• SOUS L’ŒIL DE L’ÉTAT

    Le QR code s’est imposé partout en France. Il l’est depuis longtemps dans les pays asiatiques. Imaginé par l’industrie automobile, il sert aujourd’hui à « contrôler les humains ». Retour sur l’histoire de cette technologie détournée.

    Noir sur fond blanc, le petit pictogramme a une allure anodine. Mais ce hiéroglyphe des temps modernes remodèle peu à peu notre rapport au monde. À la faveur de la pandémie, le QR code s’est imposé à nos vies. Jusqu’à devenir incontournable avec le passe sanitaire. Il régit désormais l’ensemble de nos mouvements et accompagne nos gestes, comme un sésame ou une passerelle entre l’univers numérique et le monde réel.

    On le retrouve partout, dans le train, à l’entrée des bars, aux musées. Son usage s’est généralisé. On le voit sur les panneaux publicitaires, on l’utilise à l’école pour valider des réponses à des questionnaires ou aux abords des parcs naturels surfréquentés. Il remplace également les menus dans les restaurants ou guide nos achats dans les supermarchés. Cet essor, inimaginable il y a quelques années, est loin d’être anecdotique : le QR code incarne « la société du sans contact ». Cette technologie accélère notre dépendance au numérique et nous fait entrer de plain-pied dans l’ère du flash, un monde peuplé de scanners, d’écrans et de code-barres, un monde illisible à l’œil nu où nous déléguons notre regard aux machines.

    « Il n’est pas certain que nous sortions de ce monde une fois la pandémie passée, pense l’historien François Jarrige. Il y a des chances que certaines habitudes restent. Le QR code continuera à coloniser les espaces sociaux. Flasher un QR code est devenu un réflexe pour une majorité de la population. C’est une évidence pratique, physique et corporelle. » Les chiffres en témoignent. Le lecteur de QR code est l’une des applications les plus téléchargées sur smartphone. L’achat de boîtier pour les lire a également explosé depuis l’été dernier avec une augmentation des ventes de 40 à 60 %.

    LE QR CODE SERT À GÉRER ET SURVEILLER LE TROUPEAU HUMAIN

    Les pays occidentaux rattrapent leur retard. Ou, disons plutôt qu’ils copient leurs voisins asiatiques. En Chine, en Corée du Sud, au Japon, le QR code est déjà une institution. Il recouvre les surfaces urbaines comme une seconde peau. C’est un avatar de la smart city qui sert à fluidifier les échanges. On le retrouve dans les taxis, les parcs et même les toilettes. En Chine, près de 940 millions de personnes échangent de l’argent en scannant des QR codes, de manière dématérialisée, via les applications WeChat et Alipay. Des chercheurs parlent d’une « QR code-isation de la société ».
    https://sfsic2020.sciencesconf.org/325620/document

    Cela n’est pas sans conséquence. À l’origine, le QR code a été créé pour accroître l’automatisation dans le milieu industriel et répondre aux besoins du commerce. « En vingt ans, nous sommes passés d’un outil pour intensifier la logistique à un outil pour régir et contrôler les humains dans tous les aspects de leur vie, constate François Jarrige. Le QR code, qui s’appliquait d’abord aux flux de marchandises, sert désormais à gérer et surveiller le troupeau humain. » Une forme de réification est à l’œuvre. Avec ces dispositifs de traçage numérique, on s’occupe des humains comme des choses.

    L’histoire du QR code est éclairante sur ce point. Cette technologie a d’abord prospéré dans les soutes de la société marchande. Elle fut inventée en 1994 par le Japonais Masahiro Hara, un ingénieur de Denso Wave, une filiale de Toyota qui fabriquait des pièces automobiles. Les ingénieurs souhaitaient alors mieux suivre l’itinéraire des pièces détachées à l’intérieur des usines.
    https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/qr-code-la-grande-histoire-du-petit-carre-20211023_VFBRCE4PBVCQBIP36CLMGP

    Le QR code est une sorte de super code-barres. Son nom signifie en anglais « quick response code », « code à réponse rapide ». Il se lit en effet dix fois plus rapidement que le code-barres. Grâce à ses deux dimensions, il peut être lu quel que soit l’angle de lecture. Il contient aussi 200 fois plus de données qu’un code-barres classique. Son usage a permis à Toyota de déployer sa stratégie au tournant des années 2000. La multinationale cherchait un moyen d’identification automatique pour accélérer la cadence. L’idée était de produire à flux tendu — « just in time » — avec une coordination constante entre la tête des firmes et l’ensemble des sous-traitants, des fournisseurs aux revendeurs. Pour améliorer ses marges et son pouvoir, Toyota a créé une obsession de la traçabilité en tout point.

    Cette évolution répondait aussi à un objectif politique. « Les projets d’automatisation de la production avaient pour but essentiel de renforcer le contrôle managérial sur la force de travail bien plus que d’augmenter les profits », analyse le groupe Marcuse dans le livre La liberté dans le coma. Les auteurs estiment que les dispositifs comme le QR code, la puce RFID ou la biométrie ont participé à une vaste « contre-insurrection ». L’informatisation de l’organisation industrielle aurait dépossédé la classe ouvrière de ses savoir-faire, détruit les solidarités dans l’usine et accru la surveillance au profit d’un projet cybernétique où les machines communiquent entre elles et où les hommes deviennent quantité négligeable.
    https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2020/01/TREGUER/61229
    https://reporterre.net/Puces-RFID-aujourd-hui-nos-moutons

    LE CONTRÔLE EST PASSÉ AU STADE TECHNOLOGIQUE

    Ce modèle dystopique triomphe aujourd’hui au sein des entrepôts Amazon, où tout est flashé, scanné et identifié. Même les « scannettes » portatives équipées pour lire les code-barres ont un code-barres. Les travailleurs, eux, sont transformés en automates, leurs gestes et leurs déplacements ne laissent rien au hasard. Ils sont optimisés pour gagner en productivité. Comme le soutient l’écrivain Jasper Bernes, « la révolution logistique n’est rien d’autre que la guerre continuée par d’autres moyens, par les moyens du commerce ».
    https://reporterre.net/Le-reve-d-Amazon-des-robots-pour-se-passer-des-travailleurs
    https://lundi.am/Du-code-barres-au-QR-Code

    Ces logiques issues du monde des entreprises s’étendent maintenant à la vie courante, se glissent dans la sphère intime et privée. « N’en déplaise à une croyance tenace, ces technologies ne sont pas neutres. Elles structurent des formes de pouvoir », rappelle le journaliste Olivier Tesquet. Elles portent en elles le rêve industriel d’identification et de traçage total.
    https://www.telerama.fr/debats-reportages/le-qr-code-on-ne-sen-passe-plus-6962387.php

    L’association la Quadrature du net a d’ailleurs tiré la sonnette d’alarme. Jusqu’à peu, la surveillance avait des limites pratiques, explique-t-elle. Mais avec les nouveaux dispositifs comme le QR code, la surveillance passe « à l’échelle technologique ». Au cours de la dernière décennie, la majorité de la population française (84 % en 2020) s’est équipée en téléphone muni d’un appareil photo et capable de lire des code-barres en 2D comme les QR codes. En parallèle, l’administration s’est largement approprié ces outils et la cryptographie afin de sécuriser les documents qu’elle délivre — avis d’imposition, carte d’identité électronique, etc.
    https://www.laquadrature.net/2021/08/19/passe-sanitaire-quelle-surveillance-redouter

    L’ÉTAT A LES MOYENS MATÉRIELS
    POUR IMPOSER UN CONTRÔLE PERMANENT DES CORPS

    « Si ces évolutions ne sont pas particulièrement impressionnantes en elles-mêmes, leur concomitance rend aujourd’hui possible des choses impensables il y a encore quelques années, souligne Bastien Le Querrec, de la Quadrature du net. Elle permet notamment de confier à des dizaines de milliers de personnes non formées et non payées par l’État (mais simplement munies d’un smartphone) la mission de contrôler l’ensemble de la population à l’entrée d’innombrables lieux publics. Et ce, à un coût extrêmement faible pour l’État, puisque l’essentiel de l’infrastructure (les téléphones) a déjà été financé de manière privée. Soudainement, l’État a les moyens matériels pour réguler l’espace public dans des proportions presque totales et imposer un contrôle permanent des corps. »

    LE MONDE NOUS EST PEU À PEU CONFISQUÉ

    Avant même le Covid-19, certains régimes autoritaires comme la Chine n’ont pas hésité à utiliser massivement le QR code. En 2017, l’ONG Human Rights Watch dénonçait déjà son usage pour réprimer la minorité musulmane ouïghoure. Dans le Xinjiang, les autorités et la police imposent en effet son installation sur les portes des maisons pour contrôler le déplacement de ses habitants et le passage de leurs invités. Elles font aussi graver des QR codes sur la lame du moindre couteau acheté en quincaillerie. Ces dispositifs forment une immense toile d’araignée digitale. « Les QR codes sont l’un des éléments du répertoire d’outils numériques de surveillance dont la Chine est devenue un laboratoire », explique François Jarrige. Le mouvement s’est accéléré avec la pandémie. En Chine, le QR code est désormais exigé à l’entrée des immeubles, avant même d’entrer chez soi ou au travail. Un code couleur atteste de la bonne santé de la personne ou de sa maladie.
    https://reporterre.net/Le-totalitarisme-numerique-de-la-Chine-menace-toute-la-planete
    https://www.france24.com/fr/20190218-chine-ouighour-surveillance-xinjiang-reconnaissance-faciale-qr-co
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-uyghur-muslims-xinjiang-province-qr-codes-security-crackdown-hr

    En France, le grand chantier de l’identité numérique est lui aussi engagé. La nouvelle carte nationale d’identité électronique (CNIE), délivrée dans tout le pays depuis le 2 août, compte notamment des données biométriques intégrées dans une puce et une signature électronique dans un QR code. Les autorités rêvent d’une « identité totalement numérique » portée par un « État plateforme ». Dans un rapport publié en juin dernier, des sénateurs y voyaient un outil indispensable pour pallier les futures crises. « Au lieu de repérer une fraction dérisoire des infractions mais de les sanctionner très sévèrement, il serait théoriquement possible d’atteindre un taux de contrôle de 100 % », écrivaient-ils.
    https://www.senat.fr/rap/r20-673/r20-67312.html
    https://www.senat.fr/rap/r20-673/r20-673.html

    Avec les QR codes, la numérisation intégrale de la société est en marche. Les conséquences en sont multiples, profondes, mais rarement étudiées. Pour l’éditeur Matthieu Amiech, « cette situation renforce l’identification des individus à la mégamachine et l’évidence du numérique comme nécessité pour exister ». Notre écran devient un outil de médiation pour se rapporter au monde et entrer en contact avec la réalité. « Le monde nous est peu à peu confisqué », poursuit-il.
    https://reporterre.net/Sous-le-masque-du-Covid-la-numerisation-integrale-de-la-societe

    Selon ce chercheur, nous vivons un nouveau stade du capitalisme. Après avoir privé les populations de leur terre et de leur moyen autonome de subsistance, au XIXe siècle, le capitalisme cherche aujourd’hui à accroître sa domination politique et économique « en rendant les personnes dépendantes d’un appareillage sur lequel ils n’ont pas de prise », estime-t-il. « Nous subissons des enclosures existentielles. Pour avoir accès au monde et participer à la vie sociale, nous devons désormais passer par ces outils. Nous en sommes complètement prisonniers. »

    https://reporterre.net/QR-code-toujours-sous-l-oeil-de-l-Etat
    --

  • ‘Sharp-tongued drones’ chastise Chinese residents for not wearing face masks amid coronavirus outbreak | The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/coronavirus-drones-china-residents-face-masks-a9311476.html

    ’Do not go here and there in the open air without wearing a mask. Go back home quickly and wash your hands,’ says drone Drones are reportedly being used in some villages and cities in China to remind residents to wear face masks if they have to be outside, as the country tries to get a grip on the coronavirus outbreak. According to local media, authorities and other vigilant individuals have deployed drones with audio capabilities to patrol certain areas. Traffic police in Muyang, a small (...)

    #CCTV #drone #aérien #vidéo-surveillance #talkingCCTV #santé #surveillance

    ##santé

  • En #Inde, près de deux millions de citoyens, la plupart #musulmans, déchus de leur #nationalité

    La Cour suprême exclut de nombreux citoyens des registres d’état civil de l’#Etat_de_l’Assam.


    https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/08/31/en-inde-pres-de-deux-millions-de-citoyens-la-plupart-musulmans-dechus-de-leu
    #citoyenneté #apatridie #Assam #apatrides

    –---------

    En 2018, le Courrier international titrait :
    Inde. Quatre millions d’habitants de l’Assam considérés comme apatrides
    https://seenthis.net/messages/712102

    • India builds detention camps for up to 1.9m people ‘stripped of citizenship’ in Assam

      Ten centres ‘planned’ across northeastern state after national register published
      The Indian government is building mass detention camps after almost two million people were told they could be effectively stripped of citizenship.

      Around 1.9m people in the north-eastern state of Assam were excluded when India published the state’s final National Register of Citizens (NRC) list in August.

      Those excluded from the register will have to appeal to prove they are citizens. The UN and other international rights groups have expressed concern that many could be rendered stateless.

      The citizenship list is part of a drive to detect illegal immigrants in Assam.

      The Indian government claims that the migrants have arrived from neighbouring Muslim-majority Bangladesh.

      Critics say that the register has upended the lives of Muslims who have lived legally in the state for decades.

      Record keeping in parts of rural India is poor and many, including those building the camps, have been caught out by the NRC’s stringent requirements.

      “We don’t have birth certificates,” Malati Hajong, one of the labourers working at a site near the village of Goalpara, told the Reuters news agency.

      The Goalpara camp is one of at least 10 planned detention centres, according to local media reports.

      It is around the size of seven football pitches and designed to hold 3,000 people.

      Officials plan to have a school and hospital at the centre, as well as a high boundary wall and watchtowers for the security forces.

      Critics have accused the Modi administration of using the NRC to target Assam’s large Muslim community.

      But the government says it is simply complying with an order from India’s Supreme Court, which said the NRC had been delayed for too long and set a strict deadline for its completion.

      Government sources say those excluded from the list retain their rights and have 120 days to appeal at local “Foreigners Tribunals”. If that fails, they can take their cases to the High Court of Assam and ultimately the Supreme Court. What happens to those who fail at all levels of appeal is yet to be decided, they said.

      Last month the local chapter of India’s ruling Bharatiya Janata Party expressed dismay after it became apparent that many Hindus had also been excluded from the list.

      Officials said the government may pass legislation to protect legitimate citizens.

      The government is already in the process of bringing legislation to grant citizenship to Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist immigrants from neighbouring countries.

      Muslim immigrants are not included in the law.

      The nationalist, hardline Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) group also called for genuine citizens to be included in the list after it emerged that Hindus had been affected. The RSS and BJP are closely affiliated.

      https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/assam-india-detention-camps-bangladesh-nrc-list-a9099251.html

      #camps_de_détention #détention

    • India Takes Step Toward Blocking Naturalization for Muslims

      A bill establishing a religious test for immigrants has passed the lower house of Parliament, a major step for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu-nationalist agenda.

      India took a major step toward the official marginalization of Muslims on Tuesday as one house of Parliament passed a bill that would establish a religious test for migrants who want to become citizens, solidifying Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu-nationalist agenda.

      The measure would give migrants of all of South Asia’s major religions a clear path to Indian citizenship — except Islam. It is the most significant move yet to profoundly alter India’s secular nature enshrined by its founding leaders when the country gained independence in 1947.

      The bill passed in the lower house, the Lok Sabha, a few minutes after midnight, following a few hours of debate. The vote was 311 to 80. The measure now moves to the upper house, the Rajya Sabha, where Mr. Modi seems to have enough allies that most analysts predict it will soon become law.

      Muslim Indians are deeply unsettled. They see the new measure, called the Citizenship Amendment Bill, as the first step by the governing party to make second-class citizens of India’s 200 million Muslims, one of the largest Muslim populations in the world, and render many of them stateless.
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      “We are heading toward totalitarianism, a fascist state,” said Asaduddin Owaisi, a Muslim lawmaker, who on Monday dramatically tore up a copy of the bill while giving a speech in Parliament. “We are making India a theocratic country.”

      The legislation goes hand in hand with a contentious program that began in the northeastern state of Assam this year, in which all 33 million residents of the state had to prove, with documentary evidence, that they or their ancestors were Indian citizens. Approximately two million people — many of them Muslims, and many of them lifelong residents of India — were left off the state’s citizenship rolls after that exercise.

      Now, Mr. Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party, or B.J.P., is hoping to expand that kind of citizenship test to other states. And the new legislation would become a guiding principle for who could hope to call themselves Indians.

      Mr. Modi and his party are deeply rooted in an ideology that sees India as a Hindu nation. And since the B.J.P.’s landslide re-election win in May, Mr. Modi’s administration has celebrated one Hindu nationalist victory after another, each a demoralizing drumbeat for Muslims.
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      First came the Assam citizenship tests. Then Mr. Modi stripped away autonomy and statehood for Kashmir, which used to be India’s only Muslim-majority state. And last month, Hindu fundamentalists scored a big court victory allowing them to build a new temple over the ruins of a demolished mosque in the flash point city of Ayodhya.

      With the new citizenship bill, Mr. Modi’s party says it is simply trying to protect persecuted Hindus, Buddhists and Christians (and members of a few smaller religions) who migrate from predominantly Muslim countries such as Pakistan or Afghanistan.

      But the legislation would also make it easier to incarcerate and deport Muslim residents, even those whose families have been in India for generations, if they cannot produce proof of citizenship.

      Under Mr. Modi’s leadership, anti-Muslim sentiment has become blatantly more mainstream and public. Intimidation and attacks against Muslim communities have increased in recent years. And overt displays of Hindu piety and nationalism have become central in pop culture and politics.

      Mr. Modi’s fellow lawmakers in the B.J.P. are unapologetic about their pro-Hindu position.

      “There are Muslim countries, there are Jew countries, everybody has their own identity. And we are a billion-plus, right? We must have one identity,” said Ravi Kishan, a famous action-film hero and member of Parliament who is a central supporter of the citizenship legislation.

      When asked if he was trying to turn India into a Hindu nation, he laughed. “India has always been a Hindu nation,” he said. “The Muslims also are Hindus.” (This is a common Hindu nationalist belief: that India’s Muslims are relatively recent converts, even though Islam arrived in India hundreds of years ago.)

      Even before lawmakers in the Lok Sabha voted, protests were breaking out.

      In Assam, where the citizenship program began last summer, thousands of people have marched in the streets, hoisting placards and torches and shouting out their opposition to the bill.

      People are talking of mass fasts and boycotts of schools and markets. On Monday, some hanged effigies of Mr. Modi and his right-hand man, Amit Shah, the home minister.

      The leaders of the opposition Indian National Congress party are trying to paint the bill as a danger to India’s democracy. After India won its independence, its founding leaders, Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru among them, made a clear decision: Even though the country was 80 percent Hindu, it would not be an officially Hindu nation. Minorities, especially Muslims, would be treated equally.

      Rahul Gandhi, a party leader and great-grandson of Mr. Nehru, said, “India belongs to everybody — all communities, all religions, all cultures.” Shashi Tharoor, the party’s intellectual heavyweight, called the bill an “all-out assault on the very idea of India.”

      But the Congress party is at a low point in its 100-year-plus history. And Mr. Modi’s party has the numbers: With allies, it controls nearly two-thirds of the seats in the lower house.

      Some of Mr. Modi’s critics believe the bill is serving to distract the public from another pressing issue: the economy. For the first time in decades, India’s economy is slowing significantly. It is still huge, but several big industries, like car and motorcycle manufacturing, have seen sales plummet like never before.

      “The economy is in tatters,” said Aman Wadud, a human rights lawyer in Assam. The bill, he said, was “the only issue left to polarize the country and distract people.”

      But forging India into an overtly Hindu nation has been a core goal of Mr. Modi’s party and of the R.S.S., a right-wing volunteer group whose ranks Mr. Modi rose up through and which provides him a backbone of support. And India’s recent moves in Kashmir, along with the Ayodhya temple ruling and the Assam citizenship tests, have been hugely popular with the prime minister’s base.

      Earlier this year, Mr. Modi’s government tried to push similar citizenship legislation. The bill sailed through the lower house but stalled after many politicians in Assam said they did not like the religious dimension the B.J.P. was injecting — or the possibility that a large number of Hindu Bengalis would be made citizens and would be able to legally acquire land in Assam.

      The bill gathered new momentum this fall, after the citizenship test in Assam. Assam has witnessed waves of migration over the years, and many of those people whose citizenship was being questioned were migrants, both Hindus and Muslims, from neighboring Bangladesh.

      Mr. Shah, the home minister and architect of the B.J.P.’s recent political victories, promised to protect the Hindus and other non-Muslims. He has called illegal migrants from Bangladesh “termites,” and along with his other statements made clear that Muslims were his target. Mr. Shah has also promised to impose the citizenship test from Assam on the entire country.

      The citizenship bill is a piece of the campaign to identify and deport Muslims who have been living in India for years, critics of the bill say. It lays out a path to Indian citizenship for migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan if they can prove they have been in India for at least five years and ascribe to the specified religions.

      To overcome the resistance from politicians in Assam, who do not want Hindu or Muslim migrants taking their land, the new version of the bill carves out special protections for areas predominated by indigenous people.

      Mr. Modi’s supporters employ a certain logic when defending the bill’s exclusion of Muslims. They say Muslims are not persecuted in Pakistan, Bangladesh or Afghanistan, which is mostly true. They also say that when India and Pakistan were granted independence in 1947, the British carved out Pakistan as a haven for Muslims, while India remained predominantly Hindu. To them, the extension of that process is to ask illegal Muslims migrants to leave India and seek refuge in neighboring, mainly Muslim nations.

      Article 25 of the Indian Constitution says, “All persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate religion.” Given that, many opponents of the bill say the citizenship legislation is patently unconstitutional. But the Hindu nationalists have an answer for that, as well.

      “We are not talking about citizens,” said Ramesh Shinde, a spokesman for the Hindu Janajagruti Samiti, a Hindu organization that is considered a far-right group. “We are talking about migrants.”

      Both sides agree on one thing: The bill could have far-reaching consequences.

      The Indian government is already racing to build an enormous network of prisons to house thousands of migrants. If immigration law is applied selectively, Hindu migrants who are swept up in raids may be released and allowed to apply for citizenship, while Muslim migrants could instead be sent to detention camps, opponents say.

      “In every state, Muslims are running around for papers,” said Mr. Wadud, the human rights lawyer in Assam. “An environment of fear has been created.”

      Mr. Kishan, the action hero turned politician, said he would next push to change India’s name to Bharat, the traditional Hindi word for India. But he said that he was not anti-Muslim, and that Muslims living in India legally had nothing to fear.

      “How can I be anti-Muslim? My staff in Mumbai is Muslim,” he said.

      “Hindus and Muslims in India are like this,” he said, interlacing his fingers. “But,” he added with a big smile, “I love Hindus.”

      https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/09/world/asia/india-muslims-citizenship-narendra-modi.html

  • China blocks 17.5 million plane tickets for people without enough ’social credit’
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-social-credit-flight-travel-plane-tickets-xi-jinping-blacklist-

    Would-be passengers blacklisted for offences as minor as walking dogs without lead The Chinese government blocked 17.5 million would-be plane passengers from buying tickets last year as a punishment for offences including the failure to pay fines, it emerged. Some 5.5 million people were also barred from travelling by train under a controversial “social credit” system which the ruling Communist Party claims will improve public behaviour. The penalties are part of efforts by president Xi (...)

    #algorithme #CCTV #biométrie #facial #activisme #Islam #voyageurs #surveillance #vidéo-surveillance (...)

    ##voyageurs
    ##SocialCreditSystem

  • China blacklists millions of people from booking flights as ’social credit’ system introduced | The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-social-credit-system-flight-booking-blacklisted-beijing-points-

    Millions of Chinese nationals have been blocked from booking flights or trains as Beijing seeks to implement its controversial “social credit” system, which allows the government to closely monitor and judge each of its 1.3 billion citizens based on their behaviour and activity.

    The system, to be rolled out by 2020, aims to make it “difficult to move” for those deemed “untrustworthy”, according to a detailed plan published by the government this week.

    #contrôle #surveillance #it_has_begun
    It will be used to reward or punish people and organisations for “trustworthiness” across a range of measures.

  • China blacklists millions of people from booking flights as ’social credit’ system introduced

    Officials say aim is to make it ‘difficult to move’ for those deemed ‘untrustworthy’.

    Millions of Chinese nationals have been blocked from booking flights or trains as Beijing seeks to implement its controversial “#social_credit” system, which allows the government to closely monitor and judge each of its 1.3 billion citizens based on their behaviour and activity.

    The system, to be rolled out by 2020, aims to make it “difficult to move” for those deemed “untrustworthy”, according to a detailed plan published by the government this week.

    It will be used to reward or punish people and organisations for “trustworthiness” across a range of measures.

    A key part of the plan not only involves blacklisting people with low social credibility scores, but also “publicly disclosing the records of enterprises and individuals’ untrustworthiness on a regular basis”.

    The plan stated: “We will improve the credit blacklist system, publicly disclose the records of enterprises and individuals’ untrustworthiness on a regular basis, and form a pattern of distrust and punishment.”

    For those deemed untrustworthy, “everywhere is limited, and it is difficult to move, so that those who violate the law and lose the trust will pay a heavy price”.

    The credit system is already being rolled out in some areas and in recent months the Chinese state has blocked millions of people from booking flights and high-speed trains.

    According to the state-run news outlet Global Times, as of May this year, the government had blocked 11.14 million people from flights and 4.25 million from taking high-speed train trips.

    The state has also begun to clamp down on luxury options: 3 million people are barred from getting business class train tickets, according to Channel News Asia.

    The aim, according to Hou Yunchun, former deputy director of the development research centre of the State Council, is to make “discredited people become bankrupt”, he said earlier this year.

    The eastern state of Hangzou, southwest of Shanghai, is one area where a social credit system is already in place.

    People are awarded credit points for activities such as undertaking volunteer work and giving blood donations while those who violate traffic laws and charge “under-the-table” fees are punished.

    Other infractions reportedly include smoking in non-smoking zones, buying too many video games and posting fake news online.

    Punishments are not clearly detailed in the government plan, but beyond making travel difficult, are also believed to include slowing internet speeds, reducing access to good schools for individuals or their children, banning people from certain jobs, preventing booking at certain hotels and losing the right to own pets.

    When plans for the social credit scheme were first announced in 2014, the government said the aim was to “broadly shape a thick atmosphere in the entire society that keeping trust is glorious and breaking trust is disgraceful”.

    As well as the introduction in Beijing, the government plans a rapid national rollout. “We will implement a unified system of credit rating codes nationwide,” the country’s latest five-year plan stated.

    The move comes as Beijing also faces international scrutiny over its treatment of a Muslim minority group, who have been told to turn themselves in to authorities if they observe practices such as abstention from alcohol.

    #Hami city government in the far-western #Xinjiang region said people “poisoned by extremism, terrorism and separatism” would be treated leniently if they surrendered within the next 30 days.

    As many as a million Muslim Uighurs are believed to have been rounded up and placed in “re-education” centres, in what China claims is a clampdown on religious extremism.

    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-social-credit-system-flight-booking-blacklisted-beijing-points-
    #Chine #surveillance #contrôle #liberté_de_mouvement #liberté_de_circulation #mobilité #crédit_social #comportement #liste_noire #volontariat #points #don_de_sang #alcool #extrémisme #terrorisme #séparatisme #Ouïghours

    via @isskein