• BBC ’made mistake’ in coverage of ICJ genocide case against Israel | The National
    https://www.thenational.scot/news/24197886.bbc-made-mistake-coverage-icj-genocide-case-israel

    Labour MP Julie Elliott asked: “Do you think it was fair to have a tiny bit of the South African submission and then switch to the Post Office [inquiry] – which again, is a very, very important story – but then have hours and hours the next day of the other side’s [Israel’s] submission?

    “Do you think that was fair?”

    As Davie began talking about rolling news, Elliott pushed: “Do you think that was fair and impartial and balanced?”

    The BBC director-general responded: “I think overall when you look at our coverage on the rulings, we’ve been in a reasonable position.”

    Elliott then addressed her question to Jordan instead, saying: “David, do you think it was fair and impartial? The coverage of those two days of hearings I’m talking about, not the rest of the news.”

    The BBC’s editorial policy director responded: “I think you’ve put your figure on something very important about what happened, because it only happened on our UK output.

    “The international output covered the two sides of that conflict and of the presentations that were made to the ICJ. They covered them equally in our international coverage.

    “In our UK coverage, because the hearing on the Post Office was being held at the same time, they made the editorial decision to go with the Post Office coverage rather than the other coverage, which, as you could tell, was a very difficult decision to make.

    “When they looked at it, when news looked at it in retrospect, they did think that perhaps they made a mistake in not making the two live coverage events similar or the same.”

    Jordan went on: “So it was just about the live coverage on the news channel on those two days, which wasn’t absolutely equivalent.

    “And in this particular conflict, if you don’t have absolute equivalence, as you know, it leads to people suspecting that you’re doing something deliberately to be biased. That isn’t the case.

    “It was genuinely a difficult editorial decision about which hearing they went with.”

    He added: “News have said that if they thought about it again, they might have done it differently.”

    #MSM (nous reconnaissons une « erreur » aujourd’hui, comme hier sur d’autres sujets, ce qui ne nous empêchera pas d’en refaire sur de prochains événements)

  • Blinne Ní Ghrálaigh: Lawyer’s closing statement in ICJ case against Israel praised

    This was the powerful closing statement in South Africa’s genocide case against Israel.

    Senior advocate #Blinne_Ní_Ghrálaigh addressed the International Court of Justice on day one of the hearing.

    ICJ: Blinne Ní Ghrálaigh’s powerful closing statement in South Africa case against Israel
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttrJd2aWF-Y&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.sco

    https://www.thenational.scot/news/24042943.blinne-ni-ghralaigh-lawyers-closing-statement-icj-case-israel

    #Cour_internationale_de_justice (#CIJ) #Israël #Palestine #Afrique_du_Sud #justice #génocide

    • Israël commet-il un génocide à #Gaza ? Le compte rendu d’une #audience historique

      Alors que les massacres israéliens à Gaza se poursuivent, l’Afrique du Sud a tenté de démontrer, jeudi 11 et vendredi 12 janvier devant la justice onusienne, qu’un génocide est en train d’être commis par Israël à Gaza.

      « Une #calomnie », selon l’État hébreu.

      Devant le palais de la Paix de #La_Haye (Pays-Bas), la bataille des #mots a commencé avant même l’audience. Jeudi 11 janvier au matin, devant la #Cour_de_justice_internationale_des_Nations_unies, des manifestants propalestiniens ont exigé un « cessez-le-feu immédiat » et dénoncé « l’#apartheid » en cours au Proche-Orient. Face à eux, des familles d’otages israélien·nes ont montré les photos de leurs proches kidnappés le 7 octobre par le Hamas.

      Pendant deux jours, devant 17 juges internationaux, alors que les massacres israéliens à Gaza continuent de tuer, de déplacer et de mutiler des civils palestiniens (à 70 % des femmes et des enfants, selon les agences onusiennes), le principal organe judiciaire des Nations unies a examiné la requête, précise et argumentée, de l’Afrique du Sud, destinée à imposer au gouvernement israélien des « #mesures
      _conservatoires » pour prévenir un génocide de la population palestinienne de Gaza.

      La première et plus urgente de ces demandes est l’arrêt immédiat des #opérations_militaires israéliennes à Gaza. Les autres exigent des mesures urgentes pour cesser les tueries, les déplacements de population, faciliter l’accès à l’eau et à la nourriture, et prévenir tout génocide.

      La cour a aussi entendu les arguments d’Israël, qui nie toute #intention_génocidaire et a martelé son « #droit_à_se_défendre, reconnu par le droit international ».

      L’affaire ne sera pas jugée sur le fond avant longtemps. La décision sur les « mesures conservatoires », elle, sera rendue « dès que possible », a indiqué la présidente de la cour, l’États-Unienne #Joan_Donoghue.

      Rien ne dit que les 17 juges (dont un Sud-Africain et un Israélien, Aharon Barak, ancien juge de la Cour suprême israélienne, de réputation progressiste mais qui n’a jamais critiqué la colonisation israélienne) donneront raison aux arguments de l’Afrique du Sud, soutenue dans sa requête par de nombreux États du Sud global. Et tout indique qu’une décision sanctionnant Israël serait rejetée par un ou plusieurs #vétos au sein du #Conseil_de_sécurité des Nations unies.

      Cette #audience solennelle, retransmise sur le site de l’ONU (revoir les débats du jeudi 11 et ceux du vendredi 12), et relayée par de nombreux médias internationaux, a pourtant revêtu un caractère extrêmement symbolique, où se sont affrontées deux lectures radicalement opposées de la tragédie en cours à Gaza.

      « Israël a franchi une limite »

      Premier à prendre la parole, l’ambassadeur sud-africain aux Pays-Bas, #Vusi_Madonsela, a d’emblée replacé « les actes et omissions génocidaires commis par l’État d’Israël » dans une « suite continue d’#actes_illicites perpétrés contre le peuple palestinien depuis 1948 ».

      Face aux juges internationaux, il a rappelé « la Nakba du peuple palestinien, conséquence de la #colonisation_israélienne qui a [...] entraîné la #dépossession, le #déplacement et la #fragmentation systématique et forcée du peuple palestinien ». Mais aussi une « #occupation qui perdure depuis cinquante-six ans, et le siège de seize ans imposé [par Israël] à la bande de Gaza ».

      Il a décrit un « régime institutionnalisé de lois, de politiques et de pratiques discriminatoires, mises en place [par Israël – ndlr] pour établir sa #domination et soumettre le peuple palestinien à un apartheid », dénonçant des « décennies de violations généralisées et systématiques des #droits_humains ».

      « En tendant la main aux Palestiniens, nous faisons partie d’une seule humanité », a renchéri le ministre de la justice sud-africain, #Ronald_Ozzy_Lamola, citant l’ancien président Nelson Mandela, figure de la lutte contre l’apartheid dans son pays.

      D’emblée, il a tenté de déminer le principal argument du gouvernement israélien, selon lequel la procédure devant la Cour internationale de justice est nulle et non avenue, car Israël mènerait une #guerre_défensive contre le #Hamas, au nom du #droit_à_la_légitime_défense garanti par l’article 51 de la charte des Nations unies – un droit qui, selon la Cour internationale de justice, ne s’applique pas aux #Territoires_occupés. « Gaza est occupée. Israël a gardé le contrôle de Gaza. [...] Ses actions renforcent son occupation : la légitime défense ne s’applique pas », insistera un peu plus tard l’avocat Vaughan Lowe.

      « L’Afrique du Sud, affirme le ministre sud-africain, condamne de manière catégorique la prise pour cibles de civils par le Hamas et d’autres groupes armés palestiniens le 7 octobre 2023. Cela étant dit, aucune attaque armée contre le territoire d’un État, aussi grave soit-elle, même marquée par la commission des #crimes atroces, ne saurait constituer la moindre justification ni le moindre prétexte, pour se rendre coupable d’une violation, ni sur le plan juridique ni sur le plan moral », de la #convention_des_Nations_unies_pour_la_prévention_et_la_répression_du_crime_de_génocide, dont est accusé l’État hébreu.

      « La réponse d’Israël à l’attaque du 7 octobre, a-t-il insisté, a franchi cette limite. »

      Un « génocide » au caractère « systématique »

      #Adila_Hassim, principale avocate de l’Afrique du Sud, s’est évertuée à démontrer méthodiquement comment Israël a « commis des actes relevant de la définition d’#actes_de_génocide », dont elle a martelé le caractère « systématique ».

      « Les Palestiniens sont tués, risquent la #famine, la #déshydratation, la #maladie, et ainsi la #mort, du fait du siège qu’Israël a organisé, de la #destruction des villes, d’une aide insuffisante autorisée à atteindre la population, et de l’impossibilité à distribuer cette maigre aide sous les #bombardements incessants, a-t-elle énuméré. Tout ceci rend impossible d’avoir accès aux éléments essentiels de la vie. »

      Adila Hassim s’est attelée à démontrer en quoi la #guerre israélienne cochait les cases du génocide, tel qu’il est défini à l’article 2 de la convention onusienne : « Des actes commis dans l’intention de détruire, en tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux. »

      Le « meurtre des membres du groupe », premier élément du génocide ? Adila Hassim évoque le « meurtre de masse des Palestiniens », les « 23 000 victimes dont 70 % sont des femmes ou des enfants », et « les 7 000 disparus, présumés ensevelis sous les décombres ». « Il n’y a pas de lieu sûr à Gaza », dit-elle, une phrase empruntée aux responsables de l’ONU, répétée de nombreuses fois par la partie sud-africaine.

      Hasssim dénonce « une des campagnes de bombardement les plus lourdes dans l’histoire de la guerre moderne » : « 6 000 bombes par semaine dans les trois premières semaines », avec des « #bombes de 900 kilos, les plus lourdes et les plus destructrices », campagne qui vise habitations, abris, écoles, mosquées et églises, dans le nord et le sud de la bande de Gaza, camps de réfugié·es inclus.

      « Les Palestiniens sont tués quand ils cherchent à évacuer, quand ils n’ont pas évacué, quand ils ont pris la #fuite, même quand ils prennent les itinéraires présentés par Israël comme sécurisés. (...) Des centaines de familles plurigénérationelles ont été décimées, personne n’ayant survécu (...) Personne n’est épargné, pas même les nouveau-nés (...) Ces massacres ne sont rien de moins que la #destruction_de_la_vie_palestinienne, infligée de manière délibérée. » Selon l’avocate, il existe bien une #intention_de_tuer. « Israël, dit-elle, sait fort bien combien de civils perdent leur vie avec chacune de ces bombes. »

      L’« atteinte grave à l’intégrité physique ou mentale de membres du groupe », et la « soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle », autres éléments constitutifs du génocide ? Adila Hassim évoque « la mort et la #mutilation de 60 000 Palestiniens », les « civils palestiniens arrêtés et emmenés dans une destination inconnue », et détaille le « #déplacement_forcé de 85 % des Palestiniens de Gaza » depuis le 13 octobre, sans retour possible pour la plupart, et qui « répète une longue #histoire de #déplacements_forcés de masse ».

      Elle accuse Israël de « vise[r] délibérément à provoquer la faim, la déshydratation et l’inanition à grande échelle » (93 % de la population souffrent d’un niveau critique de faim, selon l’Organisation mondiale de la santé), l’aide empêchée par les bombardements et qui « ne suffit tout simplement pas », l’absence « d’eau propre », le « taux d’épidémies et de maladies infectieuses qui s’envole », mais aussi « les attaques de l’armée israélienne prenant pour cible le système de santé », « déjà paralysé par des années de blocus, impuissant face au nombre de blessures ».

      Elle évoque de nombreuses « naissances entravées », un autre élément constitutif du génocide.

      « Les génocides ne sont jamais annoncés à l’avance, conclut-elle. Mais cette cour a devant elle 13 semaines de #preuves accumulées qui démontrent de manière irréfutable l’existence d’une #ligne_de_conduite, et d’#intentions qui s’y rapportent, justifiant une allégation plausible d’actes génocidaires. »

      Une « #déshumanisation_systématique » par les dirigeants israéliens

      Un autre avocat s’avance à la barre. Après avoir rappelé que « 1 % de la population palestinienne de Gaza a été systématiquement décimée, et qu’un Gazaoui sur 40 a été blessé depuis le 7 octobre », #Tembeka_Ngcukaitobi décortique les propos des autorités israéliennes.

      « Les dirigeants politiques, les commandants militaires et les représentants de l’État d’Israël ont systématiquement et explicitement exprimé cette intention génocidaire, accuse-t-il. Ces déclarations sont ensuite reprises par des soldats, sur place à Gaza, au moment où ils anéantissent la population palestinienne et l’infrastructure de Gaza. »

      « L’intention génocidaire spécifique d’Israël, résume-t-il, repose sur la conviction que l’ennemi n’est pas simplement le Hamas, mais qu’il est à rechercher au cœur même de la société palestinienne de Gaza. »

      L’avocat multiplie les exemples, encore plus détaillés dans les 84 pages de la requête sud-africaine, d’une « intention de détruire Gaza aux plus hauts rangs de l’État » : celle du premier ministre, #Benyamin_Nétanyahou, qui, à deux reprises, a fait une référence à #Amalek, ce peuple que, dans la Bible (I Samuel XV, 3), Dieu ordonne d’exterminer ; celle du ministre de la défense, qui a comparé les Palestiniens à des « #animaux_humains » ; le président israélien #Isaac_Herzog, qui a jugé « l’entièreté de la nation » palestinienne responsable ; celle du vice-président de la Knesset, qui a appelé à « l’anéantissement de la bande de Gaza » (des propos condamnés par #Nétanyahou) ; ou encore les propos de nombreux élus et députés de la Knesset appelant à la destruction de Gaza.

      Une « déshumanisation systématique », dans laquelle les « civils sont condamnés au même titre que le Hamas », selon Tembeka Ngcukaitobi.

      « L’intention génocidaire qui anime ces déclarations n’est nullement ambiguë pour les soldats israéliens sur le terrain : elle guide leurs actes et leurs objectifs », poursuit l’avocat, qui diffuse devant les juges des vidéos où des soldats font eux aussi référence à Amalek, « se filment en train de commettre des atrocités contre les civils à Gaza à la manière des snuff movies », ou écoutent un réserviste de 95 ans les exhorter à « tirer une balle » sur leur « voisin arabe » et les encourager à une « destruction totale ».

      L’avocat dénonce le « manquement délibéré de la part du gouvernement à son obligation de condamner, de prévenir et de réprimer une telle incitation au génocide ».

      Après une plaidoirie technique sur la capacité à agir de l’Afrique du Sud, #John_Dugard insiste : « Gaza est devenu un #camp_de_concentration où un génocide est en cours. »

      L’avocat sud-africain #Max_du_Plessis exhorte la cour à agir face à Israël, qui « depuis des années (...) s’estime au-delà et au-dessus de la loi », une négligence du droit rendue possible par l’#indifférence de la communauté internationale, qui a su, dans d’autres conflits (Gambie, Bosnie, Ukraine) décider qu’il était urgent d’agir.

      « Gaza est devenu inhabitable », poursuit l’avocate irlandaise #Blinne_Ni_Ghralaigh. Elle énumère d’autres chiffres : « Au rythme actuel », égrène-t-elle, « 247 Palestiniens tués en moyenne chaque jour », dont « 48 mères » et « plus de 117 enfants », et « 629 blessés ». Elle évoque ces enfants dont toute la famille a été décimée, les secouristes, les enseignants, les universitaires et les journalistes tués dans des proportions historiques.

      « Il s’agit, dit-elle, du premier génocide de l’Histoire dont les victimes diffusent leur propre destruction en temps réel, dans l’espoir vain que le monde fasse quelque chose. » L’avocate dévoile à l’écran les derniers mots du docteur #Mahmoud_Abu_Najela (Médecins sans frontières), tué le 23 novembre à l’hôpital Al-Awda, écrits au feutre sur un tableau blanc : « À ceux qui survivront. Nous avons fait ce que nous pouvons. Souvenez-vous de nous. »

      « Le monde, conclut Blinne Ni Ghralaigh, devrait avoir #honte. »

      La réponse d’Israël : une « calomnie »

      Vendredi 12 janvier, les représentants d’Israël se sont avancés à la barre. Leur argumentation a reposé sur deux éléments principaux : un, la Cour internationale de justice n’a pas à exiger de « mesures conservatoires » car son armée ne commet aucun génocide ; deux, si génocide il y a, il a été commis par le Hamas le 7 octobre 2023.

      Premier à prendre la parole, #Tal_Becker, conseiller juridique du ministère des affaires étrangères israélien, invoque l’Histoire, et le génocide infligé aux juifs pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, « le meurtre systématique de 6 millions de juifs dans le cadre d’une destruction totale ».

      « Israël, dit-il, a été un des premiers États à ratifier la convention contre le génocide. » « Pour Israël, insiste-t-il, “#jamais_plus” n’est pas un slogan, c’est une #obligation_morale suprême. »

      Dans « une époque où on fait bon marché des mots, à l’heure des politiques identitaires et des réseaux sociaux », il dénonce une « #instrumentalisation » de la notion de génocide contre Israël.

      Il attaque une présentation sud-africaine « totalement dénaturée des faits et du droit », « délibérément manipulée et décontextualisée du conflit actuel », qualifiée de « calomnie ».

      Alors que les avocats sud-africains avaient expliqué ne pas intégrer les massacres du Hamas dans leur requête devant la justice onusienne, car « le Hamas n’est pas un État », Tal Becker estime que l’Afrique du Sud « a pris le parti d’effacer l’histoire juive et tout acte ou responsabilité palestiniens », et que les arguments avancés « ne se distinguent guère de ceux opposés par le Hamas dans son rejet d’Israël ». « L’Afrique du Sud entretient des rapports étroits avec le Hamas » et le « soutient », accuse-t-il.

      « C’est une guerre qu’Israël n’a pas commencée », dit-il en revenant longuement, images et enregistrements à l’appui, sur les atrocités commises par le Hamas et d’autres groupes palestiniens le 7 octobre, « le plus important massacre de juifs en un jour depuis la #Shoah ».

      « S’il y a eu des actes que l’on pourrait qualifier de génocidaires, [ils ont été commis] contre Israël », dit-il, évoquant le « #programme_d’annihilation » des juifs par le Hamas. « Israël ne veut pas détruire un peuple, poursuit-il. Mais protéger un peuple : le sien. »

      Becker salue les familles d’otages israéliens présentes dans la salle d’audience, et montre certains visages des 130 personnes kidnappées dont le pays est toujours sans nouvelle. « Y a-t-il une raison de penser que les personnes que vous voyez à l’écran ne méritent pas d’être protégées ? », interroge-t-il.

      Pour ce représentant de l’État israélien, la demande sud-africaine de mesures conservatoires revient à priver le pays de son droit à se défendre.

      « Israël, poursuit-il, se défend contre le Hamas, le Djihad palestinien et d’autres organisations terroristes dont la brutalité est sans limite. Les souffrances sont tragiques, sont déchirantes. Les conséquences sont parfaitement atroces pour les civils du fait du comportement du Hamas, qui cherche à maximiser les pertes de civils alors qu’Israël cherche à les minorer. »

      Becker s’attarde sur la « #stratégie_méprisable » du Hamas, une « méthode de guerre intégrée, planifiée, de grande ampleur et odieuse ». Le Hamas, accuse-t-il, « a, de manière systématique, fondu ses opérations militaires au sein de zones civiles densément peuplées », citant écoles, mosquées et hôpitaux, des « milliers de bâtiments piégés » et « utilisés à des fins militaires ».

      Le Hamas « a fait entrer une quantité innombrable d’armes, a détourné l’aide humanitaire ». Remettant en cause le chiffre « non vérifié » de 23 000 victimes (pourtant confirmé par les Nations unies), Tal Becker estime que de nombreuses victimes palestiniennes sont des « militants » qui ont pu prendre « une part directe aux hostilités ». « Israël respecte le droit », martèle-t-il. « Si le Hamas abandonne cette stratégie, libère les otages, hostilités et violences prendront fin. »

      Ponte britannique du droit, spécialiste des questions juridiques liées aux génocides, #Malcom_Shaw embraie, toujours en défense d’Israël. Son discours, technique, est parfois interrompu. Il se perd une première fois dans ses notes, puis soupçonne un membre de son équipe d’avoir « pris [sa] #plaidoirie pour un jeu de cartes ».

      Shaw insiste : « Un conflit armé coûte des vies. » Mais Israël, dit-il, « a le droit de se défendre dans le respect du #droit_humanitaire », citant à l’audience les propos de la présidente de la Commission européenne, Ursula von der Leyen, le 19 octobre 2023. Il poursuit : « L’#usage_de_la_force ne peut constituer en soi un acte génocidaire. » « Israël, jure-t-il, ne cible que les cibles militaires, et ceci de manière proportionnée dans chacun des cas. »

      « Peu d’éléments démontrent qu’Israël a eu, ou a, l’intention de détruire tout ou partie du peuple palestinien », plaide-t-il. Shaw estime que nombre de propos tenus par des politiciens israéliens ne doivent pas être pris en compte, car ils sont « pris au hasard et sont sortis de leur contexte », parce qu’ils témoignent d’une « #détresse » face aux massacres du 7 octobre, et que ceux qui les ont prononcés n’appartiennent pas aux « autorités pertinentes » qui prennent les décisions militaires, à savoir le « comité ministériel chargé de la sécurité nationale » et le « cabinet de guerre ».

      Pour étayer son argumentation, Shaw cite des directives (non publiques) de Benyamin Nétanyahou destinées, selon lui, à « éviter un désastre humanitaire », à proposer des « solutions pour l’approvisionnement en eau », « promouvoir la construction d’hôpitaux de campagne au sud de la bande de Gaza » ; les déclarations publiques de Benyamin Nétanyahou à la veille de l’audience (« Israël n’a pas l’intention d’occuper de façon permanente la bande de Gaza ou de déplacer sa population civile ») ; d’autres citations du ministre de la défense qui assure ne pas s’attaquer au peuple palestinien dans son ensemble.

      « La requête de l’Afrique du Sud brosse un tableau affreux, mais incomplet et profondément biaisé », renchérit #Galit_Rajuan, conseillère au ministère de la justice israélien, qui revient longuement sur les #responsabilités du Hamas, sa stratégie militaire au cœur de la population palestinienne. « Dans chacun des hôpitaux que les forces armées israéliennes ont fouillés à Gaza, elles ont trouvé des preuves d’utilisation militaire par le Hamas », avance-t-elle, des allégations contestées.

      « Certes, des dommages et dégâts ont été causés par les hostilités dans les hôpitaux, parfois par les forces armées israéliennes, parfois par le Hamas, reconnaît-elle, mais il s’agit des conséquences de l’utilisation odieuse de ces hôpitaux par le Hamas. »

      Rajuan martèle enfin qu’Israël cherche à « atténuer les dommages causés aux civils » et à « faciliter l’aide humanitaire ». Des arguments connus, que de très nombreuses ONG, agences des Nations unies et journalistes gazaouis présents sur place réfutent régulièrement, et que les journalistes étrangers ne peuvent pas vérifier, faute d’accès à la bande de Gaza.

      https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/120124/israel-commet-il-un-genocide-gaza-le-compte-rendu-d-une-audience-historiqu

    • Gaza, l’accusa di genocidio a Israele e la credibilità del diritto internazionale

      Il Sudafrica ha chiesto l’intervento della Corte internazionale di giustizia dell’Aja per presunte violazioni di Israele della Convenzione sul genocidio del 1948. Triestino Mariniello, docente di Diritto penale internazionale alla John Moores University di Liverpool, presente alla storica udienza, aiuta a comprendere il merito e le prospettive

      “Quello che sta succedendo all’Aja ha un significato che va oltre gli eventi in corso nella Striscia di Gaza. Viviamo un momento storico in cui la Corte internazionale di giustizia (Icj) ha anche la responsabilità di confermare se il diritto internazionale esiste ancora e se vale alla stessa maniera per tutti i Paesi, del Nord e del Sud del mondo”. A parlare è Triestino Mariniello, docente di Diritto penale internazionale alla John Moores University di Liverpool, già nel team legale delle vittime di Gaza di fronte alla Corte penale internazionale (Icc), che ha sede sempre all’Aja.

      Non vanno confuse: l’aula di tribunale ripresa dalle tv di tutto il mondo l’11 e il 12 gennaio scorsi, infatti, con il team legale sudafricano schierato contro quello israeliano, è quella della Corte internazionale di giustizia, il massimo organo giudiziario delle Nazioni Unite, che si esprime sulle controversie tra Stati. L’Icc, invece, è indipendente e legifera sulle responsabilità penali individuali.

      Il 29 dicembre scorso il Sudafrica ha chiesto l’intervento della prima per presunte violazioni da parte di Israele della Convenzione sul genocidio del 1948, nei confronti dei palestinesi della Striscia di Gaza. Un’udienza storica a cui Mariniello era presente.

      Professore, qual era innanzi tutto l’atmosfera?
      TM A mia memoria mai uno strumento del diritto internazionale ha avuto tanto sostegno e popolarità. C’erano centinaia, probabilmente migliaia di persone all’esterno della Corte, emittenti di tutto il mondo e apparati di sicurezza, inclusi droni ed elicotteri. Sentire anche le tv più conservatrici, come quelle statunitensi, parlare di Palestina e genocidio faceva comprendere ancora di più l’importanza storica dell’evento.

      In estrema sintesi, quali sono gli elementi più importanti della tesi sudafricana?
      TM Il Sudafrica sostiene che Israele abbia commesso atti di genocidio contro la popolazione di Gaza, ciò significa una serie di azioni previste dall’articolo 2 della Convenzione sul genocidio, effettuate con l’intento di distruggere del tutto o in parte un gruppo protetto, in questo caso i palestinesi di Gaza. Questi atti, per il Sudafrica, sono omicidi di massa, gravi lesioni fisiche o mentali e l’imposizione di condizioni di vita volte a distruggere i palestinesi, come l’evacuazione forzata di circa due milioni di loro, la distruzione di quasi tutto il sistema sanitario della Striscia, l’assedio totale all’inizio della guerra e la privazione di beni essenziali per la sopravvivenza. Ciò che caratterizza un genocidio rispetto ad altri crimini internazionali è il cosiddetto “intento speciale”, la volontà cioè di voler distruggere del tutto o in parte un gruppo protetto. È l’elemento più difficile da provare, ma credo che il Sudafrica in questo sia riuscito in maniera solida e convincente. Sia in aula sia all’interno della memoria di 84 pagine presentata, vi sono, infatti, una serie di dichiarazioni dei leader politici e militari israeliani, che proverebbero tale intento. Come quella del premier Benjamin Netanyahu che, a inizio guerra, ha invocato la citazione biblica di Amalek, che sostanzialmente significa: “Uccidete tutti gli uomini, le donne, i bambini e gli animali”. O una dichiarazione del ministro della Difesa, Yoav Gallant, che ha detto che a Gaza sono tutti “animali umani”. Queste sono classiche dichiarazioni deumanizzanti e la deumanizzazione è un passaggio caratterizzante tutti i genocidi che abbiamo visto nella storia dell’umanità.

      Qual è stata invece la linea difensiva israeliana?
      TM Diciamo che l’impianto difensivo di Israele è basato su tre pilastri: il fatto che quello di cui lo si accusa è stato eseguito da Hamas il 7 ottobre; il concetto di autodifesa, cioè che quanto fatto a Gaza è avvenuto in risposta a tale attacco e, infine, che sono state adottate una serie di precauzioni per limitare l’impatto delle ostilità sulla popolazione civile. Israele, inoltre, ha sollevato il tema della giurisdizione della Corte, mettendola in discussione, in quanto non vi sarebbe una disputa in corso col Sudafrica. Su questo la Corte si dovrà pronunciare, ma a tal proposito è stato ricordato come Israele sia stato contattato dal Sudafrica in merito all’accusa di genocidio e non abbia risposto. Questo, per l’accusa, varrebbe come disputa in corso.

      Che cosa chiede il Sudafrica?
      TM In questo momento l’accusa non deve dimostrare che sia stato commesso un genocidio, ma che sia plausibile. Questa non è un’udienza nel merito, siamo in una fase d’urgenza, ma di richiesta di misure cautelari. Innanzitutto chiede il cessate fuoco, poi la rescissione di tutti gli ordini che possono costituire atti di genocidio. Si domanda alla Corte di imporre un ordine a Israele per preservare tutte le prove che potrebbero essere utili per indagini future e di porre fine a tutti gli atti di cui il Sudafrica lo ritiene responsabile.

      Come valuta le due memorie?
      TM La deposizione del Sudafrica è molto solida e convincente, sia in merito agli atti genocidi sia all’intento genocidiario. E credo che anche alla luce dei precedenti della Corte lasci veramente poco spazio di manovra. Uno dei punti di forza è che fornisce anche una serie di prove in merito a quello che è successo e che sta accadendo a Gaza: le dichiarazioni dei politici israeliani, cioè, hanno ricevuto un’implementazione sul campo. Sono stati mostrati dei video di militari, ad esempio, che invocavano Amalek, la citazione di Netanyahu.

      In realtà il Sudafrica non si limita allo scontro in atto, ma parla di una sorta Nakba (l’esodo forzato dei palestinesi) ininterrotto.
      TM Ogni giurista dovrebbe sempre analizzare qualsiasi ostilità all’interno di un contesto e per questo il Sudafrica fa riferimento a 75 anni di Nakba, a 56 di occupazione militare israeliana e a 16 anni di assedio della Striscia.

      Come valuta la difesa israeliana?
      TM Come detto, tutto viene ricondotto all’attacco di Hamas del 7 ottobre e a una risposta di autodifesa rispetto a tale attacco. Ma esiste sempre un contesto per il diritto penale internazionale e l’autodifesa -che per uno Stato occupante non può essere invocata- non può comunque giustificare un genocidio. L’altro elemento sottolineato dal team israeliano, delle misure messe in atto per ridurre l’impatto sui civili, è sembrato più retorico che altro: quanto avvenuto negli ultimi tre mesi smentisce tali dichiarazioni. Basti pensare alla privazione di beni essenziali e a tutte le informazioni raccolte dalle organizzazioni internazionali e dagli organismi delle Nazioni Unite. A Gaza non esistono zone sicure, ci sono stati casi in cui la popolazione evacuata, rifugiatasi nelle zone indicate da Israele, è stata comunque bombardata.

      Ora che cosa pensa succederà?
      TM La mia previsione è che la Corte si pronuncerà sulle misure cautelari entro la fine di gennaio e l’inizio di febbraio, quando alcuni giudici decadranno e saranno sostituiti. In alcuni casi ha impiegato anche solo otto giorni per pronunciarsi. Ora ci sono delle questioni procedurali, altri Stati stanno decidendo di costituirsi a sostegno di Israele o del Sudafrica.

      Che cosa implica tale sostegno?
      TM La possibilità di presentare delle memorie. La Germania sosterrà Israele, il Brasile, i Paesi della Lega Araba, molti Stati sudamericani, ma non solo, si stanno schierando con il Sudafrica.

      Il ministro degli Esteri italiano, Antonio Tajani, ha dichiarato che non si tratta di genocidio.
      TM L’Italia non appoggerà formalmente Israele dinnanzi all’Icj. La Francia sarà neutrale. I Paesi del Global South stanno costringendo quelli del Nord a verificare la credibilità del diritto internazionale: vale per tutti o è un diritto à la carte?

      Se la Corte decidesse per il cessate il fuoco, quali sarebbero le conseguenze, visto che non ha potere politico?
      TM Il parere della Corte è giuridicamente vincolante. Il problema è effettivamente di esecuzione: nel caso di un cessate il fuoco, se non fosse Israele ad attuarlo, dovrebbe intervenire il Consiglio di sicurezza.

      Con il rischio del veto statunitense.
      TM Siamo sul terreno delle speculazioni, ma se la Corte dovesse giungere alla conclusione che Israele è responsabile di un genocidio a Gaza, onestamente riterrei molto difficile un altro veto degli Stati Uniti. È difficile al momento prevedere gli effetti dirompenti di un’eventuale decisione positiva della Corte. Certo è che, quando si parla di Israele, la comunità internazionale, nel senso dei Paesi occidentali, ha creato uno stato di eccezione, che ha sempre posto Israele al di sopra del diritto internazionale, senza rendersi conto che le situazioni violente che viviamo in quel contesto sono il frutto di questo eccezionalismo anche a livello giuridico. Fino a quando si andrà avanti con questo contesto di impunità non finiranno le spirali di violenza.

      https://altreconomia.it/gaza-laccusa-di-genocidio-a-israele-e-la-credibilita-del-diritto-intern

    • La Cour internationale de justice ordonne à Israël d’empêcher un génocide à Gaza

      Selon la plus haute instance judiciaire internationale, « il existe un #risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé » aux Palestiniens de Gaza. La Cour demande à Israël de « prendre toutes les mesures en son pouvoir pour prévenir la commission […] de tout acte » de génocide. Mais n’appelle pas au cessez-le-feu.

      Même si elle n’a aucune chance d’être appliquée sur le terrain, la #décision prise vendredi 26 janvier par la plus haute instance judiciaire des Nations unies marque incontestablement un tournant dans la guerre au Proche-Orient. Elle intervient après quatre mois de conflit déclenché par l’attaque du Hamas le 7 octobre 2023, qui a fait plus de 1 200 morts et des milliers de blessés, conduit à la prise en otage de 240 personnes, et entraîné l’offensive israélienne dans la bande de Gaza, dont le dernier bilan s’élève à plus de 25 000 morts.

      La Cour internationale de justice (CIJ), basée à La Haye (Pays-Bas), a expliqué, par la voix de sa présidente, la juge Joan Donoghue, « être pleinement consciente de l’ampleur de la #tragédie_humaine qui se joue dans la région et nourri[r] de fortes #inquiétudes quant aux victimes et aux #souffrances_humaines que l’on continue d’y déplorer ». Elle a ordonné à Israël de « prendre toutes les #mesures en son pouvoir pour prévenir la commission à l’encontre des Palestiniens de Gaza de tout acte » de génocide.

      « Israël doit veiller avec effet immédiat à ce que son armée ne commette aucun des actes » de génocide, affirme l’#ordonnance. Elle « considère également qu’Israël doit prendre toutes les mesures en son pouvoir pour prévenir et punir l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide à l’encontre des membres du groupe des Palestiniens de la bande de Gaza ».

      La cour de La Haye, saisie à la suite d’une plainte de l’Afrique du Sud, demande « en outre » à l’État hébreu de « prendre sans délai des #mesures_effectives pour permettre la fourniture des services de base et de l’#aide_humanitaire requis de toute urgence afin de remédier aux difficiles conditions d’existence auxquelles sont soumis les Palestiniens de la bande de Gaza ».

      Enfin, l’ordonnance de la CIJ ordonne aux autorités israéliennes de « prendre des mesures effectives pour prévenir la destruction et assurer la conservation des #éléments_de_preuve relatifs aux allégations d’actes » de génocide.

      La juge #Joan_Donoghue, qui a donné lecture de la décision, a insisté sur son caractère provisoire, qui ne préjuge en rien de son futur jugement sur le fond des accusations d’actes de génocide. Celles-ci ne seront tranchées que dans plusieurs années, après instruction.

      La cour « ne peut, à ce stade, conclure de façon définitive sur les faits » et sa décision sur les #mesures_conservatoires « laisse intact le droit de chacune des parties de faire valoir à cet égard ses moyens » en vue des audiences sur le fond, a-t-elle poursuivi.

      Elle considère cependant que « les faits et circonstances » rapportés par les observateurs « suffisent pour conclure qu’au moins certains des droits » des Palestiniens sont mis en danger et qu’il existe « un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé ».

      Environ 70 % de #victimes_civiles

      La CIJ avait été saisie le 29 décembre 2023 par l’Afrique du Sud qui, dans sa requête, accuse notamment Israël d’avoir violé l’article 2 de la Convention de 1948 sur le génocide, laquelle interdit, outre le meurtre, « l’atteinte grave à l’intégrité physique ou mentale de membres du groupe » visé par le génocide, l’imposition de « conditions d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle » ou encore les « mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe ».

      Le recours décrit longuement une opération militaire israélienne qualifiée d’« exceptionnellement brutale », « tuant des Palestiniens à Gaza, incluant une large proportion de femmes et d’enfants – pour un décompte estimé à environ 70 % des plus de 21 110 morts [au moment de la rédaction du recours par l’Afrique du Sud – ndlr] –, certains d’entre eux apparaissant avoir été exécutés sommairement ».

      Il soulignait également les conséquences humanitaires du déplacement massif des populations et de la destruction massive de logements et d’équipements publics, dont des écoles et des hôpitaux.

      Lors des deux demi-journées d’audience, jeudi 11 et vendredi 12 janvier, le conseiller juridique du ministère des affaires étrangères israélien, Tal Becker, avait dénoncé une « instrumentalisation » de la notion de génocide et qualifié l’accusation sud-africaine de « calomnie ».

      « C’est une guerre qu’Israël n’a pas commencée », avait poursuivi le représentant israélien, affirmant que « s’il y a eu des actes que l’on pourrait qualifier de génocidaires, [ils ont été commis] contre Israël ». « Israël ne veut pas détruire un peuple mais protéger un peuple : le sien. »
      Gaza, « lieu de mort et de désespoir »

      La CIJ, de son côté, a fondé sa décision sur les différents rapports et constatations fournis par des organisations internationales. Elle cite notamment la lettre du 5 janvier 2024 du secrétaire général adjoint aux affaires humanitaires de l’ONU, Martin Griffiths, décrivant la bande de Gaza comme un « lieu de mort et de désespoir ».

      L’ordonnance rappelle qu’un communiqué de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) du 21 décembre 2023 s’alarmait du fait que « 93 % de la population de Gaza, chiffre sans précédent, est confrontée à une situation de crise alimentaire ».

      Le 12 janvier 2024, c’est l’Office de secours et de travaux des Nations unies pour les réfugiés de Palestine dans le Proche-Orient (UNRWA) qui lançait un cri d’alerte. « Cela fait maintenant 100 jours que cette guerre dévastatrice a commencé, que la population de Gaza est décimée et déplacée, suite aux horribles attaques perpétrées par le Hamas et d’autres groupes contre la population en Israël », s’alarmait-il.

      L’ordonnance souligne, en miroir, les multiples déclarations de responsables israéliens assumant une répression sans pitié dans la bande de Gaza, si nécessaire au prix de vies civiles. Elle souligne que des rapporteurs spéciaux des Nations unies ont même pu s’indigner de « la rhétorique manifestement génocidaire et déshumanisante de hauts responsables du gouvernement israélien ».

      La CIJ pointe par exemple les propos du ministre de la défense Yoav Gallant du 9 octobre 2023 annonçant « un siège complet de la ville de Gaza », avant d’affirmer : « Nous combattons des animaux humains. »

      Le 12 octobre, c’est le président israélien Isaac Herzog qui affirmait : « Tous ces beaux discours sur les civils qui ne savaient rien et qui n’étaient pas impliqués, ça n’existe pas. Ils auraient pu se soulever, ils auraient pu lutter contre ce régime maléfique qui a pris le contrôle de Gaza. »

      Et, à la vue des intentions affichées par les autorités israéliennes, les opérations militaires dans la bande de Gaza ne sont pas près de s’arrêter. « La Cour considère que la situation humanitaire catastrophique dans la bande de Gaza risque fort de se détériorer encore avant qu’elle rende son arrêt définitif », affirme l’ordonnance.

      « À la lumière de ce qui précède, poursuivent les juges, la Cour considère qu’il y a urgence en ce sens qu’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits qu’elle a jugés plausibles avant qu’elle ne rende sa décision définitive. »

      Si la décision de la CIJ est juridiquement contraignante, la Cour n’a pas la capacité de la faire appliquer. Cependant, elle est incontestablement une défaite diplomatique pour Israël.

      Présente à La Haye, la ministre des relations internationales et de la coopération d’Afrique du Sud, Naledi Pandor, a pris la parole à la sortie de l’audience. Si elle a regretté que les juges n’aient pas appelé à un cessez-le-feu, elle s’est dite « satisfaite que les mesures provisoires » réclamées par son pays aient « fait l’objet d’une prise en compte » par la Cour, et qu’Israël doive fournir un rapport d’ici un mois. Pour l’Afrique du Sud, lancer cette plainte, a-t-elle expliqué, « était une façon de s’assurer que les organismes internationaux exercent leur responsabilité de nous protéger tous, en tant que citoyens du monde global ».

      Comme l’on pouvait s’y attendre, les autorités israéliennes ont vivement critiqué les ordonnances d’urgence réclamées par les juges de La Haye. Si le premier ministre, Benyamin Nétanyahou, s’est réjoui de ce que ces derniers n’aient pas réclamé, comme le demandait l’Afrique du Sud, de cessez-le-feu – « Comme tout pays, Israël a le droit fondamental de se défendre. La CIJ de La Haye a rejeté à juste titre la demande scandaleuse visant à nous priver de ce droit », a-t-il dit –, il a eu des mots très durs envers l’instance : « La simple affirmation selon laquelle Israël commet un génocide contre les Palestiniens n’est pas seulement fausse, elle est scandaleuse, et la volonté de la Cour d’en discuter est une honte qui ne sera pas effacée pendant des générations. »

      Il a affirmé vouloir continuer « à défendre [ses] citoyens dans le respect du droit international ». « Nous poursuivrons cette guerre jusqu’à la victoire absolue, jusqu’à ce que tous les otages soient rendus et que Gaza ne soit plus une menace pour Israël », a ajouté Nétanyahou.

      Jeudi, à la veille de la décision de la CIJ, le New York Times avait révélé que les autorités israéliennes avaient fourni aux juges de La Haye une trentaine de documents déclassifiés, censés démonter l’accusation de génocide, parmi lesquels « des résumés de discussions ministérielles datant de la fin du mois d’octobre, au cours desquelles le premier ministre Benyamin Nétanyahou a ordonné l’envoi d’aide, de carburant et d’eau à Gaza ».

      Cependant, souligne le quotidien états-unien, les documents « ne comprennent pas les ordres des dix premiers jours de la guerre, lorsqu’Israël a bloqué l’aide à Gaza et coupé l’accès à l’électricité et à l’eau qu’il fournit normalement au territoire ».

      Nul doute que cette décision de la plus haute instance judiciaire des Nations unies va renforcer les appels en faveur d’un cessez-le-feu. Après plus de quatre mois de combats et un bilan lourd parmi la population civile gazaouie, Nétanyahou n’a pas atteint son objectif d’éradiquer le mouvement islamiste. Selon les Israéliens eux-mêmes, près de 70 % des forces militaires du Hamas sont intactes. De plus, les familles d’otages toujours aux mains du Hamas ou d’autres groupes islamistes de l’enclave maintiennent leurs pressions.

      Le ministre palestinien des affaires étrangères Riyad al-Maliki s’est réjoui d’une décision de la CIJ « en faveur de l’humanité et du droit international », ajoutant que la communauté international avait désormais « l’obligation juridique claire de mettre fin à la guerre génocidaire d’Israël contre le peuple palestinien de Gaza et de s’assurer qu’elle n’en est pas complice ». Le ministre de la justice sud-africain Ronald Lamola, cité par l’agence Reuters, a salué, lui, « une victoire pour le droit international ». « Israël ne peut être exempté du respect de ses obligations internationales », a-t-il ajouté.

      De son côté, la Commission européenne a appelé Israël et le Hamas à se conformer à la décision de la CIJ. L’Union européenne « attend leur mise en œuvre intégrale, immédiate et effective », a-t-elle souligné dans un communiqué.

      La France avait fait entendre pourtant il y a quelques jours une voix discordante. Le ministre des affaires étrangères Stéphane Séjourné avait déclaré, à l’Assemblée nationale, qu’« accuser l’État juif de génocide, c’est franchir un seuil moral ». Dans un communiqué publié après la décision de la CIJ, le ministère a annoncé son intention de déposer des observations sur l’interprétation de la Convention de 1948, comme le lui permet la procédure. « [La France] indiquera notamment l’importance qu’elle attache à ce que la Cour tienne compte de la gravité exceptionnelle du crime de génocide, qui nécessite l’établissement d’une intention. Comme le ministre de l’Europe et des affaires étrangères a eu l’occasion de le noter, les mots doivent conserver leur sens », indique le texte.

      Les États-Unis ont estimé que la décision était conforme à la position états-unienne, exprimée à plusieurs reprises par Joe Biden à son allié israélien, de réduire les souffrances des civils de Gaza et d’accroître l’aide humanitaire. Cependant, a expliqué un porte-parole du département d’État, les États-Unis continuent « de penser que les allégations de génocide sont infondées » et notent « que la Cour n’a pas fait de constat de génocide, ni appelé à un cessez-le-feu dans sa décision, et qu’elle a appelé à la libération inconditionnelle et immédiate de tous les otages détenus par le Hamas ».

      C’est dans ce contexte que se déroulent des discussions pour obtenir une trêve prolongée, la deuxième après celle de novembre, qui avait duré une semaine et permis la libération de plusieurs dizaines d’otages.

      Selon les médias états-uniens, Israël a proposé une trêve de 60 jours et la libération progressive des otages encore retenu·es. Selon ce projet, a affirmé CNN, les dirigeants du Hamas pourraient quitter l’enclave. Selon la chaîne d’informations américaine, « des responsables américains et internationaux au fait des négociations ont déclaré que l’engagement récent d’Israël et du Hamas dans des pourparlers était encourageant, mais qu’un accord n’était pas imminent ».

      Le Washington Post a révélé jeudi que le président américain Joe Biden allait envoyer dans les prochains jours en Europe le directeur de la CIA, William Burns, pour tenter d’obtenir un accord. Il devrait rencontrer les chefs des services de renseignement israélien et égyptien, David Barnea et Abbas Kamel, et le premier ministre qatari Mohammed ben Abdulrahman al-Thani. Vendredi soir, l’Agence France-Presse (AFP) a affirmé qu’ils se retrouveraient « dans les tout prochains jours à Paris », citant « une source sécuritaire d’un État impliqué dans les négociations ».

      https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/260124/la-cour-internationale-de-justice-ordonne-israel-d-empecher-un-genocide-ga

  • #Glasgow becomes UK’s first city to adopt feminist town planning approach

    SCOTLAND’S biggest city has become the first in the UK to back a “#feminist_town-planning” strategy.

    Councillors in Glasgow have backed a motion which called on the council to ensure the needs of women are put at the centre of how planning decisions on roads, parks and new buildings are made.

    It could see new rules introduced requiring new pavements to be wide enough to accommodate buggies or for parks to be brightly lit at night.

    Greens councillor Holly Bruce put forward the motion which was backed by a majority of the local authority on Thursday.

    She said that traditional town planning rules did not adequately cater to the needs of women.

    Her motion called on the council to make the needs of women central to “all aspects of planning, public realm design, policy development and budgets”.

    Bruce added: “Women, and those of marginalised genders, have a right to the city, have a right to not only to exist but to flourish in its environment.

    “I’m delighted that our motion received unanimous support from across the chamber today and it’s so exciting to consider how much better Glasgow can become with a feminist approach to designing our city.

    “For too long, our streets, parks and buildings have been designed by men. The apparently ‘gender-neutral’ approach that we’ve used for centuries has meant that the male perspective has become the default.

    "These shortcomings have often been unintended, and are an obvious consequence of having too few women in the rooms where decisions are made.”

    https://www.thenational.scot/news/23083380.glasgow-becomes-uks-first-city-adopt-feminist-town-planning-a

    #féminisme #villes #Holly_Bruce #planification_urbaine_féministe #femmes #droit_à_la_ville
    #TRUST #master_TRUST

  • All eyes on the West Bank as Israel makes fateful decision in its modern history

    ‘I BELIEVE that this would be a historic mistake.” So wrote former Israeli Foreign minister Tzipi Livni last week in an opinion piece in the Washington Post. She was of course talking about the prospective moves by the current Israeli government to begin unilaterally annexing territories in the West Bank, moves that could begin as early as this Wednesday.

    Livni’s misgivings would appear to be shared by many. In a joint letter published last Wednesday, 1080 parliamentarians from 25 European countries expressed their “serious concern” about the plan. More than 240 of the signatories are legislators in Britain, according to the BBC, who on its website said the Israeli embassy in London had declined to comment.

    “We are deeply worried about the precedent this would set for international relations at large,” the letter stated, adding that “acquisition of territory by force has no place in 2020”, while warning of the “commensurate consequences” such a move could spark.

    The letter, part of a wider global expression of concern, was initiated by four other prominent Israeli figures, including Avraham Burg, a former speaker of the Knesset, and Michael Ben-Yair, a former attorney general of Israel.

    Adding to the international appeal for Israel to think again about the plans, the United Nations secretary general, Antonio Guterres reiterated the UN’s own message “that annexation would be not only against international law but it would be a major factor to destabilise the region”.

    Speaking ahead of a high-level UN security council meeting on Wednesday on the Middle East, Guterres said annexation “would undermine what I believe is necessary, which is a two-state solution in which Israelis and the Palestinians can live together in peace, respect each other, and guarantee each other’s security”.

    “I hope that this voice of reason that is not only mine, it is echoing across the world, will be heard by the Israeli authorities and that annexation does not take place on July 1,” the secretary general added.

    For their part, Palestinian officials have threatened to abolish bilateral agreements with Israel if Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu goes ahead with the annexation.

    Senior Palestinian Authority (PA) official Hussein al-Sheikh told The New York Times that the PA was “not a charity” and would not stand idly by while Israel undermined its authority in the West Bank.

    His comments chimed with those of PA leader President Mahmoud Abbas, who in a speech before the Arab Parliament, the legislative body of the Arab League, said that if Israel went forward it would be forced to carry “the responsibilities of an occupier on the civilian population”.

    “Such an illegitimate measure will oblige Israel to assume the responsibilities of occupying power in accordance with the Fourth Geneva Convention,” said Abbas.

    The wording of the convention that Abbas referenced is very clear, stating its objective to protect any person “who, at a given moment and in any manner whatsoever, finds themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a party to the conflict or occupying power of which they are not nationals”.

    In this case that occupying power would of course be Israel. Other Palestinian officials were quick also to stress how the annexation moves could cause an uptick in violence.

    Nabil Abu Rudeineh, an aide to President Abbas, warned of the dangers of retaliation for such a move, saying “there will be no security and stability without giving the Palestinian people their rights”.

    Perhaps more predictably, the armed wing of the Gaza Strip’s ruling Hamas group said annexation would be considered “a declaration of war on our people”.

    “We will make the enemy bite at its fingers with regret for this decision,” a Hamas spokesman said in a video message.

    It was following a power-sharing deal that led to the formation of the current Israeli government last month that allowed annexation to be put to a vote from July 1.

    In seeking to extend Israeli sovereignty over parts of the West Bank containing Jewish settlements, Netanyahu earlierwon the backing of US President Donald Trump’s administration in January.

    Trump’s version of his so-called Peace to Prosperity plan, allows Israel to keep up to 30% of the West Bank, including the Jordan Valley, as well as all existing Jewish settlements, which most of the world considers illegal.

    Flying in the face of previous US foreign policy, Trump has also slashed aid to Palestinians, severed diplomatic ties and declared all of the city of Jerusalem Israel’s capital, despite Palestinian claims over part of the city.

    Netanyahu’s annexation plans have also been given added urgency because of the impending US presidential election in November. Trump’s potential departure from the White House could scupper what Netanyahu and his supporters see as a “historic opportunity” to extend Israeli sovereignty over the West Bank, even if widely deplored as a violation of an international treaty forbidding annexation of occupied land.

    With the clock ticking down to a US election, Netanyahu might be encouraged to move quickly this week given that Trump is the only US president to have endorsed annexation and there are no guarantees Joe Biden would do the same were he to replace the incumbent US leader in November’s presidential ballot.

    Today more than 400,000 Jewish settlers live inside the West Bank, while another 230,000 others live in East Jerusalem. Alongside them are some three million Palestinians who see the West Bank as the heart of their future state.

    Israel has already annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, two other territories captured in 1967.

    Last month Jordan’s King Abdullah warned that if Israel annexed parts of the West Bank it would lead to a major clash with the kingdom.

    Along with Egypt, Jordan is the only Arab nation to have signed a peace treaty with Israel. But opinion polls in the kingdom have consistently shown that Jordanians overwhelmingly oppose the 1994 treaty that was signed one year after the Oslo peace accords between Israel and the Palestinians.

    Jordan would be “forced to review all aspects of our relations with Israel”, Prime Minister Omar al-Razzaz told French news agency AFP recently. The report also cited ordinary Jordanians as saying that Israel’s proposed move poses an “existential threat” for a country where more than half of the 10 million population are of Palestinian origin.

    As tension with Jordan grows, Israeli media reported that Yossi Cohen, chief of Israel’s external security service Mossad, visited Jordan and met with King Abdullah.

    For some time there have been suggestions that there are those within the Israeli political and military hierarchy who have been uneasy about taking unilateral steps on annexation that could influence the future of ties with Amman.

    Reports suggest that Cohen was apparently sent to Jordan directly by Netanyahu (below) and while few details have emerged, the aim of the visit, say some observers, was likely an attempt to reassure the Jordanian monarch.

    Such uneasiness is not confined to Israel’s neighbours, with reports in The Times of Israel that the country’s own security chiefs appear to be at loggerheads over the potential fallout from the annexation moves.

    According to Israel’s Channel 12 news last Thursday and cited by The Times of Israel, the heads of the Israel Defence Forces (IDF), Shin Bet (internal security) and Mossad (external intelligence) took part in a meeting of the high-level security cabinet last week during which ministers had distinctly differing views on the possible ramifications of West Bank annexation.

    Quoting unnamed ministers present at the meeting, the network said IDF chief of staff Aviv Kochavi and military intelligence commander Tamir Hayman warned annexation could spark violent unrest in the West Bank, including shooting attacks on Israeli civilians and soldiers.

    THE military chiefs and their Mossad counterparts were also said to be “at odds” on whether the move will be met with significant Palestinian violence or not. Yossi Cohen was said to be dismissive of IDF concerns and predictions of a violent response by Palestinians.

    “I don’t accept the claim that annexation will necessary lead to violent responses,” Cohen was quoted as saying in the meeting.

    According to Channel 12, two ministers were also reported as admitting that they had not seen such a sharp disagreement between the security services for some time.

    “There seems to be no homogeneity in thinking, intelligence or insights,”

    Channel 12 cited them as saying.

    Some observers suggest that such differences of opinion at both a military and diplomatic level appear to be compounded by the continuing uncertainty over precisely what Netanyahu’s next move might entail next week or beyond.

    For the Israeli leader, a clear green light from Washington is a prerequisite for the start of any annexation process and the signs are that the White House remains cautious. “There is as yet no final decision on the next steps for implementing the Trump plan,” one of the US officials told Reuters news agency on Thursday, referring to the president’s Israeli-Palestinian blueprint that could provide a basis for Netanyahu’s next move.

    Among the main options under US consideration is a gradual process in which Israel would initially declare sovereignty over several settlements close to Jerusalem instead of the 30% of the West Bank envisaged in Netanyahu’s original plan, a source close to the matter is said to have told Reuters.

    The uncertainty has left many senior Israeli diplomats in something of a quandary.

    A few days ago Bloomberg international news agency, citing an Israeli foreign ministry official who asked for anonymity in discussing internal affairs, described how it had “put the nation’s representatives in the uncomfortable position of having to fend off allies peppering them with requests for information”.

    A ministry spokeswoman declined to comment on the remarks, the Bloomberg agency also confirmed.

    As this weekend’s edition of The Economist observed, for the moment July 1 is less a deadline than a starting point over annexation.

    The Israeli leader continues to play his cards close to his chest. The magazine also reported that on June 3 Israeli security officials held a war game manoeuvres in preparation for possible violence, but remained unclear about their own government’s intentions.

    “Annexation? What annexation?” the magazine quoted an Israeli diplomat as asking.

    Even with just days to go, Netanyahu’s government still hasn’t spelled out in public or apparently in private what it intends to do.

    On the one hand Netanyahu could decide to annex large swathes of territory or annex nothing at all. Then again, as many observers now believe, he will most likely do something in between.

    “We’re sort of haphazardly leaping into this,” said Chuck Freilich, a former deputy national security adviser and member of the Commanders for Israel’s Security group, which opposes the move.

    “This isn’t the way you go about one of the most important and consequential decisions in Israel’s history,” Freilich told Bloomberg in an interview, as the clock continues to tick down towards July 1.

    There remains, of course, the unlikely possibility that Netanyahu might reconsider his annexation plans.

    This would not only go down badly with his supporters but also do little to change the reality on the ground for Israelis and Palestinians alike, say Middle East watchers.

    Be it European parliamentarians, diplomats, those Democrats in America who oppose annexation or ordinary Israelis and Palestinian alike, there is much apprehension over how events will unfold in the coming days and weeks.

    “Israel is about to make one of the most fateful decisions in its modern history – a decision that will have a profound impact on its future as a Jewish democratic state and on the prospect for peace,” observed Livni in her Washington Post opinion piece last week, underlining the seriousness of what is at stake.

    Palestinians likewise are under no illusions over what it means for their community. All eyes are on what Benjamin Netanyahu does or doesn’t do next.

    https://www.thenational.scot/news/18547371.eyes-west-bank-israel-makes-fateful-decision-modern-history/?ref=twtrec
    #Cisjordanie #Israël #Palestine #annexion

    ping @reka @nepthys

  • Call for probe after man found dead in Covid-19 asylum seeker hotel

    Refugee activists have called for an independent inquiry into the decision to move asylum seekers from their flats in Glasgow into hotels, after a man died suddenly at a guest house.

    Adnan, a 30-year-old Syrian, who had been in the city for about six months and was claiming asylum, was found dead in his room at #McLay’s_Guest_House on Tuesday 5 May.

    He had been living in the hotel for about a month, after accommodation provider, #Mears_Group, moved him from the flat where he had been living alone as part of its Covid-19 response.

    It is understood he may have died after a drug overdose. A postmortem will be carried out to confirm the cause of death.

    Hundreds of asylum seekers across the city have been moved to hotels by #Mears since the start of the Covid-19 outbreak. Their asylum support of £35 per week has stopped and instead they are provided with three meals per day in communal dining rooms, where it is claimed social distancing is difficult.

    They have no money for essentials such as toiletries, phone top-ups or snacks. After The Ferret reported that shared coffee and tea facilities put people at risk of being infected by Covid-19, they were taken away in at least one dining room. No in-room alternatives have been offered.

    Those supporting asylum seekers in hotels have said the situation is having a toll on their emotional well-being and are concerned about the risks that the situation poses to their physical health during the pandemic.

    The Ferret spoke to a friend of Adnan, who is also staying at McLay’s Guest House. He said his friend had addiction issues, was taking street Valium, and had become increasingly distressed during his time at the hotel.

    It is claimed that he had experienced past #trauma including abuse in jail and his friend said he had been expressing suicidal thoughts in the weeks leading up to his death.

    The day before he died, his friend said he was having flashbacks and had asked to see a GP.

    Pinar Aksu, an activist who also works for Maryhill Integration Network, said: “There needs to be an independent inquiry into this death. If people don’t get the help they need then we risk more people dying.

    “We also need to stop moving people into hotels. It seems very clear to me that this is being done so that Mears and the Home Office can protect profit. If they care about people’s welfare then why are they moving people out of their flats in the midst of a pandemic to places where they have to eat meals in shared areas and share bathrooms?

    “This tragedy is evidence of the damage caused by the asylum system. Moving people to hotels like this is only causing more stress and isolation. It has to stop.”

    A spokesperson from the No Evictions Network said: “We are deeply saddened and utterly outraged by the lack of humanity, dignity, or consideration shown to asylum seekers by Mears, the Home Office, and the UK government. They have failed to comply with basic duties and to treat human life with respect.

    “Individuals, racist policies and systems are directly to blame for this man’s death. This situation was entirely avoidable. Despite this, pleas for change made by both individuals and organisations have been ignored and a young life has now been lost.”

    At oral evidence given to the Home Affairs Committee inquiry into Home Office work on Covid-19, Mears Group said it had taken the decision “on balance” to move people in flats into hotels with meals provided because it meant staff would not need to deliver cash to them. It was also claimed they would have better access to health services.

    Mears, along with Clearsprings Real Homes and Serco who have accommodation contracts elsewhere in the UK, said it was “concerning” that asylum seekers had had their support stopped.

    A spokesman for Mears Group said: “We are deeply sad to confirm the death of an asylum-seeker who had been in Mears supported accommodation. The cause of death has not been determined.”

    A Police Scotland spokesperson said the death is being treated as “unexplained” and that a report will be submitted to the Procurator Fiscal.

    The Ferret tried to contact McLay’s Guest House for comment but was not able to speak to management. The Home Office has also been contacted.

    https://theferret.scot/covid-19-syrian-man-dies-asylum-seeker-hotel
    #décès #mort #mourir_dans_un_hôtel #Glasgow #Ecosse #UK #asile #migrations #réfugiés #hôtel #covid-19 #coronavirus #hébergement #logement #santé_mentale #suicide (?) #traumatisme #privatisation

    ping @karine4 @isskein @thomas_lacroix

    • Fury after Syrian asylum seeker found dead in Scottish hotel

      CAMPAIGNERS have slammed the UK Government after a Syrian man was found dead in a Scottish hotel.

      Initially named by friends as Adnan Olpi, that can today be confirmed as Adnan Olbeh.

      The 30-year-old was amongst scores of asylum seekers placed in a private guest house by Home Office housing contractor Mears Group.

      Emergency services were called to the 81-bedroom McLays Hotel in Glasgow on Tuesday afternoon but were unable to save him.

      Police Scotland said his death is being treated as unexplained, and friends told The National that he had sought support for mental health struggles and had developed drug problems while in the UK asylum system.

      However, despite some reports on social media that he had taken his own life, it is not known whether or not his death was intentional.

      Friends living alongside Mr Olbeh at the city site were afraid to speak out on the record, for fear of harming their claims for sanctuary in the UK.

      However, speaking on condition of anonymity, one fellow Syrian told how he had accompanied Mr Olbeh to appointments in which he had asked for mental health support. The friend said: “He had suicidal thoughts and told the Home Office that. I went to the hospital with him, he was seeking help. He tried many times. They would ask, ‘can you wait a few days?’”

      However, it is claimed that the move into the hotel exacerbated Mr Olbeh’s distress due to the inability to carry out basic independent tasks, like cooking his own meals. The friend went on: “I’m in shock. It’s really tough for me because I was so close with him.

      “He was under more pressure. I wonder if there was any small thing I could have done to save him.

      “He had a dream, he wanted his life to become better. He wanted to work and send money back to his family. He wanted to improve himself and he was learning the language. He wanted to get married and start a family.”

      The No Evictions Network held an online vigil yesterday evening. A spokesperson said: “We are deeply saddened by the situation, and utterly outraged by the lack of humanity, dignity or consideration shown to asylum seekers by Mears, the Home Office, and the UK Government.

      “They have failed to comply with basic duties and to treat human life with respect. This situation was entirely avoidable. Despite this, pleas for change made by both individuals and organisations have been ignored. We have lost a young life.”

      It is understood that around 500 asylum seekers in total are now being housed in Glasgow hotels, including some brought in from elsewhere in the UK. Mears Group claims it had to move people out of the short-term let accommodation used for new applicants but has been unable to find new provision due to coronavirus restrictions on the property market.

      Advocacy groups have raised fears about welfare, safety and social distancing but Mears Group insists all movement is being undertaken in accordance with health authority guidance on social distancing.

      Last night, a Mears Group spokesperson said: “We are deeply sad to confirm the death of an asylum seeker who had been in Mears supported accommodation. Mears are working with the Home Office to contact the asylum seeker’s family before disclosing more information.”

      The Home Office said: "We are aware of an incident resulting in an individual sadly losing his life.

      “It would be inappropriate to comment before all of the facts have been established and his family have been notified.”

      https://www.thenational.scot/news/18439256.fury-syrian-asylum-seeker-found-dead-scottish-hotel

    • Syrian man dies in Glasgow amid fears over refugees’ mental health

      Concerns raised over hundreds of asylum seekers moved en masse into hotels for lockdown.

      A Syrian man has been found dead in a Glasgow guesthouse after outreach workers raised significant concerns about the spiralling mental distress of hundreds of asylum seekers who were moved en masse into hotels at the beginning of lockdown.

      The man, who was 30 and had been living in Glasgow for the past six months while he completed his asylum application, was found dead in his room at McLay’s Guest House in the city centre on 5 May. A postmortem will take place to establish the cause of death, but a friend said the man had been experiencing suicidal thoughts for several weeks.

      Last month the Guardian reported that more than 300 asylum seekers housed in the city – the UK’s largest dispersal area – had been given less than an hour’s notice to pack up their flats before being moved into city centre hotels, where they claimed physical distancing was “impossible”. In a move condemned by campaigners, they also had all financial support withdrawn.

      The private housing provider Mears, which is subcontracted by the Home Office, moved them from mainly self-contained apartments into hotels where residents and campaigners describe continuing difficulties with maintaining physical distancing.

      Mears said people were being “safely and appropriately” housed in accordance with health authority guidance, while a Home Office spokesperson said it was “totally incorrect” to suggest that there were problems with physical distancing.
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      Since then, outreach workers have identified increasing fear, stress and anxiety among this vulnerable population, who have no information about future housing arrangements and no money to top up their phones to continue communication with lawyers, or buy extra food, hand sanitiser or period products for women.

      A friend of the dead man said that since the move into the guesthouse, he had spoken of worsening flashbacks to torture he had experienced on his journey through Libya to the UK.

      Ako Zada, the director of Community InfoSource, an asylum housing charity, has been visiting hotel residents regularly. He said: “I’ve been shocked to see people so mentally unwell. They are worried about cleaning of shared areas, and they don’t know when they will be moving again because they keep getting told different stories.”

      Hotel residents have complained about the quality of food provided, the fact that windows cannot be opened, as well as the psychological isolation. A number of hotel workers have also contacted the Guardian to raise concerns about large numbers of asylum seekers congregating in enclosed areas.

      Robina Qureshi of Positive Action in Housing said the “hotel asylum seekers” were being treated as “less than human”. “Many people, men and women are suffering from severe mental health conditions. The fact that Mears and the Home Office see fit to dump hundreds of people in hotels where there is no social distancing, people cannot keep their personal environment aired or hygienic, and have had their meagre card payment of £35 a week cut to £0 deserves further investigation.”

      Sabir Zazai, the chief executive of the Scottish Refugee Council, said: “This tragic death must be a chilling reminder of the chronic vulnerabilities of those going through the complexities of the asylum system.”

      A Mears spokesperson said: “We are deeply sad to confirm the death of an asylum – seeker who had been in Mears-supported accommodation. Mears are working with the Home Office to contact the asylum seeker’s family before disclosing more information.”

      A home office spokesperson said: “We are aware of an incident resulting in an individual sadly losing his life. It would be inappropriate to comment before all of the facts have been established and his family have been notified.”

      https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/may/11/syrian-man-dies-glasgow-fears-refugees-mental-health

    • Mears Group 2020 update: scandal-ridden landlord under fire from Glasgow to Gloucester

      At the start of 2019 we published a profile on Mears Group. The #Gloucester based housing repairs outsourcer had just won a £1.15 billion contract to run the refugee accommodation system in Scotland, Northern Ireland and much of the north of England.

      In the last year, refugee and housing campaigners have been keeping a close eye on Mears, with local resistance to its slum landlord practices emerging across the UK. This report just gives a quick update on some recent news on the company.

      Unless you live in one of the properties it manages, you may well not have heard of Mears. But it has quietly built up a small empire across the UK, primarily by taking over privatised housing services from local councils. Along the way it’s already clocked up a list of scandals from Glasgow down to Brighton, involving accusations of local government corruption and numerous alleged overcharging scams.

      The death of Adnan Olbeh

      Adnan Olbeh was found dead on 5 May 2020 in a Glasgow hotel where he had been placed by Mears Group under its management of the UK’s “asylum dispersal” scheme. He was 30 years old, from Syria. The cause of death is unclear, with any postmortem examination delayed by the corona crisis.

      What is known is that Adnan was one of hundreds of refugees recently evicted from their flats by Mears and other asylum landlords.

      The mass evictions were part of the Home Office’s coronavirus strategy. Often with just an hour’s notice, people were told to pack and leave their flats and moved into hotels. The logic behind this is not entirely clear, but it seems in line with other aspects of the government’s shambolic covid-19 response. “Social distancing” measures included people being transported four or five to a small van, stripped of cash support and facilities to cook for themselves, and instead being made to eat close together in hotel canteens — with food including the likes of undercooked chicken and mouldy bread.

      According to Smina Akhtar, interviewed by John Grayson for the Institute for Race Relations:

      “We have had lots of reports from people in the hotels about really awful food and poor conditions there. Adnan’s friend told me that his mental health really deteriorated in the hotel. A week before he died his friend asked the hotel to call an emergency ambulance because Adnan was in a terrible state. His friend went with him to the hospital but said that the staff there did nothing, they offered him no medication, and sent him back to his hotel.”

      According to Mears, in evidence to the House of Commons Home Affairs select committee, it was acting on a directive from the Home Office.

      Mears’ Home Office contracts so far

      Adnan Olbeh’s death is one visible tragedy linked to the misery of the UK asylum system. Thousands more people live with the everyday effects of a housing system which “disperses” people into run-down slum housing in the country’s most impoverished communities.

      For Mears, this means a ten year profit stream. For Mears’ new tenants – rat infestations, broken boilers, collapsed ceilings, piles of rubbish, and environmental hazards of all kinds seem the norm.

      John Grayson of South Yorkshire Asylum Action Group (Symaag) has been documenting the “chaotic” and “failed” Mears contract in Yorkshire. In the past he reported on similar conditions under the last contract holder, G4S.

      So have Mears even managed to underperform the shambles of G4S’ housing management? It’s maybe too early to make a full comparison. But it doesn’t look like things have got off to a good start.

      G4S and others had complained bitterly about making losses on the former round of asylum housing contracts. To drive profits up, Mears started their own tenure by trying to slash the amounts they pay to the smaller landlords they rent from. In South Yorkshire, Mears offered landlords new contracts paying up to 20% less than G4S had done. Many refused to sign up in what John Grayson calls a “virtual landlords strike” which left Mears struggling to place the asylum seekers it was contracted to house.

      In the North East, Mears had similar problems negotiating with G4S’ main sub-contractor Jomast – development company headed by Teesside multi-millionaire Stuart Monk. According to Grayson, this left over 1000 people stuck in hotels across West Yorkshire and Humberside in Wakefield’s “Urban House” temporary asylum accommodation over the winter. And, as he explained to us, the problem is by no means solved.

      “When Covid-19 arrived the whole asylum housing system was frozen in the Mears contract areas with around 400 people still in hotels and 270 in Urban House. Many people have now spent four months in Urban House, when they are only meant to stay there a few weeks. Urban House has appalling conditions which have been extensively documented in pictures and videos sent out from people resisting inside.”

      One thing Mears has achieved in Yorkshire is provoking a major local authority to come out against the contract. In January, as well as launching inspections of 240 Mears properties, Sheffield Council called on the Home Office to terminate the Mears contract and transfer asylum housing in the city directly to the council. This is only really a token gesture – the council has no say in national asylum policy. But it could be one move in a shift against the outsourced asylum housing system, if followed up elsewhere in the country.

      In Scotland, there is a strong solidarity network in support of refugee housing rights – including the Glasgow No Evictions campaign and groups such as the Unity Centre, Living Rent tenants union, and charity Positive Action in Housing. The main rallying point in 2019 was previous contractor Serco’s threatened “lock change evictions” of 300 of its tenants. Well aware of the opposition, Mears has so far tried to tread more carefully. It has promised not to carry out similar evictions, and set up a so-called “independent scrutiny board” to deflect criticism.

      In the North of Ireland, the PPR Project is one association monitoring and exposing conditions in Mears’ housing there.

      Milton Keynes mystery

      Before it turned asylum landlord, Mears’ big profit hope was getting more involved in the very lucrative business of housing development. One of its potential jackpots was a 50/50 joint venture with Milton Keynes council to redevelop seven major estates. The deal was valued at £1 billion, and branded as “YourMK”.

      But as of last year, the scheme was dead in the water. In July 2018, the council said it was putting the regeneration deal “on hold”. In October 2018, whistleblower allegations emerged that Mears had been overcharging Milton Keynes for repairs by up to £80,000 a month, with overall some £15 million “unaccounted for”. When we looked at Mears last February, the YourMK website had gone dead, with a page announcing that further information would be coming soon.

      The MK scandal still seems to be quietly brewing. In July 2019, the MK Citizen reported first of all that the regeneration scheme was definitively “scrapped”. But a couple of weeks later a second Citizen report corrected that YourMK was “not dead but dormant”, with the council and Mears “in discussions about whether it will remain the right partnership structure in future”.

      In May 2020, we haven’t seen any new announcements. The YourMK website is still down, and there is no official word on that supposedly missing 15 million. Where are the budding investigative journalists of Milton Keynes to get to the bottom of this?

      Booted out of Brighton

      Mears’ ten year housing maintenance contract with Brighton and Hove council finally came to an end on 31 May. Again, customer complaints came together with whistleblower revelations – and, yet again, the apparent disappearance of large sums of money.

      A council investigation found it had been overcharged by £500,000 by a plastering subcontractor hired by Mears. A second investigation was later opened into overcharging for electrical work.

      Mears will not be missed in #Brighton. And just before they left, in February 2020 their workers were balloting for strike action over pay and Mears’ plan to combine holiday and sick pay.

      Newham: Mears Cats

      In East London, Mears run 250 homes which are set for demolition as part of Newham Council’s “Regeneration Zone” in Canning Town and Custom House, E16.

      Like Milton Keynes, this is another overlong saga of a failing regeneration project leaving people stuck in poor housing. Back in 2011, Newham handed the properties to a private management company called Omega to let out on short term commercial tenancies. This was supposed to be a “temporary” arrangement before the bulldozers came in. Mears bought out the contract in 2014, and six years later are still in place. While the buildings are still owned by the council, Mears collect the rent and do the repairs – in theory.

      In reality, Custom House tenants speak of conditions that would be very familiar to anyone in Mears’ asylum accommodation in Sheffield or Glasgow. Months overdue repairs, water leaks, exposed asbestos, rat infestations and a “war” to get anything done – all whilst paying average rents twice as high as in directly run Newham council properties.

      Tenants have set up a vocal campaign group called Mears Cats, part of the Peoples Empowerment Alliance of Custom House, pushing to get their repairs done and for Newham Council to take direct responsibility. Boglarka Filler, one of the Mears Cats, told Corporate Watch:

      “Schemes such as the partnership between Mears and Newham Council have brought further misery to people already on the receiving end of austerity and insecure employment. Mears Cats are campaigning for better quality, cheaper housing for Mears tenants struggling to cope with disrepair and debts caused by high rents. We will take action to ensure that the Mears contract will not be renewed in Newham when it runs out in 2021, and that we get a fair deal next time.”

      Steady profits, feisty shareholders

      On a business front, Mears continues to turn a decent profit and pay out to its shareholders. Its last year (2018) annual results clocked operating profits up 4.7% (though revenue was 3% down), and shareholders pocketed a dividend up 3% on the year before.

      Mears has kept up its strategy of honing in on its “core” housing maintenance business. After buying up Mitie’s property division last year, it sold off its own home care wing.

      Most recently, Mears has said that it only expects a modest impact from the covid crisis. Housing is what is called “non-discretionary” spending – unlike foreign holidays or consumer fads, there is still demand for essential repairs in a downturn. The bulk of Mears’ income is locked in from long term contracts, largely with the public sector. As the company explained, 90% of its order book comes from public bodies and “the government has made a clear commitment that invoices will be settled quickly”.

      Through the lockdown, Mears has said it is only carrying out only emergency repairs. Although workers complain they are still being sent on unnecessary jobs without “social distancing” in place, or called in just to sit in company offices.

      Less positive for management, there are new rumbles from rebellious shareholders. Back in 2018 one of the two biggest shareholders, a German investment manager called Shareholder Value Management (SVM) successfully pushed out the company’s long-term chairman. At the latest AGM in June 2019, the other big investor also threw its weight around.

      PrimeStone Capital, a Mayfair based investor which owns over 13% of Mears’ shares, tried to get two new nominees on the board of directors against management’s wishes. The shareholder rebellion was narrowly defeated. In a statement, PrimeStone explained it was unhappy that “the company’s revenues and profit have remained flat despite its strong market position and growth prospects [while] average net debt has doubled”.

      It argued that:

      “Mears’ underperformance is predominantly due to a lack of strategic, commercial and financial experience on the board. The current board has a strong concentration of directors with a background in social housing, health & safety and charities.”

      Mears’ profit-hungry management guarantee shareholder payoffs by squeezing their repair costs to the bone. The outcome is the lived experience of their tenants across the UK. But, for some shareholders, they’re still not doing enough.

      Students and shirts

      Despite its well documented failings, Mears continues to win new contracts – for example, a new housing development project in North Lanarkshire, and a housing maintenance and repairs contract with Crawley council.

      Another sideline is its student housing offshoot Mears Student Life, so far with just two complexes in Dundee and Salford.

      Mears also likes a bit of football. In May 2019 the League One side Rotherham United confirmed it had extended its contract to emblazon the company’s classy red and black logo on its away kits for the 2019/20 season.

      Flowers left for Adnan Olbeh

      https://corporatewatch.org/mears-group-2020-update-scandal-ridden-landlord-under-fire-from-glas

    • From Sudan to the #Park_Inn: the tragic story of a migrant’s killing

      A mass stabbing in Glasgow in June revealed the plight of asylum seekers crammed into hotels during lockdown

      On the last Friday of June, at about midday, Badreddin Abadlla Adam left his room at the Park Inn hotel in Glasgow, walked down to reception, and stabbed six people. The 28-year-old, an asylum seeker from Sudan who had been placed in the hotel as part of the UK government’s emergency response to the coronavirus pandemic, stabbed and seriously injured three other residents, two staff members and a policeman who arrived on the scene. Adam was shot dead by armed officers shortly afterwards.

      The incident, which took place as Scotland was still under stringent lockdown, was initially reported by some media outlets as a potential terrorist attack, although police later dismissed this explanation. It was immediately seized on by rightwing activists, to claim that the country was threatened by an influx of “illegal” immigrants.

      Instead, the Park Inn incident has highlighted the increasingly precarious situation of people who seek a safe haven in the UK, even as the government proposes more severe measures to deter them. Adam is one of three asylum seekers who have died in Glasgow since the start of the pandemic, a series of events that has shocked the city, and left campaigners and politicians calling for a public inquiry.

      At the end of March, B, a 30-year-old Syrian who spoke to the Observer on condition of anonymity, was one of several hundred asylum seekers in Glasgow who unexpectedly received a knock on the door. He had been sent to Scotland’s largest city after arriving in the UK the previous autumn. Glasgow hosts about 10% of the 35,000 people who claim asylum in the UK each year, under a policy known as dispersal. Like other recent arrivals, B was living in his own small apartment; a two-room space in a hostel. He had his own bathroom, and he had privacy.

      At the door, however, was an employee of Mears Group, the Home Office contractor that manages asylum accommodation in Glasgow. “They said, ‘you need to get ready,’” B told the Observer, “‘you’re being moved to a hotel because of coronavirus.’” Across the city, hundreds of others were receiving the same call, as Mears abruptly moved about 350 asylum seekers – for the most part, recent arrivals who were living in temporary accommodation – into six hotels. Parliament heard in June that many received little or no notice, and that among them were pregnant women and survivors of trafficking and torture.

      In theory, this was a decision taken to ensure people’s safety during the pandemic. But, B said, when he arrived at his new accommodation, a bed and breakfast in the city centre, he found a “horrible situation”. More than 100 people had suddenly been thrust into communal living, sharing washing facilities and queueing for meals. Before, most had been receiving the standard asylum support payment of £37.50 a week, but because food was being provided, this was halted by the Home Office.

      “We didn’t have freedom,” B said. “We had no money, we couldn’t choose when to eat or what to eat, and nobody could tell us how long we would be there.” B was also concerned that social distancing was more difficult than in his previous home.

      Throughout April, the hotel population grew to more than 500 as asylum seekers continued to be sent to Glasgow. J, a young Iranian who arrived in the city that month, told the Observer – also on condition of anonymity – that while at first he found it a relief to be somewhere safe after a “painful” journey to the UK, the accommodation soon came to feel like a “stylish prison”. Both interviewees said that food sometimes arrived undercooked, and that this led to protests by residents.

      “We had so many people ask us, ‘when will this change?’” said Selina Hales, director of Refuweegee, one of several local charities that provided additional food parcels to hotel residents. “People were in a totally controlled environment and one of the main frustrations was the isolation.” A spokesperson for Mears told the Observer that meals were in line with NHS nutrition guidelines, and rated “good” in a survey of residents. They added that there were no recorded cases of Covid-19 in hotels during lockdown.

      According to the two asylum seekers, however, the fear and uncertainty prompted by this new situation began to take its toll on people’s mental health; B said that some of his friends were reminded of their experiences of being detained, either in the countries they had fled or on their journeys to the UK. “You could see people starting to unravel,” said Jack Macleod, 21, who worked for several months serving food to residents of the six hotels. Housing and welfare managers, employed by Mears, were available on site, but according to Macleod, many asylum seekers he spoke to felt abandoned.

      “People would come and talk to me,” said Macleod, “they would say ‘this place is making me really depressed’. The only thing I could say, because I’m not a counsellor, is ‘just try and hold on’.” Eventually, Macleod said, he left the job – a minimum-wage role he applied for via an agency when he lost his previous job at the start of the pandemic – because he felt he was being forced into the role of ad hoc social worker.

      Many asylum seekers suffer abuse before they reach the UK, and the Observer spoke to several people who work with refugees in Glasgow who described how the hotel conditions exacerbated some people’s existing psychological trauma. “We got used to hearing people express suicidal thoughts,” said Dylan Fotoohi, a Glasgow-based activist who helped organise food distribution during lockdown, and has since co-founded the campaign group Refugees for Justice. The spokesperson for Mears said all residents had access to mental health support through a dedicated NHS team. During lockdown, however, this team was stretched as members were seconded to hospital coronavirus wards.

      On 5 May, Adnan Olbeh, a 30-year-old Syrian, was found dead in his room at McLays guest house, one of the six hotels. According to friends, Olbeh had been detained and tortured in Libya, on his journey to Europe, and was complaining of flashbacks. In response, the Scottish Refugee Council – the country’s leading refugee charity – sent a letter to the UK home secretary asking for urgent action to “lessen the risk of further tragedies” in the hotels. There was no reply. The Observer has seen a copy of this letter, dated 14 May, but a spokesperson for the Home Office said they did not receive it.

      It was not until the stabbings in June – six weeks after Olbeh’s death – that some people began to be moved out of the hotels: the Park Inn was evacuated soon after the incident, and many of the residents were later rehoused in apartments. But why did the Home Office and its contractor find it necessary to put so many there in the first place? In public statements, Mears has said that it was partly for health and safety reasons: housing people together reduced the number of trips across Glasgow that staff had to make during lockdown, and made it easier for health workers to visit asylum seekers.

      Another possible reason is that it was running out of places to house people. Since 2012, asylum accommodation has been outsourced to a set of private contractors, but the system has been beset with problems: a report by the National Audit Office in July found that “providers had struggled to establish their supply chains, resulting in poor performance, delays and additional costs”.

      One particular pressure point is in the provision of what’s known as “initial accommodation” – the temporary housing that people who have no means to support themselves are placed in when they arrive in the UK. Mears, one of the UK’s largest private social housing providers, took over the contract that covers Glasgow in September last year, from the outsourcing giant Serco. Within weeks, it was facing a shortage of accommodation.

      In response, the company began renting serviced apartments – short-term lets, normally used by tourists and visitors to the city – on the open market. On 22 April, a spokesperson for Mears Group told the Scottish news website the Ferret that it had been using these short-term lets, and that it had been forced to move people into hotels because of “restrictions on the property market” brought by the pandemic.

      The spokesperson stressed that this decision was taken to ensure the “safety and wellbeing” of the asylum seekers, but was such a move really in people’s best interests? A condition of the Home Office housing contract is that providers must be “proactive” in identifying the needs of vulnerable people in their care – yet Mears’s account of whether it carried out adequate checks before moving people into hotels has been inconsistent.

      During the summer, parliament’s home affairs committee held hearings on the UK government’s response to the pandemic. In written evidence supplied to the committee on 10 June, Mears Group stated that it “risk assessed which service users it was appropriate to move, taking into account health advice”. At a press conference on 25 June, however, the company’s chief operating officer John Taylor described the move as a “blanket decision”. Once people were in hotels, he said, “it became obvious that there were vulnerabilities and that the hotel setting isn’t appropriate for some people”. The company then backtracked a few hours later, saying it held “discussions” with asylum seekers prior to deciding whether to move them. The Home Office also says that Mears held a meeting with each person before deciding whether or not to move them.

      In its report, published on 28 July, the home affairs committee advised that asylum seekers “should not have been moved to new accommodation during the pandemic without justified and urgent reasons for doing so, or without a vulnerability assessment demonstrating that the move could be made safely”. A spokesperson for the Home Office told the Observer that the department was conducting an evaluation of asylum accommodation and support services in Glasgow during the pandemic. On 24 August, however, Glasgow’s seven MPs walked out of a meeting with the Home Office, in protest at what they said was a refusal to commit to publish the evaluation, or share its results with them. In an open letter, the MPs stressed their dismay and anger at the “mistreatment” of people who were “unceremoniously shunted, at very short notice, from safe, secure serviced accommodation into hotel rooms, for an indefinite period, with no money and no control”.

      Within hours of the stabbings at the Park Inn, the incident attracted the attention of rightwing activists. “Horrible tragedy in a Glasgow hotel housing illegal immigrants,” tweeted the Brexit party leader Nigel Farage. “All over the UK, hotels are filling up with young men who are coming across the Channel every day. It is a massive risk to our wellbeing.”

      Farage’s comments were immediately condemned by a range of politicians, including Scotland’s justice minister. But throughout the pandemic, Farage has used his platform to encourage a sense of crisis around asylum, describing the recent rise in boat journeys across the Channel as an “invasion” and publishing short films on social media in which he claims to “investigate” the use of hotels across the country to house migrants. Members of the fascist group Britain First have also tried to exploit the issue, forcing their way into several hotels in England, confronting and intimidating residents on camera.

      All this, combined with the government’s own tough talk on migration, gives the impression that the UK is experiencing an unprecedented influx of asylum seekers. Yet although there was a slight increase in asylum claims last year, they fell sharply in the first six months of 2020. While more than 2,000 people crossed the Channel in boats during this period – a phenomenon that has dominated the headlines – arrivals by other routes dropped from 8,455 to 4,850, according to the head of UK Visas and Immigration.

      Rather, the increased use of hotels is due to a combination of the pandemic and a housing system that was already struggling to cope. While many hotels were hired by local authorities and government housing contractors during lockdown – both for asylum seekers who had nowhere else to live, and rough sleepers, some of whom may also come from migrant backgrounds – their use as temporary asylum accommodation was already on the rise. According to a recent briefing by the House of Commons library, shortly before lockdown, about 1,200 asylum seekers were being housed in “contingency accommodation” such as hotels or short-term lets, because of shortages.

      At the same time, delays in processing asylum claims – which mean people spend more time in state-provided housing, putting further pressure on space – have soared: about 40,000 people currently wait more than six months for a decision on their claim, an increase of 75% compared with a year ago. In an attempt to deal with the backlog, the Home Office is now considering outsourcing the asylum interview process to private contractors. Today, about 9,500 asylum-seekers are being housed in 91 hotels across the UK. The government has also modified several disused military barracks to accommodate new arrivals, in conditions exposed in the Observer last week as “squalid”. A Home Office spokesperson said that the use of former military sites “will ease our reliance on hotels and save the taxpayer money”.

      Sabir Zazai, chief executive of the Scottish Refugee Council, is worried that the use of mass accommodation will become the norm. “We are deeply concerned about this shift in asylum housing policy,” he said. “People have come here for protection, and need to be supported to rebuild their lives, not pushed to the margins.”

      Alison Phipps, a professor at the University of Glasgow and an expert in refugee integration, shares Zazai’s concerns. “People are arriving from situations where they’ve lived in fear,” she said, “and the question should be, how do you put people as quickly as possible in a situation where they can live in safety and be able to integrate? You can’t do that when you put people in managed facilities that are separate from the population. It’s not far from a prison regime.”

      In Glasgow, several hundred people are still being housed in three city hotels, which Mears has said will continue until at least the beginning of next year. Some residents have now been there for more than five months. “Hotels are never a long-term solution,” the company acknowledged, explaining that it is still having difficulty finding alternative accommodation in the city. The hardship asylum seekers face was emphasised once again in August, when Mercy Baguma, 34, from Uganda, was found dead at home next to her severely malnourished child. The circumstances of her death are still unclear – Baguma was reportedly seeking asylum, although she was not being housed in one of the hotels – but on 20 September, Glasgow’s MPs called for a public inquiry into all three deaths.

      “We take the wellbeing of everyone in the asylum system extremely seriously,” said the Home Office spokesperson. “These deaths are deeply tragic and our thoughts are with the families of these individuals.”

      Currently, Scotland’s police complaints body is conducting an investigation into the use of firearms at the Park Inn. But this will not examine what caused Badreddin Abadlla Adam to attack people, or whether his actions could have been prevented. At the Park Inn, he was quiet and withdrawn until the night before the stabbings, when he threatened his neighbour for playing music too loudly. “He never came to anybody’s attention,” one witness told the Daily Record, explaining that Adam had become so frustrated at his situation that he’d asked to be allowed to return to Sudan. Residents of the Park Inn, several of whom were left traumatised by the attack, were offered counselling by Mears after being moved; a group of them handed a thank-you card to police officers a few days later.

      An inquiry, said Phipps, would be “about justice”. “The people of Glasgow, just like the people who were seriously injured in the attacks, and the hotel staff whose lives have changed radically over the last few months, deserve to know why it was that people were hothoused in this way, and why people are still living in accommodation that they have repeatedly said is bad for them.”

      https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/18/from-sudan-to-the-park-inn-the-tragic-story-of-a-migrants-killing

  • Everyday racism : exhibition heading to Glasgow

    A NEW photography exhibition aims to shine a light on the every day experiences of racism faced by people of colour in Glasgow and foster conversations on how best to tackle discrimination.

    The exhibition, which opens at the Glasgow Museum of Modern Art (GOMA) this week, features 10 photographs by Karen Gordon, taken in collaboration with her subjects. It examines the common place racism experienced by the project’s participants that often went unnoticed by the white population around them.

    Participants, who all live in Glasgow, told Gordon about experiences of being stopped and searched at airports and taken aside for questioning by plain clothes police officers.
    Others had gone through their twenties being turned away from pubs and nightclubs by bouncers, although this did not happen to their white friends. One actor with Scottish Asian heritage said that being told he “did not have the right look” at castings was such a common experience that it was a “running joke” amongst BAME actors.

    One black man spoke about the “dirty looks” and “handbags clutched” if he was wearing a hoodie, while several others spoke of sensing racist judgments being made based on the colour of their skin. One black women recalled when a music tutor she had just met reached out unprompted to touch her hair.

    Gordon, who has worked as a photographer with Maryhill Integration Network – which supports refugee and migrant communities – for many years said she was inspired to start the project after realising that even though she had been involved in anti-racism work she was still not aware of the daily nature of racism directed at people of colour.

    She said: “As someone who has been trying to tackle racism all my life I realised there was still so much that I was unaware of. What are the insidious things that people don’t talk about? Glasgow can seem quite diverse and welcoming due to that, but when you start to go under the surface its more complicated.

    “The most important thing for me was that the participant was happy with the portrayal, so that was a huge part of the project and I worked very closely with people.

    “A lot of white people say they don’t see colour and that is only because they have never had to see it. It’s such a huge issue. I see the photographs as a way of starting a bigger conversation about this.”

    Nida Akif, a 21-year-old student, who both took part in and worked on the project, said that it had helped her to deepen her own understanding of the structural racism that she had sometimes struggled to name when she was younger.

    “For me what is often frustrating is that you experience something that is not outward racism but it’s more that it is an underlying thing,” she said.

    The photograph featuring Akif depicts an experience she had in an art gallery.

    She and a friend – both of Pakistani heritage and wearing headscarves – were told to stop taking photographs. The white people doing the same around them continued to do so unchecked.

    “It’s something that you can’t report because it’s treated as just being a suspicion,” she said. “When I started to speak to others about this I realised that as someone who is brown, who is Asian and wears a hijab I think about [how I am viewed] every day ... when I’m on the train and someone doesn’t sit next to me, when I go for job interviews.”

    THE increasing racist attitudes in Britain have also affected Akif and her friends, she claimed, with many of them deciding to remove their hijabs and headscarves because they felt it made them too visible.

    She said of the exhibition: “I hope that it will showcase the experiences people are having and will help tackle ignorance.”

    Concerns have been growing about the way that racist attitudes are being normalised by the racist and Islamophobic comments made by our most high-profile politicians.

    Last August Boris Johnston was widely condemned for saying Muslim women wearing burkas “look like letter boxes”, yet went on to become Prime Minister regardless. Meanwhile the “hostile environment” policies that led to the Windrush scandal have remained a cornerstone of Conservative government strategy.

    https://www.thenational.scot/news/18071789.everyday-racism-exhibition-heading-goma
    #racisme_ordinaire #racisme #xénophobie #Glasgow #photographie #peau #couleur_de_peau #Karen_Gordon

    Le site de la photographe :
    https://karengordonphotography.blog

    Et la présentation de son travail #Everyday_racism :
    https://karengordonphotography.blog/everyday-racism

    ... notamment avec cette photo qui clairement mentionne la question des #cheveux


    #cheveux_crépus

    ... ou celle-ci qui aborde la question de la #classe_sociale et du #travail :

    ping @albertocampiphoto @philippe_de_jonckheere