” che abbiamo attraversato in questi mesi (da quelli dello shipping ai medici e agli operatori del diritto con cui abbiamo collaborato, per fare solo qualche esempio particolarmente importante): questo ci sembra possa essere il metodo da seguire, per continuare a essere là dove è necessario essere e agire – per mare e per terra.


      http://www.euronomade.info/?p=11437

  • Lessons from Tanzania’s Historic Bid to Turn Refugees to Citizens

    Tanzania was lauded for offering citizenship to 200,000 Burundians, the largest-ever mass naturalization of refugees. But a political stalemate emerged between humanitarians and the government, leaving refugees stuck in the middle, explains researcher Amelia Kuch.

    During Europe’s so-called migrant crisis of 2015, the Tanzanian government gave over 200,000 Burundian refugees a choice between repatriation – returning to Burundi – and naturalization – obtaining Tanzanian citizenship.

    Given the choice, 79 percent of the refugees – 171,600 people – opted for Tanzanian citizenship. It is understood to be the first time in history any state has naturalized such a large group of refugees under the protection of the U.N. refugee agency (UNHCR) in a single move.

    This group of refugees had fled Burundi following ethnic violence and killings in 1972 and now live in three rural settlements in Tanzania: Katumba, Mishamo and Ulyankulu. Since the 1970s, these settlements had transformed into towns: People made improvements to their homes, electricity poles were laid out and the local markets began to expand.

    Research has shown that access to citizenship is an important means of resolving long-term displacement. Yet in most countries, granting citizenship to refugees is still politically unthinkable.

    Tanzania has long been held up as a safe haven for refugees in the region, giving shelter to some 315,000 mainly Burundian and Congolese refugees. The naturalization of Burundian refugees was hailed as a model for progressive solutions to displacement. Yet it has led to a political stalemate between humanitarian organizations and the government, with the “refugees-turned-citizens” stuck in the middle.

    Last month, the Tanzanian government halted the naturalization of another group of more recently arrived Burundian refugees and has since pulled out of the U.N.’s Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, citing lack of international funding.

    During my research in the former Burundian refugee camps in Western Tanzania since 2014, I have spoken with many former refugees about the naturalization process, as well as NGO employees and government officials.

    The difficulties in Tanzania are important to understanding the challenges of mass naturalization. It is not easy to turn a camp of refugees into a settlement of citizens. They also demonstrate how important it is for refugees to be able to hold both governments and humanitarian organizations accountable when things go wrong.
    A Progressive Solution is Born

    Negotiations around Tanzania’s naturalization policy began in 2007. They resulted in the Tanzania Comprehensive Solution Strategy (TANCOSS), which was adopted that year by the governments of Tanzania and Burundi in partnership with UNHCR. The agreement had three pillars: repatriation to Burundi, granting citizenship to those who opted to pursue naturalization and relocation of naturalized refugees from the settlements to other regions of Tanzania.

    Major investments were promised to facilitate the process. Some $103 million was earmarked for relocation and integration of naturalized refugees in the 2011-15 United Nations Development Assistant Plan (UNDAP).

    Eventually, the resettlement pillar was abandoned because of logistical problems and local resistance to resettling refugees. As a result, the new citizens were permitted to remain in the areas of the settlements in which they had lived for the past four decades. They can now vote in national elections and join political parties.

    “Obtaining citizenship and being allowed to stay here brought peace into my heart. Before I lived in fear,” said one former refugee named Daniel.
    Left in Limbo

    Yet the initial TANCOSS agreement did not include any detailed plans for the refugee settlements after the naturalization of their residents. As a consequence, today the area remains in a governance limbo.

    Every refugee camp had a settlement officer who represented the Ministry of Home Affairs and was responsible for governing the area. Settlement officers remain in power in all three settlements, and they continue to act as the highest authority and arbiters of conflicts.

    “Naturalization certificates are important because they allow us to move, but opening of this space is crucial and still needs to happen,” said one church leader in Ulyankulu, referring to the full integration of the settlements. “As long as we still have a settlement officer and a closed space, the process is not complete.”

    It remains unclear when and how a transition to local governance will take place and what rights to the land the new citizens have. The Tanzania Strategy for Local Integration Program for the New Citizens (TANSPLI), drafted in 2016, stipulates the creation of a master land use plan for the settlements and the surrounding areas, followed by the registration of villages in each settlement and provision of documentation for land rights.

    However, the timeline for implementation is unclear. It “hinges on the availability of funding for the planned development projects,” according to Suleiman Mziray, who is assistant director of refugee services at Ministry of Home Affairs.

    “People here don’t have ownership, you can be taken off your land at any time,” said one elderly man from Kaswa village in Ulyankulu settlement. “It’s like a marriage with no certificate.”
    Lack of Accountability

    Some of these challenges have led to a political stalemate between humanitarian organizations and the government, with each claiming the other has not kept its promises. Meanwhile, residents of the settlements suffer the consequences, as they wait for citizenship documents and investment in infrastructure like access to clean water.

    Due to major delays in the distribution of citizenship certificates by the government, international funding for the promised development projects was redirected to other emergencies. Some of the aid was initially meant for resettlement, so once the refugees were allowed to stay in the former camps, funds were reallocated. Now that they are no longer refugees but citizens, they fall into a responsibility gap. “We have done our part,” a UNHCR official told me on condition of anonymity.

    On the other side is the Tanzanian government: frustrated and disillusioned. They say they were promised that major investments will follow the distribution of citizenship but they never arrived. “We kept our part of the deal and distributed citizenship. But none of the promises materialized,” said an official at the Ministry of Home Affairs.

    The government says it does not intend to invest in the settlements for now, as they are still hoping that international funding might come through eventually.

    Earlier agreements left it ambiguous who would be responsible for implementing the administrative, developmental and social programs that were designed to turn former refugee settlements into properly integrated towns and villages. Without accountability mechanisms, it is hard for former refugees to hold humanitarian organizations or the government to their initial promises.
    Three Lessons from Tanzania

    Clearly, the design and implementation of the naturalization policy was far from perfect. The experience of Tanzania offers a few important lessons.

    First, if similar mass naturalization policies are to be implemented elsewhere, it is key that they are drafted as binding documents, where the parties dedicated to the process (both national governments and international organizations) can be held accountable if they do not deliver on the promises and commitments made within an agreed timeline.

    Second, such policies should be more carefully drafted, incorporating provisions on post-naturalization arrangements regarding local governance and land ownership.

    Finally, despite the pitfalls and unforeseen challenges, my interviews with former refugees shows that naturalization is very important to them. They are acutely aware that citizenship is not a panacea, but firmly maintain that access to legal status provides them with a sense of security and the right to remain in the country, allaying fears of forced repatriation and deportation.

    https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/02/22/lessons-from-tanzanias-historic-bid-to-turn-refugees-to-citizens?platfor
    #naturalisation #citoyenneté #nationalité #modèle_tanzanien #Tanzanie #asile #migrations #réfugiés #réfugiés_burundais

    v. aussi le #modèle_ougandais qui donne un lopin de terre aux réfugiés

  • How Photographing Lost Objects Revealed Another Lens on — Refugees Deeply
    https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/07/02/how-photographing-lost-objects-revealed-another-lens-on-migration

    For years, Sicilian photographer Mario Badagliacca has been documenting migrants’ journeys – as they land on the shores of Lampedusa or trek across Europe’s borders. His striking series “Frammenti” (Fragments) documents the personal belongings recovered from the so-called Cemetery of Boats on Lampedusa. Another series, “The Game,” explores the harsh environments and survival strategies along the Balkan route through Europe.

    As part of our series “Picturing Refugees,” we talk to Badagliacca about the constraints of the photojournalism industry and his work documenting a broader scope of migrant experiences.

  • Why Comics Are So Effective at Telling Refugees’ Stories

    Our series Picturing Refugees continues with Poppy Ogier from PositiveNegatives explaining the power of illustrative storytelling and why it works in depicting human stories of refuge and migration.


    https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/06/26/why-comics-are-so-effective-at-telling-refugees-stories
    #BD #bande_dessinée #méthodologie #efficacité #asile #migrations #réfugiés

  • Alors que les #Etats-nations (notamment l’#Italie dans ce cas précis) ferment les portes aux exilés, les #villes semblent aujourd’hui faire preuve de #solidarité.

    Il y a eu l’exemple de #Valence, mais #Barcelone et #Berlin se disent prêtes à accueillir les personnes sauvées par les navires des #ONG en #Méditerranée.

    Ici, des liens sur les #villes-refuge :
    http://seen.li/eh64

    Et ci-dessous, dans le fil de la discussion, des liens plus récents.

    #Etat-nation #villes #urban_matter #migrations #réfugiés #asile

    • Barcelona urges Spain to allow migrant ship to dock

      Barcelona Mayor Ada Colau is calling on Spain’s prime minister to grant the city docking rights to help a Spanish aid boat that rescued 60 migrants in the Mediterranean near Libya.

      The Open Arms boat, run by Spanish aid group Proactiva Open Arms, was the cause of a political row Saturday between Italy and Malta, who both rejected taking in the aid boat’s migrants.

      Mr Colau tweeted that Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez should “save lives” because Barcelona “doesn’t want to be an accomplice to the policies of death of Matteo Salvini,” referring to Italy’s hard-line interior minister.

      Mr Salvini, head of an anti-migrant party in the Italian coalition government, has vowed that no more humanitarian groups’ rescue boats will dock in Italy.

      The Spanish vessel said it rescued the migrants Saturday — including five women, a nine-year-old child and three teenagers — after it spotted a rubber boat patched with duct tape floating in the sea. All the migrants appeared in good health.

      "Despite the hurdles, we continue to protect the right to life of invisible people,’ said Open Arms.

      Mr Salvini quickly declared that the rescue boat “can forget about arriving in an Italian port” and claimed the boat should go to Malta, the nearest port.

      But Malta swiftly pushed back, with its interior minister contending that the tiny Italian island of Lampedusa, south of Sicily, was closer to the boat.

      Earlier this month, Rome rejected the Aquarius ship carrying 630 migrants, forcing it to eventually dock in Spain.

      “For women and children really fleeing the war the doors are open, for everyone else they are not!” Mr Salvini tweeted.

      https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/barcelona-urges-spain-to-allow-migrant-ship-to-dock-1.745767
      #villes-refuge

    • Migrants rescue boat allowed to dock in Barcelona

      A Spanish rescue boat which plucked 60 migrants from a patched-up rubber dinghy in the Mediterranean Sea near Libya has been given permission to sail to Barcelona, following another political row between Italy and Malta over where the vessel should dock.

      The boat, Open Arms, run by Spanish aid group Proactiva Open Arms, said it rescued the migrants – including five women, a nine-year-old child and three teenagers – after it spotted a rubber boat patched with duct tape floating in the sea. All the migrants appeared in good health.

      Italy’s right-wing interior minister Matteo Salvini quickly declared that the rescue boat “can forget about arriving in an Italian port”, and claimed it should instead go to Malta, the nearest port.

      Malta swiftly pushed back, with its interior minister contending that the tiny Italian island of Lampedusa, south of Sicily, was closer to the boat.

      http://www.itv.com/news/2018-06-30/migrants-rescue-boat-allowed-to-dock-in-barcelona

    • #Palerme:

      La Commission régionale de l’Urbanisme a rejeté le projet de pré-faisabilité du « #hotspot » à Palerme, confirmant l’avis du Conseil municipal de Palerme. L’avis de la Commission régionale reste technique. Le maire de Palerme a rappelé que "la ville de Palerme et toute sa communauté sont opposés à la création de centres dans lesquels la dignité des personnes est violée (...). Palerme reste une ville qui croit dans les valeurs de l’accueil, de la solidarité et des rencontres entre les peuples et les cultures, les mettant en pratique au quotidien. En cela, notre « non » à l’hotspot n’est pas et ne sera pas seulement un choix technique, mais plutôt un choix relatif à des principes et des valeurs".
      > Pour en savoir plus (IT) : http://www.palermotoday.it/politica/hotspot-zen-progetto-bocciato-regione.html

      – Leoluca Orlando, le maire de Palerme, continue de défier le gouvernement et les politiques migratoires de Salvini. La nouvelle querelle fait suite à une circulaire envoyée aux préfets et présidents de commissions sur la reconnaissance de la protection internationale. Matteo Salvini souhaite une accélération de l’examen des demandes et un accès plus strict au titre de séjour pour motif(s) humanitaire(s), un des avantages les plus accordés (cette année, ils représentaient 28% des trois titres de séjour prévus par la loi). La circulaire invite les commissions à être plus rigoureuses dans l’examen de la vulnérabilité.
      > Pour en savoir plus (IT) : www.palermotoday.it/politica/migranti-polemica-orlando-salvini-querela.html ?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter

      – 8 Juillet, 18h : manifestation citoyenne des oppressé.es à Palerme.
      > Pour en savoir plus (IT), lien vers l’évènement : http://palermo.carpediem.cd/events/7342024-prima-le-oppresse-e-gli-oppressi-at-piazza-giuseppe-verdi

      –-> Reçu via la mailing-list Migreurop

    • Migranti: parte l’offensiva degli amministratori locali contro la deriva xenofoba e razzista del Governo

      Primo firmatario dell’appello «inclusione per una società aperta» Nicola Zingaretti; tra gli aderenti Sala, Pizzarotti e De Magistris.

      Trentatré episodi di aggressioni a sfondo razzista da quando il governo Salvini - Di Maio si è insediato, tre solo nelle ultime ore; porti chiusi e criminalizzazione delle Ong; ruspe sui campi rom e una narrazione costante e diffusa che parla di invasione, sostituzione etnica, pericolo immigrazione: qualcuno ha deciso di non restare in silenzio e mostrare che esiste anche un’Italia che rifiuta tutto questo, rivendica lo stato di diritto e sostiene l’inclusione sociale come valore assoluto.

      Per questo oggi stato lanciato - e ha già raccolto più di 200 adesioni in tutta Italia - il manifesto «Inclusione per una società aperta», ideato e promosso dai consiglieri regionali del Lazio Alessandro Capriccioli, Marta Bonafoni, Paolo Ciani, Mauro Buschini e Daniele Ognibene e rivolto a tutti gli amministratori locali che rifiutino «la retorica dell’invasione e della sostituzione etnica, messa in campo demagogicamente al solo scopo di ottenere consenso elettorale, dagli imprenditori della paura e dell’odio sociale; rifiutino il discorso pubblico di denigrazione e disprezzo del prossimo e l’incitamento all’odio, che nutrono una narrazione della disuguaglianza, giustificano e fanno aumentare episodi di intolleranza ed esplicito razzismo», col fine di costruire «una rete permanente che, dato l’attuale contesto politico, affronti il tema delle migrazioni e dell’accoglienza su scala nazionale a partire dalle esperienze e dalle politiche locali, con l’obiettivo di opporsi fattivamente alla deriva sovranista e xenofoba che sta investendo il nostro paese», come si legge nell’appello diffuso quest’oggi.

      «In Italia viviamo una situazione senza precedenti», ha spiegato Alessandro Capriccioli, capogruppo di +Europa Radicali durante la conferenza stampa di lancio dell’appello insieme ai colleghi Paolo Ciani, Marta Bonaforni e Marietta Tidei. «Attraverso una strategia quasi scientifica è stato imposto un racconto sull’immigrazione che alimenta l’odio e lo sfrutta per ottenere consensi. Questo manifesto si rivolge agli amministratori locali che affrontano sul campo il tema dell’immigrazione con risultati virtuosi che spesso smentiscono quel racconto, ed è uno strumento per formare una rete istituzionale che potrà diventare un interlocutore autorevole e credibile in primo luogo di questo Governo, dettando indicazioni, strategie e proposte».

      Paolo Ciani, capogruppo di Centro Solidale, ha sottolineato come «questa narrazione distorta sta portando a un imbarbarimento della nostra società. Gli episodi di questi giorni rappresentano solo la punta dell’iceberg di un atteggiamento diffuso: sappiamo tutti che esistono degli istinti bassi che appartengono a tutti gli esseri umani e che, se trovano una loro legittimazione nelle istituzioni, diventano un problema». Marietta Tidei, consigliera regionale del Pd ha posto l’attenzione sul fatto che «oggi viene raccontato solo il brutto dell’immigrazione, ma noi siamo qui per dire che c’è anche molto che ha funzionato: il programma Sprar è un esempio virutoso», mentre la capogruppo della Lista Civica Zingaretti Marta Bonafoni ha sottolineato come ciò che conta sia «la quantità e la pronta risposta che stiamo avendo: la distribuzione geografica ci dice che c’è un’altra italia, che con questo appello diventa una rete istituzionale che si pone come interlocutrice del Governo».

      Oltre al Presidente della regione Lazio hanno già sottoscritto l’appello Beppe Sala, sindaco di Milano, Federico Pizzarotti, sindaco di Parma, Luigi De Magistris, sindaco di Napoli e più di 200 tra assessori e consiglieri regionali, sindaci, presidenti di municipi e consiglieri comunali e municipali da ogni parte d’Italia.

      http://www.repubblica.it/solidarieta/immigrazione/2018/08/03/news/migranti_parte_l_offensiva_degli_amministratori_locali_contro_la_deriva_x
      #xénophobie #racisme #anti-racisme

    • Espagne : #Bilbao accueille de plus en plus de migrants

      Dernière étape avant la France ou une autre destination, Bilbao accueille de plus en plus de migrants débarqués sur les plages du sud de l’Espagne. Le Pays basque, connu pour être doté d’un réseau de solidarité citoyenne très développé, prend en charge le sort de ces migrants en transit. C’est le cas de l’association #Ongi_Etorri_regugiak - « Bienvenue réfugié » - qui depuis trois mois aide un groupe de 130 subsahariens livrés à eux-mêmes.

      Dans la cour de récréation, une vingtaine d’Africains jouent au football en attendant l’heure du dîner. C’est dans cette ancienne école primaire du quartier populaire de Santuxtu, transformée en centre social, que sont hébergés ces migrants âgés de plus de 18 ans. Tous ont débarqué en zodiac sur les côtes espagnoles, puis ont été transportés jusqu’à Bilbao dans des bus affrétés par les autorités espagnoles. Mais à leur arrivée, ils sont très vite livrés à eux-mêmes.

      La solidarité d’une centaine de personnes a permis d’aider ces migrants et de prendre la relève des autorités locales comme le souligne Martha, une des volontaires. « On a ouvert ce dispositif entre personnes qui n’ont aucun moyen économique, c’est autofinancé, et on apprend sur le tas un peu de tout, explique-t-elle. Il y a des gens qui restent dormir pour voir si tout se passe bien. On est là pour les accompagner, pour créer aussi le lien avec les gens d’ici, avec la ville. C’est très émouvant de voir comment s’est créée une chaîne de solidarité entre différents quartiers peu à peu, qui ne devrait pas s’arrêter là et on espère qu’elle ne va pas se rompre ».

      Parmi ces migrants, Zacharia, un Camerounais de 29 ans, désigné chef cuisinier. C’est lui qui prépare les repas pour les 130 personnes avec les vivres donnés par les habitants du coin. Il espère l’obtenir l’asile politique, mais il va devoir attendre six mois pour avoir son premier rendez-vous avec les autorités, ce qui le préoccupe.

      Les autorités basques ont promis de se pencher sur le sort de ces migrants, mais d’ordinaire, ils sont très peu à choisir de rester au Pays basque. La plupart décident de continuer leur périple vers le nord de l’Europe avec ou sans aide.

      http://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/11498/espagne-bilbao-accueille-de-plus-en-plus-de-migrants

    • #Atlanta says NO to detention and YES to increased legal services and support for family reunification:

      Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms Issues Executive Order to Permanently End City of Atlanta Receiving ICE Detainees

      Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms has signed an Executive Order directing the Chief of the Atlanta City Department of Corrections to take the necessary action to permanently stop receiving U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detainees under the current agreement with the United States Marshals Service.


      https://t.co/9jZoIICiIi
      #détention_administrative #rétention

      #USA #Etats-Unis

    • How Cities Are Demanding a Greater Voice on Migration

      Cities are developing their own solutions to help fast-growing migrant and refugee populations in urban areas. Cities expert Robert Muggah describes the swell of initiatives by urban leaders and what it will take to overcome the barriers ahead.

      Most refugees and internally displaced people live in cities. Yet urban leaders are regularly excluded from international discussions about refugee response.

      Robert Muggah, cofounder of the Brazil-based think-tank the Igarape Institute and Canadian risk consultancy The SecDev Group, is among a growing chorus of city and migration experts calling for that to change. His recent paper for the World Refugee Council describes how cities are developing their own solutions and offers a blueprint for better cooperation.

      “Cities will need resources to scale up their activities,” Muggah told Refugees Deeply. “This may require changes in laws so that cities can determine their own residence policies and keep tax revenues generated by migrants who move there.”

      Refugees Deeply talked to Muggah about how city leaders are championing new approaches to displacement and the barriers they’re trying to overcome.
      Refugees Deeply: Are the global compacts on refugees and migration a missed opportunity for a smarter international approach to urban refugees and migrants?

      Robert Muggah: The international response to the urbanization of displacement has been woefully inadequate. The U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in particular, was remarkably slow to empower cities to assume a greater role in protecting and assisting refugees and other groups of concern. And while it has made some modest improvements, the UNHCR’s strategic plan (2017–21) makes just one reference to urban refugees – acknowledging that they constitute the majority of the agency’s caseload – but offers no vision or concrete recommendations moving forward.

      The global compacts on migration and refugees were never going to be revolutionary. But so far they have been a disappointment seen from the vantage point of cities. While still under review, the new compacts only tangentially address the central role of urban authorities, businesses and civic associations in supporting displaced populations. While they offer a suite of sensible-sounding proposals to ensure a more predictable approach to protection and care and “regularize” population movements more generally, they are silent on the role of cities. The global compact on refugees mentions the word “urban” just four times and “cities” just once. These omissions have not gone unnoticed: cities and inter-city networks are agitating for a greater voice.

      The global compacts on migration and refugees were never going to be revolutionary. But so far they have been a disappointment seen from the vantage point of cities.
      Refugees Deeply: What are some of the main political and institutional blockages to better equipping cities around the world to protect and care for migrants and refugees?

      Muggah: For most of the 20th and 21st centuries, nation states have actively resisted giving cities more discretion in responding to issues of cross-border and internal population displacement. Cities will not find recourse in international law, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) also have nothing to say about urban displacement. More positively, the nonbinding New Urban Agenda offers more concrete direction on cooperation between national and subnational authorities to address the needs of refugees and internally displaced people.

      Cities have also received comparatively limited support from international organizations to support urban refugees and displaced people. On the contrary – the UNHCR has instead emphasized the need to reduce assistance and promote self-reliance. Under immense pressure from U.N. member states, and host states in particular, the UNHCR sought to limit refugees from moving to cities where possible. UNHCR made tentative gestures to move beyond the minimalist approach and advocate for refugee rights in cities in the 2000s, but a camp-based model prevailed. There were concerns that the focus on refugees in cities could antagonize host countries, many of whom saw displaced people as a threat to domestic and international security.
      Refugees Deeply: What are some of the factors common to the most proactive and innovative cities on these issues?

      Muggah: A growing number of cities are demanding a greater voice on issues of migration and displacement. Earlier in 2018 a small delegation of cities – led by New York – sent recommendations to improve the overall wording and content of the Global Compact. Likewise, in 2017, the International Organization for Migration, together with the United Cities and Local Government (UCLG), assembled 150 cities to sign the Mechelen Declaration demanding a seat at the decision-making table. And in 2015, Eurocities also issued a statement on refugees in the wake of the influx of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. They set up Solidarity Cities, which provides support to help cities deliver services and identify effective long-term solutions to protect social cohesion and integration.

      Cities are also getting on with developing legislative and policy frameworks to welcome refugees and promote protection, care and assistance. Good examples include more than 100 “welcoming cities” in the U.S. that have committed to promoting integration, developing institutional strategies for inclusion, building leadership among new arrivals and providing support to refugees. Meanwhile, some 500 jurisdictions describe themselves as “sanctuary cities.” Despite threats of cuts to funding, they are resisting federal efforts to enforce immigration law and are on the front line of supporting refugees. In the U.K., at least 80 “cities of sanctuary” offer another approach to providing compassionate solutions for refugees. Large and medium-sized cities across Europe are also adopting similar strategies, in cooperation with Eurocities – a network of major European cities founded in 1986.

      While it can generate tension with federal counterparts, these city-level responses can help contribute to greater safety and economic progress in the long run. Cities, states and countries with sanctuary policies tend to be safer and more prosperous than those without them. Sanctuary cities can build trust between law enforcement agencies and migrant communities. Likewise, the economies of sanctuary cities, towns and counties are largely more resilient than nonsanctuary counterparts, whether measured in terms of the population’s income, reliance on public assistance or labor force participation.
      Refugees Deeply: Many cities face financial and political limitations on their ability to respond to refugee crises. Where have you seen good examples of devolution of power and resources helping cities to respond better?

      Muggah: There are countless examples of cities strengthening their protection and care for urban refugees in a time of austerity. In New York, for example, city authorities launched ActionNYC, which offers free, safe legal assistance for migrants and refugees in multiple languages. In Barcelona, the SAIER (Service Center for Immigrants, Emigrants and Refugees) program provides free advice on asylum and return, while Milan works with the UNHCR and Save the Children to offer services for unaccompanied minors.

      Montreal established the BINAM (Bureau d’integration des nouveaux arrivants a Montreal) program to provide on-the-job training and mentoring to new arrivals, and Sao Paulo has created municipal immigration councils to help design, implement and monitor the city’s policies. Likewise, cities such as Atlanta and Los Angeles are requiring that migrants – in particular, refugees – have equal access to city facilities, services and programs regardless of their citizenship status.

      Cities are also banding together, pooling their resources to achieve greater influence on the urban refugee agenda. Today there are more than 200 intercity networks dedicated to urban priorities, ranging from governance and climate change to public safety and migration. Several of them have dedicated guidelines on how cities can protect and care for refugees. For example, the Global Parliament of Mayors, established in 2016, focuses on, among other things, promoting inclusive cities for refugees and advocating on their behalf. The International Coalition of Inclusive and Sustainable Cities and the UCLG are others, having teamed up with think-tanks and international agencies to strengthen information-sharing and best practices. Another new initiative is Urban20, which is promoting social integration, among other issues, and planning an inaugural meeting in October 2018.
      Refugees Deeply: Most cities at the forefront of refugee crises are in the Global South. What recommendations would you offer to ensure that international responses to urban displacement do not become too North-centric?

      Muggah: This reality is often lost on Northern policymakers and citizens as they seek to restrict new arrivals and reduce overseas assistance. The Carnegie Mellon University’s Create Lab and the Igarape Institute have developed a range of data visualization tools to highlight these trends, but a much greater effort is required to educate the public. These outreach efforts must be accompanied with a dramatic scaling-up of assistance to redressing the “causes” of displacement as well as supporting front-line cities absorbing the vast majority of the world’s displaced populations.


      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/09/21/how-cities-are-demanding-a-greater-voice-on-migration

    • Création de l’#association_nationale des #villes et #territoires accueillants

      À l’heure où l’échec des politiques migratoires européenne et nationale entraîne une montée des populismes tout en restreignant les droits humains fondamentaux, nous, élu.e.s de villes et collectivités, décidons de nous unir sous une bannière commune : celle de l’accueil inconditionnel.

      Nous demandons ainsi que l’Etat assume ses missions et assure les moyens pour créer des solutions d’accueil, d’hébergement et d’accompagnement plus nombreuses et plus qualitatives que celles existantes aujourd’hui. Cela doit passer par la mise en place d’une stratégie nationale d’accueil afin de répartir et d’accompagner l’effort de solidarité.

      Nous l’enjoignons à respecter le droit et ses engagements internationaux (Protocole de Quito de l’ONU, Convention de Genève), européens (Pacte d’Amsterdam) et nationaux (Code des Familles et de l’Action Sociale)

      Néanmoins, dépositaires d’une tradition d’accueil et de valeurs humanistes, nous, élu.e.s locaux et territoriaux, mettons en oeuvre et expérimentons déjà sur nos territoires, au quotidien, des réponses aux impératifs de l’urgence humanitaire et d’inclusion de tout un chacun, même quand l’Etat est défaillant.
      Surtout, nous agissons en responsabilité, conformément à nos obligations règlementaires et législatives.

      L’association que nous avons constituée à Lyon 1er le 26 septembre 2018, rassemble tout.e.s les élu.e.s promouvant l’hospitalité, source de politiques inclusives et émancipatrices. Fort.e.s de notre expérience, animé.e.s par la volonté d’agir collectivement, nous donnerons à voir que des solutions dignes sont possibles et adaptées à chaque situation locale. Il n’y a pas UNE politique d’accueil, mais autant que de particularismes locaux.

      Elle permettra de mettre en avant toutes les réussites locales en matière d’accueil sur notre
      territoire et les réussites que cela engendre lorsque chacun assume ses responsabilités.
      Elle permettra aussi, la mise en commun de bonnes pratiques, l’accompagnement de territoires volontaires, la mobilisation autour d’enjeux liés aux politiques migratoires, la proposition de mesures adaptées. En partenariat avec toutes les forces vives volontaires : acteurs associatifs, citoyen.ne.s, universitaires, juristes, militant.e.s, etc.

      Nous souhaitons la bienvenue aux élu.e.s de tous horizons et de tout territoire, qui, partageant nos valeurs humanistes et notre volonté politique, veulent rejoindre notre association.

      Damien CARÊME, Maire de #Grande-Synthe, Président de l’Association
      Catherine BASSANI, Représentante de la ville de #Nantes
      Philippe BOUYSSOU, Maire d’#Ivry-Sur-Seine
      Marie-Dominique DREYSSE, Maire-adjointe de #Strasbourg
      Gérard FROMM, Maire de #Briançon
      Corinne IEHL, Elue de #Lyon 7ème arrondissement
      Myriam LAÏDOUNI-DENIS, Elue de la #Région_Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
      Bernard MACRET, 4ème Adjoint aux Solidarités Internationales, #Grenoble
      Halima MENHOUDJ, Adjointe au Maire de #Montreuil
      Jaklin PAVILLA, 1ère Adjointe au Maire de #Saint-Denis
      Nathalie PERRIN-GILBERT, Maire du 1er arrondissement de Lyon
      Eric PIOLLE, Maire de #Grenoble
      Laurent RUSSIER, Maire de #Saint-Denis
      Bozena WOJCIECHOWSKI, Adjointe au Maire d’Ivry-sur-Seine

      https://blogs.mediapart.fr/fini-de-rire/blog/280918/creation-de-l-association-nationale-des-villes-et-territoires-accuei
      #villes_accueillantes #territoires_accueillants #France
      #ANVITA

    • How Cities Can Shape a Fairer, More Humane Immigration Policy

      National governments do not have all the answers on immigration says Bristol mayor Marvin Rees. Ahead of a mayors’ summit he outlines a better city-led response.

      People have always been on the move, both within nations and across borders, but increasingly migrants tend to settle in cities. This puts cities and their responses at the heart of the conversation, something we are looking to highlight at the Global Parliament of Mayors (GPM) Summit here in Bristol.

      There is a steady upward trend in the number of people who have left their homelands voluntarily for economic or other reasons, or who are forced to leave their homes as refugees or displaced persons for reasons of conflict or environmental disaster. Population diversity in most developed countries can be attributed to international migration, whereas in developing nations it is mostly internal migration that contributes to this diversity.

      This is an important moment in the United Kingdom’s approach to the issue of migration. The upcoming Immigration Bill, expected toward the end of this year, will bring unprecedented reform of U.K. immigration policy. At the same time, the scandal over the treatment of the Windrush generation has brought to public consciousness the impact of this government’s “hostile environment” policy and the burdensome bureaucracy the Home Office is inflicting on individual human lives. A fairer, more compassionate system is needed, one in which no one is detained without knowing why and when they will be released. It is everyone’s legitimate right to enjoy a family life with loved ones and to realize the aspiration to provide for oneself and one’s family and contribute to society through employment.

      However, national governments clearly do not have all the answers. Around the world, it is cities that are increasingly collaborating nationally and across borders, learning from each other and replicating good practice. Cities’ experiences have to be included in the national debate on how to take advantage of the full potential of migration and drive a change in policies and mind-set to ensure that migration is embraced as an opportunity rather than seen solely as a challenge.

      That is why this will be high on the agenda at the GPM summit opening on October 21, with almost 100 mayors representing both developed and emerging states in attendance. Cities are where migrants interact with communities, society and, if only indirectly, with the host country. The social, economic, political and cultural activities in a city can play a crucial role in countering the anxiety and fears associated with migration, and help integration and inclusivity. Where the right policies and practices are in place, migration can bring huge benefits to communities and cities, fueling growth, innovation and entrepreneurship.
      City Responses

      City responses to migration and refugees have been varied and multifaceted but they are characterized by the theme of inclusion, with city leaders attempting to design and implement policies that allow newcomers to contribute to, and benefit from, the flourishing of their new communities. These responses are rooted in an approach that is both principled and pragmatic – seeking to uphold human rights and dignity while at the same time identifying practical solutions to the challenges affecting local residents. At a time when, at national and international level, migration has been used by some as a political weapon to stoke resentment and tension, this city perspective has never been more vital in bringing both humanity and reality back into public discourse.

      In seeking to develop inclusive solutions on migration, cities across the globe are innovating and developing new models of best practice.

      Amsterdam has adopted a programme called “Everyone’s Police,” which encourages the reporting of crimes in the interest of more effective policing and community engagement.

      New York City has created the I.D. NYC scheme, a government-issued identification card available to all residents regardless of immigration status that enables people to access a variety of services and discounts in the city.

      Barcelona supports children and families applying for family reunification by providing comprehensive and personalized guidance on the legal, practical and psychological aspects of the process.

      Sao Paulo has established the Coordination of Policies for Migrants’ Unite within its municipal structures to promote city policies for migrants across departments and disciplines and in a participative manner.

      Amman has welcomed almost 2 million migrants and refugees in the last two decades as a result of conflicts in neighboring countries. And cities in Uganda have played a key role in implementing national policies designed to allow refugees to own land and set up businesses.

      These are just a handful of examples of the great work already being done by many cities on these issues. These innovations will be examined in detail at the GPM summit, with city representatives sharing their valuable learning and experience.

      A number of initiatives and networks have been established to support and catalyze such innovations and share best practice across different city contexts, from the World Economic Forum Global Future Council on Migration to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth – and many more. Together these networks provide a wealth of resources and insight for cities seeking to make inclusion a reality.
      A Voice for Cities on the Global Stage

      Despite this vital work on the ground, cities remain underrepresented on the global stage when it comes to key decision-making on migration and refugee issues. This is the challenge the GPM summit will address.

      The GPM has already been actively engaged in the negotiations on the United Nations global compacts on migration and refugees. As the mayor of Bristol I become the first city leader to speak in the deliberations on the compact on migration in May 2018.

      At the summit we will debate and decide how, collectively, we can take a leadership role for cities in the implementation of the global compacts. We will hear from other key international stakeholders, as well as from mayors with direct and varied experience. And we will agree on practical steps to enable cities to implement the compacts in their areas of influence.

      The price of inaction is huge – a critical global diplomatic process could once again largely pass cities by and leave national-level politicians bickering over watered-down commitments. The potential prize is just as significant – a recognized seat at the table for cities to review and implement global compacts, and a range of practical resources to maximize the contributions that migrants and refugees can bring to our communities.

      Our conversations in Bristol represent a critical opportunity to better grasp the key issues for cities related to migration and integration, and to amplify the voice of city leaders in international policymaking relating to migrants and refugees.


      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/10/19/how-cities-can-shape-a-fairer-more-humane-immigration-policy

    • Migranti, «Venite al porto di Napoli, vi accogliamo»

      E sul fronte migranti: «Io faccio una proposta ai timonieri di navi: la prossima volta che avete un problema per le autorizzazioni avvicinatevi alle acque territoriali di una città povera ma dalla grande dignità. Avvicinatevi al porto di Napoli. Noi disponiamo di due gommoni come Comune, un po’ malandati ma funzionanti. Vi assicuro che ci sono pescatori democratici e tanta gente in grado di remare e venire a prendere. E mi metto io nella prima barca, voglio vedere se ci sparano addosso».

      https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/12/01/news/incontro_con_de_magistris_a_roma_nasce_terzo_fronte_-213118777/?ref=fbpr

    • Italie : #Palerme, l’exception

      En juin, il a été l’un des premiers à proposer d’accueillir l’Aquarius et ses passagers indésirables : Leoluca Orlando, le maire de Palerme, s’affiche comme l’un des plus farouches opposants à la politique migratoire du gouvernement italien. Il milite entre autres, pour la disparition du permis de séjour et la libre-circulation des personnes.

      Ces trois dernières années, la capitale sicilienne a accueilli des dizaines de milliers de migrants. Ils sont nombreux à y être restés et, parmi eux, beaucoup de mineurs isolés. Pour les prendre en charge, une multitude d’associations travaillent main dans la main avec le soutien de la mairie.
      Reportage à Palerme, où les initiatives se multiplient, à contre-courant de la politique du ministre de l’intérieur, Mateo Salvini.

      https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/084352-000-A/italie-palerme-l-exception

      signalé par @sinehebdo
      https://seenthis.net/messages/743236

    • Le temps est venu pour des villes solidaires...


      https://twitter.com/seawatchcrew/status/1078595657051574272?s=19

      Stuck at Sea for over 6 days – the New Year for the rescued on Sea-Watch 3 must start ashore!

      Already on Saturday, the crew of the Sea-Watch 3 has saved 32 people from drowning, including four women, three unaccompanied minors, two young children and a baby. Five countries (Italy, Malta, Spain, Netherlands, Germany) refused to take responsibility and grant the rescued a port of safety for Christmas.
      In Germany only, more than 30 cities and several federal states have declared themselves to be safe havens and are willing to accept those rescued from distress at sea.

      https://sea-watch.org/en/stuck-at-sea-for-over-6-days-without-port-of-safety

    • NYC to Fund Health Care for All, Including the Undocumented, Mayor Says

      New York Mayor Bill de Blasio proposed a $100 million plan that he said would provide affordable “healthcare for all,” reaching about 600,000 people, including undocumented immigrants, low-income residents not enrolled in Medicaid and young workers whose current plans are too expensive.

      The plan, which de Blasio dubbed “NYC Care,” will offer public health insurance on a sliding price scale based on income, the mayor said during an interview Tuesday morning on MSNBC. It will begin later this year in the Bronx and will be available to all New Yorkers in 2021, and would cost at least $100 million once it reaches full enrollment, according to the mayor’s office.

      The proposed city-funded health insurance option would assign a primary care doctor to each plan participant and help patients find specialists if needed. De Blasio said the plan, which would be financed out of the city’s public health budget, would ultimately be cost effective by reducing hospital emergency room visits by uninsured patients and by improving public health.

      The program builds upon the city’s $1.6 billion a-year Department of Public Health and Mental Hygiene budget and the separately funded public hospital system, which already serves 475,000 under-insured and uninsured patients annually, including undocumented immigrants, in more than 11 hospitals and 70 neighborhood clinics. The city already has an insurance plan, MetroPlus, that will be used as the template for the coverage. The program may take two years to get “to full strength,” de Blasio said.

      https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-08/nyc-to-fund-health-care-for-all-including-the-undocumented

      #NYC #New_York

    • Avec la « ville-refuge », ce serait un nouveau concept de Ville qui pourrait émerger, un autre droit d’asile, une autre hospitalité qui transformerait le droit international

      Intervenant devant le Parlement international des écrivains pour répondre à un appel lancé en 1995 pour constituer un réseau de villes-refuges susceptibles d’accueillir un écrivain persécuté, Jacques Derrida s’interroge sur les implications de cette proposition. Une Ville peut-elle se distinguer d’un Etat, prendre de sa propre initiative un statut original qui, au moins sur ce point précis, l’autoriserait à échapper aux règles usuelles de la souveraineté nationale ? Peut-elle contribuer à une véritable innovation dans l’histoire du droit d’asile, une nouvelle cosmopolitique, un devoir d’hospitalité revisité ? Inventer cela peut être considéré comme une utopie, mais c’est aussi une tâche théorique et critique, urgente dans un contexte où les violences, les crimes, les tragédies, les persécutions, multiplient les réfugiés, les exilés, les apatrides et les victimes anonymes.

      Le droit d’asile est un vestige médiéval, qui a survécu aux guerres du 20ème siècle. Appeler les villes à renouer avec cette tradition en accueillant les réfugiés comme tels, sans leur proposer ni la naturalisation, ni le retour dans leur région d’origine, implique de déborder les limites fixés par les traités entre Etats souverains. On peut imaginer une nouvelle figure de ville, une ville franche qui bénéficierait d’un statut d’exemption, d’immunité, comparable à celui qui est encore parfois attaché à certains lieux, religieux ou diplomatiques.

      On trouve la notion de ville-refuge dans la bible, chez certains stoïciens grecs, chez Cicéron, Saint Paul (qui la sécularise), dans la tradition médiévale et religieuse (les églises comme lieu de « sauveté »). Les Lumières en héritent et Kant, dans son Article définitif en vue de la paix perpétuelle, en donne une formulation rigoureuse mais restrictive : (1) il limite l’hospitalité au droit de visite, excluant le droit de résidence ; (2) il la fait dépendre du droit étatique. Pour faire progresser le droit, il faut analyser ces restrictions. D’une part l’hospitalité selon Jacques Derrida est une Loi, un droit inconditionnel offert à quiconque, un principe irréductible ; mais d’autre part il faut répondre à l’urgence, à la violence et à la persécution. Cela peut ouvrir la possibilité d’une expérimentation - dans la pratique et dans la pensée, d’une autre idée du cosmopolitisme et de la démocratie à venir.

      En France, le droit d’asile est assez récent. La constitution de 1946 ne l’accorde qu’aux pesonnes persécutées à cause de leur action « en faveur de la liberté », une définition élargie en 1954 (par suite de l’adhésion à la Convention de Genève de 1951) à ceux dont la vie ou la liberté se trouve menacée « en raison de leur race, de leur religion ou de leurs opinions politiques ». L’application de cette Convention n’a été élargie aux personnes hors d’Europe et aux événements survenus après 1951 qu’en 1967. Mais les Etats-nations n’acceptent, en pratique, d’accorder ce droit que sous des conditions qui le rendent parfois presque impossible. En France, il faut que l’exilé ne puisse attendre aucun bénéfice économique de son immigration. Souvent, devant l’imprécision des règles, on laisse la police faire la loi - une confusion inquiétante, voire ignoble, comme le dénonçait Walter Benjamin, quand les limites de l’action de la police deviennent insaisissables, indéterminées. Le droit d’asile implique une subordination stricte de toutes les administrations policières au pouvoir politique.

      https://www.idixa.net/Pixa/pagixa-1308210805.html
      via @nepthys

    • #Jacques_Derrida und die Idee der Zufluchtsstädte

      Nach islamistischen Anschlägen in Algerien Anfang der 90er-Jahre flohen viele Kulturschaffende aus dem Land. Zusammen mit anderen internationalen Intellektuellen initiierte der französische Philosoph Jacques Derrida von Staaten unabhängige Zufluchtsorte für Verfolgte. Welche Kraft hat diese Idee heute?

      Der Exodus arabischer Intellektueller in den Westen hat eine lange Tradition. Vor über 20 Jahren wütete der islamistische Furor in Algerien. Viele Journalisten wurden damals ermordet, den Überlebenden blieb nur die Flucht ins westliche Ausland. Dieses Horrorszenario wiederholt sich heute in Syrien. Karim Chamoun, ein in Mainz lebender Radiojournalist, gibt den syrischen Flüchtlingen eine Stimme. Seine Landsleute informiert er über die eskalierenden Zustände in der Heimat. Offenbar – so berichtet Chamoun – läuft dem regierenden Assad-Clan die noch verbliebene Bildungselite davon:

      „In den letzten 18 Monaten sind sehr viele Pro-Assad-Intel­lektuelle ausgewandert und sind in Deutschland gelandet. Viele sind in der jetzigen Zeit ausgewandert, vor Angst, vor Terror. Die haben keine Organisation, die sie vereint.“

      Das Medieninteresse für Syrien lässt vergessen, dass schon vor über 20 Jahren islamistische Fanatiker eine tödliche Hetzjagd auf Journalisten und Künstler veranstalteten. Der Algerier Tahar Djaout war in den 80er-Jahren bekannt für seine Kommentare im Wochenmagazin Algérie-Actualité. Anfang 1993 gründete Djaout Ruptures – „Brüche“ –, eine Zeitschrift, die sich als Stachel im Fleisch einer autoritär regierten Gesellschaft verstand. Die Redakteure fürchteten allerdings nicht nur die Zensur, sie bangten um ihr Leben, da die „Islamische Heilsfront“ ihnen offen den Kampf angesagt hatte. Im Mai 1993 wurde Tahar Djaout vor seiner Haustür in Algier ermordet. Der Journalist war nicht das erste Opfer der Islamisten, aber das prominenteste. Unzählige andere folgten.

      Tahar Djaouts Ermordung war ein Fanal für die französische Intelligenz. Nicht länger wollte man sich auf den mutlosen internationalen PEN verlassen. Der Philosoph Jacques Derrida und der Soziologe Pierre Bourdieu, die lange Zeit in Algerien gelebt hatten, fühlten sich den Algeriern, den Opfern eines langen, erbitterten Bürgerkrieges gegen die französische Kolonialmacht, eng verbunden. Sie wollten den „Terrainverlust“ der Intellektuellen, einer Elite ohne Macht, wettmachen.
      Die Öffentlichkeit wachrütteln

      Christian Salmon, Gründer des Straßburger Zirkels „Carrefour de littérature“, startete eine Unterschriftenaktion. Weltweit verbündeten sich namhafte Schriftsteller mit den verfolgten Algeriern. Salmon schrieb:

      „Algerische Journalisten und Schriftsteller, die glücklich einem Attentat entkommen sind, müssen sich verbergen, während sie vergeblich auf ein Visum warten. Sie harren ungeduldig vor unseren Grenzen. Hunderte algerische Intellektuelle, dem Hass islamistischer Attentäter ausgeliefert, verdanken ihr Überleben entweder purem Glück oder der Überbeschäftigung der Henker. (…) Wir sagen jetzt: Es reicht! Genug der Morde in Algerien! Schriftsteller, Künstler und Intellektuelle zeigen ihren Widerstand. In aller Deutlichkeit sagen wir: Keine Demokratie ohne Solidarität, keine Zivilisation ohne Gastfreundschaft.“

      Aus Solidarität mit den algerischen Kollegen kamen im November 1993 im Straßburger „Carrefour de littérature“ zahlreiche internationale Autoren zusammen, um die Öffentlichkeit wachzurütteln. 200 Schriftsteller unterzeichneten den Appell. Bei einer rituellen Aktion wollte man es aber nicht belassen: Unter der Leitung des indischen Autors Salman Rushdie, der seit der Fatwa Ayatollah Chomeinis von den iranischen Häschern verfolgt wurde, gründeten sie das Internationale Schriftsteller-Parlament. Währenddessen rief Rushdie, zusammen mit Straßburgs Bürgermeisterin Catherine Trautmann und dem Generalsekretär des Europarats, zur Gründung von Zufluchtsstädten auf – von „villes- refuges“, um verfolgten Schriftstellern und Künstlern Asyl zu gewähren. Salman Rushdie schrieb das Gründungsdokument:

      „Heute widersetzt sich die Literatur ein weiteres Mal der Tyrannei. Wir gründeten das Schriftsteller-Parlament, damit es sich für die unterdrückten Autoren einsetzt und gegen ihre Widersacher erhebt, die es auf sie und ihre Werke abgesehen haben. Nachdrücklich erneuern wir die Unabhängigkeitserklärung, ohne die Literatur unmöglich ist, nicht nur die Literatur, sondern der Traum, nicht nur der Traum, sondern das Denken, nicht nur das Denken, sondern die Freiheit.“
      Kommunen können schneller auf neue Situationen reagieren

      Catherine Trautmann stellte später die Initiative der „villes-refuges“ vor, die zuvor vom Internationalen Schrift­steller-Parlament beschlossen wurde:

      „Es kommt darauf an, dass multikulturell sich verstehende Städte bereit sind, Gedankenfreiheit und Toleranz zu verteidigen. Die in einem Netz verbundenen Städte können etwas bewirken, indem sie verfolgte Künstler und Schriftsteller aufnehmen. Wir wissen, dass Euro­pa ein Kontinent ist, wo über alle Konflikte hinweg Intellektuelle leben und schreiben. Dieses Erbe müssen wir wach halten. Die bedrohten Intellektuellen müssen bei uns Bürgerrecht erhalten. Zu diesem Zweck sollte ein Netz der Solidarität geschaffen werden.“

      Das Projekt der „villes-refuges“ war anfangs äußerst erfolgreich: 1995 beschlossen Vertreter von mehr als 400 europäischen Städten die „Charta der villes-refuges“. Eine Resolution des Europäischen Parlaments förderte ein weltweites Netz von „villes-refuges“. Straßburg und Berlin gehörten zu den ersten „Zu­fluchts­städten“, es folgten Städte wie Venedig und Helsinki.

      Die Skepsis gegenüber den nationalen und überstaatlichen Organisationen wächst. Kommunen, die politische Macht auf lokaler Ebene ausüben, seien imstande, wesentlich schneller und flexibler auf neue, unvorgesehene Situationen zu reagieren, meint der amerikanische Politikwissenschaftler Benjamin Barber:

      „Der Unterschied zu Staaten liegt in der Eigenart der Städte: Sie sind zutiefst multikulturell, partizipatorisch, demokratisch, kooperativ. Städte interagieren und können viel erreichen, während Staaten eigensinnig sind und gemeinsames Handeln behindern. Die Welt globaler Demokratie führt uns nicht zu Staaten, sondern zu Städten. Demokratie entstand in der griechischen polis. Sie könnte ein weiteres Mal in der globalen kosmopolis entstehen.“

      Jacques Derrida ist im Oktober 2004 gestorben. Angesichts der unlösbar scheinenden Flüchtlingsprobleme wäre der Philosoph heutzutage ein verantwortungsvoller und sachkundiger Diskussionspartner. Vielleicht würde er darauf hinweisen, dass sich die Gesetze der Gastfreundschaft keineswegs geändert haben. Denn auch heute müssen Pflichten und Rechte, Grenzen und Freiheiten neu austariert werden. Im Interesse beider – der Gäste und der Gastgeber.

      https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/villes-refuges-jacques-derrida-und-die-idee-der.976.de.html?dr
      #Derrida
      via @nepthys

    • #ICORN

      The #International_Cities_of_Refuge_Network (ICORN) is an independent organisation of cities and regions offering shelter to writers and artists at risk, advancing freedom of expression, defending democratic values and promoting international solidarity.

      Writers and artists are especially vulnerable to censorship, harassment, imprisonment and even death, because of what they do. They represent the liberating gift of the human imagination and give voice to thoughts, ideas, debate and critique, disseminated to a wide audience. They also tend to be the first to speak out and resist when free speech is threatened.

      ICORN member cities offer long term, but temporary, shelter to those at risk as a direct consequence of their creative activities. Our aim is to be able to host as many persecuted writers and artists as possible in ICORN cities and together with our sister networks and organisations, to form a dynamic and sustainable global network for freedom of expression.

      https://icorn.org
      #réseau #art #artistes #liberté_d'expression #écrivains

    • #New_Sanctuary_Coalition

      The New Sanctuary Coalition of #NYC is an interfaith network of congregations, organizations, and individuals, standing publicly in solidarity with families and communities resisting detention and deportation in order to stay together. We recognize that unjust global and systemic economic relationships and racism form the basis of the injustices that affect immigrants. We seek reform of United States immigration laws to promote fairness, social and economic justice.

      http://www.newsanctuarynyc.org
      #New_York

    • #Eine_Stadt_für_Alle

      Eine Stadt, aus der kein Mensch abgeschoben wird, in der sich alle frei und ohne Angst bewegen können, in der kein Mensch nach einer Aufenthaltserlaubnis gefragt wird, in der kein Mensch illegal ist. Das sind die grundlegenden Vorstellungen von einer Solidarity City. In einer solchen Stadt der Solidarität sollen alle Menschen das Recht haben zu leben, zu wohnen und zu arbeiten. Alle Menschen soll der Zugang zu Bildung und medizinischer Versorgung gewährt werden. Alle Menschen sollen teilhaben und das Stadtleben mitgestalten können – unabhängig von Aufenthaltsstatus, finanziellen Möglichkeiten, Hautfarbe, Geschlecht, Sexualität, Religion,…
      In vielen Städten in Deutschland, Europa und der ganzen Welt ist der Prozess, eine Solidarity City zu werden schon in vollem Gang.

      https://solidarity-city.eu/de
      #solidarity_city

    • The Cities Refugees Saved

      In the cities where the most refugees per capita were settled since 2005, the newcomers helped stem or reverse population loss.

      Mahira Patkovich was eight years old in 1997 when her family left Bosnia. After a long and complicated war, Muslim families like hers had found themselves without jobs, food, and any semblance of safety. So they sought refuge in America.

      The first year in their new home in Utica, New York, Patkovich felt uprooted—torn from her childhood and everything she knew, and thrust into an alien environment. She knew no one and didn’t speak English. But as time went by, she began to acclimate.

      “The next thing you know, you’re home,”she says in a recent mini-documentary by New American Economy, a bipartisan immigration reform group, and Off Ramp Films. “This is home.”

      Patkovich, the film shows, is now thriving. She works at the office of the Oneida County Executive, owns a small business, and is on her way to a master’s degree. She is also pregnant, and excited to raise her first-born in a community she loves.

      Utica—it’s clear—saved Patkovich and her family. But the truth is: They’re helping to save this town as well. Like many Rust Belt cities, Utica suffered enormously in the second part of the 20th century, losing jobs and bleeding out residents as major employers like General Electric and Lockheed Martin shuttered or left the Mohawk Valley.

      Adam Bedient, director of photography and editor at Off Ramp Films grew up in the nearby town of Clinton in the 1980s and ’90s. He wasn’t tracking Utica’s trajectory too closely then, in part, because not much was happening there. What he remembers of Utica in that era is a typical fading factory town, a place where shuttered storefronts and exposed bricks belied neglect. “Foundationally, there were beautiful things there, they just didn’t look cared for,” he says.

      Now, he’s working on a full-length feature about the refugee communities in Utica, and when he drives through town, he finds it simmering with new life. Old buildings are getting refurbished. Construction cranes bob up and down. And at the center of town is a long-vacant historic Methodist church that has been renovated and converted into a beautiful mosque—a symbol of the new Utica.

      Without its new Bosnian community, Utica would have faced a 6 percent population drop.

      “It’s really symbolic—it was previously a church that was going to be torn down,” Bedient told CityLab. “The Bosnian community bought it from the city, and now it’s a part of the skyline.”

      For CityLab, NAE crunched the numbers on the 11 cities that have resettled the most refugees per capita between 2005 and 2017 to gauge how welcoming these newcomers affected overall population. In almost all cases, refugee resettlement either stemmed population loss or reversed it completely. Without its new Bosnian community, for example, Utica would have faced a 6 percent population drop. With them, the city saw a 3 percent gain.

      But what Andrew Lim, NAE’s director of quantitative research, found surprising was that this list didn’t just include industrial towns hungry for newcomers—places like Syracuse, New York, and Springfield, Massachusetts; it also features places in the South and Sunbelt. Take Clarkston, Georgia, for example, a diverse Atlanta exurb of 13,000 (whose young mayor you may recognize from a recent episode of Queer Eye). Since the 1970s, Clarkston has taken in tens of thousands of refugees from various parts of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. In Bitter Southerner, Carly Berlin recently explained how it gained its nickname as the “Ellis Island of the South.”

      As many white residents fled farther out to more fashionable developing Atlanta suburbs, Clarkston became perfect for refugees, with its hundreds of vacated apartments and access to public transportation, a post office, and a grocery store, all within walking distance. The little city became one of now 190 designated resettlement communities across the country.

      Using the data NAE extracted from the Census Bureau and from the Department of Homeland Services, CityLab’s David Montgomery created this nifty chart to show exactly how much refugees boosted or stabilized population in these 11 cities:

      But the pipeline that funneled refugees into cities like Utica is being closed up. In 2018, the Trump administration lowered the maximum number of refugees it takes in for the third year in a row—to 30,000, which is the lowest in three decades. Resettlement agencies, from Western Kansas to Florida, are having to close shop.

      Some places are already seeing the effects. In cities with large concentrations of refugees and refugee services, recent arrivals have been waiting for loved ones to join them. Because of the slash in numbers being accepted, some of these people have been thrust into uncertainty. Muslim refugees from countries listed in the final travel ban have been doubly hit, and may not be able to reunite with their families at all.

      But the effects of the Trump-era refugee policy don’t just affect individual families. In Buffalo, New York—another Rust Belt city that has been reinvigorated by new residents from refugee communities—medical clinics have closed down, housing developments have stalled, and employers have been left looking for employees, The Buffalo News reported. The loss for refugees hoping to come to America appears to also be a loss for the communities they might have called home

      The biggest argument for refugee resettlement is that it is a moral imperative, many advocates argue. Refugees are human beings fleeing terrible circumstances; assisting them is just the right thing to do. Foes of taking refugees—most notoriously, White House advisor Stephen Miller, who is quoted as saying that he would “be happy if not a single refugee foot ever touched American soil again” in a new book by a former White House communication aide—point to the perceived costs and dangers of taking in more. Past analyses shows little basis to that fear. In fact, cities with large refugee populations have seen drops in crime, per a previous NAE’s analysis. And according to NBC News, an intelligence assessment that included inputs from the FBI concluded that refugees did not pose a major national security threat. The Trump administration dismissed its findings.

      https://www.citylab.com/equity/2019/01/refugee-admissions-resettlement-trump-immigration/580318
      #USA #Etats-Unis #démographie

  • Eritrea-Etiopia – Si tratta la pace ad Addis Abeba

    Una delegazione eritrea di alto livello è arrivata in Etiopia per il primo round di negoziati di pace in vent’anni. Il ministro degli Esteri eritreo Osman Sale è stato accolto in aeroporto dal neo premier etiopico Abiy Ahmed che, ai primi di giugno, ha sorpreso il Paese dichiarando di accettare l’Accordo di pace del 2000 che poneva fine alla guerra con l’Eritrea.

    L’Accordo, nonostante la fine dei combattimenti nel 2000, non è mai stato applicato e i rapporti tra i due Paesi sono rimasti tesi. Etiopia ed Eritrea non hanno relazioni diplomatiche e negli ultimi anni ci sono stati ripetute schermaglie militari al confine.


    https://www.africarivista.it/eritrea-etiopia-si-tratta-la-pace-ad-addis-abeba/125465
    #paix #Ethiopie #Erythrée #processus_de_paix

    • Peace Deal Alone Will Not Stem Flow of Eritrean Refugees

      The detente with Ethiopia has seen Eritrea slash indefinite military conscription. Researcher Cristiano D’Orsi argues that without a breakthrough on human rights, Eritreans will still flee.

      Ethiopia and Eritrea have signed a historic agreement to end the 20-year conflict between the two countries. The breakthrough has been widely welcomed given the devastating effects the conflict has had on both countries as well as the region.

      The tension between the two countries led to Eritrea taking steps that were to have a ripple effect across the region – and the world. One in particular, the conscription of young men, has had a particularly wide impact.

      Two years before formal cross-border conflict broke out in 1998, the Eritrean government took steps to maintain a large standing army to push back against Ethiopia’s occupation of Eritrean territories. Initially, troops were supposed to assemble and train for a period of 18 months as part of their national service. But, with the breakout of war, the service, which included both military personnel and civilians, was extended. All Eritrean men between the ages of 18–50 have to serve in the army for more than 20 years.

      This policy has been given as the reason for large numbers of Eritreans fleeing the country. The impact of the policy on individuals, and families, has been severe. For example, there have been cases of multiple family members being conscripted at the same time. This denied them the right to enjoy a stable family life. Children were the most heavily affected.

      It’s virtually impossible for Eritreans to return once they have left as refugees because the Eritrean government doesn’t look kindly on repatriated returnees. Those who are forced to return to the country face persecution and human rights abuses.

      In 2017, Eritreans represented the ninth-largest refugee population in the world with 486,200 people forcibly displaced. By May 2018, Eritreans represented 5 percent of the migrants who disembarked on the northern shores of the Mediterranean.

      Things look set to change, however. The latest batch of national service recruits have been told their enlistment will last no longer than 18 months. The announcement came in the midst of the dramatic thawing of relations between Ethiopia and Eritrea. It has raised hopes that the service could be terminated altogether.

      With that said, it remains to be seen whether the end of hostilities between the two countries will ultimately stem the flow of Eritrean refugees.

      It’s virtually impossible for Eritreans to return once they have left as refugees because the Eritrean government doesn’t look kindly on repatriated returnees. Those who are forced to return to the country face persecution and human rights abuses.

      The Eritrean government’s hardline position has led to changes in refugee policies in countries like the UK. For example, in October 2016, a U.K. appellate tribunal held that Eritreans of draft age who left the country illegally would face the risk of persecution and abuse if they were involuntarily returned to Eritrea.

      This, the tribunal said, was in direct violation of the European Convention on Human Rights. As a result, the U.K.’s Home Office amended its immigration policy to conform to the tribunal’s ruling.

      Eritrean asylum seekers haven’t been welcome everywhere. For a long time they were persona non grata in Israel on the grounds that absconding national service duty was not justification for asylum. But in September 2016, an Israeli appeals court held that Eritreans must be given the chance to explain their reasons for fleeing at individual hearings, overruling an interior ministry policy that denied asylum to deserters.

      The situation is particularly tense for Eritreans in Israel because they represent the majority of African asylum seekers in the country. In fact, in May 2018, Israel and the United Nations refugee agency began negotiating a deal to repatriate African asylum seekers in western countries, with Canada as a primary destination.

      An earlier deal had fallen through after public pressure reportedly caused Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to back out of it.

      Eritreans living as refugees in Ethiopia have been welcomed in Australia where they are one among eight nationalities that have access to a resettlement scheme known as the community support program. This empowers Australian individuals, community organizations and businesses to offer Eritrean refugees jobs if they have the skills, allowing them to settle permanently in the country.

      The government has always denied that conscription has anything to do with Eritreans fleeing the country. Two years ago it made it clear that it would not shorten the length of the mandatory national service.

      At the time officials said Eritreans were leaving the country because they were being enticed by certain “pull factors.” They argued, for example, that the need for low cost manpower in the West could easily be met by giving asylum to Eritreans who needed just to complain about the National Service to obtain asylum.

      But change is on the cards. After signing the peace deal with Ethiopia, Eritrea has promised to end the current conscription regime and announcing that national service duty will last no more than 18 months.

      Even so, the national service is likely to remain in place for the foreseeable future to fulfil other parts of its mandate which are reconstructing the country, strengthening the economy, and developing a joint Eritrean identity across ethnic and religious lines.

      Eritrea is still a country facing enormous human rights violations. According to the last Freedom House report, the Eritrean government has made no recent effort to address these. The report accuses the regime of continuing to perpetrate crimes against humanity.

      If Eritrea pays more attention to upholding human rights, fewer nationals will feel the need to flee. And if change comes within Eritrean borders as fast as it did with Ethiopia, a radical shift in human rights policy could be in the works.

      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/08/09/peace-deal-alone-will-not-stem-flow-of-eritrean-refugees

      #asile #réfugiés

    • Eritrea has slashed conscription. Will it stem the flow of refugees?

      Ethiopia and Eritrea have signed an historic agreement to end the 20-year conflict between the two countries. The breakthrough has been widely welcomed given the devastating effects the conflict has had on both countries as well as the region.

      The tension between the two countries led to Eritrea taking steps that were to have a ripple effect across the region – and the world. One in particular, the conscription of young men, has had a particularly wide impact.

      Two years before formal cross border conflict broke out in 1998, the Eritrean government took steps to maintain a large standing army to push back against Ethiopia’s occupation of Eritrean territories. Initially, troops were supposed to assemble and train for a period of 18 months as part of their national service. But, with the breakout of war, the service, which included both military personnel and civilians, was extended. All Eritrean men between the ages of 18 – 50 have to serve in the army for more than 20 years.

      This policy has been given as the reason for large numbers of Eritreans fleeing the country. The impact of the policy on individuals, and families, has been severe. For example, there have been cases of multiple family members being conscripted at the same time. This denied them the right to enjoy a stable family life. Children were the most heavily affected.

      In 2017, Eritreans represented the ninth-largest refugee population in the world with 486,200 people forcibly displaced. By May 2018 Eritreans represented 5% of the migrants who disembarked on the northern shores of the Mediterranean.

      Things look set to change, however. The latest batch of national service recruits have been told their enlistment will last no longer than 18 months. The announcement came in the midst of the dramatic thawing of relations between Ethiopia and Eritrea. It has raised hopes that the service could be terminated altogether.

      With that said, it remains to be seen whether the end of hostilities between the two countries will ultimately stem the flow of Eritrean refugees.
      The plight of Eritrean refugees

      It’s virtually impossible for Eritreans to return once they have left as refugees because the Eritrean government doesn’t look kindly on repatriated returnees. Those who are forced to return to the country face persecution and human rights abuses.

      The Eritrean government’s hard line position has led to changes in refugee policies in countries like the UK. For example, in October 2016 a UK appellate tribunal held that Eritreans of draft age who left the country illegally would face the risk of persecution and abuse if they were involuntarily returned to Eritrea.

      This, the tribunal said, was in direct violation of the European Convention on Human Rights. As a result, the UK’s Home Office amended its immigration policy to conform to the tribunal’s ruling.

      Eritrean asylum seekers haven’t been welcome everywhere. For a long time they were persona non grata in Israel on the grounds that absconding national service duty was not justification for asylum. But in September 2016 an Israeli appeals court held that Eritreans must be given the chance to explain their reasons for fleeing at individual hearings, overruling an interior ministry policy that denied asylum to deserters.

      The situation is particularly tense for Eritreans in Israel because they represent the majority of African asylum-seekers in the country. In fact, in May 2018, Israel and the United Nations refugee agency began negotiating a deal to repatriate African asylum-seekers in western countries, with Canada as a primary destination.

      An earlier deal had fallen through after public pressure reportedly caused Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to back out of it.

      Eritreans living as refugees in Ethiopia have been welcomed in Australia where they are one among eight nationalities that have access to a resettlement scheme known as the community support programme. This empowers Australian individuals, community organisations and businesses to offer Eritrean refugees jobs if they have the skills, allowing them to settle permanently in the country.
      The future

      The government has always denied that conscription has anything to do with Eritreans fleeing the country. Two years ago it made it clear that it would not shorten the length of the mandatory national service.

      At the time officials said Eritreans were leaving the country because they were being enticed by certain “pull factors”. They argued, for example, that the need for low cost manpower in the West could easily be met by giving asylum to Eritreans who needed just to complain about the National Service to obtain asylum.

      But change is on the cards. After signing the peace deal with Ethiopia, Eritrea has promised to end the current conscription regime and announcing that national service duty will last no more than 18 months.

      Even so, the national service is likely to remain in place for the foreseeable future to fulfil other parts of its mandate which are reconstructing the country, strengthening he economy, and developing a joint Eritrean identity across ethnic and religious lines.

      Eritrea is still a country facing enormous human rights violations. According to the last Freedom House report, the Eritrean government has made no recent effort to address these. The report accuses the regime of continuing to perpetrate crimes against humanity.

      If Eritrea pays more attention to upholding human rights, fewer nationals will feel the need to flee. And if change comes within Eritrean borders as fast as it did with Ethiopia, a radical shift in human rights policy could be in the works.

      https://theconversation.com/eritrea-has-slashed-conscription-will-it-stem-the-flow-of-refugees-

      #conscription #service_militaire #armée

    • Out of Eritrea: What happens after #Badme?

      On 6 June 2018, the government of Ethiopia announced that it would abide by the Algiers Agreement and 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopian Boundary Commission decision that defined the disputed border and granted the border town of Badme to Eritrea. Over the last 20 years, Badme has been central to the dispute between the two countries, following Ethiopia’s rejection of the ruling and continued occupation of the area. Ethiopia’s recently appointed Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed acknowledged that the dispute over Badme had resulted in 20 years of tension between the two countries. To defend the border areas with Ethiopia, in 1994 the Eritrean government introduced mandatory military service for all adults over 18. Eritrean migrants and asylum seekers often give their reason for flight as the need to escape this mandatory national service.

      Since 2015, Eritreans have been the third largest group of people entering Europe through the Mediterranean, and have the second highestnumber of arrivals through the Central Mediterranean route to Italy. According to UNHCR, by the end of 2016, 459,390 Eritreans were registered refugees in various countries worldwide. Various sources estimate Eritrea’s population at 5 million people, meaning that approximately 10% of Eritrea’s population has sought refuge abroad by 2016.
      Mandatory military service – a driver of migration and displacement

      As data collection from the Mixed Migration Centre’s Mixed Migration Monitoring Mechanism Initiative (4Mi) shows, 95% of Eritrean refugees and migrants surveyed gave fear of conscription into national service as their main reason for flight out of Eritrea. Men and women from 18 to 40 years old are required by law to undertake national service for 18 months — including six months of military training followed by 12 months’ deployment either in military service or in other government entities including farms, construction sites, mines and ministries.
      In reality, national service for most conscripts extends beyond the 18 months and often indefinite. There are also reported cases of children under 18 years old being forcefully recruited. Even upon completion of national service, Eritreans under the age of 50 years may been enrolled in the Reserve Army with the duty to provide reserve military service and defend the country from external attacks or invasions.

      According to Human Rights Watch, conscripts are subject to military discipline and are harshly treated and earn a salary that often ranges between USD 43 – 48 per month. The length of service is unpredictable, the type of abuse inflicted on conscripts is at the whim of military commanders and the UN Commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea reported on the frequent sexual abuse of female conscripts. Eritrea has no provision for conscientious objection to national service and draft evaders and deserters if arrested are subjected to heavy punishment according to Amnesty International, including lengthy periods of detention, torture and other forms of inhuman treatment including rape for women. For those who escape, relatives are forced to pay fines of 50,000 Nakfa (USD 3,350) for each family member. Failure to pay the fine may result in the arrest and detention of a family member until the money is paid which further fuels flight from Eritrea for families who are unable to pay the fine.

      The government of Eritrea asserts that compulsory and indefinite national service is necessitated by continued occupation of its sovereign territories citing Ethiopia as the main threat. In its response to the UN Human Rights Council Report that criticised Eritrea for human rights violations including indefinite conscription, Eritrea stated that one of its main constraints to the fulfilment of its international and national obligations in promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms is the continued occupation of its territory by Ethiopia.

      In 2016, Eritrea’s minister for Information confirmed that indefinite national service would remain without fundamental changes even in the wake of increased flight from the country by citizens unwilling to undertake the service. The Minister went on to state that Eritrea would contemplate demobilization upon the removal of the ‘main threat’, in this case Eritrea’s hostile relationship with Ethiopia. Eritrea and Ethiopia have both traded accusations of supporting opposition/militia groups to undermine each other both locally and abroad. If the relations between the countries turn peaceful, this could potentially have an impact on Eritrean migration, out of the country and out of the region.

      In the absence of hostilities and perceived security threats from its neighbour, it is possible that Eritrea will amend – or at least be open to start a dialogue about amending – its national service (and military) policies from the current mandatory and indefinite status, which has been one of the major root causes of the movement of Eritreans out of their country and onwards towards Europe. Related questions are whether an improvement in the relations with Ethiopia could also bring an immediate or longer term improvement in the socio-economic problems that Eritrea faces, for example through expanded trade relations between the two countries? Will this change usher in an era of political stability and an easing of military burdens on the Eritrean population?
      A possible game changer?

      The border deal, if it materialises, could at some time also have serious implications for Eritrean asylum seekers in Europe. Eritreans applying for asylum have relatively high approval rates. The high recognition rate for Eritrean asylum seekers is based on the widely accepted presumptionthat Eritreans who evade or avoid national service are at risk of persecution. In 2016 for example, 93% of Eritreans who sought asylum in EU countries received a positive decision. This recognition rate was second to Syrians and ahead of Iraqis and Somalis; all countries that are in active conflict unlike Eritrea. If the government of Eritrea enacts positive policy changes regarding conscription, the likely effect could be a much lower recognition rate for Eritrean asylum seekers. It is unclear how this would affect those asylum seekers already in the system.

      While Eritreans on the route to Europe and in particular those arriving in Italy, remain highly visible and receive most attention, many Eritreans who leave the country end up in refugee camps or Eritrean enclaves in neighbouring countries like Sudan and Ethiopia or further away in Egypt. After they flee, most Eritreans initially apply for refugee status in Ethiopia’s and Sudan’s refugee camps. As Human Rights Watch noted in 2016, the Eritrean camp population generally remains more or less stable. While many seek onward movements out of the camps, many refugees remain in the region. With these potentially new developments in Eritrea, will the Eritreans in Sudan, Ethiopia and other neighbouring countries feel encouraged or compelled to return at some, or will they perhaps be forced to return to Eritrea?
      What’s next?

      Conservative estimates in 2001 put the cost of the war between Eritrea and Ethiopia at USD 2.9 billion in just the first three years. This has had an adverse effect on the economies of the two countries as well as human rights conditions. In 2013, Eritrea expressed its willingness to engage in dialogue with Ethiopia should it withdraw its army from the disputed territory which it further noted is occupied by 300,000 soldiers from both countries. Ethiopia has previously stated its willingness to surrender Badme, without in the end acting upon this promise. Should this latest promise be implemented and ties between two countries normalized, this might herald positive developments for both the economy and the human rights situation in both countries, with a potential significant impact on one of the major drivers of movement out of Eritrea.

      However, with the news that Ethiopia would move to define its borders in accordance with international arbitration, the possibilities for political stability and economic growth in Eritrea remain uncertain. On 21 June 2018, the President of Eritrea Isaias Aferwerki issued a statement saying that Eritrea would send a delegation to Addis Ababa to ‘gauge current developments… chart out a plan for continuous future action’. The possibility of resulting peace and economic partnership between the two countries could, although a long-term process, also result in economic growth on both sides of the border and increased livelihood opportunities for their citizens who routinely engage in unsafe and irregular migration for political, humanitarian and economic reasons.

      http://www.mixedmigration.org/articles/out-of-eritrea

    • Despite the peace deal with Ethiopia, Eritrean refugees are still afraid to return home

      When Samuel Berhe thinks of Eritrea, he sees the sand-colored buildings and turquoise water of Asmara’s shoreline. He sees his sister’s bar under the family home in the capital’s center that sells sweet toast and beer. He sees his father who, at 80 years old, is losing his eyesight but is still a force to be reckoned with. He thinks of his home, a place that he cannot reach.

      Berhe, like many other Eritreans, fled the country some years ago to escape mandatory national service, which the government made indefinite following the 1998-2000 border war with Ethiopia. The war cost the countries an estimated 100,000 lives, while conscription created a generation of Eritrean refugees. The UNHCR said that in 2016 there were 459,000 Eritrean exiles out of an estimated population of 5.3 million.

      So, when the leaders of Ethiopia and Eritrea signed a sudden peace deal in July 2018, citizens of the Horn of Africa nations rejoiced. Many took to the streets bearing the two flags. Others chose social media to express their happiness, and some even dialed up strangers, as phone lines between the nations were once again reinstated. It felt like a new era of harmony and prosperity had begun.

      But for Berhe, the moment was bittersweet.

      “I was happy because it is good for our people but I was also sad, because it doesn’t make any change for me,” he said from his home in Ethiopia’s capital, Addis Ababa. “I will stay as a refugee.”

      Like many other Eritrean emigrants, Berhe fled the country illegally to escape national service. He fears that if he returns, he will wind up in jail, or worse. He does not have a passport and has not left Ethiopia since he arrived on the back of a cargo truck 13 years ago. His two daughters, Sarah, 9, and Ella, 11, for whom he is an only parent, have never seen their grandparents or their father’s homeland.

      Now that there is a direct flight, Berhe is planning on sending the girls to see their relatives. But before he considers returning, he will need some sort of guarantee from Eritrea’s President Isaias Afwerki, who leads the ruling People’s Front for Democracy and Justice, that he will pardon those who left.

      “The people that illegally escaped, the government thinks that we are traitors,” he said. “There are many, many like me, all over the world, too afraid to go back.”

      Still, hundreds fought to board the first flights between the two capitals throughout July and August. Asmara’s and Addis Ababa’s airports became symbols of the reunification as hordes of people awaited their relatives with bouquets daily, some whom they hadn’t seen for more than two decades.

      “When I see the people at the airport, smiling, laughing, reuniting with their family, I wish to be like them. To be free. They are lucky,” Berhe said.

      Related: Chronic insomnia plagues young migrants long after they reach their destination

      Zala Mekonnen, 38, an Eritrean Canadian, who was one of the many waiting at arrivals in Addis Ababa, said she had completely given up on the idea that the two nations — formerly one country — would ever rekindle relations.

      Mekonnen, who is half Ethiopian, found the 20-year feud especially difficult as her family was separated in half. In July, her mother saw her uncle for the first time in 25 years.

      “We’re happy but hopefully he’s [Afwerki] going to let those young kids free [from conscription],” she said. “I’m hoping God will hear, because so many of them died while trying to escape. One full generation lost.”

      Related: A life of statelessness derailed this Eritrean runner’s hopes to compete in the Olympics

      Mekonnen called the peace deal with Ethiopia a crucial step towards Eritrean democracy. But Afwerki, the 72-year-old ex-rebel leader, will also have to allow multiple political parties to exist, along with freedom of religion, freedom of speech and reopening Asmara’s public university while also giving young people opportunities outside of national service.

      “The greeting that Afwerki received here in Ethiopia [following the agreement to restore relations], he didn’t deserve it,” said Mekonnen. “He should have been hung.”

      Since the rapprochement, Ethiopia’s leader, Abiy Ahmed, has reached out to exiled opposition groups, including those in Eritrea, to open up a political dialogue. The Eritrean president has not made similar efforts. But in August, his office announced that he would visit Ethiopia for a second time to discuss the issue of rebels.

      Laura Hammond, a professor of developmental studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, said that it is likely Afwerki will push for Ethiopia to send Eritrean refugees seeking asylum back to Eritrea.

      “The difficulty is that, while the two countries are normalizing relations, the political situation inside Eritrea is not changing as rapidly,” Hammond said. “There are significant fears about what will happen to those who have left the country illegally, including in some cases escaping from prison or from their national service bases. They will need to be offered amnesty if they are to feel confident about returning.”

      To voice their frustrations, thousands of exiled Eritreans gathered in protest outside the UN headquarters in Geneva on Aug. 31. Amid chants of “enough is enough” and “down, down Isaias,” attendees held up placards calling for peace and democracy. The opposition website, Harnnet, wrote that while the rapprochement with Ethiopia was welcomed, regional and global politicians were showing “undeserved sympathy” to a power that continued to violate human rights.

      Sitting in front of the TV, Berhe’s two daughters sip black tea and watch a religious parade broadcast on Eritrea’s national channel. Berhe, who has temporary refugee status in Ethiopia, admits that one thing that the peace deal has changed is that the state’s broadcaster no longer airs perpetual scenes of war. For now, he is safe in Addis Ababa with his daughters, but he is eager to obtain a sponsor in the US, Europe or Australia, so that he can resettle and provide them with a secure future. He is afraid that landlocked Ethiopia might cave to pressures from the Eritrean government to return its refugees in exchange for access to the Red Sea port.

      “Meanwhile my girls say to me, ’Why don’t we go for summer holiday in Asmara?’” he laughs. “They don’t understand my problem.”


      https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-09-13/despite-peace-deal-ethiopia-eritrean-refugees-are-still-afraid-return-home

    • Etiopia: firmato ad Asmara accordo di pace fra governo e Fronte nazionale di liberazione dell’#Ogaden

      Asmara, 22 ott 09:51 - (Agenzia Nova) - Il governo dell’Etiopia e i ribelli del Fronte nazionale di liberazione dell’Ogaden (#Onlf) hanno firmato un accordo di pace nella capitale eritrea Asmara per porre fine ad una delle più antiche lotte armate in Etiopia. L’accordo, si legge in una nota del ministero degli Esteri di Addis Abeba ripresa dall’emittente “Fana”, è stato firmato da una delegazione del governo etiope guidata dal ministro degli Esteri Workneh Gebeyehu e dal presidente dell’Onlf, Mohamed Umer Usman, i quali hanno tenuto un colloquio definito “costruttivo” e hanno raggiunto un “accordo storico” che sancisce “l’inizio di un nuovo capitolo di pace e stabilità in Etiopia”. L’Onlf, gruppo separatista fondato nel 1984, è stato etichettato come organizzazione terrorista dal governo etiope fino al luglio scorso, quando il parlamento di Addis Abeba ha ratificato la decisione del governo di rimuovere i partiti in esilio – tra cui appunto l’Onlf – dalla lista delle organizzazioni terroristiche. La decisione rientra nella serie di provvedimenti annunciati dal premier Abiy Ahmed per avviare il percorso di riforme nel paese, iniziato con il rilascio di migliaia di prigionieri politici, la distensione delle relazioni con l’Eritrea e la parziale liberalizzazione dell’economia etiope.

      https://www.agenzianova.com/a/5bcd9c24083997.87051681/2142476/2018-10-22/etiopia-firmato-ad-asmara-accordo-di-pace-fra-governo-e-fronte-nazional

    • UN: No Rights Progress in Eritrea After Peace Deal With Ethiopia

      U.N. experts say Eritrea’s human rights record has not changed for the better since the government signed a peace agreement with Ethiopia last year, formally ending a two decades-long border conflict. The U.N. Human Rights Council held an interactive dialogue on the current situation in Eritrea this week.

      After a 20-year military stalemate with Ethiopia, hopes were high that the peace accord would change Eritrea’s human rights landscape for the better.

      U.N. Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kate Gilmore said that has not happened. She said Eritrea has missed a historic opportunity because the government has not implemented urgently needed judicial, constitutional and economic reforms.

      She said the continued use of indefinite national service remains a major human rights concern.

      “Conscripts continue to confront open-ended duration of service, far beyond the 18 months stipulated in law and often under abusive conditions, which may include the use of torture, sexual violence and forced labor,” she said.

      Gilmore urged Eritrea to bring its national service in line with the country’s international human rights obligations.

      “The peace agreement signed with Ethiopia should provide the security that the government of Eritrea has argued it needs to discontinue this national service and help shift its focus from security to development…. In the absence of promising signs of tangible human rights progress, that flow of asylum-seekers is not expected to drop,” Gilmore said.

      Human rights groups say unlimited national service forces thousands of young men to flee Eritrea every month to seek asylum in Europe. They say many lose their lives making the perilous journey across the Sahara Desert or while crossing the Mediterranean Sea to Europe.

      The head of the Eritrean delegation to the Council, Tesfamicael Gerahtu, said his country has had to adopt certain measures to counter the negative effect of the last 20 years on peace, security and development. He insists there is no human rights crisis in his country.

      He accused the Human Rights Council of exerting undue pressure on Eritrea by monitoring his country’s human rights situation and adopting detrimental resolutions. He called the actions counterproductive.

      “The honorable and productive way forward is to terminate the confrontational approach on Eritrea that has been perpetrated in the last seven years and that has not created any dividend in the promotion of human rights. And, there is no crisis that warrants a Human Rights Council agenda or special mandate on Eritrea,” Gerahtu said.

      Daniel Eyasu , head of Cooperation and International Relations of the National Youth Union and Eritrean Students, agrees there is no human rights crisis in Eritrea. He offered a positive spin on the country’s controversial national service, calling it critical for nation building.

      Unfortunately, he said, the reports of the council’s special procedures characterizing national service as modern slavery is unwarranted, unjustified and unacceptable.

      The Founder of One Day Seyoum, Vanessa Tsehaye, said the government has not changed its stripes. She said it is as repressive today as it was before the peace accord with Ethiopia was signed.

      Tsehaye’s organization works for the release of her uncle, a journalist who has been imprisoned without a trial in Eritrea since 2001 and for all people unjustly imprisoned. She said they continue to languish in prison.

      “The standoff at the border cannot justify the fact that all capable Eritreans are enlisted into the national service indefinitely. It cannot justify the fact that the country’s constitution still has not been implemented and that the parliament still has not convened since 2002. It does not justify the fact that the only university in the country has been shut down, that the free press has still not been opened and that tens of thousands of people have been imprisoned without a trial simply for expressing their opinions, practicing their religion or attempting to leave their country,” Tsehaye said.

      But delegates at the council welcomed the peace process and expressed hope it will result in better protection for the Eritrean people. But they noted the prevailing abusive conditions are not promising.

      They urged the government to reform its military service, release all political prisoners, stop the practice of arbitrary arrests, and end torture and inhumane detention conditions.

      https://www.voanews.com/a/eritrea-human-rights/4834072.html
      #processus_de_paix #droits_humains

  • Deeply Talks: Picturing Refugees

    In our latest Deeply Talks we explored why images of refugees and migrants are dominated by “boats and camps.” Award-winning photographer #Kalpesh_Lathigra and researcher #Jelena_Jovicic talk to our senior editor, Daniel Howden, about shifting dominant perceptions.


    https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/03/06/deeply-talks-picturing-refugees

    #photographie #réfugiés #migrations #asile #représentations #image #perceptions #camps #bateaux

    Page internet de Jelena Jovicic (doctorante), Université de Stockholm:

    My PhD project explores the criminalization of certain forms of migration through visual framing.

    By looking at the developments in the mainstream media discourses – I deconstruct the images that frame the prison-like conditions in which many people fleeing find themselves on their journeys. While photography in the journalistic and activist context can be a highly powerful tool for addressing the inhumane conditions of strandedness and flight, I move beyond the mere content and point to the intersections of racialized and gendered imagery often constructing what the audience makes of the visual information and who a ‘refugee’ might be.

    https://www.su.se/english/profiles/jjovi-1.291842
    #médias #discours_médiatique

  • Turkey: Between Hospitality and Hostility

    Turkey’s state of emergency and changes to its asylum law have left millions of refugees more vulnerable that ever, says European migration expert Margarite Helena Zoeteweij-Turhan.


    https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/02/27/turkey-between-hospitality-and-hostility
    #réfugiés #hospitalité #hostilité #accueil #Turquie #asile #migrations #réfugiés #Etat_d'urgence #vulnérabilité
    cc @isskein

  • Je pensais avoir archivé sur seenthis un article (au moins) qui montrait qu’une partie des personnes rapatriées (#retours_volontaires), par l’#OIM (#IOM) notamment, du #Niger et de #Libye vers leurs pays d’origine reprenaient la route du Nord aussitôt...
    Mais je ne retrouve plus cet article... est-ce que quelque seenthisien se rappelle de cela ? ça serait super !
    #renvois #expulsions #migrations #réfugiés #retour_volontaire

    J’étais presque sûre d’avoir utilisé le tag #migrerrance, mais apparemment pas...

    • #merci @02myseenthis01, en effet il s’agit d’articles qui traitent du retour volontaire, mais non pas de ce que je cherche (à moins que je n’ai pas loupé quelque chose), soit de personnes qui, une fois rapatriées via le programme de retour volontaires, décident de reprendre la route de la migration (comme c’est le cas des Afghans, beaucoup plus documenté, notamment par Liza Schuster : https://www.city.ac.uk/people/academics/liza-schuster)

    • Libya return demand triggers reintegration headaches

      “This means that the strain on the assistance to integration of the country of origin has been particularly high because of the success, paradoxically of the return operation,” said Eugenio Ambrosi, IOM’s Europe director, on Monday (12 February).

      “We had to try, and we are still trying, to scale up the reintegration assistance,” he said.

      Since November, It has stepped up operations, along with the African Union, and helped 8,581 up until earlier this month. Altogether some 13,500 were helped given that some were also assisted by African Union states. Most ended up in Nigeria, followed by Mali and Guinea.

      People are returned to their home countries in four ways. Three are voluntary and one is forced. The mixed bag is causing headaches for people who end up in the same community but with entirely different integration approaches.

      “The level of assistance and the type of reintegration assistance that these different programmes offer is not the same,” noted Ambrosi.

      https://euobserver.com/migration/140967
      #réintégration

      Et une partie de cet article est consacrée à l’#aide_au_retour par les pays européens :

      Some EU states will offer in-kind support, used to set up a business, training or other similar activities. Others tailor their schemes for different countries of origin.

      Some others offer cash handouts, but even those differ vastly.

      Sweden, according to a 2015 European Commission report, is the most generous when it comes to cash offered to people under its voluntary return programme.

      It noted that in 2014, the maximum amount of the in-cash allowance at the point of departure/after arrival varied from €40 in the Czech Republic and €50 in Portugal to €3,750 in Norway for a minor and €3,300 in Sweden for an adult.

      Anti-migrant Hungary gave more (€500) than Italy (€400), the Netherlands (€300) and Belgium (€250).

      However, such comparisons on cash assistance does not reveal the full scope of help given that some of the countries also provide in-kind reintegration support.

    • For Refugees Detained in Libya, Waiting is Not an Option

      Niger generously agreed to host these refugees temporarily while European countries process their asylum cases far from the violence and chaos of Libya and proceed to their resettlement. In theory it should mean a few weeks in Niger until they are safely transferred to countries such as France, Germany or Sweden, which would open additional spaces for other refugees trapped in Libya.

      But the resettlement process has been much slower than anticipated, leaving Helen and hundreds of others in limbo and hundreds or even thousands more still in detention in Libya. Several European governments have pledged to resettle 2,483 refugees from Niger, but since the program started last November, only 25 refugees have actually been resettled – all to France.

      As a result, UNHCR announced last week that Niger authorities have requested that the agency halt evacuations until more refugees depart from the capital, Niamey. For refugees in Libya, this means their lifeline to safety has been suspended.

      Many of the refugees I met in Niger found themselves in detention after attempting the sea journey to Europe. Once intercepted by the Libyan coast guard, they were returned to Libya and placed in detention centers run by Libya’s U.N.-backed Government of National Accord (GNA). The E.U. has prioritized capacity building for the Libyan coast guard in order to increase the rate of interceptions. But it is an established fact that, after being intercepted, the next stop for these refugees as well as migrants is detention without any legal process and in centers where human rights abuses are rife.

      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/03/12/for-refugees-detained-in-libya-waiting-is-not-an-option

      #limbe #attente

      #réinstallation (qui évidemment ne semble pas vraiment marcher, comme pour les #relocalisations en Europe depuis les #hotspots...) :

      Several European governments have pledged to resettle 2,483 refugees from Niger, but since the program started last November, only 25 refugees have actually been resettled – all to France.

    • “Death Would Have Been Better” : Europe Continues to Fail Refugees and Migrants in Libya

      Today, European policies designed to keep asylum seekers, refugees, and migrants from crossing the Mediterranean Sea to Italy are trapping thousands of men, women and children in appalling conditions in Libya. This Refugees International report describes the harrowing experiences of people detained in Libya’s notoriously abusive immigration detention system where they are exposed to appalling conditions and grave human rights violations, including arbitrary detention and physical and sexual abuse.

      https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/libyaevacuations2018

      #rapport

      Lien vers le rapport :

      The report is based on February 2018 interviews conducted with asylum seekers and refugees who had been evacuated by UNHCR from detention centers in Libya to Niamey, Niger, where these men, women, and children await resettlement to a third country. The report shows that as the EU mobilizes considerable resources and efforts to stop the migration route through Libya, asylum seekers, refugees and migrants continue to face horrendous abuses in Libya – and for those who attempt it, an even deadlier sea crossing to Italy. RI is particularly concerned that the EU continues to support the Libyan coast guard to intercept boats carrying asylum seekers, refugees and migrants and bring them back to Libyan soil, even though they are then transferred to detention centers.

      https://static1.squarespace.com/static/506c8ea1e4b01d9450dd53f5/t/5ad3ceae03ce641bc8ac6eb5/1523830448784/2018+Libya+Report+PDF.pdf
      #évacuation #retour_volontaire #renvois #Niger #Niamey

    • #Return_migration – a regional perspective

      The current views on migration recognize that it not necessarily a linear activity with a migrant moving for a singular reason from one location to a new and permanent destination. Within the study of mixed migration, it is understood that patterns of movements are constantly shifting in response to a host of factors which reflect changes in individual and shared experiences of migrants. This can include the individual circumstance of the migrant, the environment of host country or community, better opportunities in another location, reunification, etc.[1] Migrants returning to their home country or where they started their migration journey – known as return migration—is an integral component of migration.

      Return migration is defined by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) as the act or process of going back to the point of departure[2]. It varies from spontaneous, voluntary, voluntary assisted and deportation/forced return. This can also include cyclical/seasonal return, return from short or long term migration, and repatriation. Such can be voluntary where the migrant spontaneously returns or assisted where they benefit from administrative, logistical, financial and reintegration support. Voluntary return includes workers returning home at the end of their labour arrangements, students upon completion of their studies, refugees and asylum seekers undertaking voluntary repatriation either spontaneously or with humanitarian assistance and migrants returning to their areas of origin after residency abroad. [3] Return migration can also be forced where migrants are compelled by an administrative or judicial act to return to their country of origin. Forced returns include the deportation of failed asylum seekers and people who have violated migration laws in the host country.

      Where supported by appropriate policies and implementation and a rights-based approach, return migration can beneficial to the migrant, the country of origin and the host country. Migrants who successfully return to their country of origin stand to benefit from reunification with family, state protection and the possibility of better career opportunities owing to advanced skills acquired abroad. For the country of origin, the transfer of skills acquired by migrants abroad, reverse ‘brain drain’, and transactional linkages (i.e. business partnerships) can bring about positive change. The host country benefits from such returns by enhancing strengthened ties and partnerships with through return migrants. However, it is critical to note that return migration should not be viewed as a ‘solution’ to migration or a pretext to arbitrarily send migrants back to their home country. Return migration should be studied as a way to provide positive and safe options for people on the move.
      Return migration in East Africa

      The number of people engaging in return migration globally and in the Horn of Africa and Yemen sub-region has steadily increased in recent years. In 2016, IOM facilitated voluntary return of 98,403 persons worldwide through its assisted voluntary return and re-integration programs versus 69,540 assisted in 2015. Between December 2014 and December 2017, 76,589 refugees and asylum seekers were assisted by humanitarian organisations to return to Somalia from Kenya.

      In contexts such as Somalia, where conflict, insecurity and climate change are common drivers for movement (in addition to other push and pull factors), successful return and integration of refugees and asylum seekers from neighbouring countries is likely to be frustrated by the failure to adequately address such drivers before undertaking returns. In a report titled ‘Not Time To Go Home: Unsustainable returns of refugees to Somalia’,Amnesty International highlights ongoing conflict and insecurity in Somalia even as the governments of Kenya and Somali and humanitarian agencies continue to support return programs. The United Nations has cautioned that South and Central parts of Somalia are not ready for large scale returns in the current situation with over 2 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the country and at least half of the population in need of humanitarian assistance; painting a picture of returns to a country where safety, security and dignity of returnees cannot be guaranteed.

      In March 2017, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ordered all undocumented migrants to regularize their status in the Kingdom giving them a 90-day amnesty after which they would face sanctions including deportations. IOM estimates that 150,000 Ethiopians returned to Ethiopia from Saudi Arabia between March 2017 and April 2018. Since the end of the amnesty period in November 2017, the number of returns to Ethiopia increased drastically with approximately 2,800 migrants being deported to Ethiopia each week. Saudi Arabia also returned 9,563 Yemeni migrants who included migrants who were no longer able to meet residency requirements. Saudi Arabia also forcibly returned 21,405 Somali migrants between June and December 2017.

      Migrant deportations from Saudi Arabia are often conducted in conditions that violate human rights with migrants from Yemen, Somalia and Ethiopia reporting violations. An RMMS report titled ‘The Letter of the Law: Regular and irregular migration in Saudi Arabia in a context of rapid change’ details violations which include unlawful detention prior to deportation, physical assault and torture, denial of food and confiscation of personal property. There were reports of arrest and detention upon arrival of Ethiopian migrants who had been deported from Saudi Arabia in 2013 during which the migrants were reportedly tortured by Ethiopian security forces.

      Further to this, the sustainability of such returns has also been questioned with reports of returnees settling in IDP camps instead of going back to their areas of origin. Such returnees are vulnerable to (further) irregular migration given the inability to integrate. Somali refugee returnees from Kenya face issues upon return to a volatile situation in Somalia, often settling in IDP camps in Somalia. In an RMMS research paper ‘Blinded by Hope: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Ethiopian Migrants’, community members in parts of Ethiopia expressed concerns that a large number of returnees from Saudi Arabia would migrate soon after their return.

      In November 2017, following media reports of African migrants in Libya being subjected to human rights abuses including slavery, governments, humanitarian agencies and regional economic communities embarked on repatriating vulnerable migrants from Libya. African Union committed to facilitating the repatriation of 20,000 nationals of its member states within a period of six weeks. African Union, its member states and humanitarian agencies facilitated the return of 17,000 migrants in 2017 and a further 14,000 between January and March 2018.[4]
      What next?

      Return migration can play an important role for migrants, their communities, and their countries, yet there is a lack of research and data on this phenomenon. For successful return migration, the drivers to migration should first be examined, including in the case of forced displacement or irregular migration. Additionally, legal pathways for safe, orderly and regular migration should be expanded for all countries to reduce further unsafe migration. Objective 21 of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (Draft Rev 1) calls upon member states to ‘cooperate in facilitating dignified and sustainable return, readmission and reintegration’.

      In addition, a legal and policy framework facilitating safe and sustainable returns should be implemented by host countries and countries of origin. This could build on bilateral or regional agreements on readmissions, creation of reception and integration agencies for large scale returns, the recognition and assurance of migrant legal status, provision of identification documents where needed, amending national laws to allow for dual citizenship, reviewing taxes imposed on the diaspora, recognition of academic and vocational skills acquired abroad, support to vulnerable returnees, financial assistance where needed, incentives to returnee entrepreneurs, programs on attracting highly skilled returnees. Any frameworks should recognize that people have the right to move, and should have their human rights and dignity upheld at all stages of the migration journey.

      http://www.mixedmigration.org/articles/return-migration-a-regional-perspective

    • Reçu via la mailing-list Migreurop, le 20.09.2018

      Niamey, le 20 septembre 2018

      D’après des témoignages recueillis près du #centre_de_transit des #mineurs_non_accompagnés du quartier #Bobiel à Niamey (Niger), des rixes ont eu lieu devant le centre, ce mardi 18 septembre.

      A ce jour, le centre compterait 23 mineurs et une dizaine de femmes avec des enfants en bas âge, exceptionnellement hébergés dans ce centre en raison du surpeuplement des structures réservées habituellement aux femmes.

      Les jeunes du centre font régulièrement état de leurs besoins et du non-respect de leurs droits au directeur du centre. Certains y résident en effet depuis plusieurs mois et ils sont informés des services auxquels ils devraient avoir accès grâce à une #charte des centre de l’OIM affichée sur les murs (accès aux soins de santé, repas, vêtements - en particulier pour ceux qui sont expulsés de l’Algérie sans leurs affaires-, activité récréative hebdomadaire, assistance légale, psychologique...). Aussi, en raison de la lourdeur des procédures de « #retours_volontaires », la plupart des jeunes ne connaissent pas la date de leur retour au pays et témoignent d’un #sentiment_d'abandon.

      Ces derniers jours certains jeunes ont refusé de se nourrir pour protester contre les repas qui leur sont servis (qui seraient identiques pour tous les centres et chaque jour).
      Ce mardi, après un vif échange avec le directeur du centre, une délégation de sept jeunes s’est organisée et présentée au siège de l’OIM. Certains d’entre eux ont été reçus par un officier de protection qui, aux vues des requêtes ordinaires des migrants, s’est engagé à répondre rapidement à leurs besoins.
      Le groupe a ensuite rejoint le centre où les agents de sécurité du centre auraient refusé de les laisser entrer. Des échanges de pierres auraient suivi, et les gardiens de la société #Gadnet-Sécurité auraient utilisé leurs matraques et blessé légèrement plusieurs jeunes. Ces derniers ont été conduits à l’hôpital, après toutefois avoir été menottés et amenés au siège de la société de gardiennage.

      L’information a été diffusée hier soir sur une chaine de télévision locale mais je n’ai pas encore connaissance d’articles à ce sujet.

      Alizée

      #MNA #résistance #violence

    • Agadez, des migrants manifestent pour rentrer dans leurs pays

      Des migrants ont manifesté lundi matin au centre de transit de l’Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations (OIM). Ce centre est situé au quartier #Sabon_Gari à Agadez au Niger. Il accueille à ce jour 800 migrants.

      Parmi eux, une centaine de Maliens. Ces migrants dénoncent la durée de leurs séjours, leurs conditions de vie et le manque de communication des responsables de l’OIM.


      https://www.studiotamani.org/index.php/magazines/16726-le-magazine-du-21-aout-2018-agadez-des-migrants-maliens-manifest
      #manifestation #Mali #migrants_maliens

  • Media reporting of migrants and migration

    Chapter 8 critically discusses media reporting on migration and migration around the world. Drawing on existing research in different countries, the analysis addresses four key questions: (a) What do media around the world say about migration and migrants? (b) What impacts does this coverage have on what members of the public, policymakers and migrants themselves think and do? (c) How does the practice of journalism itself contribute to coverage? (d) What implications arise from recent experiences of media and migration for future research and practice?

    While there is a growing body of research on the relationships between media, public opinion and policies on migration, the chapter shows that much more research needs to be done into the role of the media in transit and origin countries – and particularly migrants’ own use of, and preferences for, different types of media. The chapter makes a strong case for the need to encourage media coverage of migrants that is reasonable, measured and moves away from an assumed position of suspicion.

    https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2018-chapter-8-media-reporting-migrants-and
    #médias #journalisme #presse #migrations #asile #réfugiés #rapport #opinion_publique

    • Media coverage frames public thinking on migrants and migration – UN report

      Changes in traditional media and growing use of social media are offering new avenues for “migrant-led” media and journalism as well as a unique opportunity for migrants to highlight their concerns and contributions – in their own words – the United Nations International Organization for Migration (IOM) has said.

      “Ranging from films and newspapers to tweets, [media] coverage may have portrayed migration in one way or another, or simply raised it as a topical issue,” said the UN agency in the latest edition of its flagship report, the World Migration Report.

      http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58204
      #préjugés

  • La industria del control migratorio ¿Quién gana con las políticas fronterizas de la Unión Europea?

    La investigación de porCausa permite, por primera vez, probar que existe en España una Industria del Control Migratorio, identificar a los actores que operan en ella, estimar su magnitud y acceder a las herramientas para estudiarla en detalle.

    https://porcausa.org/industriacontrolmigratorio
    #rapport #frontières #asile #migrations #réfugiés #business #Espagne #INDRA #AMPER #EUROCOPTER #ALBIE #TELECOMUNICACIÓN-ELECTRÓNICA Y CONMUTACIÓN #ATOS #DRAGADOS #FERROVIAL #SIEMENS #TELEFÓNICA_ESPAÑOLA_Y_GMV #industrie #complexe_militaro-industriel #frontex

    Lien vers le rapport:
    https://www.porcausa.org/industriacontrolmigratorio/media/porcausa_LaIndustriaDelControlMigratorio.pdf

    • How the Security Industry Reaps the Rewards of E.U. Migration Control

      In austerity-stricken Europe, increasing funds are flowing to arms and security firms positioning themselves as experts on border control. Researcher Mark Akkerman documents the companies profiting from E.U. border externalization and the industry’s lobbying power.

      At a time when European Union budgets are threatened by Brexit, Italian political instability and an unfinished economic crisis, the European Commission’s proposal for triple funding for borders, migration and asylum suggests an unusual consensus in favor of border security.

      The increase in funding gained considerable press attention, but the role of the European military and security industry in shaping these policies and then reaping the plentiful financial rewards remains largely underexposed.

      Research by the United Kingdom’s Statewatch and Belgian NGO “Vredesactie” shows how successful these industries have been in shaping E.U. military and security policies. Large European arms companies, such as #Airbus (Pan-European), #Leonardo (Italian, formerly called #Finmeccanica) and #Thales (French) engage in extensive lobbying. Their lobby associations, notably the #European_Organisation_for_Security (#EOS) and the #AeroSpace_and_Defence Industries Association of Europe (#ASD), have gained influence to the point that their proposals are sometimes adopted almost wholesale by E.U. bodies.

      E.U. and member states’ officials and industry executives forge strong relationships through a constant cycle of congresses, conferences, roundtables, security fairs and industry days by E.U. border agency #Frontex. Since December 2014, senior European Commission officials met with EOS 15 times and ASD 29 times, as well as holding many meetings with Airbus (131), Leonardo (25) and Thales (18).

      Concrete proposals that were first advocated by the industry, such as the establishment of a European border guard and of the E.U.-wide border monitoring system #EUROSUR, eventually become E.U. policies. These then create the demand that fuels an expanding global border security market, valued at more than 16 billion euros ($18.7 billion) in 2017 and estimated to grow 8 percent annually in coming years.

      According to Martin Lemberg-Pedersen at the Aalborg University in Copenhagen, arms companies “establish themselves as experts on border security, and use this position to frame immigration to Europe as leading to ever more security threats in need of ever more” purchases of the products they sell.

      The increasing focus on exporting border control measures to countries neighboring Europe has further expanded the market, as my recent report “Expanding the Fortress” for the research groups Stop Wapenhandel and the Transnational Institute (TNI) shows.

      Many non-E.U.-countries, especially in Africa, get donations of border security equipment or funding for such purchases. Some examples include donations of large amounts of equipment from Airbus and #Hensoldt (the former border security division of Airbus) to Tunisia by Germany, Italian donations of patrol boats from shipbuilder Intermarine to Libya and the E.U.-funded purchase of six vessels from Dutch shipbuilder #Damen to Turkey, to strengthen the capacities of its coast guard.

      Despite the austerity measures in place in some areas of Europe, the increase in funding for militarizing border security seems to be limitless. Frontex, which now has new powers to buy its own equipment, could see its current annual budget of 320 million euros ($375 million) increase almost sixfold to 1.87 billion euros ($2.19 billion) by 2027.

      During 2018, Frontex will test two military drones for maritime border surveillance in the Mediterranean Sea: the #Heron from #Israeli_Aerospace_Industries (#IAI) and the #Falco from #Leonardo. IAI will be paid 4.75 million euros ($5.57 million) for 600 hours of trial flights, while Leonardo will secure 1.7 million euros ($2 million) for 300 hours of trial flights.

      The proposed E.U. Integrated Border Management Fund will have a 9.3 billion euro ($10.9 billion) budget for 2021–27, almost double the combined budget of its predecessors for the period 2004–20 (#External_Borders_Fund, the #Internal_Security_Fund – Borders and the Schengen Facility). With these funds, member states have purchased thousands of vehicles for border patrol, dozens of patrol vessels, airplanes, border surveillance systems, cameras, thermal vision equipment, biometric and I.T. systems – many bought from European arms and security firms.

      In the case of Finland and Romania, E.U.-financed helicopter purchases came from Airbus, while Leonardo delivered helicopters to Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Italy, Latvia and Malta. This has led to the perverse outcome that some of these companies profit from both sides of the refugee tragedy. As our 2016 report “Border Wars” shows, some firms are both arming countries at war, repressive regimes and human rights violators in the Middle East and North Africa – thereby fueling the reasons people are forced to flee – and then winning the contracts to prevent refugees entering Europe.

      The preferential role for industry is no coincidence nor just the result of the industry’s own efforts. In fact, it is a stated objective of the E.U. to support the global competitiveness of the European military and security industry. And the E.U. does all it can to further intensify the close ties.

      In February 2018, for example, the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG Home) organized an “Industry Day on Border Surveillance and Integrated Border Management” in which Giorgi Gulienetti of Italian arms firm Leonardo gave a keynote address. Later DG Home wrote that it hoped the day “on a longer term […] would set the foundations of an improved cooperation with research and industry communities in the area of border surveillance and border management.”

      While the proposed increases of the E.U. border security and control budget clearly respond to a number of factors, the increasing role, funding and support for industry will ensure that they become one of the few beneficiaries from the refugee “crisis.” Ultimately this is not just a concern about corporate influence but also about entrenching a militarized response to a complex crisis. This will do little to tackle the root causes of the refugee crisis but rather provides another arena for profiteering from human suffering.

      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/06/04/how-the-security-industry-reaps-the-rewards-of-e-u-migration-control

    • Not Without Dignity: Views of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon on Displacement, Conditions of Return, and Coexistence

      Discussions about a future return of refugees and coexistence among groups currently at war in Syria must begin now, even in the face of ongoing violence and displacement. This report, based on interviews with refugees, makes it clear that the restoration of dignity will be important to creating the necessary conditions for return and peaceful coexistence — and building a stable post-war Syria one day.


      https://www.ictj.org/publication/syria-refugees-lebanon-displacement-return-coexistence
      #rapport

    • New ICTJ Study: Syrian Refugees in Lebanon See Security, Restoration of Dignity as Key Conditions for Return

      A new report from the International Center for Transitional Justice argues that discussions about a future return of refugees and coexistence among groups currently at war in Syria must begin now, even in the face of ongoing violence and displacement. The report makes it clear that the restoration of refugees’ sense of dignity will be important to creating the necessary conditions for return and peaceful coexistence — and building a stable post-war Syria one day.

      https://www.ictj.org/news/study-syrian-refugees-lebanon-conditions-return

    • We Must Start the Conversation About Return of Syrian Refugees Now

      If millions of displaced Syrians are to go home one day, we need to understand refugees’ conditions for returning, attitudes to justice and the possibility of coexistence, say the authors of an International Center for Transitional Justice study of refugees in Lebanon.

      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2017/06/21/we-must-start-the-conversation-about-return-of-syrian-refugees-now

    • Nowhere Left to Run: Refugee Evictions in Lebanon in Shadow of Return

      Lebanon wants to evict 12,000 refugees who live near an air base where foreign military assistance is delivered. The evictions, which began in spring and recently resumed after a short respite, have left refugees more vulnerable amid rising demands they return to Syria.


      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2017/09/28/nowhere-left-to-run-refugee-evictions-in-lebanon-in-shadow-of-return
      #Liban

    • Syrian Refugees Return From Lebanon Only to Flee War Yet Again

      Refugees who returned to Syria from Lebanon under cease-fire deals this summer have been displaced again by fighting. Those who stayed behind are pressing for international guarantees of safety on return, as Lebanese officials explore ways to get more refugees to leave.


      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2017/10/11/syrian-refugees-return-from-lebanon-only-to-flee-war-yet-again

    • Dangerous Exit: Who Controls How Syrians in Lebanon Go Home

      AS HALIMA clambered into a truck leaving Lebanon in late June, she resolved that if the men driving the vehicle were arrested at the Syrian border, she would get out and walk back to her village on her own. The 66-year-old grandmother had not seen the son and daughter she left behind in Syria for five years. Wearing an embroidered black dress and a traditional headdress, her crinkled eyes shone with determination. “I’m coming back to my land,” she said.

      Having begged her not to leave, Halima’s two daughters staying in Lebanon wept on her shoulders. “We’re afraid she won’t come back,” 42-year-old Sherifa said, as her voice cracked. Sherifa cannot follow her mother to Syria; her eldest son, who has single-handedly kept the family afloat with odd jobs because of his father’s disability, would be sent to war.

      Huddled in groups at the checkpoint in northeast Lebanon, other families also said their goodbyes. A teenage girl knelt on the dirt road, refusing to let go of her 19-year-old brother’s legs. Their mother, Nawal, held her as he left for a truck to the border. “I don’t know how he will live on his own in Syria. Only God knows what will happen to him,” Nawal said. “I didn’t think he would actually leave. It all happened very fast.”

      A few months earlier, 3,000 Syrians in the Lebanese border town of Arsal had registered their names with Syrian and Lebanese intelligence agencies to return to their villages just over the mountains in Syria’s Qalamoun region. When the first group of several hundred people was approved to leave on June 28, many families were separated, as some members either decided not to register or were not approved by Syrian authorities.

      “We need a political solution for these people to go back, but the politics doesn’t start here in Lebanon,” a Lebanese intelligence agent said, as a scuffle broke out that scorching June morning. A Syrian man lunged at Khaled Abdel Aziz, a real estate businessman who had been put in charge of signing up fellow refugees to return. Abdel Aziz sweated in his suit as he dashed between television interviews, repeating that Syrians had a country of their own to go back to. “You’re protecting the army, not protecting yourself,” the man yelled, before being pulled away.

      The TV cameras rolled as dozens of trucks and tractors piled high with timber, water tanks and chicken coops were checked off a list by Lebanese intelligence agents and headed with an army escort to the Syrian border. A line of TV reporters announced to their Lebanese viewers that these refugees were going home.

      The next day, on the other side of Arsal, a small group of refugees held a sit-in, to much less fanfare. “We’re asking for return with dignity,” one banner read, “with guarantees from the international community and the U.N.”

      “We’re not against the return, but we want conditions, guarantees,” said Khaled Raad, one of the organizers. His refugee committee has been petitioning the U.N. and sympathetic Lebanese politicians for international protection for returning Syrians for a year. “I mean, this is not like taking a cup of tea or coffee to say, after seven years, go ahead and return to your houses. It’s not an easy thing.”

      “WE NEED A POLITICAL SOLUTION FOR THESE PEOPLE TO GO BACK, BUT THE POLITICS DOESN’T START HERE IN LEBANON.”

      By then, Halima had arrived back in Syria. Apart from some tractors breaking down en route, they had no problem crossing the border. Halima went to stay with her son while she waited to hear about the situation in her hometown, the mountaintop village of Fleeta. Her granddaughters had grown up quickly while she was in Lebanon, and she loved spending time with them in the neighboring town.

      But as more of their friends and relatives returned to Fleeta, with subsequent groups departing Arsal in July, word came to the family of empty homes and little power, water or work in the Syrian village. Sherifa received messages from relatives who had returned to Fleeta but now wanted to escape again. With no easy way to come back to Lebanon legally, they planned to smuggle themselves back across the border.

      Without her mother, and with bad news from Fleeta making it less likely she would ever return to Syria, Sherifa became increasingly desperate. Her husband, who is unable to work for health reasons, sunk into depression. “By God, dying is better than living,” Sherifa said. “I seek refuge in God from this return.”

      LONGING FOR HOME, AFRAID TO RETURN
      RETURNING TO SYRIA during this eighth year of conflict is both an excruciating personal decision and a political calculation: by refugees, the government in Syria, and other nations with a stake in the war. As the government recaptures more territory from opposition groups, and fighting quells in certain areas, some refugees are considering returning, while others are terrified of the increasing pressure to go back. After Lebanon began organizing small group returns this year, including from Arsal, these dilemmas became more urgent.

      To return is to take a political gamble: Refugees must weigh the risks of staying against the risks of going. They try to figure out who can be trusted to tell them the truth. They gather snippets of information from their cities, towns and villages about what happens to people who return. They struggle to decipher the intentions of the mercurial and multi-layered Syrian authorities and their foreign allies.

      Some of the broader dangers are well-known: an estimated half a million people killed in Syria’s war, including thousands dead this year; some one million people forced to leave their homes this year alone; a third of all houses and half of all schools and hospitals damaged or destroyed; in government-controlled areas, mandatory conscription into battle for men under 43, fear of arrest and torture, and the difficulties of reintegrating into a society and economy fractured by war.

      Until now, few refugees have considered this a risk worth taking. In 2017, the U.N. said 77,300 refugees went back independently to Syria, out of 5.6 million who had fled the country. The vast majority of Syrian refugees have consistently told U.N. and independent surveys they hoped to return home one day, but do not yet feel safe to do so.

      There are also risks to staying. More than 80 percent of Syrian refugees remain in three neighboring countries: Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan. There, they face soaring poverty, years out of work or school, lack of official documents, risk of arrest and, above all, an increasing public clamoring for Syrians to be sent back.

      In Lebanon, where at least 1.5 million Syrians have sought refuge – increasing the country’s population by a quarter – the pressure to leave is the most intense. Few Syrians have legal status, even fewer can work. Many towns have imposed curfews or carried out mass evictions. At the U.N. General Assembly last year, Lebanon’s president Michel Aoun insisted Syrians must return, voluntarily or not. “The claim that they will not be safe should they return to their country is an unacceptable pretext,” he told world leaders.

      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2018/08/08/dangerous-exit-who-controls-how-syrians-in-lebanon-go-home
      #Liban

    • Turkish minister: 255,300 Syrian refugees have returned home

      Turkish Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu said on Sunday that 255,300 Syrian refugees have returned home over the past two years, the state-run Anadolu news agency reported.

      “Some 160,000 of them returned to the Euphrates Shield region after Turkey brought peace there,” added Soylu, speaking to reporters in the southern province of Hatay bordering Syria.

      Turkey carried out Operation Euphrates Shield between August 2016 and March 2017 to eliminate the terrorist threat along the border in the northern Syrian regions of Jarabulus, Al-Rai, Al-Bab and Azaz with the help of the Free Syrian Army.

      Expressing concern about a possible operation in the Idlib region of Syria by regime forces, the minister underlined that Turkey would not be responsible for a wave of migration in the event of an offensive.

      Soylu also noted that an average of 6,800 irregular migrants a day used to enter Greece from western Turkey in 2015 and that now it has been reduced to 79.

      https://www.turkishminute.com/2018/09/09/turkish-minister-255300-syrian-refugees-have-returned-home

    • The fate of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Between forced displacement and forced return

      Recent news reports have surfaced on a possible United States-Russia deal to arrange for the return of refugees to Syria—reports that coincided both with the announcement that thousands of Syrians have died in regime prisons, and with one of the worst massacres in the conflict, perpetrated by ISIS in the city of Swaida. The US-Russia deal has been welcomed by Lebanese politicians, particularly those who have been scheming to repatriate Syrians for years now. But, unsurprisingly, the absence of a clear and coherent strategy for repatriation by the Lebanese government puts Syrian refugees at grave risk.

      In June, UNHCR interviewed Syrian refugees in Arsal who had expressed their willingness to go back to Syria in order to verify that they had the documentation needed for return and to ensure they were fully aware of the conditions in their home country. In response, caretaker Foreign Minister Gebran Bassil accused the agency of impeding refugees’ free return and ordered a freeze on the renewal of agency staff residency permits.

      This tug of war raises two main questions: What are the conditions in Lebanon that are pushing refugees toward returning to Syria while the conflict is ongoing and dangers persist? And what are the obstacles preventing some Syrians from returning freely to their homes?

      Conditions for Syrians in Lebanon

      Syrians began fleeing to Lebanon as early as 2011, but the Lebanese government failed to produce a single policy response until 2014, leading to ad-hoc practices by donors and host communities.

      By the end of 2014, the government began introducing policies to “reduce the number of displaced Syrians,” including closing the borders and requiring Syrians to either register with UNHCR and pledge not to work, or to secure a Lebanese sponsor to remain legally in the country and pay a $200 residency permit fee every six months. In May 2015, the government directed UNHCR to stop registering refugees. These conditions put many Syrians in a precarious position: without documentation, vulnerable to arrest and detention, and with limited mobility. Municipalities have been impeding freedom of movement as well, by imposing curfews on Syrians and even expelling them from their towns.

      In addition to the difficulties imposed by the state, Syrians face discrimination and violence on a day-to-day basis. Refugee settlements have been set on fire, Syrians have been beaten in the streets, and camps are regularly raided by the Lebanese army. All the while, Lebanese politicians foster and fuel the hatred of Syrians, blaming them for the country’s miseries and painting them as existential and security threats.

      Despite the polarization among Lebanese politicians regarding the situation in Syria, there is a consensus that the Syrian refugees are a burden that Lebanon cannot bear. Politicians across the board have been advocating for the immediate repatriation of refugees, and state officials are beginning to take action. President Michel Aoun made a statement in May declaring that Lebanon would seek a solution regarding the refugee crisis without taking into account the preferences of the UN or the European Union. This was followed by Bassil’s move, to freeze the residency permits of UNHCR staff, the leading agency (despite its many shortcomings) providing services for, and protecting the interests of, Syrian refugees. While UNHCR maintains that there are no safe zones in Syria as of yet, Lebanon’s General Security has begun facilitating the return of hundreds of refugees from Arsal and nearby towns. This process has been monitored by UNHCR to ensure that the returns are voluntary. Hezbollah has also established centers to organize the return of Syrians to their homes in collaboration with the Syrian regime.

      Syrian regime obstructing refugees’ free return

      As the situation for Syrian refugees in Lebanon becomes more and more unbearable, conditions for them back home remain troubling. Since 2012, the Syrian regime has been taking deliberate measures that would effectively make the situation for returning Syrians extremely difficult and dangerous.

      Conscription

      Syrian males aged 18 to 42 must serve in the Syrian Armed Forces. While exemptions were allowed in the past, a decree issued in 2017 bans exemptions from military service. Refusing to serve in the Syrian army results in imprisonment or an $8,000 fine, which most Syrians are unable to pay, thus risking having their assets seized by the regime.

      Property as a weapon of war

      Law No. 66 (2012) allowed for the creation of development zones in specified areas across the country. Under the pretense of redeveloping areas currently hosting informal settlements or unauthorized housing, the law is actually being used to expropriate land from residents in areas identified in the decree, which are mostly former opposition strongholds such as Daraya and Ghouta.

      Law No. 10 (2018), passed in April, speeds up the above process. This law stipulates the designation of development or reconstruction zones, requiring local authorities to request a list of property owners from public real estate authorities. Those whose have property within these zones but are not registered on the list are notified by local authorities and must present proof of property within 30 days. If they are successful in providing proof, they get shares of the redevelopment project; otherwise, ownership reverts to the local authority in the province, town, or city where the property is located. Human Rights Watch has published a detailed Q&A that explains the law and its implications.

      These laws, coupled with systematic destruction of land registries by local authorities, fully equip the regime to dispossess hundreds of thousands of Syrian families. Reports indicate that the regime has already begun reconstruction in areas south of Damascus.

      Statements by Syrian officials

      Syrian officials have made several public statements that reveal their hostility toward refugees. On August 20, 2017, at the opening ceremony of a conference held by Syria’s foreign ministry, President Bashar al-Assad gave a speech in which he said: “It’s true that we lost the best of our young men as well as our infrastructure, but in return we gained a healthier, more homogeneous society.” On another occasion, Assad stated his belief that some refugees are terrorists.

      In September 2017, a video of Issam Zahreddine, a commander in the Syrian Armed Forces, went viral. In the video, Zahreddine threatens refugees against returning, saying: “To everyone who fled Syria to other countries, please do not return. If the government forgives you, we will not. I advise you not to come back.” Zahreddine later clarified that his remarks were meant for rebels and ISIS followers, but that clarification should be taken with a grain of salt given his bloody track record in the war up until his death in October 2017. Along similar lines, leaked information from a meeting of top-ranking army officers just last month reported the following statement by the head of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence administration, General Jamil Al-Hassan: “A Syria with 10 million trustworthy people obedient to the leadership is better than a Syria with 30 million vandals.”

      Unknown fate

      Considering the unwelcoming policies in Lebanon and the treacherous conditions in Syria, what is the fate of Syrian refugees, specifically those who oppose the Assad regime? Until now, the return championed by Lebanese politicians implies return to a fascist regime that has caused the largest refugee crisis since the Second World War and unapologetically committed countless war crimes. While Lebanese politicians continue to focus on repatriation, they are failing to acknowledge the major barriers preventing Syrians from returning home: the Assad regime and ongoing mass violence.

      We cannot speak of safe, dignified, and sustainable returns without demanding justice and accountability. Regime change and trials for those who committed war crimes over the span of the last seven years are a long way off, and all evidence currently points toward the Assad regime retaining power. Any strategy must therefore prioritize the safety of Syrians who are likely to be detained, tortured, and killed for their political views upon return, or simply denied entry to Syria altogether. Lebanese policy makers must take into account that Syrians residing in Lebanon are not a homogenous entity, and some may never be able to return to their homes. Those Syrians should not be forced to choose between a brutal regime that will persecute them and a country that strips away their rights and dignity. It is time for Lebanon to adopt clear policies on asylum, resettlement, and return that ensure the right of all Syrians to lead a safe and dignified life.

      http://www.executive-magazine.com/economics-policy/the-fate-of-syrian-refugees-in-lebanon

    • Le retour des réfugiés en Syrie commence à préoccuper la communauté internationale

      Lors d’une conférence sur la Syrie à Bruxelles, le retour des réfugiés syriens dans leur pays a été évoqué. Démarrée en 2011, la guerre en Syrie touche à sa fin

      La situation en Syrie est loin d’être stabilisée. Les besoins de financement, de nourriture de matériel sont même en constante augmentation. Selon un haut fonctionnaire de l’ONU, un éventuel assaut contre la dernière enclave rebelle pourrait entraîner une « catastrophe humanitaire ». Pourtant, alors que 12 millions de Syriens, soit près de la moitié de la population syrienne avant la guerre, a fui le pays ou a été déplacée à l’intérieur, la question du retour, étape indispensable à la reconstruction, commence à se poser.

      C’est le principal message ressorti de la conférence « Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region » , qui vient de se tenir à Bruxelles. Les diplomates européens ont mis l’accent sur les difficultés de l’Europe à isoler le Président Bashar al-Assad, vainqueur de la guerre, soutenu par la Russie et l’Iran, pendant que les États-Unis retirent leurs troupes.

      L’UE a rappelé qu’un soutien à la reconstruction à long terme dépendrait du processus de paix de l’ONU pour mettre fin à une guerre responsable de la mort de centaines de milliers de personnes.

      Les Européens sont toutefois divisés sur la question de la reconstruction du pays, dans la mesure où le processus de paix de l’ONU est bloqué, que l’intervention militaire russe de 2015 s’avère décisive et que les pays arabes voisins envisagent de rétablir des liens diplomatiques.

      « Les États-Unis se retirent et les Russes n’ont pas l’argent. Voilà le contexte », a expliqué un haut fonctionnaire de l’UE, cité par Reuters. L’Allemagne, la France et les Pays-Bas défendent ouvertement l’idée de libérer les fonds de reconstruction uniquement quand le pays aura démarré sa transition politique et que Bashar-al-Assad ne sera plus au pouvoir. Aucun représentant officiel de la Syrie n’a été invité à la conférence. L’Italie, l’Autriche et la Hongrie, grands détracteurs de la politique migratoire européenne, plaident en revanche pour une négociation avec les autorités syriennes pour que les millions de réfugiés puissent rentrer chez eux.

      Mogherini craint le « ni guerre ni paix »

      La cheffe de la diplomatie européenne, Federica Mogherini, a déclaré qu’il y avait un risque que le pays se retrouve coincé dans une situation de « ni guerre ni paix ». Le Haut Commissaire des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés, Filippo Grandi, a déclaré qu’il était prévisible que 2019 soit la première année depuis le début de la guerre « où il y aura plus de Syriens (réfugiés et déplacés internes) qui rentreront chez eux que de nouveaux déplacés. S’étant rendu en Syrie la semaine dernière, le Haut Commissaire a déclaré avoir été « marqué et touché » par la résilience du peuple syrien.

      « C’est dans un contexte de grandes destructions, avec des zones encore dangereuses et un manque de produits de première nécessité (nourriture, médicaments, eau) et d’emplois que de nombreux Syriens rentrent chez eux. Les agences humanitaires font ce qu’elles peuvent, mais un très grand nombre de déplacés internes et quelques réfugiés prennent la décision difficile de rentrer chez eux, et les besoins en produits de première nécessité ne font qu’augmenter », a-t-il expliqué, ajoutant que la plupart des réfugiés voyaient leur avenir dans leur pays natal et que « nous savons que 56 000 Syriens sont rentrés chez eux via des mouvements organisés l’année dernière, mais ce chiffre est certainement plus élevé ».

      Engagements financiers

      « Je suis heureux de vous annoncer que nous collaborons notamment avec le gouvernement syrien. Et j’aimerais particulièrement remercier la Fédération de Russie pour sa coopération face aux problèmes que le retour des réfugiés syriens implique pour eux », a ajouté Filippo Grandi. Dans le cadre de l’appel de l’ONU, 3,3 milliards de dollars seraient nécessaires pour venir en aide aux déplacés internes et 5,5 milliards de dollars pour les réfugiés et les communautés d’accueil dans les pays voisins.

      Le Secrétaire général adjoint aux affaires humanitaires, Marc Lowcock, a déclaré à la presse que les engagements financiers s’élevaient « au moins à 6,5 milliards de dollars » et peut-être même à près de 7 milliards de dollars. « C’est un très bon résultat, et si nous y parvenons vraiment en fin de compte, nous serons très heureux », a-t-il déclaré. Federica Mogherini a déclaré que l’UE contribuerait à hauteur de 560 millions d’euros pour venir en aide au peuple syrien durant l’année 2019 et que le même montant serait libéré les années suivantes.

      Filippo Grandi a également exprimé son inquiétude quant à la situation en déclin de la ville d’Idlib, près de la frontière turque. Près de 90 personnes y ont été tuées par des obus et des frappes aériennes, et la moitié d’entre elles étaient des enfants.

      « La pire des catastrophes humanitaires »

      « Permettez-moi de répéter ce que nous avons déjà dit à maintes reprises. Une attaque militaire d’envergure sur la ville d’Idlib occasionnerait la pire catastrophe humanitaire du 21ème siècle. Ce serait tout simplement inacceptable », a déclaré Filippo Grandi.

      Avec l’aide d’avions russes, l’armée syrienne a attaqué des villes au mains des forces rebelles dans la région d’Idlib, dernier bastion rebelle du pays. Ce bombardement a été le plus important depuis des mois. Les forces rebelles qui se sont battues depuis 8 ans pour faire tomber le Président al-Assad sont désormais confinées dans une enclave du nord est du pays, près de la frontière turque. Près de 4 millions de Syriens y vivent aujourd’hui, dont des centaines de milliers d’opposants au régime qui ont fui d’autres régions du pays.

      La Turquie, qui a commencé à patrouiller dans la zone tampon vendredi, a condamné ce qu’elle a qualifié de provocations croissantes pour mettre fin à la trêve et a averti qu’une offensive des forces russes et syriennes causerait une crise humanitaire majeure. De nombreux résidents sont exaspérés de l’incapacité des forces turques à répondre aux bombardements. L’armée syrienne a appelé au retrait des forces turques.

      L’enclave est protégée par une zone de « désescalade », un accord négocié l’an dernier par les pays qui soutiennent Bashar al-Assad, la Russie, l’Iran ainsi que la Turquie, qui avait auparavant soutenu les forces rebelles et envoyé des troupes pour surveiller la trêve. Le ministre turc des Affaires étrangères, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, a déclaré que 320 000 Syriens avaient pu rentrer chez eux grâce aux « opérations anti-terrorisme » menées par la Turquie et la Syrie.

      https://www.euractiv.fr/section/migrations/news/return-of-refugees-to-syria-timidly-comes-on-the-agenda

    • Assad asks Syrian refugees to come home — then locks them up and interrogates them

      Guarantees offered by the government as part of a ’reconciliation’ process are often hollow, with returnees harassed or extorted.

      Hundreds of Syrian refugees have been arrested after returning home as the war they fled winds down — then interrogated, forced to inform on close family members and in some cases tortured, say returnees and human rights monitors.

      Many more who weathered the conflict in rebel-held territory now retaken by government forces are meeting a similar fate as President Bashar al-Assad’s regime deepens its longtime dependence on informers and surveillance.

      For Syrian refugees, going home usually requires permission from the government and a willingness to provide a full accounting of any involvement they had with the political opposition. But in many cases the guarantees offered by the government as part of this “reconciliation” process turn out to be hollow, with returnees subjected to harassment or extortion by security agencies or detention and torture to extract information about the refugees’ activities while they were away, according to the returnees and monitoring groups.

      Almost 2,000 people have been detained after returning to Syria during the past two years, according to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, while hundreds more in areas once controlled by the rebels have also been arrested.

      “If I knew then what I know now, I would never have gone back,” said a young man who returned to a government-controlled area outside Damascus. He said he has been harassed for months by members of security forces who repeatedly turn up at his home and stop him at checkpoints to search his phone.

      “People are still being taken by the secret police, and communities are living between suspicion and fear,” he said. “When they come to your door, you cannot say no. You just have to go with them.”

      Returnees interviewed for this report spoke on the condition of anonymity or on the understanding that their family names would be withheld, because of security threats.

      Since the war erupted in 2011, more than 5 million people have fled Syria and 6 million others have been displaced to another part of the country, according to the United Nations – together representing slightly more than half the Syrian population.

      In the past two years, as Assad’s forces have largely routed the rebels and recaptured much of the country, refugees have begun to trickle back. The United Nations says that at least 164,000 refugees have returned to the country since 2016. But citing a lack of access, the United Nations has not been able to document whether they have come back to government- or opposition-held areas.

      Assad has called for more homecomings, encouraging returnees in a televised address in February to “carry out their national duties.” He said forgiveness would be afforded to returnees “when they are honest.”

      According to our data, you are the exception if nothing happens to you

      A recent survey of Syrians who returned to government-held areas found that about 75 percent had been harassed at checkpoints, in government registry offices or in the street, conscripted into the military despite promises they would be exempted, or arrested.

      “According to our data, you are the exception if nothing happens to you,” said Nader Othman, a trustee with the Syrian Association for Citizens’ Dignity, which said it had interviewed 350 returnees across Syria. “One of our most important takeaways is that most of those people who came back had thought that they were cleared by the regime. They thought their lack of opposition would protect them.”

      The Syrian government did not respond to multiple requests for comment about the treatment of returnees and other Syrians now back under government control.

      Outside Syria, many refugees say they were already apprehensive about going home, with fears over a lack of personal security only growing with reports that the government is reneging on its guarantees. Aid groups say there are few signs that a large-scale return will begin anytime soon.

      And in conversations with UN representatives, senior Syrian officials have made it clear that not all returnees are equally welcome. According to two European officials who recounted the conversations, individuals with links to opposition groups, media activism or humanitarian work will be least well received.

      But pressure on the refugees to return is rising across the Middle East, with Syria’s neighbours tightening restrictions on them in part to get them to leave.

      Homs

      Hassan, 30, left his home in the western province of Homs in 2013. Before returning at the end of last year, he secured what he believed were guarantees for his safety after paying a large bribe to a high-ranking security official.

      But officers from the state security directorate met him at the airport and took him for interrogation. “They knew everything – what I’d done abroad, which cafes I’d sat in, even the time I had sat with opposition supporters during football matches,” he recalled.

      A week later, he was arrested during a visit to a government registry office and taken to a nearby police station. In a dingy room, officers took turns beating and questioning him, he said, accusing him of ferrying ammunition for an armed opposition group inside Syria in 2014.

      “I kept telling them that they knew I wasn’t in the country then,” he said. “All they did was ask me for money and tell me that it was the way to my freedom.”

      At one point, he said, the guards dragged in a young woman he had never met. “They beat her with a water pipe until she screamed, (then) told me they would do the same if I didn’t cooperate,” Hassan said.

      He said he was released at the end of January after relatives paid another bribe, this time $7,000.

      Syrians returning from abroad, like Hassan, often have to gain security approval just to re-enter the country, in some cases signing loyalty pledges and providing extensive accounts of any political activities, according to documents listing questions to be asked and statements to be signed.

      https://nationalpost.com/news/world/assad-asks-syrian-refugees-to-come-home-then-locks-them-up-and-interro

    • Weighed down by economic woes, Syrian refugees head home from Jordan

      Rahaf* and Qassem lay out their plans to return to Syria as their five-year-old daughter plays with her toys in their small apartment in the Jordanian capital, Amman.

      It is early October, six years after they fled their home in Damascus, and the couple have decided it’s time to give up trying to make a life for themselves in Jordan.

      Last year, 51-year-old Qassem lost his job at a cleaning supplies factory when the facility shut down, and Rahaf’s home business as a beautician is slow.

      For months, the couple have resorted to borrowing money from friends to cover their 200 Jordanian dinar ($282) monthly rent. They are three months overdue. “There’s nobody else for us to borrow money from,” explains Rahaf.

      Weeks later, Qassem crossed the border and headed back to their old neighbourhood, joining an increasing tide of Syrian refugees who are going home, despite the dangers and a multitude of unknowns.

      According to the UN’s refugee agency, UNHCR, 34,000 registered Syrian refugees have returned from Jordan since October 2018, when a key border crossing was reopened after years of closure. It’s a fraction of the 650,000 registered Syrian refugees remaining in Jordan, but a dramatic jump from previous years, when annual returns hovered at around 7,000.

      Syrian refugees from the other main host countries – Turkey and Lebanon – are making the trip too. UNHCR has monitored more than 209,000 voluntary refugee returns to Syria since 2016, but the actual figure is likely to be significantly higher.

      Some Syrian refugees face political pressure to return and anti-refugee rhetoric, but that hasn’t taken hold in Jordan.

      Here, many refugees say they are simply fed up with years spent in a dead-end job market with a bleak economic future. The uptick appears to be driven more by the fact that Syrians who wish to go home can now – for the first time in three years – board a bus or a shared taxi from the border, which is about an hour and a half’s drive north of Amman.

      People like Rahaf and Qassem are pinning their hopes on picking up what is left of the lives they led before the war. Their Damascus house, which was damaged in the conflict, is near Qassem’s old shop, where he used to sell basic groceries and cleaning supplies.

      Qassem is staying with relatives for now. But the family had a plan: if and when he gave the green light, Rahaf and their children would join him back in Damascus.

      While she waited for his signal, Rahaf sold off what little furniture and other possessions they acquired in Jordan. “Honestly, we’ve gotten tired of this life, and we’ve lost hope,” she said.
      Money problems

      Before he lost his job, Qassem endured years of verbal abuse in the workplace, and few clients made the trip to Rahaf’s home.

      When she tried to set up a salon elsewhere, their refugee status created bureaucratic hurdles the couple couldn’t overcome. “I did go ask about paying rent for one shop, and they immediately told me no,” Qassem said. “[The owners] wanted a Jordanian renter.”

      Their story echoes those of many other refugees who say they have found peace but little opportunity in Jordan.

      Syrian refugees need a permit to work in Jordan – over 153,000 have been issued so far – but they are limited to working in a few industries in designated economic zones. Many others end up in low-paying jobs, and have long faced harsh economic conditions in Jordan.

      Thousands of urban refugees earn a meagre living either on farms or construction sites, or find informal work as day labourers.

      Abu Omran, who returned to Syria three months ago, fled Damascus with his family in 2013, and for a while was able to find occasional car mechanic jobs in Amman. Work eventually dried up, and he struggled to find ways to make money that did not require hard manual labour.

      “He spent the past three years just sitting at home, with no job,” recalled Abu Omran’s wife, Umm Omran.

      Speaking to The New Humanitarian in her Amman living room several months after her husband’s departure, she was soon joined for coffee and cigarettes by her youngest son, 19-year-old Badr. Newly married, he wore a ring on one finger.

      Times were so hard for the family that Abu Omran left Jordan before he had a chance to attend the wedding, and Badr has also been contemplating a return to Syria – the country he left as a young teenager.

      Badr works in a factory near Amman that produces cleaning products, but the pay is low. And although his older brother brings in a small salary from a pastry shop, it’s getting harder and harder for the family to pull together their rent each month.

      “I’m not returning because I think the situation in Syria is good. But you don’t enter into a difficult situation unless the one you’re currently in is even worse.”

      Entering a void

      While return may seem the best option for some, there are still more unknowns than knowns across the border in Syria.

      President Bashar al-Assad’s government forces control most of the country, but there are still airstrikes in the rebel-held northwest, and the recent Turkish invasion of the northeast has raised new questions about the country’s future.

      “I’m not returning because I think the situation in Syria is good,” said Farah, a mother of three who spoke to TNH in September – about a month before she packed up her things to leave. “But you don’t enter into a difficult situation unless the one you’re currently in is even worse.”

      In 2012, Farah and her husband left their home in the Yarmouk Palestinian refugee camp on the outskirts of Damascus for Jordan, where she gave birth to her three children.

      Her husband suffers from kidney stones, and the manual labour he has managed to pick up is just enough for them to pay for the rent of a shared house – crammed in with two other refugee families.

      The vast majority of Syrian refugees in Jordan – including Farah and Abu Omran’s families – live in urban areas like Amman, rather than in the country’s three refugee camps. They are still eligible for aid, but Farah had decided by October that she was “no longer able to bear” the poverty in Amman, even though UN food vouchers had covered some of her expenses.

      She took her three young children and crossed the border into Syria to stay with her mother, who lives in a southeastern suburb of Damascus. TNH has not been able to contact her since.

      Farah’s husband stayed behind in Jordan, fearing arrest or forced military conscription by Syrian government authorities.

      This has happened to other people who have gone back to Syria from Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon, or other host countries. Despite promises to the contrary from the government, hundreds – and possibly thousands – of returnees have reportedly been detained.

      “There are issues with what information is made available to refugees… about what is going to happen to them on the other side, in Syria.”

      Lebanese authorities have also forcibly deported thousands of Syrian refugees, and Human Rights Watch says at least three of them were detained by Syrian authorities when they got back. It isn’t clear if any Syrians have faced the same fate returning from Jordan.

      Sara Kayyali, a researcher for Human Rights Watch based in Jordan, told TNH she has yet to verify reports of disappearance, conscription, and detainment of returnees from Jordan.

      “There are issues with what information is made available to refugees… about what is going to happen to them on the other side, in Syria,” said Kayyali. “Partially because people inside are too scared to talk about the conditions in government-held areas, and partially because the restrictions applied and the behaviour of the Syrian security forces is so arbitrary that it’s difficult to predict.”

      Kayyali pointed to the 30 Jordanian citizens detained in Syria since the border opened a year ago – Amman said they entered for tourism and were arrested without reason – as a sign of what could be to come for Syrians.

      “[If those threats] apply to Jordanians, then they’re most certainly going to be applied to Syrians, potentially on an even larger scale,” said Kayyali.

      There are other obstacles to return, or challenges for people who manage to get back, including destroyed homes and lost jobs. Healthcare and water provision is scattershot in certain parts of the country, while violence and war is ongoing in others.

      Francesco Bert, a UNHCR spokesperson in Jordan, said the agency “does not facilitate returns, but offers support to refugees if they voluntarily decide to go home”.

      Asked whether it is safe for refugees to go back to Syria, Bert said the agency “considers refugees’ decisions as the main guideposts”, but gives refugees considering or planning to return “information that might inform their decision-making”, to help ensure it is truly voluntary.
      The waiting game

      Despite the obstacles, more and more people are making the trip. But families often can’t travel back together.

      For Rahaf, that meant packing her things and waiting, before finally joining her husband last weekend.

      For Umm Omran, however, that means wondering if and when she will ever see her husband again.

      The family had hoped that Abu Omran could find a job repairing cars again in Damascus, and if that didn’t work out at least he could live rent-free with his sister’s family.

      But plans for his wife and sons to join him someday, once he had found his footing, now look increasingly unlikely.

      “He hasn’t said yet if he regrets going back home,” said Umm Omran, who communicates regularly via WhatsApp with her husband and other family members who never left Syria. They live in government-controlled Damascus and don’t give away much in their chats for fear of retaliation by security forces, who they worry could be monitoring their communications.

      What Umm Omran has managed to piece together isn’t promising.

      Her husband has yet to find a job in Damascus, and is beginning to feel like a burden at his sister’s home. Their own house, where he and Umm Omran raised their sons, is bombed-out and needs extensive repairs before anyone can move back in.

      For the time-being, Umm Omran has ruled out her own potential return to Syria, fearing her two sons would insist on joining her and end up being conscripted into the armed forces. So, for now, the family remains split in two.

      “When I ask him how things are going, he just says, ‘Thank God’. He says little else,” said Umm Omran, scrolling through chats on her mobile phone. “I think he’s upset about leaving us.”

      https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2019/11/19/Syrian-refugees-return-Jordan
      #Amman #Jordanie

  • Why Migration Will Not Destroy the #Welfare_State

    As part of the series ‘The Cost of Fair Refugee Policies,’ Behzad Yaghmaian argues that economists’ warnings that migration will undermine European welfare states are based on the same mistaken assumptions common to the anti-immigrant movements roiling the continent.

    https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2017/06/02/why-migration-will-not-destroy-the-welfare-state
    #économie #coûts #migrations #asile #réfugiés #préjugés #mythe #Etat_providence

    –—

    ajouté à la métaliste sur le lien entre #économie (et surtout l’#Etat_providence) et la #migration... des arguments pour détruire l’#idée_reçue : « Les migrants profitent (voire : viennent POUR profiter) du système social des pays européens »... :

    https://seenthis.net/messages/971875

    • « Migrations internationales et solidarités locales »

      Interview à #Mouhoud autour de son #livre
      L’immigration en France


      https://www.fayard.fr/documents-temoignages/limmigration-en-france-9782213704357

      3 idées :
      1. A l’échelle du monde, migration = relativement faible…

      Entre 1870 et 1910 : 6,5% de la population mondiale était migrante —> ça a été la grande période de la migration internationale
      Depuis 1960 : 2,5 à 3,5%.
      En termes absolus, par contre, les migrations ont augmenté durant les 20 dernières années, pour deux motifs :
      – Migrations humanitaires et migrations liées à des chocs (ex la chute du mur de Berlin) et à des conflits
      – Migrations familiales
      Très peu par contre pour des motifs de travail, car la migration de travail a été bloquée depuis les années 1970.
      Il y a donc eu un changement de la nature des flux migratoires

      2. Mythe : invasion du Sud au Nord

      Il y a 250 millions de migrants dans le monde.
      – 40-45% de migrations Sud  Sud (en très grande majorité, des migrations de conflit et de choc)
      – 40% de migrations Sud  Nord (surtout des migrations économiques et des liens coloniaux)
      – 20% de migrations Nord  Nord
      Pour ce qui est des réfugiés, 80% des flux sont Sud  Sud.

      Les migrations économiques traversent les frontières, les migrations humanitaires sont plutôt des migrations de voisinage.

      3. Plus un pays est pauvre, moins il envoie des ressortissants à l’étranger… plus le taux de qualification des (rares) personnes qui arrivent est élevé

      C’est une idée-reçue qu’on « reçoit la misère du monde ».

      1960-1974 : L’immigration a été importée par les entreprises (mines, industrie textile, bâtiment, automobile, etc.) Les recruteurs sélectionnaient des gens non pas car ils étaient qualifiés, mais justement parce qu’ils n’étaient pas qualifiés, mais pour leur force physique.
      Les frais pour partir étaient prise en charge par les pays d’accueil. Il y avait la libre circulation, pas de frein à l’immigration de travail.
      Les migrations étaient non-qualifiées et les personnes partaient des anciennes colonies vers les anciennes métropoles comme une sorte de continuité historique du lien économique de domination.

      A partir de 1974 : Avec la fermeture des frontières, le coût de mobilité (coût de transport, coût avant le départ et à l’arrivée) est devenu prohibitif. A partir du moment où vous agumentez les coûts de mobilité fortement, les pays pauvres vont présenter des taux d’expatriation (part des migrants par rapport à la population) très faible, et quand les pays deviennent à revenu intermédiaire, alors le taux d’expatriation augmente. Et quand les pays rattrapent les pays développés, le taux d’expatriation diminue.

      Donc il est faux de dire que les migrants viennent des pays pauvres, ils viennent surtout des pays à revenu intermédiaire.

      Décomposition du taux d’expatriation par niveau de qualification :
      Dans les pays du Sud les plus pauvres, le taux d’expatriation des qualifiés va avoisiner les 50-60%. Dans les pays à revenu intermédiaire des qualifiés est beaucoup plus faible, pour la Chine c’est 5-6%. C’est beaucoup en masse absolue, mais rapporté à la population chinoise de qualifiés c’est en dessous de 10%.

      Mythe « Les immigrés prennent le travail des autochtones »

      Premier consensus de la littérature économique : l’immigration a peu d’impact sur le marché du travail local des pays d’accueil.

      L’emploi ou le taux de chômage est déterminé par d’autres facteurs beaucoup plus importants : la démographie du pays, les jeunes en âge de travailler, la question de la qualification, de la formation, la question des demandes par les entreprises, etc.

      Deuxième consensus : Les migrations n’ont pas un impact négatif sur le travail ni sur le salaire des autochtones car leurs caractéristiques ne tons pas les mêmes que celles des autochtones, ils sont en complémentarité.
      Quand les migrants arrivent, ils vont occuper des tâches d’exécution, même pour les gens qualifiés. Ces tâches vont permettre aux autochtones de se replier sur des tâches mieux rémunérées. L’effet est donc légèrement positif : environ une augmentation de 5% des salaires des autochtones.

      Les mythes qui font dire le contraire…
      – L’approche néoclassique du marché du travail où l’on considère que quand il y a un afflux de population sur le marché du travail, l’offre de travail par les travailleurs excède la demande par les employés, et à ce moment le salaire baisse. Mais c’est sans compter l’existence de protection sur le marché du travail, l’existence des législations, du SMIC, etc. Dans un marché qui n’existe pas, si les travailleurs migrants et autochtones étaient strictement identiques entre eux, alors on pourrait avoir un effet de pression à la baisse des salaires, quand l’offre de travail excède la demande, mais c’est le marché du travail est un marché protégé et reglementé et donc quand les travailleurs arrivent, ils ne contribuent pas à la réduction du salaire car ils sont complémentaires aux autochtones. Par contre, les vagues d’immigration peuvent se concurrencer entre elles.
      – Deuxième thèse, celle résuscitée par les approches d’une soit-disant gauche, la notion de « armée industrielle de réserve » de Marx. Ces thèses de concurrence à la baisse des salaires ont été conçues dans un contexte historique où l’exode rural poussaient par millions les personnes dans les villes dû notamment au progrès technique dans l’agriculture qui a mis au chômage des millions d’ouvriers agricoles ou de paysans. Là : pas de protection du marché du travail, des salaires journaliers, et effectivement la main-d’œuvre était comme une marchandise, et on pouvait mettre en concurrence entre eux les travailleurs. Cette thèse n’est pas confirmée par les faits aujourd’hui. Ce n’est pas l’immigration qui est à l’origine des baisses des salaires, c’est la déprotection des marchés du travail.

      Autre mythe : les migrations pèsent sur les budgets publics et sociaux

      Préalable : Les migrants sont sous-représentés dans les âges qui consomment et ne travaillent pas, et sur-représentés dans les âges en âge de travailler (72% des migrants sont en âge de travailler au niveau mondial, contre 56% poru la population non-migrante).

      Et ces personnes contribuent plus qu’ils ne reçoivent. Et puisqu’il y a moins d’enfants et de vieux, l’effet global eset positif de 5 à 10 milliards selon les années, mais qui peut être légèrement négatif dans les périodes de crise.

      Les migrants subissent un peu plus les effets de la crise que les non-migrants.

      Et les migrants contribuent à accroître la taille du gâteau, en contribuant au marché des biens.

      Les réfugiés qui arrivent coûtent davantage dans un premier temps, car ils n’ont pas le droit de travailler quand ils sont demandeurs d’asile… Pour cela, la politique d’accueil est fondamentale, notamment en augmentant leur niveau de formation, les compétences linguistiques (car généralement ils sont qualifiés, mais ils ne parlent pas la langue). Raccourcir les délais pour obtenir le statut de réfugié permet aussi aux réfugiés de rentrer vite sur le marché du travail. A ce moment-là, l’effet positif va l’emporter sur le coût transitionnel que les pays d’accueil doivent payer au départ.
      La migration économique, par contre, n’a pas de coût, car les migrants arrivent pour travailler et ils rentrent d’emblée sur le marché du travail.

      Alternatives/propositions

      Les propositions doivent être plus efficaces tout en respectant la règle de l’équité.

      Si vous mettez des migrants dans des situations de précarité juridique, avec des multiplications de statuts, vous les mettez dans des situations de précarité qui ne leur fait pas prendre des risques pour investir, pour se projeter dans l’avenir. Vous les mettez dans une situation où leur efficacité est moindre. Il y a un gain à la stabilité juridique, il y a un gain à l’application des droits, car sinon les gens sont mis dans des situations de précarité, voire de clandestinité forcée.

      La dureté de la politique, n’est pas une dureté, c’est simplement une trappe à la clandestinité.

      La première chose à faire c’est donc d’appliquer les droits et aller loin dans la reconnaissance de statuts à long terme, une fois qu’on a été sélectionné.

      Il n’y a pas de gain dans la politique de précarité des migrants, il y a des gains dans un politique d’accueil et de reconnaissance et amélioration des statuts.

      Le droit de vote des étrangers est quelque chose qui solidifie une communauté à la communauté d’accueil, donc ça a des effets favorables.

      Et il faut créer des autorités indépendantes, composées d’experts et de partenaires sociaux qui publieraient des rapports et qui seraient des organes de recours.

      http://www.radiocampusamiens.fr/migrations-internationales-et-solidarites-locales-leco-locale-27-o

    • #Olivier_Besancenot : « Gauche et migrants, parlons clairement ! »

      "Dans le capitalisme mondialisé, la règle d’or de l’économie de marché n’a pas changé : c’est encore le capital, et non l’immigration – même « instrumentalisée » –, qui fait pression sur les salaires des travailleurs français ou étrangers."

      https://www.nouvelobs.com/des-idees-et-des-actes/20181012.OBS3851/olivier-besancenot-gauche-et-migrants-parlons-clairement.html

    • Penser l’immigration : #Olivier_Besancenot et #Danièle_Obono

      Pourquoi cette rencontre ? Parce que trois tweets. Le premier, signé Jean-Luc Mélenchon : « Nous disons : honte à ceux qui organisent l’immigration par les traités de libre-échange et qui l’utilisent ensuite pour faire pression sur les salaires et les acquis sociaux1 ! » Le second, quatre jours plus tard, en réponse au précédent et signé Olivier Besancenot : « Ce ne sont pas les immigrés qui font pression sur les salaires, mais le taux de profit que les capitalistes extirpent du travail des salariés, français ou immigrés, en France comme dans le monde entier. » Le troisième, enfin, signé Danièle Obono et invitant vivement Besancenot à relire le livre I du Capital de Marx et à s’unir contre Macron. Puisqu’il n’est d’échange que de vive voix et de débat qu’au prix du refus du « pour ou contre », nous avons convié l’ancien candidat NPA à la présidentielle, postier et auteur de 10 ouvrages, ainsi que la députée France insoumise, ancienne bibliothécaire et préfacière d’un recueil de Trotsky, à s’entretenir — loin des réductions médiatiques — sur la question migratoire. Comment penser l’immigration à l’heure de la poussée nationaliste aux quatre coins du globe ?


      https://www.revue-ballast.fr/penser-limmigration-olivier-besancenot-et-daniele-obono

    • « Migrants contre retraités » : le théâtre des intox de Marine Le Pen et ses cadres

      Au Rassemblement national, on multiplie les déclarations mensongères sur les supposés privilèges des migrants, dans une stratégie qui semble délibérée.

      Tactique délibérée d’intox ou tentative obstinée de rattraper une bourde ? Marine Le Pen et les cadres du Rassemblement national (RN) martèlent depuis des jours, contre toute évidence, qu’un migrant peut toucher davantage de prestations de l’Etat qu’un retraité modeste français.

      Peu leur importe que leurs affirmations soient systématiquement démenties : ils maintiennent leur constat avec aplomb, quitte à remanier discrètement leur argumentaire au fil de l’eau. Une stratégie déjà éprouvée à plusieurs reprises, qui leur permet d’imposer un thème dans le débat public sur la base d’une déclaration outrancière. Retour en quatre actes sur un cas d’école.
      Acte I : la comparaison douteuse de Marine Le Pen

      Pour Marine Le Pen, la séquence « migrants contre retraités » commence le 24 février, dans le Nord. Dans son discours de lancement de la campagne pour les européennes, la présidente du RN feint de s’étonner qu’un « migrant fraîchement débarqué puisse toucher davantage qu’un retraité modeste qui a travaillé et cotisé toute sa vie ».

      Il faut peu de temps pour que de nombreux médias montrent, chiffres à l’appui, que c’est faux. Les propos de l’ancienne candidate à la présidentielle posent deux problèmes principaux :

      d’abord, les droits d’une personne étrangère qui arrive en France sont beaucoup plus restreints qu’elle ne le prétend. Il existe bien des aides, mais celles-ci sont versées à certains publics et sous conditions ;

      surtout, elles sont loin de rivaliser avec le minimum social garanti aux plus de 65 ans en France : l’allocation de solidarité aux personnes âgées (ASPA, l’ex-minimum vieillesse), qui s’élève à 868 euros par mois pour une personne seule.

      Acte II : des justifications bancales

      Mais il en faut plus pour déstabiliser Mme Le Pen, qui persiste et signe dans un droit de réponse publié sur son blog le 26 février. Bien qu’elle y affirme maintenir sa déclaration, elle y opère, en réalité, un premier glissement sémantique : il n’est plus vraiment question d’évoquer l’ensemble des immigrés (256 000 titres de séjour délivrés par an), mais les seuls demandeurs d’asile qui réclament le statut de réfugié (113 000 dossiers).

      Marine Le Pen se focalise sur cette catégorie, probablement parce qu’elle est la plus accompagnée. Les aspirants réfugiés bénéficient, en effet, d’une aide spécifique, l’allocation pour demandeur d’asile (ADA), pour compenser leur interdiction de travailler pendant le traitement de leur demande.

      Sauf que cela ne suffit toujours pas : l’ADA ne représente que 204 euros par mois, bien loin du minimum garanti aux retraités par l’ASPA. Alors, la dirigeante politique y ajoute d’autres avantages accordés aux demandeurs d’asile en matière de logement, de santé ou de transports dans certaines collectivités.

      Et elle compare désormais leur sort à une population bien spécifique de retraités français : des personnes assez modestes, selon elle, pour toucher l’ASPA, mais pas assez pour recevoir d’autres aides. Un raisonnement tiré par les cheveux, puisqu’il occulte que la grande majorité de ces retraités ont droit à la couverture maladie universelle complémentaire (CMU-C) et aux aides au logement (et que tous ont le droit à la protection universelle maladie).

      Acte III : des tracts truffés d’erreurs

      Face à une nouvelle salve de rectificatifs, le Rassemblement national ne désarme pas. Sébastien Chenu, porte-parole du mouvement, reprend l’argumentaire de sa présidente dans un tract diffusé sur les réseaux sociaux le 28 février. On y trouve, cette fois, un tableau comparatif censé démontrer une fois pour toutes l’affirmation de Mme Le Pen, calculs à l’appui :

      Le problème, c’est que le raisonnement est une nouvelle fois entaché d’erreurs. Ainsi, le titre du tract prétend toujours évoquer la situation d’un « migrant fraîchement débarqué », mais c’est une nouvelle fois des seuls demandeurs d’asile dont il est question. Le document souffre aussi de grossières erreurs et omissions, par exemple, le fait qu’un retraité très modeste peut prétendre à l’aide personnalisée au logement (APL). Sébastien Chenu finira d’ailleurs par supprimer son tweet, avant de publier une deuxième version du tract :

      Ce document est, cependant, tout aussi mensonger. Il prend, en effet, l’exemple fictif d’une « retraitée française qui paye ses impôts, son logement et sa santé » et ne toucherait que le minimum vieillesse : 868 euros par mois.

      Le problème, c’est qu’une personne seule dans cette situation pourrait tout à fait prétendre à l’accès aux soins gratuits – ses revenus sont inférieurs au plafond pour prétendre à la CMU-C. Par ailleurs, si elle est locataire, elle pourrait selon toute vraisemblance être éligible à l’APL, à hauteur d’environ 250 euros par mois selon les cas. Enfin, elle ne paierait ni taxe d’habitation ni impôt sur le revenu, du fait de ses faibles revenus.

      Malgré cela, le tract en question est allègrement relayé par les cadres du RN dans les jours qui suivent.
      Acte IV : la méthode Coué

      Jordan Bardella, le chef de file du RN pour les élections européennes, est pourtant contraint de changer une nouvelle fois de braquet le 4 mars. Confronté sur le plateau de France 2 au caractère mensonger de ses chiffres, M. Bardella ne pointe plus du doigt les demandeurs d’asile (qui résident sur le territoire de façon régulière), mais les « clandestins ».

      Mais là encore, la machine à intox fonctionne à plein : M. Bardella affirme que ces clandestins seraient « hébergés gratuitement » à leur arrivée en France (c’est faux), et qu’ils bénéficient de soins gratuits (c’est vrai, avec l’aide médicale d’Etat), contrairement aux retraités français (c’est faux, ces derniers bénéficient de la protection universelle maladie, voire d’une couverture complémentaire). Les « clandestins », c’est-à-dire les personnes qui résident en France de manière irrégulière, ne sont pas éligibles aux minima sociaux.

      « Nous maintenons cette affirmation (…) et nous continuerons de le dire, car c’est la vérité, je crois », conclut, malgré tout, M. Bardella.

      En définitive, les cadres du Rassemblement national ne sont pas parvenus à démontrer l’affirmation initiale de Marine Le Pen. Contrairement à ce qu’elle laissait entendre, les aides sociales sont réservées à certaines catégories de migrants, sous conditions. Et surtout, les retraités les plus défavorisés ne sont pas moins bien protégés par l’Etat français que les ressortissants étrangers.

      Ces précisions ne sont pas accessoires car elles touchent au cœur des sujets abordés. Lorsqu’elle cible les supposés « privilèges » accordés aux migrants, Mme Le Pen refuse, en réalité, de nommer la réelle cible de ses propos : les demandeurs d’asile.
      Une stratégie bien rodée

      Marine Le Pen a déjà utilisé les mêmes recettes par le passé pour imposer ses thèmes dans le débat politique en lançant des intox grossières avant de remanier son propos. Elle a ainsi accusé en janvier Emmanuel Macron de vouloir céder à l’Allemagne le siège de la France au Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU en signant le traité d’Aix-la-Chapelle. La présidente du RN a depuis répété ce mensonge malgré les démentis publiés dans la presse, tout en réorientant sa critique sur un sujet bien plus large : la coordination des politiques étrangère et militaire de Paris et de Berlin.

      En décembre, la présidente du RN avait aussi proposé d’expulser tous les « fichés S » étrangers. Face aux critiques sur une mesure inapplicable, elle avait répondu sur Twitter qu’il était possible d’expulser « des étrangers radicalisés qui représentent un danger ». Ce qui est, cette fois, tout à fait faisable, mais est déjà pratiqué dans les faits, et très éloigné de sa proposition d’origine.

      Le débat de l’entre-deux-tours de la présidentielle 2017 qui opposait Marine Le Pen à Emmanuel Macron avait bien illustré cette stratégie du mensonge. A l’époque, l’équipe des Décodeurs du Monde avait relevé pas moins de dix-neuf intox relayées par la candidate face à son concurrent. Une enquête de BuzzFeed News a montré par la suite qu’il s’agissait d’une tactique délibérée. Le sondeur Damien Philippot avait conseillé à Mme Le Pen dans une note de « dégrader l’image de Macron, quitte à perdre en crédibilité ».

      https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/03/05/migrants-contre-retraites-le-theatre-des-intox-du-rassemblement-national_543
      #retraités #Le_Pen #FN #Marine_Le_Pen #mensonges

    • Non, l’immigration ne plombe pas les finances de la #Belgique

      Il s’agit d’une petite musique récurrente. L’immigration met en péril l’#État_providence. L’afflux de réfugiés met à mal notre sécurité sociale. Dans la dernière ligne droite de cette campagne, L’Echo a confronté ces affirmations à la réalité des faits. Les études ne manquent pas. Et tirent toutes dans la même direction.

      C’est l’un des chevaux de bataille de Bart De Wever. Que le président des nationalistes flamands lâche à longueur d’interview. On ramasse l’idée : il faut choisir entre des frontières ouvertes et un État providence. Autrement dit, l’immigration met en péril finances et fondements de la sécurité sociale. Cela ressemble à du bon sens ? Méfiance. Parce que ce qui revêt les atours de la vérité n’est pas toujours vrai.

      L’immigration plombe-t-elle les finances de la Belgique ? L’avantage, c’est que de nombreuses études ont déjà tenté d’approcher la réponse à cette question. Avant d’en faire le tour, un petit préambule. Ces études ne sont pas prédictives et ne tentent pas d’esquisser le futur ; elles se basent sur les expériences du passé afin d’en tirer des enseignements.

      Par ailleurs, l’approche est purement économique, se focalisant sur les finances publiques et l’emploi. D’autres considérations peuvent bien sûr entrer en ligne de compte. Potentiellement négatives, liées « au capital social, la confiance ou la solidarité entre les citoyens », illustre Frédéric Docquier. Ou positives, qu’il s’agisse d’innovation ou de « diversité des biens consommables ». Autant d’aspects qui font « l’objet d’analyses beaucoup moins consensuelles », écrivait, fin 2015, ce chercheur au FNRS et professeur à l’UCLouvain, dans la revue « Regards économiques ». Quelque part, la bonne nouvelle est là : sur l’impact économique, consensus il y a. Allons-y donc.

      Asile

      L’immigration fait parler d’elle depuis des lustres. Mais ce qui a ravivé le débat, c’est la « crise de l’asile » qui a chauffé les esprits européens, essentiellement en 2015 et 2016. À ce stade, une définition s’impose. Il faut distinguer « migrations volontaires et forcées », insistent Jean-Michel Lafleur et Abdeslam Marfouk dans leur ouvrage « Pourquoi l’immigration ? » (téléchargeable gratuitement sur le site de l’ULiège), paru fin 2017. « Les demandeurs d’asile sont ceux qui traversent une frontière internationale afin de demander la protection selon les termes de la Convention de Genève de 1951 ». Qui oblige les États, foi de son article premier, à protéger toute personne « craignant avec raison d’être persécutée du fait de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un certain groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques ». Un demandeur d’asile n’est donc pas un migrant économique.
      Une crise ?

      Les chiffres le montrent : essentiellement en 2015 et 2016, l’Europe a enregistré un pic de demandes d’asile (voir notre infographie ci-contre). Qui a, dans une certaine mesure, percolé jusqu’en Belgique. Un afflux certes vigoureux, mais pas plus massif que ce que l’Europe, et la Belgique, ont déjà connu par le passé, rappelle la Banque nationale en 2016, dans une étude portant sur les conséquences économiques de l’afflux de réfugiés en Belgique. « Trois grandes vagues d’immigration dues aux réfugiés ont déjà été observées. »

      1993 : chute du mur de Berlin et Bosnie ;
      2000 : Kosovo et campagne de régularisation ;
      2011 : campagne de régularisation.

      Autrement dit, on ne navigue pas en eaux inconnues. Ni en plein tsunami.
      Quel impact sur les finances publiques ?

      « La question ne se pose pas en termes de finances publiques !, soupire Abdeslam Marfouk, chargé de recherche à l’Institut wallon de l’évaluation, de la prospective et de la statistique (Iweps) et maître de conférence à l’ULiège. L’accueil des demandeurs d’asile constitue un devoir moral et une obligation juridique. L’intérêt économique ne peut être pris en compte. Sinon quoi ? On sélectionne en fonction du profil socioéconomique ? En accordant notre protection uniquement aux plus jeunes ? En laissant de côté les vieux ou ceux qui ont perdu un membre ? »

      Mais pour qui entend tout de même parler de coûts, la démarche est aisée. « L’essentiel, c’est le budget alloué à Fedasil », l’agence fédérale pour l’accueil des demandeurs d’asile. Qui perçoit une dotation qui a, au cours de la dernière décennie, évolué entre 261,8 et 579,1 millions d’euros, comme le retrace notre infographie. Le FMI ne dit pas autre chose, lui qui estime que le coût de l’accueil a oscillé entre 0,07% et 0,11% du PIB entre 2014 et 2016.

      Une facture qui doit être relativisée, pointe le tandem Lafleur-Marfouk. Pour une série de raisons. Même en 2016, alors que la dotation de Fedasil a presque doublé pour atteindre 579,1 millions, ce montant ne représente jamais que 0,26% des dépenses des administrations publiques belges. Une paille plutôt qu’une poutre, qui est par ailleurs en grande partie réinjectée dans l’économie belge, « dans la mesure où ce budget couvre essentiellement les salaires du personnel, ainsi que les dépenses en biens ou services ». Et puis, roublarde, la Belgique a décidé de comptabiliser les dépenses liées à l’accueil des demandeurs d’asile en tant qu’aide publique au développement. « Faisant d’elle-même le principal bénéficiaire de son aide », sourit Abdeslam Marfouk.

      Et sur le marché du travail ?

      Afin d’approcher l’impact économique de l’afflux de réfugiés, la BNB a simulé, en 2016, un « choc d’offre de travail » – celui provoqué par la population réfugiée âgée de 15 à 64 ans. Parce que, oui, une étude menée par l’ULB et la KUL montre que, quatre ans après l’obtention du statut de réfugié, les anciens demandeurs d’asile affichent le même taux d’emploi que les natifs partageant de semblables caractéristiques individuelles. Un choc d’emploi donc. Qui, s’il creuse un fifrelin le déficit sur le très court terme, s’avère plutôt indolore, voire très légèrement positif sur le moyen terme pour l’économie belge. Rien de très surprenant, au final. « L’observation des chocs passés ne révèle pas d’effet perceptible sur notre économie », remarque-t-on du côté de l’UCLouvain.
      Immigration

      Voilà pour la « crise » récente, qui a donc toutes les chances de s’avérer économiquement indolore. Dans la foulée, posons la même question pour l’immigration dans son ensemble – certains partis ne se gênant pas pour le faire, autant frotter leurs affirmations à la réalité.

      Selon la définition des Nations Unies, « est immigrée toute personne qui vit dans un pays dans lequel elle n’est pas née », rappelle la paire Lafleur-Marfouk. Chiffres à la clef. En 2016, la catégorie « immigrés » comptait 1,8 million de têtes de pipe, soit quelque 16,1% de la population belge – parmi eux, 727.961 personnes disposant de la nationalité belge.
      Quel impact sur les finances publiques ?

      Le coût de l’immigration ? À nouveau, Abdeslam Marfouk lève le sourcil. « Quatre immigrés sur dix vivant en Belgique sont des citoyens belges. Or, quand on parle de l’impact de l’immigration sur les finances publiques, on parle aussi d’eux ; immigrés ne rime pas avec étrangers. Cela a un côté stigmatisant. Si moi, je me mettais à demander combien coûte à la collectivité tel ou tel groupe de la population, on trouverait cela choquant. Mais ici, les immigrés sont quelque part tenus de se justifier. »

      Quoi qu’il en soit, lorsqu’il s’agit d’étudier l’impact fiscal de l’immigration, toutes les voix concordent : la Bible, c’est une étude bouclée en 2013 par l’OCDE (que vous pouvez consulter ici). Qui manie la prudence : l’impact fiscal varie « en fonction des hypothèses retenues et de la méthodologie utilisée ». Afin d’effectuer des comparaisons internationales, l’OCDE a opté pour un modèle de comptabilité statique. En gros, il s’agit de dresser le solde entre les contributions apportées par les immigrés et les transferts dont ils bénéficient. Une approche simple, mais non sans nœuds à trancher. Doit-on ainsi tenir compte du système de retraites, où « les pensions sont étroitement liées aux cotisations antérieures » et qui reposent, essentiellement, sur des transferts entre générations ? Autre question piège : quid de certaines dépenses de l’État qui ne varient pas en fonction du nombre d’individus ? Quelle part de ces dépenses non personnalisables – comme la Défense – imputer à la population immigrée ?

      Malgré ces pincettes, les enseignements tirés par l’OCDE sur les années 2007 à 2009 sont édifiants. On vous en livre quelques-uns. Dont celui-ci : l’incidence fiscale de l’immigration « est généralement faible et de l’ordre de zéro en moyenne dans l’ensemble de la zone OCDE ».

      Et en Belgique ? Cela dépend des hypothèses retenues. Le scénario de base aboutit à un solde positif en faveur de l’immigration, à hauteur de 0,76% du PIB. Le scénario le plus optimiste culmine à 0,96% du PIB, tandis que le plus conservateur est le seul à valser dans le rouge léger, avec un coût de 0,43% du PIB. Et encore, ses hypothèses relatives aux dépenses non personnalisables sont jugées trop sévères par l’UCLouvain, qui opte pour la voie du milieu, débouchant sur un impact positif quelque part entre 0,3% et 0,5% du PIB.

      Autre enseignement : si, dans la plupart des pays, « l’impact fiscal net des migrants est moins favorable » que celui des natifs, c’est essentiellement parce que leurs impôts et cotisations sont plus faibles, et non qu’ils montreraient une plus forte « dépendance aux prestations sociales ». Même en Belgique, où le Conseil supérieur de l’emploi montre que si, parmi la population des 20 à 64 ans, les immigrés non européens affichaient en 2014 un taux de chômage (19%) nettement plus costaud que celui des natifs (7%), seuls 44% de leurs demandeurs d’emploi inoccupés bénéficiaient d’allocations de chômage, contre 79% pour les natifs.

      Allez, encore un pour la route. « L’emploi est le principal déterminant de la contribution fiscale des immigrés, surtout dans les pays ayant une protection sociale généreuse. » Particulièrement en Belgique, qui reste l’un des marchés de l’emploi les plus discriminants envers les immigrés d’origine non européenne, comme l’illustrent notre infographie (en fin de texte) et les quelques chiffres énoncés ci-dessus. Aussi l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques estime-t-elle que si les immigrés affichaient le même taux d’emploi que les autochtones, la contribution fiscale de l’immigration pourrait y gagner jusqu’à 1% de PIB !

      Brossons, un peu trop rapidement, les causes de ce handicap : faible reconnaissance des diplômes, connaissance limitée de la langue du pays d’accueil, non-détention de la nationalité, faible taux d’activité des femmes ou encore discriminations. Un point d’attention qui est, de toutes parts et depuis belle lurette, rappelé à la Belgique.

      Soulignons enfin que l’on attend une nouvelle étude de la BNB pour la mi-2020, le délai initial d’avril 2019 n’ayant pu être tenu.
      Et sur le marché du travail ?

      Dans la foulée, tant la BNB que l’UCLouvain se sont intéressées à l’impact sur le marché du travail en Belgique. Au vu de la complémentarité entre natifs et immigrés, les recherches concluent à un effet neutre, voire à une incidence positive sur l’emploi des natifs, explique la BNB. Même si « des effets néfastes peuvent se révéler sur certains segments », comme les jeunes ou les immigrés déjà établis sur le territoire – ceux-ci étant plus semblables aux « primo-arrivants ». Côté salaires, l’UCLouvain s’est penchée sur les années ‘90, et a confronté ses résultats à la période 2000-2007. Conclusion ? « L’effet sur le salaire moyen des natifs est positif, entre 0% et 1% ; celui sur le salaire des travailleurs peu qualifiés varie de 0,6% à 1,2%. »
      Qu’en retenir ?

      De tout ceci, un principe semble se dessiner. Si quelqu’un tente de tisser un lien entre la stabilité du système de protection sociale et l’immigration, c’est surtout qu’il a envie d’avancer ses vérités sur la seconde, et que son propos ne vise ni la Sécu, ni les #finances_publiques. Bon à savoir. Surtout en cette période.

      https://www.lecho.be/dossiers/elections-2019/non-l-immigration-ne-plombe-pas-les-finances-de-la-belgique/10126178.html
      #marché_du_travail #travail

    • Welfare Migration

      This chapter reviews and discusses major theories and empirical studies about the welfare magnet hypothesis, i.e. whether immigrants are more likely to move to countries with generous welfare systems. Although economic theory predicts that welfare generosity affects the number, composition and location of immigrants, the empirical evidence is rather mixed. We offer possible explanations for the existence of such mixed evidence and highlight that the literature so far has overlooked the presence of different migration regimes, as well as the possibility of reverse causality between welfare spending and immigration.

      https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2039636

  • Europe can learn from Australia’s border policy. But not by listening to Abbott

    Tony Abbott is wrong that European leaders can solve the refugee crisis by mimicking his policies. Here are the real lessons Europe can learn from Australia

    https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/19/europe-can-learn-from-australias-border-policy-but-not-by-listening-to-
    #modèle_australien #asile #migrations #réfugiés #Australie #Europe

  • Does Development Reduce Migration ?

    The most basic economic theory suggests that rising incomes in developing countries will deter emigration from those countries, an idea that captivates policymakers in international aid and trade diplomacy. A lengthy literature and recent data suggest something quite different: that over the course of a “mobility transition”, emigration generally rises with economic development until countries reach upper-middle income, and only thereafter falls. This note quantifies the shape of the mobility transition in every decade since 1960. It then briefly surveys 45 years of research, which has yielded six classes of theory to explain the mobility transition and numerous tests of its existence and characteristics in both macro- and micro-level data. The note concludes by suggesting five questions that require further study.


    http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=8592

    #développement #migrations #émigration #statistiques
    cc @reka @isskein

    • Can Development Assistance Deter Emigration ?

      As waves of migrants have crossed the Mediterranean and the US Southwest border, development agencies have received a de facto mandate: to deter migration from poor countries. The European Union, for example, has pledged €3 billion in development assistance to address the “root causes” of migration from Africa. The United States has made deterring migration a centerpiece of its development assistance to Central America.

      Will it work? Here we review the evidence on whether foreign aid has been directed toward these “root causes” in the past, whether it has deterred migration from poor countries, and whether it can do so. Development aid can only deter migration if it causes specific large changes in the countries migrants come from, and those changes must cause fewer people to move.

      Key findings:

      Economic development in low-income countries typically raises migration. Evidence suggests that greater youth employment may deter migration in the short term for countries that remain poor. But such deterrence is overwhelmed when sustained overall development shapes income, education, aspirations, and demographic structure in ways that encourage emigration.

      This will continue for generations. Emigration tends to slow and then fall as countries develop past middle-income. But most of today’s low-income countries will not approach that point for several decades at any plausible rate of growth.

      Aid has an important role in positively shaping migration flows. Realizing that potential requires massive innovation. Because successful development goes hand in hand with greater migration, aid agencies seeking to affect migration must move beyond deterrence. They must invest in new tools to change the terms on which migration happens.


      https://www.cgdev.org/publication/can-development-assistance-deter-emigration

    • Quel lien entre migrations internationales et développement ?

      Le développement, la lutte contre la pauvreté, des freins migratoires ? Sans doute pas. Aux politiques d’être vigilants et d’assumer une réalité qui échappe malgré tout à la force des logiques économiques, à l’efficacité des contrôles frontaliers. Le Nord attire, il a besoin de main-d’œuvre. Comment concilier ses intérêts avec ceux du Sud, avec les droits de l’homme des migrants ?

      http://www.revue-projet.com/articles/2002-4-quel-lien-entre-migrations-internationales-et-developpement

    • #Root_Causes’ Development Aid: The False Panacea for Lower Migration

      Migration is a positive side effect of development, and aid should not be spent in pursuit of keeping people where they are. Development economist #Michael_Clemens sorts the evidence from the politics in conversation with Refugees Deeply.

      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/02/23/root-causes-development-aid-the-false-panacea-for-lower-migration
      #aide_du_développement

    • #Aiutiamoli_a_casa_loro”: è una strategia efficace?

      Ricerche recenti hanno dimostrato che c’è una relazione tra il livello di sviluppo economico di un paese e il suo tasso di emigrazione netta. Ma non sempre questa relazione va a sostegno di chi pensa che per arginare i flussi migratori basti aiutare i paesi più poveri a svilupparsi. Gli esperti parlano infatti di “gobba migratoria”: man mano che il PIL pro capite di un paese povero aumenta, il tasso di emigrazione dei suoi abitanti cresce, toccando un massimo nel momento in cui il paese raggiunge un reddito medio pro capite di circa 5.000 dollari annui (a parità di potere d’acquisto - PPA). Solo una volta superato quel livello di reddito, il tasso di emigrazione torna a scendere.

      Nel 2016 i paesi dell’Africa subsahariana avevano un reddito pro capite medio inferiore a 3.500 dollari annui PPA e, nonostante quest’ultimo sia cresciuto del 38% tra il 2003 e il 2014, negli ultimi anni questa crescita si è interrotta e rischia addirittura di invertirsi. I paesi dell’Africa subsahariana si trovano quindi ancora a un livello di sviluppo economico coerente con un tasso di emigrazione in crescita, ed è difficile immaginare che riusciranno a raggiungere (e superare) la “gobba” dei 5.000 dollari pro capite PPA nel futuro più prossimo.

      È tuttavia vero che, se si sviluppano insieme tutti i paesi africani, ciò potrebbe favorire una ripresa delle migrazioni intra-regionali, ovvero da paesi dell’Africa subsahariana verso altri paesi dell’area. Sarebbe un’inversione di tendenza rispetto a quanto verificatosi negli ultimi 25 anni, un periodo in cui le migrazioni extra-regionali (quindi verso Europa, Golfo, America del Nord, ecc.) sono quadruplicate.

      Infine va sottolineato che per “aiutarli a casa loro” attraverso politiche di sviluppo sarebbero necessari aiuti di importo molto consistente. All’opposto, gli aiuti ufficiali allo sviluppo da parte dei paesi Ocse verso l’Africa subsahariana sono rimasti a un livello praticamente invariato dal 2010, e quelli italiani si sono addirittura ridotti di oltre il 70%: da un picco di 1 miliardo di euro nel 2006 a 297 milioni di euro nel 2016.

      https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/fact-checking-migrazioni-2018-20415

      Dans cet article, on cite cette étude de Michael A. Clemens:
      Does Development Reduce Migration?
      http://ftp.iza.org/dp8592.pdf

    • Povertà, migrazioni, sviluppo: un nesso problematico

      È proprio vero che sono i più poveri a migrare? E cosa succede se prevale la visione degli aiuti ai paesi in via di sviluppo come antidoto all’immigrazione? Il professor Maurizio Ambrosini mette a confronto la retorica dell’”aiutiamoli a casa loro” con i fatti.

      Uno dei luoghi comuni più inossidabili nel dibattito sulle migrazioni riguarda il rapporto tra immigrazione e povertà. Convergono sul punto sia i sostenitori della retorica dell’emergenza (“la povertà dell’Africa si riversa sulle nostre coste”), sia i paladini dell’accoglienza (“siamo responsabili della povertà del Terzo Mondo e dobbiamo farcene carico”). Il corollario più logico di questa visione patologica delle migrazioni è inevitabilmente lo slogan “Aiutiamoli a casa loro”. Mi propongo di porre a confronto questa visione con una serie di dati, al fine di valutare la pertinenza dell’idea dell’aiuto allo sviluppo come alternativa all’immigrazione.
      Non la povertà, ma le disuguaglianze

      Come vedremo, la povertà in termini assoluti non ha un rapporto stretto con le migrazioni internazionali sulle lunghe distanze. È vero invece che le disuguaglianze tra regioni del mondo, anche confinanti, spiegano una parte delle motivazioni a partire. Anzi, si può dire che i confini sono il maggiore fattore di disuguaglianza su scala globale. Pesano più dell’istruzione, del genere, dell’età, del retaggio familiare. Un bracciante agricolo nell’Europa meridionale guadagna più di un medico in Africa. Questo fatto rappresenta un incentivo alla mobilità attraverso i confini.

      L’enfasi sulla povertà come molla scatenante delle migrazioni si scontra invece con un primo dato: nel complesso i migranti internazionali sono una piccola frazione dell’umanità: secondo i dati più recenti contenuti nel Dossier statistico Idos 2017, intorno ai 247 milioni su oltre 7 miliardi di esseri umani, pari al 3,3 per cento. Se i numeri sono cresciuti (erano 175 milioni nel 2000), la percentuale rimane invece stabile da parecchi anni, essendo cresciuta anche la popolazione mondiale.

      Ciò significa che le popolazioni povere del mondo hanno in realtà un accesso assai limitato alle migrazioni internazionali, e soprattutto alle migrazioni verso il Nord globale. Il temuto sviluppo demografico dell’Africa non si traduce in spostamenti massicci di popolazione verso l’Europa o altre regioni sviluppate. I movimenti di popolazione nel mondo avvengono soprattutto tra paesi limitrofi o comunque all’interno dello stesso continente (87 per cento nel caso della mobilità dell’Africa sub-sahariana), con la sola eccezione dell’America settentrionale, che attrae immigrati dall’America centro-meridionale e dagli altri continenti. Per di più, dall’interno dell’Africa partono soprattutto persone istruite.

      Ne consegue un secondo importante assunto: la povertà in senso assoluto ha un rapporto negativo con le migrazioni internazionali, tanto più sulle lunghe distanze. I migranti, come regola generale, non provengono dai paesi più poveri del mondo. La connessione diretta tra povertà e migrazioni non ha basi statistiche. Certo, i migranti partono soprattutto per migliorare le loro condizioni economiche e sociali, inseguendo l’aspirazione a una vita migliore di quella che conducevano in patria. Questo miglioramento però è appunto comparativo, e ha come base uno zoccolo di risorse di vario tipo.
      Chi è poverissimo non riesce a partire

      Le migrazioni sono processi intrinsecamente selettivi, che richiedono risorse economiche, culturali e sociali: occorre denaro per partire, che le famiglie investono nella speranza di ricavarne dei ritorni sotto forma di rimesse; occorre una visione di un mondo diverso, in cui riuscire a inserirsi pur non conoscendolo; occorrono risorse caratteriali, ossia il coraggio di partire per cercare fortuna in paesi lontani di cui spesso non si conosce neanche la lingua, e di affrontare vessazioni, discriminazioni, solitudini, imprevisti di ogni tipo; occorrono risorse sociali, rappresentate specialmente da parenti e conoscenti già insediati e in grado di favorire l’insediamento dei nuovi arrivati. Come ha detto qualcuno, i poverissimi dell’Africa di norma non riescono neanche ad arrivare al capoluogo del loro distretto. Pertanto la popolazione in Africa potrà anche aumentare ma, senza una sufficiente dotazione di risorse e senza una domanda di lavoro almeno implicita da parte dell’Europa, non si vede come possa arrivare fino alle nostre coste.

      Se invece di fissare lo sguardo sugli sbarchi guardiamo ai dati sulle nazionalità degli immigrati che risiedono in Italia, ci accorgiamo che i grandi numeri non provengono dai paesi più derelitti dell’Africa. L’immigrazione insediata in Italia è prevalentemente europea, femminile, proveniente da paesi di tradizione culturale cristiana. La graduatoria delle provenienze vede nell’ordine: Romania, Albania, Marocco, Cina, Ucraina, Filippine. Nessuno di questi è annoverato tra i paesi più poveri del mondo, quelli che occupano le ultime posizioni nella graduatoria basata sull’indice di sviluppo umano dell’Onu: un complesso di indicatori che comprendono non solo il reddito, ma anche altre importanti variabili come i tassi di alfabetizzazione, la speranza di vita alla nascita, il numero di posti-letto in ospedale in proporzione agli abitanti. Su scala globale, i migranti provengono prevalentemente da paesi collocati nelle posizioni intermedie della graduatoria. Per esempio negli Stati Uniti di oggi provengono in maggioranza dal Messico, in Svizzera sono europei per oltre l’80 per cento, in Germania in due casi su tre.

      Per le stesse ragioni, i migranti non sono i più poveri dei loro paesi: mediamente, sono meno poveri di chi rimane. E più vengono da lontano, più sono selezionati socialmente. Raramente troviamo immigrati provenienti da molto lontano (cinesi, filippini, latino-americani…) nei dormitori per i senza dimora, nelle mense dei poveri, precariamente accampati sotto i portici, o anche in carcere. Chi arriva da più lontano, fra l’altro, necessita di un progetto più definito e di lunga durata, non può permettersi di fare sperimentazioni o andirivieni: deve essere determinato a rimanere e a lavorare per ripagare almeno le spese sostenute e gli eventuali prestiti ricevuti. Ha anche bisogno di teste di ponte più solide, ossia di parenti o connazionali affidabili che lo accolgano e lo aiutino a sistemarsi.
      Mostra «La Terra Inquieta», Triennale di Milano, 2017 (foto: Marina Petrillo)

      La cattiva gestione dell’asilo ha in parte incrinato questa logica: i rischi sono tali che a volte arriva anche chi non ha niente da perdere e ha l’incoscienza di provare a partire. Se viene riconosciuto come rifugiato, in Italia il più delle volte viene lasciato in mezzo alla strada. Incontra severe difficoltà anche nello spostarsi verso altri paesi europei, come avveniva più agevolmente nel passato. In modo particolare, i beneficiari dell’Emergenza Nord Africa dell’ultimo governo Berlusconi sono stati gestiti con un approccio emergenziale che non ha favorito la loro integrazione socio-economica. Ma pur tenendo conto di questa variabile, la logica complessiva non cambia: le migrazioni internazionali sulle lunghe distanze non sono un effetto della povertà, ma dell’accesso ad alcune risorse decisive.
      A proposito dei “migranti ambientali”

      Una valutazione analoga riguarda un altro tema oggi dibattuto, quello dei cosiddetti “rifugiati ambientali”. Il concetto sta conoscendo una certa fortuna, perché consente di collegare la crescente sensibilità ecologica, la preoccupazione per i cambiamenti climatici e la protezione di popolazioni vulnerabili del Sud del mondo. È una spiegazione affascinante della mobilità umana, e anche politicamente spendibile. Ora, è senz’altro vero che nel mondo si moltiplicano i problemi ambientali, direttamente indotti come nel caso della costruzione di dighe o di installazioni petrolifere, o provocati da desertificazioni, alluvioni, avvelenamenti del suolo e delle acque.

      Tuttavia, che questi spostamenti forzati si traducano in migrazioni internazionali, soprattutto sulle lunghe distanze, è molto più dubbio. Anzitutto, le migrazioni difficilmente hanno un’unica causa: i danni ambientali semmai aggravano altri fattori di fragilità, tanto che hanno un impatto diverso su gruppi diversi di popolazione che abitano negli stessi territori. Entrano in relazione con altri fattori, come per esempio l’insediamento in altri territori di parenti che si spera possano fornire una base di appoggio. È più probabile poi che eventualmente i contadini scacciati dalla loro terra ingrossino le megalopoli del Terzo Mondo, anziché arrivare in Europa, sempre per la ragione prima considerata: dove trovano le risorse per affrontare viaggi così lunghi e necessariamente costosi? Va inoltre ricordato che l’esodo dal mondo rurale è una tendenza strutturale, difficile da rovesciare, in paesi in cui la popolazione impegnata nell’agricoltura supera il 50 per cento dell’occupazione complessiva. Neppure la Cina ci riesce, pur avendo trattato a lungo i contadini inurbati senza permesso alla stessa stregua degli immigrati stranieri considerati illegali nei nostri paesi, tanto che ha dovuto negli ultimi anni ammorbidire la sua politica in materia.
      Gli aiuti allo sviluppo non risolvono la questione

      Questa analisi ha inevitabili ripercussioni sull’idea della promozione dello sviluppo come alternativa all’emigrazione. Ossia l’idea sintetizzabile nel noto slogan “aiutiamoli a casa loro”.

      Si tratta di un’idea semplice, accattivante, apparentemente molto logica, ma in realtà fallace. Prima di tutto, presuppone che l’emigrazione sia provocata dalla povertà, ma abbiamo visto che questo è meno vero di quanto si pensi. Se gli immigrati non arrivano dai paesi più poveri, dovremmo paradossalmente aiutare i paesi in posizione intermedia sulla base degli indici di sviluppo, anziché quelli più bisognosi, i soggetti istruiti anziché i meno alfabetizzati, le classi medie anziché quelle più povere.

      In secondo luogo, gli studi sull’argomento mostrano che in una prima, non breve fase lo sviluppo fa aumentare la propensione a emigrare. Cresce anzitutto il numero delle persone che dispongono delle risorse per partire. Le aspirazioni a un maggior benessere inoltre aumentano prima e più rapidamente delle opportunità locali di realizzarle, anche perché lo sviluppo solitamente inasprisce le disuguaglianze, soprattutto agli inizi. Possiamo dire che lo sviluppo si lega ad altri fattori di cambiamento sociale, mette in movimento le società, semina speranze e sogni che spingono altre persone a partire. Solo in un secondo tempo le migrazioni rallentano, finché a un certo punto il fenomeno s’inverte: il raggiunto benessere fa sì che regioni e paesi in precedenza luoghi di origine di emigranti diventino luoghi di approdo di immigrati, provenienti da altri luoghi che a quel punto risultano meno sviluppati.

      Così è avvenuto in Italia, ma dobbiamo ricordare che abbiamo impiegato un secolo a invertire il segno dei movimenti migratori, dalla prevalenza di quelli in uscita alla primazia di quelli in entrata. In tutti i casi fin qui conosciuti sono occorsi decenni di sviluppo prima di osservare un calo significativo dell’emigrazione.
      Le rimesse degli emigranti

      L’emigrazione non è facile da contrastare neppure con generose politiche di sostegno allo sviluppo e di cooperazione internazionale, anche perché un altro fenomeno incentiva le partenze e la permanenza all’estero delle persone: le rimesse degli emigranti. Si tratta di 586 miliardi di dollari nel 2015, 616 nel 2016, secondo le stime della Banca Mondiale, basate sui soli canali ufficiali di trasferimento di valuta.

      A livello macro, vari paesi hanno le rimesse come prima voce attiva negli scambi con l’estero, e 26 paesi del mondo hanno un’incidenza delle rimesse sul PIL che supera il 10 per cento. A livello micro, le rimesse arrivano direttamente nelle tasche delle famiglie, saltando l’intermediazione di apparati pubblici e imprese private. Sono soldi che consentono di migliorare istruzione, alimentazione, abitazione dei componenti delle famiglie degli emigranti, in modo particolare dei figli, malgrado gli effetti negativi che pure non mancano. Poiché gli emigranti tipicamente investono in terreni e case come simbolo del loro successo, le rimesse fanno lavorare l’industria edilizia. Fanno però salire i prezzi e svantaggiano chi non ha parenti all’estero, alimentando così nuove partenze. Difficile negare tuttavia che le rimesse allevino i disagi e migliorino le condizioni di vita delle famiglie che le ricevono. Il sostegno allo sviluppo dovrebbe realizzare rapidamente delle alternative per competere con la dinamica propulsiva del nesso emigrazione-rimesse-nuova emigrazione, ma un simile effetto nel breve periodo è praticamente impossibile.

      Dunque le politiche di sviluppo dei paesi svantaggiati sono giuste e auspicabili, la cooperazione internazionale è un’attività encomiabile, rimedio a tante emergenze e produttrice di legami, scambi culturali e posti di lavoro su entrambi i versanti del rapporto tra paesi donatori e paesi beneficiari. Ma subordinare tutto questo al controllo delle migrazioni è una strategia di dubbia efficacia, certamente improduttiva nel breve periodo, oltre che eticamente discutibile. Di fatto, gli aiuti in cambio del contrasto delle partenze significano oggi finanziare i governi dei paesi di transito affinché assumano il ruolo di gendarmi di confine per nostro conto.

      Da ultimo, il presunto buon senso dell’“aiutiamoli a casa loro” dimentica un aspetto di capitale importanza: il bisogno che le società sviluppate hanno del lavoro degli immigrati. Basti pensare alle centinaia di migliaia di anziani assistiti a domicilio da altrettante assistenti familiari, dette comunemente badanti. Se i paesi che attualmente esportano queste lavoratrici verso l’Italia dovessero conoscere uno sviluppo tale da scongiurare le partenze, non cesserebbero i nostri fabbisogni. In mancanza di alternative di cui per ora non si vedono neppure i presupposti, andremmo semplicemente a cercare lavoratrici disponibili in altri paesi, più arretrati di quelli che attualmente ce le forniscono.

      Concludendo, il nesso diretto tra migrazioni, povertà e sviluppo è una delle tante semplificazioni di un dibattito che prescinde dai dati, si basa sulle percezioni e rifugge dalla fatica dell’approfondimento dei fenomeni.

      http://openmigration.org/analisi/poverta-migrazioni-sviluppo-un-nesso-problematico

    • #Codéveloppement : un marché de dupes

      Née du souci d’un partage équitable des richesses et d’une volonté de coopération entre la France et les pays d’émigration, la notion de codéveloppement a été rapidement dévoyée. Au lieu de considérer que migrations et développement sont deux phénomènes complémentaires, les unes apportant à l’autre l’aide la plus conséquente et la plus efficace, on assiste aujourd’hui, derrière un discours d’un cynisme affiché prétendant mener une politique qui répond aux intérêts de tous, à un contrôle accru et une diminution des migrations. À l’inverse des incantations officielles, cette politique ne bénéficie ni aux migrants, ni aux pays de destination, ni aux pays d’origine.


      https://www.gisti.org/spip.php?article1799

    • Immigration : l’échec de la méthode Sami Nair. Le « codéveloppement » du chevènementiste ne démarre pas.

      Les uns parlent de fiasco, rigolent en douce : « C’était couru

      d’avance. » Les autres maintiennent que l’idée est révolutionnaire. Au Quai d’Orsay, certains assurent que le codéveloppement est enterré. A Matignon, d’autres affirment que l’aventure ne fait que commencer. Ces divergences, même radicales, seraient banales s’il ne s’agissait pas d’une approche totalement différente de la gestion des flux migratoires. Mais, un an après le lancement de la délégation interministérielle au codéveloppement, le démarrage est poussif : aucune convention n’a encore été signée avec les trois pays concernés (Maroc, Mali, Sénégal), et le contrat de réinsertion dans le pays d’origine (CRPO), proposé aux immigrés, n’a attiré que 27 personnes. « Normal, c’est un projet à long terme », assure-t-on à l’Office des migrations internationales (OMI, rattaché au ministère de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité). Il n’empêche, les chiffres sont rudes : Sami Naïr, père du concept, ancien délégué au codéveloppement et nouveau député européen (MDC), tablait sur des milliers de demandes. « Le codéveloppement, ça marche », persiste-t-il. Ces résultats décevants, voire piteux, signent-ils la mort du projet ?

      Marotte. Au départ, il y a cette idée, séduisante comme une évidence : transformer les émigrés en acteurs mobiles du développement de leur pays. En pratique, il s’agit de proposer, sur place, des conditions suffisamment attrayantes pour garder et/ou faire revenir les immigrés. Et, in fine, de substituer des flux transitoires aux flux permanents d’immigration irrégulière.

      Le codéveloppement a toujours été la marotte de Sami Naïr. Universitaire, très proche de Chevènement, rencontré dans sa jeunesse belfortaine, Naïr séduit les uns, excède les autres. « C’est un faux-jeton », assurent ces derniers, l’accusant d’avoir troqué ses convictions et son passé de pourfendeur des lois Pasqua (1) contre un bureau de conseiller place Beauvau. D’autres vantent son enthousiasme, sa vision de l’immigration et des rapports Nord-Sud. « On croirait qu’il va déplacer des montagnes », expliquent ses adversaires pour justifier son influence.

      Signe du climat passionnel qui règne autour de Jean-Pierre Chevènement, les détracteurs et même les partisans préfèrent garder l’anonymat. Mais tous, ou presque, reconnaissent sa compétence en matière de flux migratoires. « Je ne crois pas à une Europe-forteresse, mais à une Europe forte, qui intègre et dynamise les flux migratoires », dit-il malgré son appartenance au MDC, qui n’en fait pas un européen convaincu.

      Jospin séduit. Fin 1997, Sami Naïr remet à Jospin son rapport sur le codéveloppement. « La France ne peut plus, dans le contexte actuel, accueillir de nouveaux flux migratoires. Le codéveloppement n’a pas pour but de favoriser le retour des immigrés chez eux s’ils n’en ont pas la volonté », mais de « favoriser la solidarité active avec les pays d’origine », lit-on dans ce rapport. Jospin est très séduit, comme Martine Aubry, ainsi, bien sûr, que Chevènement. Le ministère de la Coopération n’y croit pas, des spécialistes dénoncent « une vieille idée des années 50 » et jugent impossible de renvoyer des gens contre leur gré. « La coopération avec les pays du Sud est un acte de solidarité, la gestion des entrées sur le territoire relève de la police. On ne peut associer les deux », estime le président du groupe de travail Migrations-développement, structure de réflexion qui regroupe des représentants de l’Etat et des ONG.

      Habiller les restrictions. Mais le contexte politique sert Naïr. Alors que s’achève l’opération de régularisation des sans-papiers, qui laisse 60 000 irréguliers sur le carreau, le conseiller de Chevènement devient le premier délégué interministériel au codéveloppement et aux flux migratoires. « Il fallait que Chevènement habille sa politique restrictionniste, explique aujourd’hui un anti-Naïr de la première heure. Si Chevènement avait mis pour les sans-papiers 10% de l’énergie consacrée au projet de Sami Naïr, on n’en serait pas là. C’est les avions renifleurs de l’immigration. » Le jugement est sévère. Car la délégation, finalement installée boulevard Diderot à Paris dans un local appartenant aux Finances, est bien modeste et n’a quasiment aucun fonds propre.

      Le Quai accusé. Les négociations des décrets sont agitées. « C’était un dossier très chaud. La Coopération n’a pas voulu jouer le jeu. Ils n’étaient pas contents qu’on leur enlève des budgets », se souvient-on à Matignon où on loue, sans réserve, le « travail remarquable de Sami, compte tenu des difficultés ». « Faux. On était demandeurs », se défend un haut fonctionnaire du Quai d’Orsay, auquel le ministère de la Coopération est rattaché. En fait, les adversaires du projet sont divisés. Aux Affaires sociales, le cabinet refuse qu’on dépense de l’argent pour former des immigrés en situation irrégulière. « Je me suis battu comme un chien, et Martine Aubry m’a soutenu », rétorque Sami Naïr. A la Coopération et aux Affaires étrangères, on juge le projet trop imprégné du fantasme de l’immigration zéro cher à Pasqua, qui avait déjà tenté ­ sans suite ­ une politique de codéveloppement : « Ça marche si le type n’est pas encore parti. Parce qu’une fois qu’il a goûté à l’Occident, même dans une banlieue pauvre, il connaît vraiment la différence, et il faut payer très cher pour qu’il reparte. »

      « Politique réac ». L’échec du contrat de réinsertion dans le pays d’origine affecte moins Sami Naïr que les commentaires désobligeants qui l’accompagnent. « Le CRPO n’est qu’un petit dossier de la politique de codéveloppement et il n’a pas été pris en charge », explique-t-il, visant l’OMI, pourtant riche des 1 300 francs ponctionnés à chacun des 70 000 régularisés de la circulaire Chevènement (visite médicale plus « taxe de chancellerie »).

      Les détracteurs du codéveloppement ne désarment pas quand on en vient au principal volet, nettement plus complexe : les conventions proposées au Maroc, au Mali et au Sénégal, prévoyant des investissements français en échange d’une limitation des flux migratoires. Le Maroc refuse de signer la convention. Le Mali et le Sénégal, d’abord réticents, ont été convaincus par les arguments de Naïr, et les accords devraient être signés à la rentrée. « La gaugauche s’est fait avoir. C’est une politique très réac enrobée de tiers-mondisme. Le colonialisme et les quotas, c’est fini, on ne dispose plus des gens contre leur gré », s’énerve un spécialiste, pourtant proche de Chevènement, qui s’appuie sur vingt ans d’échecs répétés de tous les systèmes d’aide au retour des immigrés. Ailleurs, on reconnaît que ce genre de politique se juge sur le long terme. Encore faut-il y mettre des moyens et une volonté politique. Et si, effectivement, le codéveloppement a été seulement perçu comme un habillage de la politique d’immigration, il est très probable qu’on en restera là.

      (1) Sami Naïr est l’auteur de Contre les lois Pasqua (1997).

      http://www.liberation.fr/societe/1999/07/08/immigration-l-echec-de-la-methode-sami-nair-le-codeveloppement-du-chevene

    • Codéveloppement et flux migratoires

      Je crois que le mieux pour comprendre ce que j’ai essayé de faire en matière de codéveloppement lié aux flux migratoires à la fin des années 90, c’est encore de résumer, brièvement, comment cette idée de codéveloppement a été élaborée et pourquoi elle reste d’actualité. On pardonnera une implication plus personnelle du propos, mais il se trouve que grâce à Jean-Pierre Chevènement, ministre de l’Intérieur à partir de juin 1997, j’ai été associé à la politique gouvernementale en matière d’immigration.

      https://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=MIGRA_117_0071

    • Je transcris ici les propos de Murat Julian Alder, avocat, député au Grand Conseil genevois, prononcés lors d’un débat à Infrarouge (autour de la minute 53) :

      « Il est temps qu’on pose la question sur la table avec les pays d’émigration. Au PLR on a la conviction qu’on est en droit, en tant qu’Etat qui malheureusement subit une partie de cette migration, d’exiger une contre-partie des pays à qui nous versons chaque année des centaines de millions de francs au titre de l’#aide_au_développement. Lorsqu’on est au pouvoir dans un pays, on en défend ses intérêts. Et la défense des intérêts de notre pays implique que nos gouvernants explique aux pays d’émigration que cette aide au développement est à bien plaire, mais qu’on peut faire davantage pour autant qu’il y ait une contrepartie. Et cette contrepartie c’est la conclusion d’#accords_de_réadmission, c’est aussi une aide davantage ciblée sur place dans les pays d’émigration au lieu de la politique de l’arrosoir que nous connaissons actuellement »

      #accords_bilatéraux