IDMC : Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre

Ces réfugiés dans leur propre pays

En 2018, il y a eu autant de nouveaux « déplacés internes » dans 55 pays que de réfugiés en séjour dans le monde entier.

A voir le nombre de personnes exilées à l’intérieur de leur propre pays, celui des réfugiés paraît faire moins problème. A fin 2018, le nombre de réfugiés recensés dans le monde entier atteignait 28,5 millions, soit autant que celui des « déplacés internes » supplémentaires enregistrés au cours de la seule année dernière.

Selon le Rapport global 2019 de l’Observatoire des situations de déplacement interne (IDMC) du Conseil norvégien des réfugiés, dont le siège se trouve à Genève, on comptait, à fin 2018, 41,3 millions de personnes vivant en situation de déplacés internes dans 55 pays, suite à des catastrophes naturelles ou à des conflits. Il s’agit d’un effectif record de personnes déplacées dans leur propre pays du fait de conflits, de violence généralisée ou de catastrophes naturelles.
Catastrophes naturelles

Parmi les désastres qui ont provoqué l’an dernier quelque 17,2 millions de nouveaux déplacements, certains sont très probablement dus au changement climatique. Ainsi, les incendies qui ont détruit une grande partie de la forêt californienne et qui ont contraint 1,2 million d’Américains – sans compter les morts – à abandonner leur domicile et à s’installer ailleurs peuvent probablement être attribués au réchauffement climatique et à la sécheresse.

Au contraire, le Bangladesh n’a enregistré l’an dernier « que » 78’000 déplacements de personnes en raison des inondations. C’est presque l’équivalent de la population de la ville de Lucerne qu’il faut recaser sur des terrains sûrs dans un pays comptant 1’100 habitants au kilomètre carré. Le Bangladesh prévoit de construire trois villes de taille moyenne pour accueillir les déplacés récents et ceux qui ne vont pas manquer d’affluer dans les années à venir. Mais que pourra-t-on faire lorsque le niveau de la mer montera ?

Au Nigeria, cet immense pays de plus de 100 millions d’habitants, 80% des terres ont été inondées par des pluies torrentielles, causant 541’000 déplacements internes.

Problème : les personnes qui, en raison d’inondations ou de conflits locaux, doivent chercher refuge ailleurs dans leur propre pays se rendent systématiquement dans les villes, souvent déjà surpeuplées. Comment imaginer que Dhaka, la capitale du Bangladesh récemment devenue une mégapole approchant les 17 millions d’habitants, puisse encore grandir ?
Violences et conflits

En 2018 toujours, 10,8 millions de personnes ont connu le sort des déplacés internes en raison des violences ou des conflits qui ont sévi surtout dans les pays suivants : Ethiopie, République démocratique du Congo (RDC), Syrie, Nigeria, Somalie, Afghanistan, République centrafricaine, Cameroun et Soudan du Sud. Outre ces mouvements internes, des personnes sont allées chercher secours et refuge notamment en Turquie (3,5 millions), en Ouganda (1,4 million) ou au Pakistan (1,4 million).

Les trois pays qui comptent le plus de déplacés internes dus à la violence sont la Syrie, (6,1 millions de personnes), la Colombie (5,8 millions) et la RDC (3,1 millions). S’agissant de la Syrie, nous savons que la guerre civile n’est pas terminée et qu’il faudra faire des efforts gigantesques pour reconstruire les villes bombardées.

Mais que savons-nous de la Colombie, depuis l’accord de paix entre le gouvernement de Santos et les Farc ? En 2018, il y a eu 145’000 nouveaux déplacés internes et de nombreux leaders sociaux assassinés : 105 en 2017, 172 en 2018 et 7, soit une personne par jour, dans la première semaine de janvier 2019.

L’Assemblée nationale colombienne ne veut pas mettre en œuvre les accords de paix, encore moins rendre des terres aux paysans et accomplir la réforme agraire inscrite à l’article premier de l’accord de paix. Les Farc ont fait ce qu’elles avaient promis, mais pas le gouvernement. Ivan Duque, qui a remplacé Manuel Santos, s’est révélé incapable de reprendre le contrôle des terrains abandonnés par les Farc – et repris par d’autres bandes armées, paramilitaires ou multinationales, ou par des trafiquants de drogue. Triste évolution marquée par une insécurité grandissante.

Et que dire de la RDC ? C’est au Kivu, Nord et Sud, véritable grotte d’Ali Baba de la planète, que les populations sont victimes de bandes armées s’appuyant sur diverses tribus pour conserver ou prendre le contrôle des mines riches en coltan, diamant, or, cuivre, cobalt, étain, manganèse, etc. Grands responsables de ces graves troubles : les téléphones portables et autres appareils connectés à l’échelle mondiale ainsi que les multinationales minières.

Il y a probablement bien d’autres pays de la planète où les violences sont commises par des multinationales qui obligent les habitants locaux à fuir devant la destruction de leurs villages et de leurs terres. Où vont-ils se réfugier ? Dans les villes bien sûr, où ils espèrent trouver un toit. Mais un toit ne suffit pas, ni l’éventuelle aide humanitaire apportée par la Croix-Rouge et les Etats occidentaux. Quand débarquent des dizaines de milliers de déplacés, les municipalités doivent aussi construire des écoles, des hôpitaux, assurer la distribution d’eau potable et l’évacuation des eaux usées.

Dans les pays africains où il arrive que moins de la moitié des habitants aient accès à l’eau potable, un déplacement important risque fort de remettre en cause tout le programme gouvernemental. Le rapport de l’Observatoire des situations de déplacement interne va même jusqu’à prévoir que certains des Objectifs de développement durable fixés par les Nations unies en 2015 ne pourront jamais être atteints.

https://www.domainepublic.ch/wp-content/uploads/grid-2019-report.png

Displaced people: Why are more fleeing home than ever before?

More than 35,000 people were forced to flee their homes every day in 2018 - nearly one every two seconds - taking the world’s displaced population to a record 71 million.

A total of 26 million people have fled across borders, 41 million are displaced within their home countries and 3.5 million have sought asylum - the highest numbers ever, according to UN refugee agency (UNHCR) figures.

Why are so many people being driven away from their families, friends and neighbourhoods?
Devastating wars have contributed to the rise

Conflict and violence, persecution and human rights violations are driving more and more men, women and children from their homes.

https://i.imgur.com/eyNpxwF.png https://i.imgur.com/f4EdIt8.png

In fact, the number of displaced people has doubled in the last 10 years, the UNHCR’s figures show, with the devastating wars in Iraq and Syria causing many families to leave their communities.

Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Yemen and South Sudan, as well as the flow of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar to Bangladesh, have also had a significant impact.

Most do not become refugees

While much of the focus has been on refugees - that’s people forced to flee across borders because of conflict or persecution - the majority of those uprooted across the world actually end up staying in their own countries.

These people, who have left their homes but not their homeland, are referred to as “internally displaced people”, or IDPs, rather than refugees.

https://i.imgur.com/GinVmPf.png

IDPs often decide not to travel very far, either because they want to stay close to their homes and family, or because they don’t have the funds to cross borders.

But many internally displaced people end up stuck in areas that are difficult for aid agencies to reach - such as conflict zones - and continue to rely on their own governments to keep them safe. Those governments are sometimes the reason people have fled, or - because of war - have become incapable of providing their own citizens with a safe place to stay.

For this reason, the UN describes IDPs as “among the most vulnerable in the world”.

Colombia, Syria and the DRC have the highest numbers of IDPs.

However, increasing numbers are also leaving home because of natural disasters, mainly “extreme weather events”, according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), which monitors the global IDP population only.

The next biggest group of displaced people are refugees. There were 25.9 million by the end of 2018, of whom about half were children.

One in four refugees came from Syria.

The smallest group of displaced people is asylum seekers - those who have applied for sanctuary in another country but whose claim has not been granted. There were 3.5 million in 2018 - fewer than one in 10 of those forced to flee.
Places hit by conflict and violence are most affected

At the end of 2018, Syrians were the largest forcibly displaced population. Adding up IDPs, refugees and asylum seekers, there were 13 million Syrians driven from their homes.

Colombians were the second largest group, with 8m forcibly displaced according to UNHCR figures, while 5.4 million Congolese were also uprooted.

If we just look at figures for last year, a massive 13.6 million people were forced to abandon their homes - again mostly because of conflict. That’s more than the population of Mumbai - the most populous city in India.

Of those on the move in 2018 alone, 10.8 million ended up internally displaced within their home countries - that’s four out of every five people.

A further 2.8 million people sought safety abroad as newly-registered refugees or asylum seekers.

https://i.imgur.com/kHBEC6V.png https://i.imgur.com/Z9XQrO0.png https://i.imgur.com/tchE36H.png

Just 2.9 million people who had previously fled their homes returned to their areas or countries of origin in 2018 - fewer than those who became displaced in the same period.

The world’s largest new population of internally displaced people are Ethiopians. Almost three million abandoned their homes last year - many escaping violence between ethnic groups.

The conflict in the DRC also forced 1.8 million to flee but remain in their home country in 2018.

In war-torn Syria, more than 1.6 million became IDPs.

Venezuelans topped the list of those seeking asylum abroad in 2018, with 341,800 new claims. That’s more than one in five claims submitted last year.

Hyperinflation, food shortages, political turmoil, violence and persecution, have forced hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans to leave their homeland.

Most left for Peru, while others moved to Brazil, the US or Spain. More than 7,000 applied for asylum in neighbouring Trinidad and Tobago - just seven miles off Venezuela’s coast - last year alone.

Annielis Ramirez, 30, is among the thousands of Venezuelans seeking a better life on the islands.

“All my family is in Venezuela, I had to come here to work and help them,” she says. "I couldn’t even buy a pair of shoes for my daughter. The reality is that the minimum salary is not enough over there.

“I’m here in Trinidad now. I don’t have a job, I just try to sell empanadas [filled pastries]. The most important thing is to put my daughter through school.”
Those driven from their homelands mostly remain close by

Almost 70% of the world’s refugees come from just five countries: Syria, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Myanmar and Somalia, according to the UNHCR. And their neighbouring nations host the most.

Most Syrians have escaped to Turkey and more than half of Afghan refugees are in Pakistan.

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Many South Sudanese go to nearby Sudan or Uganda. Those from Myanmar - the majority Rohingya refugees displaced at the end of 2017 - mainly fled to Bangladesh.

Germany, which doesn’t border any of those countries with the largest outflows, is home to more than half a million Syrian and 190,000 Afghan refugees - the result of its “welcome culture” towards refugees established in 2015. It has since toughened up refugee requirements.

When assessing the burden placed on the host countries, Lebanon holds the largest number of refugees relative to its population. One in every six people living in the country is a refugee, the vast majority from across the border in Syria.

The exodus from Syria has also seen refugee numbers in neighbouring Jordan swell, putting pressure on resources. About 85% of the Syrians currently settled in Jordan live below the poverty line, according to the UN.

Overall, one third of the global refugee population (6.7 million people) live in the least developed countries of the world.
Many go to live in massive temporary camps

Large numbers of those driven from their home countries end up in cramped, temporary tent cities that spring up in places of need.

The biggest in the world is in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, where half a million Rohingya now live, having fled violence in neighbouring Myanmar.

The second largest is Bidi Bidi in northern Uganda, home to a quarter of a million people. The camp has seen many arrivals of South Sudanese fleeing civil war just a few hours north.

https://i.imgur.com/3YJHtsH.png

Bidi Bidi, once a small village, has grown in size since 2016 and now covers 250 sq km (97 sq miles) - a third of the size of New York City.

But what makes Bidi Bidi different from most other refugee camps, is that its residents are free to move around and work and have access to education and healthcare.

The Ugandan government, recognised for its generous approach to refugees, also provides Bidi Bidi’s residents with plots of land, so they can farm and construct shelters, enabling them to become economically self-sufficient.

The camp authorities are also aiming to build schools, health centres and other infrastructure out of more resilient materials, with the ultimate aim of creating a working city.

https://i.imgur.com/mRwoEr1.png

Among those living in Bidi Bidi are Herbat Wani, a refugee from South Sudan, and Lucy, a Ugandan, who were married last year.

Herbat is grateful for the welcome he has received in Uganda since fleeing violence in his home country.

“The moment you reach the boundary, you’re still scared but there are these people who welcome you - and it was really amazing,” he says. “Truly I can say Uganda at this point is home to us.”

Lucy says she doesn’t see Herbat as a refugee at all. “He’s a human being, like me,” she says.

However, despite the authorities’ best efforts, a number of challenges remain at Bidi Bidi.

The latest report from the UNHCR notes there are inadequate food and water supplies, health facilities still operating under tarpaulins and not enough accommodation or schools for the large families arriving.
Displacement could get worse

Alongside conflict and violence, persecution and human rights violations, natural disasters are increasingly responsible for forcing people from their homes.

Looking at data for IDPs only, collected separately by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), natural disasters caused most new internal displacement cases last year, outpacing conflict as the main reason for people fleeing.

On top of the 10.8 million internally displaced by conflict last year, there were 17.2 million people who were forced to abandon their homes because of disasters, mainly “extreme weather events” such as storms and floods, the IDMC says.

The IDMC expects the number of people uprooted because of natural disasters to rise to 22 million this year, based on data for the first half of 2019.

Mass displacement by extreme weather events is “becoming the norm”, its report says, and IDMC’s director Alexandra Bilak has urged global leaders to invest more in ways of mitigating the effects of climate change.

Tropical cyclones and monsoon floods forced many in India and Bangladesh from their homes earlier this year, while Cyclone Idai wreaked havoc in southern Africa, killing more than 1,000 people and uprooting millions in Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi.

Idai was “one of the deadliest weather-related disasters to hit the southern hemisphere”, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said.

Although linking any single event to global warming is complicated, climate change is expected to increase the frequency of such extreme weather events.

The WMO warns that the physical and financial impacts of global warming are already on the rise.

Phan Thi Hang, a farmer in Vietnam’s Ben Tre province, has told the BBC his country’s changing climate has already had a “huge impact” on rice yields.

“There has been less rain than in previous years,” he says. "As a result, farming is much more difficult.

“We can now only harvest two crops instead of three each year, and the success of these is not a sure thing.”

He says he and his fellow farmers now have to work as labourers or diversify into breeding cattle to make extra cash, while others have left the countryside for the city.

Like Phan’s fellow farmers, many IDPs head to cities in search of safety from weather-related events as well as better lives.

But many of the world’s urban areas may not offer people the sanctuary they are seeking.

Displaced people in cities often end up seeking shelter in unfinished or abandoned buildings and are short of food, water and basic services, making them vulnerable to illness and disease, the IDMC says. They are also difficult to identify and track, mingling with resident populations.

On top of this, some of the world’s biggest cities are also at risk from rising global temperatures.

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Almost all (95%) cities facing extreme climate risks are in Africa or Asia, a report by risk analysts Verisk Maplecroft has found.

And it’s the faster-growing cities that are most at risk, including megacities like Lagos in Nigeria and Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Some 84 of the world’s 100 fastest-growing cities face “extreme” risks from rising temperatures and extreme weather brought on by climate change.

This means that those fleeing to urban areas to escape the impact of a warming world may well end up having their lives disrupted again by the effects of rising temperatures.

▻https://www.bbc.com/news/world-49638793
#conflits #violence #Bidi-Bidi #camps_de_réfugiés #bidi_bidi #vulnérabilité #changement_climatique #climat #villes #infographie #visualisation

More than 1.6 million people are registered as inter-
nally displaced in Ukraine. Most have been forced to
flee their homes over the past two years as a result
of the political chaos sparked by anti-government
protests in 2014, Russia’s annexation of Crimea, the
self-proclamation of the “people’s republics” of
Donetsk and Luhansk and intense armed conflict in
the east of the country. 1 Those who have fled from
Donbas and Crimea to other regions in Ukraine are
referred to as pereselentsi, a Russian term for “relo-
cated people” or “migrants” that is taken locally to
mean internally displaced people ( IDP s).

#Crimée #Dombass

#Donbass

Nigeria: multiple displacement crises overshadowed by Boko Haram

Attacks by Islamist Boko Haram militants increased dramatically from mid-2014, causing an unprecedented protection crisis in north-eastern Nigeria. The insurgency has reportedly forced 1.5 million people to flee to other parts of the country and at least another 150,000 have taken refuge in neighbouring Chad, Niger and Cameroon. Government counter-insurgency operations have also contributed to insecurity and displacement, both in the north-east and in neighbouring countries.

▻http://www.internal-displacement.org/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria/2014/nigeria-multiple-displacement-crises-overshadowed-by-boko-har

Hungry and Isolated, Women Who Survived Boko Haram Face New Nightmare

Hunger and insecurity stalks the displacement camps of Nigeria’s northeastern Borno state, where people who fled Boko Haram face the risk of famine. Shaista Aziz meets displaced women concerned about destitution and abuse, and the female activists trying to help them.

https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20161018070137/Nigeria-Boko-Haram-Going-Home.jpg?w=640&fit=max&q=60&dpr=2

Et l’Ukraine fait un tir de barrage contre la proposition.

En rappelant sa position : élections contrôlées par le gouvernement ukrainien.
Ukraine sees as vital being able to hold local elections in rebel-held Donbas areas - Kyiv official
▻http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-sees-as-vital-being-able-to-hold-local-elections-in-rebel-held-don

Holding local elections in the breakaway parts of Donbas under Ukrainian laws is a matter of principle for Ukraine, a deputy head of the Ukrainian presidential administration has said.

(intégralité)

Et désinformation : «  d’ailleurs, tout le monde est d’accord sauf les Russes  »
Ukraine intends to raise issue of abolition of Russian pseudo-elections in Donbas without conditions - Poroshenko’s deputy aide
▻http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-intends-to-raise-issue-of-abolition-of-russian-pseudo-elections-in

Three of the four members of the Normandy Quartet - Ukraine, France and Germany – believe that Russia should give up the idea of conducting the pseudo-elections in certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of Ukraine Kostiantyn Yeliseyev.

(intégralité)

Putin pulls the strings in Ukraine and Syria - leaving western powers flat-footed - Telegraph
▻http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/11905520/Putin-pulls-the-strings-in-Ukraine-and-Syria.html

Before sanctions can be lifted, diplomats say, the rebels must complete negotiations to allow free and fair elections and – the #acid_test of whether Mr Putin really intends to respect Ukraine territorial integrity – hand back control of rebel-controlled borders to Kiev.
On paper, these are the non-negotiable requirements before lifting the economic sanctions that are starting to bite in Russia, where wages are reportedly down 10 per cent over the last year and the economy is reeling from a crash in world oil prices.
For now, the West is determined to hold that line on sanctions, but Mr Putin perhaps bets that if in a years’ time all is quiet on the Eastern Front and Isil are on the defensive in Syria, then there again the West may be persuaded to take a more “pragmatic” approach.

Élections libres et loyales ?

On rappellera que la population des régions de Donetsk et Louhansk est de 6,6 millions d’habitants en 2014. Elle était de 7,7 millions en 2001 (source WP ▻http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Démographie_de_l'Ukraine )

Que l’on estime à 1,5 million le nombre d’IDP (personnes déplacées à l’intérieur de l’Ukraine) (▻http://www.internal-displacement.org/europe-the-caucasus-and-central-asia/ukraine/figures-analysis ). Et à plus d’ 1 million (▻http://www.rt.com/politics/313692-russia-accepted-over-1mn-ukrainian ), les Ukrainiens réfugiés en Russie.

Qui vote ? Qui établit les listes électorales ?
Yapuka se mettre d’accord…