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  • Opinion | Lina Khan : We Must Regulate A.I. Here’s How. - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/03/opinion/ai-lina-khan-ftc-technology.html

    Encore une excellent prise de position de Lina Khan... une des personnes les plus pointues sur la régulation des technologies.
    Jeune, dynamique, ouverte, courageuse, d’une intelligence et subtilité sans faille... je suis membre du fan-club.

    By Lina M. Khan

    Ms. Khan is the chair of the Federal Trade Commission.

    It’s both exciting and unsettling to have a realistic conversation with a computer. Thanks to the rapid advance of generative artificial intelligence, many of us have now experienced this potentially revolutionary technology with vast implications for how people live, work and communicate around the world. The full extent of generative A.I.’s potential is still up for debate, but there’s little doubt it will be highly disruptive.

    The last time we found ourselves facing such widespread social change wrought by technology was the onset of the Web 2.0 era in the mid-2000s. New, innovative companies like Facebook and Google revolutionized communications and delivered popular services to a fast-growing user base.

    Those innovative services, however, came at a steep cost. What we initially conceived of as free services were monetized through extensive surveillance of the people and businesses that used them. The result has been an online economy where access to increasingly essential services is conditioned on the widespread hoarding and sale of our personal data.

    These business models drove companies to develop endlessly invasive ways to track us, and the Federal Trade Commission would later find reason to believe that several of these companies had broken the law. Coupled with aggressive strategies to acquire or lock out companies that threatened their position, these tactics solidified the dominance of a handful of companies. What began as a revolutionary set of technologies ended up concentrating enormous private power over key services and locking in business models that come at extraordinary cost to our privacy and security.

    The trajectory of the Web 2.0 era was not inevitable — it was instead shaped by a broad range of policy choices. And we now face another moment of choice. As the use of A.I. becomes more widespread, public officials have a responsibility to ensure this hard-learned history doesn’t repeat itself.

    As companies race to deploy and monetize A.I., the Federal Trade Commission is taking a close look at how we can best achieve our dual mandate to promote fair competition and to protect Americans from unfair or deceptive practices. As these technologies evolve, we are committed to doing our part to uphold America’s longstanding tradition of maintaining the open, fair and competitive markets that have underpinned both breakthrough innovations and our nation’s economic success — without tolerating business models or practices involving the mass exploitation of their users. Although these tools are novel, they are not exempt from existing rules, and the F.T.C. will vigorously enforce the laws we are charged with administering, even in this new market.

    While the technology is moving swiftly, we already can see several risks. The expanding adoption of A.I. risks further locking in the market dominance of large incumbent technology firms. A handful of powerful businesses control the necessary raw materials that start-ups and other companies rely on to develop and deploy A.I. tools. This includes cloud services and computing power, as well as vast stores of data.

    Enforcers and regulators must be vigilant. Dominant firms could use their control over these key inputs to exclude or discriminate against downstream rivals, picking winners and losers in ways that further entrench their dominance. Meanwhile, the A.I. tools that firms use to set prices for everything from laundry detergent to bowling lane reservations can facilitate collusive behavior that unfairly inflates prices — as well as forms of precisely targeted price discrimination. Enforcers have the dual responsibility of watching out for the dangers posed by new A.I. technologies while promoting the fair competition needed to ensure the market for these technologies develops lawfully. The F.T.C. is well equipped with legal jurisdiction to handle the issues brought to the fore by the rapidly developing A.I. sector, including collusion, monopolization, mergers, price discrimination and unfair methods of competition.

    And generative A.I. risks turbocharging fraud. It may not be ready to replace professional writers, but it can already do a vastly better job of crafting a seemingly authentic message than your average con artist — equipping scammers to generate content quickly and cheaply. Chatbots are already being used to generate spear-phishing emails designed to scam people, fake websites and fake consumer reviews —bots are even being instructed to use words or phrases targeted at specific groups and communities. Scammers, for example, can draft highly targeted spear-phishing emails based on individual users’ social media posts. Alongside tools that create deep fake videos and voice clones, these technologies can be used to facilitate fraud and extortion on a massive scale.
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    When enforcing the law’s prohibition on deceptive practices, we will look not just at the fly-by-night scammers deploying these tools but also at the upstream firms that are enabling them.

    Lastly, these A.I. tools are being trained on huge troves of data in ways that are largely unchecked. Because they may be fed information riddled with errors and bias, these technologies risk automating discrimination — unfairly locking out people from jobs, housing or key services. These tools can also be trained on private emails, chats and sensitive data, ultimately exposing personal details and violating user privacy. Existing laws prohibiting discrimination will apply, as will existing authorities proscribing exploitative collection or use of personal data.

    The history of the growth of technology companies two decades ago serves as a cautionary tale for how we should think about the expansion of generative A.I. But history also has lessons for how to handle technological disruption for the benefit of all. Facing antitrust scrutiny in the late 1960s, the computing titan IBM unbundled software from its hardware systems, catalyzing the rise of the American software industry and creating trillions of dollars of growth. Government action required AT&T to open up its patent vault and similarly unleashed decades of innovation and spurred the expansion of countless young firms.

    America’s longstanding national commitment to fostering fair and open competition has been an essential part of what has made this nation an economic powerhouse and a laboratory of innovation. We once again find ourselves at a key decision point. Can we continue to be the home of world-leading technology without accepting race-to-the-bottom business models and monopolistic control that locks out higher quality products or the next big idea? Yes — if we make the right policy choices.

    #Lina_Khan #Régulation #Intelligence_artificielle

  • ‘Thousands of Dollars for Something I Didn’t Do’ - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/31/technology/facial-recognition-false-arrests.html

    “I’m locked up for something I have no clue about,” Mr. Reid, 29, said.

    His parents made phone calls, hired lawyers and spent thousands of dollars to figure out why the police thought he was responsible for the crime, eventually discovering it was because Mr. Reid bore a resemblance to a suspect who had been recorded by a surveillance camera. The case eventually fell apart and the warrants were recalled, but only after Mr. Reid spent six days in jail and missed a week of work.

    Mr. Reid’s wrongful arrest appears to be the result of a cascade of technologies — beginning with a bad facial recognition match — that are intended to make policing more effective and efficient but can also make it far too easy to apprehend the wrong person for a crime. None of the technologies are mentioned in official documents, and Mr. Reid was not told exactly why he had been arrested, a typical but troubling practice, according to legal experts and public defenders.

    “In a democratic society, we should know what tools are being used to police us,” said Jennifer Granick, a lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union.

  • Sacklers Gave Millions to Institution That Advises on Opioid Policy - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/23/health/sacklers-opioids-national-academies-science.html

    Even as the nation’s drug crisis mounted, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine continued to accept funds from some members of the Sackler family, including those involved with Purdue Pharma.

    #états-unis #corruption_légale

  • Scientists Compare Genomes of 240 Mammals to Understand Human DNA - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/27/science/human-dna-genomes.html

    Based on the new data, Dr. Pollard and her colleagues think they now understand how our species broke with 100 million years of tradition. In many cases, the first step was a mutation that accidentally created an extra copy of a long stretch of DNA. By making our DNA longer, this mutation changed the way it folded.

    As our DNA refolded, a genetic switch that once controlled a nearby gene no longer made contact with it. Instead, it now made contact with a new one. The switch eventually gained mutations allowing it to control its new neighbor. Dr. Pollard’s research suggests that some of these shifts helped human brain cells grow for a longer period of time during childhood — a crucial step in the evolution of our large, powerful brains.

    Dr. Reilly, of Yale, has found other mutations that might have also helped our species build a more powerful brain: those that accidentally snip out pieces of DNA.

    Scanning the Zoonomia genomes, Dr. Reilly and his colleagues looked for DNA that survived in species after species — but were then deleted in humans. They found 10,000 of these deletions. Most were just a few bases long, but some of them had profound effects on our species.

    One of the most striking deletions altered an off switch in the human genome. It is near a gene called LOXL2, which is active in the developing brain. Our ancestors lost just one base of DNA from the switch. That tiny change turned the off switch into an on switch.

    Dr. Reilly and his researchers ran experiments to see how the human version of LOXL2 behaved in neurons compared with the standard mammalian version. Their experiments suggest that LOXL2 stays active in children longer than it does in young apes. LOXL2 is known to keep neurons in a state where they can keep growing and sprouting branches. So staying switched on longer in childhood could allow our brains to grow more than ape brains.

    “It changes our idea of how evolution can work” Dr. Reilly said. “Breaking stuff in your genome can lead to new functions.”

    The Zoonomia Project team has plans to add more mammalian genomes to their comparative database. Zhiping Weng, a computational biologist at UMass Chan Medical School in Worcester, is particularly eager to look at 250 additional species of primates.

    Her own Zoonomia research suggests that virus-like pieces of DNA multiplied in the genomes of our monkey-like ancestors, inserting new copies of themselves and rewiring our on-off switches in the process. Comparing more primate genomes will let Dr. Weng get a clearer picture of how those changes may have rewired our genome.

    “I’m still very obsessed with being a human,” she said.

    #génome

  • Opinion | Why Kamala Harris Matters So Much in 2024 - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/opinion/kamala-harris-joe-biden-2024-reelection.html

    A few weeks ago, one of France’s most famous public intellectuals, Bernard-Henri Lévy, gave an interview to The Times on his new documentary, “Slava Ukraini,” and he said something that helped me understand why, as I approach my 70th birthday, I still want to be a journalist.

    Asked why, at age 74, he dodged rockets in Ukraine to bring home the savagery of the Russian invasion, Lévy said, “In Ukraine, I had the feeling for the first time that the world I knew, the world in which I grew up, the world that I want to leave to my children and grandchildren, might collapse.”

    BHL, Thomas Friedman, ces grands intellectuels que le reste du monde nous envie...

  • Du plastique jusqu’à la moelle

    Ou Notre mode de vie nous empoisonne, par Mark O’Connell
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/20/opinion/microplastics-health-environment.html?searchResultPosition=1

    Il y a du #plastique dans notre corps, dans nos poumons, dans nos intestins et dans le sang qui nous irrigue. Nous ne pouvons pas le voir, ni le sentir, mais il est là. Il est présent dans l’eau que nous buvons et dans la nourriture que nous mangeons, et même dans l’air que nous respirons. Nous ne savons pas encore ce qu’il nous fait, car nous n’avons pris conscience de sa présence que très récemment ; mais depuis que nous en avons pris connaissance, il est devenu une source d’anxiété culturelle profonde et multiforme.

    Peut-être que ce n’est rien, peut-être que c’est bien. Peut-être que cet amalgame de fragments - morceaux de bouteilles d’eau, de pneus, d’emballages en #polystyrène, #microbilles de produits cosmétiques - nous traverse et ne nous cause aucun dommage particulier. Mais même si c’était vrai, il resterait l’impact psychologique de savoir qu’il y a du plastique dans notre chair. Cette connaissance est vaguement apocalyptique ; elle ressemble à une vengeance divine, sournoise et poétiquement appropriée. Peut-être que c’est notre destin depuis le début, de parvenir à une communion finale avec nos propres déchets.

    Le mot que nous utilisons, lorsque nous parlons de cette présence troublante en nous, est « microplastiques ». Il s’agit d’une vaste catégorie qui englobe tout morceau de plastique d’une longueur inférieure à cinq millimètres, soit environ un cinquième de pouce. Une grande partie de ces matières, aussi minuscules soient-elles, sont facilement visibles à l’œil nu. Vous l’avez peut-être vu dans les photographies utilisées pour illustrer les articles sur le sujet : une multitude de minuscules éclats multicolores sur le bout d’un doigt, ou un petit tas lugubre sur une cuillère à café. Mais il y a aussi, et c’est encore plus inquiétant, ce que l’on ne voit pas : ce que l’on appelle les #nano-plastiques, qui ne représentent qu’une infime fraction de la taille des microplastiques. Ils sont capables de traverser les membranes entre les cellules et on a observé qu’ils s’accumulaient dans le cerveau des poissons.

    On sait depuis un certain temps qu’ils sont nocifs pour les poissons. Dans une étude publiée en 2018, il a été démontré que les poissons exposés aux microplastiques avaient des niveaux de croissance et de reproduction plus faibles ; leur progéniture, même lorsqu’ils n’étaient pas eux-mêmes exposés, a été observée comme ayant également moins de petits, ce qui suggère que la contamination perdure à travers les générations. En 2020, une autre étude, menée à l’université James Cook en Australie, a démontré que les microplastiques modifiaient le comportement des poissons, des niveaux d’exposition plus élevés ayant pour conséquence que les poissons prennent plus de risques et, par conséquent, meurent plus jeunes.

    Le mois dernier, le Journal of Hazardous Materials a publié une étude examinant les effets de la consommation de plastique sur les oiseaux de mer. Les chercheurs ont mis en évidence une nouvelle maladie fibrotique induite par le plastique, la #plasticose. Ils ont constaté que les cicatrices du tractus intestinal causées par l’ingestion de plastique rendaient les oiseaux plus vulnérables aux infections et aux parasites ; elles nuisaient également à leur capacité de digérer les aliments et d’absorber certaines vitamines.

    Ce n’est évidemment pas le bien-être des poissons ou des oiseaux de mer qui rend ces informations les plus inquiétantes. Si nous - j’entends par là la civilisation humaine - nous préoccupions des poissons et des oiseaux de mer, nous ne déverserions pas chaque année quelque 11 millions de tonnes de plastique dans les océans. Ce qui est vraiment inquiétant, c’est la perspective que des processus similaires puissent être à l’œuvre dans notre propre corps, que les microplastiques puissent raccourcir notre vie et nous rendre plus stupides et moins fertiles par la même occasion. Comme l’indiquent les auteurs du rapport sur la plasticose, leurs recherches « soulèvent des inquiétudes pour d’autres espèces touchées par l’ingestion de plastique » - une catégorie qui inclut largement notre propre espèce.

    En effet, tout comme les poissons doivent nager dans le blizzard de déchets que nous avons créé dans les mers, nous ne pouvons pas non plus éviter le plastique. L’un des éléments les plus troublants de la situation des microplastiques - nous ne pouvons pas vraiment parler de « crise » à ce stade, car nous ne savons pas à quel point elle peut être grave - est son caractère étrangement démocratique. Contrairement, par exemple, aux effets du changement climatique, qui que vous soyez et où que vous viviez, vous êtes exposé. Vous pourriez vivre dans un complexe sécurisé dans les endroits les plus reculés, à l’abri des incendies de forêt et de la montée du niveau de la mer, vous seriez exposé aux microplastiques lors d’une averse. Les scientifiques ont trouvé des microplastiques près du sommet de l’Everest et dans la fosse des Mariannes, à 36 000 pieds sous la surface du Pacifique.

    Dans ce contexte, la plupart des changements que nous apportons pour tenter de nous protéger de l’ingestion de microplastiques semblent essentiellement d’ordre cosmétique. Vous pouvez, par exemple, cesser de donner à votre enfant de l’eau dans un gobelet en plastique, et vous aurez peut-être l’impression de faire quelque chose pour réduire son niveau d’exposition, mais seulement jusqu’à ce que vous commenciez à penser à tous les tuyaux en #PVC par lesquels l’eau a dû passer pour arriver jusqu’à lui en premier lieu.

    Dans une étude réalisée l’année dernière, des chercheurs italiens ont analysé le lait maternel de 34 nouvelles mères en bonne santé et ont constaté la présence de microplastiques dans 75 % des échantillons. Une ironie particulièrement cruelle, compte tenu de l’association du lait maternel à la pureté et au naturel, et de l’anxiété des nouveaux parents à l’égard des microplastiques. Cette recherche fait suite à la révélation, en 2020, de la présence de microplastiques dans le placenta humain. Il semble que ce soit devenu une sorte de définition : Être humain, c’est contenir du plastique.

    Considérer cette réalité, c’est entrevoir une vérité plus large : notre civilisation, notre mode de vie, nous empoisonnent. Une étrange logique psychique est à l’œuvre ici ; en remplissant les océans des détritus plastiques de nos achats, en nous débarrassant négligemment des preuves de nos inépuisables désirs de consommation, nous nous sommes engagés dans une sorte de processus de répression. Et, comme l’a souligné Freud, les éléments de l’expérience que nous refoulons - souvenirs, impressions, fantasmes - restent « pratiquement immortels ; après des décennies, ils se comportent comme s’ils venaient de se produire ». Ce matériel psychique, « inaltérable par le temps », était destiné à revenir et à empoisonner nos vies.

    N’est-ce pas ce qui se passe avec les microplastiques ? L’intérêt du plastique, après tout, est qu’il est virtuellement immortel. Dès son apparition dans les produits de consommation de masse, entre la Première et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, son succès en tant que matériau a toujours été indissociable de la facilité avec laquelle il peut être créé et de son extrême durabilité. C’est précisément ce qu’il y a de plus utile qui en fait un problème. Et nous continuons à en fabriquer, année après année, décennie après décennie. Considérez ce fait : de tout le plastique créé depuis le début de la production de masse, plus de la moitié a été produite depuis l’an 2000. Nous pouvons le jeter, nous pouvons nous tromper en pensant que nous le « recyclons », mais il ne s’absentera pas de lui-même. Il réapparaîtra dans les aliments que nous mangeons et dans l’eau que nous buvons. Il hantera le lait que les nourrissons tètent au sein de leur mère. Comme un souvenir refoulé, il demeure, inaltérable par le temps.

    Dans les années 1950, alors que le plastique produit en masse commençait à définir la culture matérielle en Occident, le philosophe français Roland Barthes voyait dans l’avènement de cette matière « magique » un changement dans notre relation à la nature. "La hiérarchie des substances, écrit-il, est abolie : une seule les remplace toutes : le monde entier peut être plastifié, et même la vie puisque, nous dit-on, on commence à fabriquer des aortes en plastique.

    Faire attention à ce qui nous entoure, c’est prendre conscience de la justesse de Barthes. Au moment où je tape ces mots, mes doigts appuient sur les touches en plastique de mon ordinateur portable ; le siège sur lequel je suis assis est rembourré avec une sorte de polymère à effet similicuir ; même la douce musique d’ambiance que j’écoute pendant que j’écris est envoyée directement à mes cochlées au moyen d’écouteurs Bluetooth en plastique. Ces objets ne constituent peut-être pas une source immédiate particulièrement grave de microplastiques. Mais quelque temps après qu’ils aient atteint la fin de leur vie utile, vous et moi risquons de les consommer sous forme de minuscules fragments dans l’eau. Dans l’océan, les polymères contenus dans la peinture sont la principale source de ces particules, tandis que sur terre, la poussière des pneus et les minuscules fibres de plastique provenant de tapis et de vêtements sont parmi les principaux contributeurs.

    En 2019, une étude commandée par le Fonds mondial pour la nature a révélé qu’une personne moyenne pourrait consommer jusqu’à cinq grammes de plastique par semaine, soit l’équivalent d’une carte de crédit entière, selon les termes des auteurs du rapport. La formulation était quelque peu vague ; si nous consommons l’équivalent d’une carte de crédit, nous pouvons supposer que nous en consommons également beaucoup moins. Mais le rapport a été largement diffusé dans les médias et ses affirmations surprenantes ont capté l’imagination d’un public inquiet. Le choix de l’image de la carte de crédit n’y est pas étranger : l’idée que nous mangeons notre propre pouvoir d’achat, que nous nous empoisonnons peut-être avec notre consumérisme insistant, s’enfonce dans l’inconscient comme une idée surréaliste. Lorsque j’y pense, je ne peux m’empêcher de m’imaginer en train de passer ma carte Visa au mixeur et de l’ajouter à un smoothie.

    Le récent film de #David_Cronenberg, « Crimes of the Future », s’ouvre sur une scène saisissante montrant un petit garçon accroupi dans une salle de bains et mangeant une corbeille à papier en plastique comme un œuf de Pâques. Le film part du principe que certains êtres humains ont acquis la capacité de manger et de se nourrir de plastique et d’autres substances toxiques. « Il est temps que l’évolution humaine se synchronise avec la technologie humaine », déclare l’un de ces personnages. "Nous devons commencer à nous nourrir de nos propres déchets industriels ; c’est notre destin.

    Aussi grotesque que soit l’intrigue, elle est aussi perversement optimiste : Notre meilleur espoir pourrait être un saut évolutif qui nous permettrait de vivre dans le désordre que nous avons créé. (Même si l’on peut dire que ce n’est optimiste que dans la mesure où la « Modeste proposition » de Jonathan Swift l’est). Lors d’interviews réalisées à l’époque de la sortie du film, M. Cronenberg a révélé qu’il était préoccupé par les récentes informations concernant la présence de microplastiques dans le sang humain : « Peut-être que 80 % de la population humaine a des microplastiques dans sa chair », a-t-il déclaré lors d’une interview. "Nos corps sont donc différents de ce qu’ils ont été dans l’histoire. Ce phénomène n’est pas près de disparaître.

    En tant que parent, je suis partagé entre le désir de protéger mes enfants des microplastiques - ainsi que de toutes les autres choses dont je veux les protéger - et le soupçon que cet effort pourrait être largement futile. Une rapide recherche sur Google a révélé que ces inquiétudes sont de plus en plus répandues chez les parents et font l’objet d’une abondance croissante de contenus en ligne. Dans un article sur la protection des enfants contre les microplastiques, je lis qu’il faut éviter de blottir les peluches dans le lit et que ces bêtes menaçantes inattendues, plutôt que de les laisser traîner dans la chambre ou dans le lit de l’enfant, devraient être conservées en toute sécurité dans un coffre à jouets (plus loin dans le même article, le scientifique de l’#environnement qui fait cette recommandation déconseille également d’inculquer la peur à nos enfants). Même si j’aimerais minimiser les menaces ambiantes pour la santé de mes enfants, je ne veux pas non plus être le genre de parent qui insiste pour que ses peluches soient rangées en toute sécurité dans un coffre lorsqu’elles ne sont pas utilisées - car de toutes les menaces ambiantes qui pèsent sur mes enfants, celle que je tiens le plus à compenser est ma propre névrose.

    Et bien que les préoccupations concernant les microplastiques soient évidemment compatibles avec les discours plus larges de l’environnementalisme et de l’anti-consumérisme, elles n’intéressent pas exclusivement les gauchistes et les libéraux comme moi. Joe Rogan, qui est peut-être le plus grand vecteur de masculinité de notre culture, parle de ce sujet depuis plusieurs années. Dans un épisode de son podcast l’année dernière, M. Rogan s’est inquiété des effets alarmants des phtalates, un produit chimique utilisé pour accroître la durabilité des plastiques, dans le sang humain : Selon lui, les bébés naissaient avec des « taches » plus petites. (La tare, a-t-il précisé, est la distance entre le pénis et l’anus).

    Non seulement les taches des enfants diminuent à une vitesse alarmante, mais les pénis et les testicules eux-mêmes diminuent également. « C’est un phénomène sauvage, car il modifie littéralement le profil hormonal et le système reproductif des êtres humains, ce qui nous affaiblit et nous rend moins masculins », a-t-il déclaré. Un invité a fait remarquer qu’il y avait une sorte de compromis en jeu, car si vivre dans le monde moderne signifiait une exposition sans précédent à ces produits chimiques, cela signifiait aussi vivre beaucoup plus longtemps. « En quelque sorte », a répondu M. Rogan, « mais vous vivez comme une chienne ». Tout comme le changement climatique et la pollution sont les préoccupations traditionnelles de la gauche, les effets démographiques de la baisse de la natalité sont une source d’anxiété pour les conservateurs. En d’autres termes, quel que soit le scénario apocalyptique que vous préférez, les microplastiques ont tout prévu.

    Les microplastiques se sont installés dans le système sanguin culturel, et leur prévalence dans l’air du temps s’explique en partie par notre incertitude quant à la signification, du point de vue de la pathologie, du fait que nous sommes de plus en plus remplis de plastique. Cette ambiguïté nous permet d’attribuer toutes sortes de malaises, tant culturels que personnels, à cette nouvelle information sur nous-mêmes. Le tout a une résonance étrangement allégorique. Nous nous sentons psychiquement défigurés, corrompus dans nos âmes, par un régime régulier de déchets figuratifs du techno-capitalisme - par le défilement abyssal de TikToks ineptes et de prises sans cervelle, par les influenceurs d’Instagram pointant des boîtes de texte tout en faisant de petites danses, par la prolifération sans fin de contenu de pacotille généré par l’I.A.. Nous sentons notre foi dans le concept même de l’avenir se liquéfier à peu près au même rythme que les calottes glaciaires. L’idée que des déchets microscopiques traversent la barrière hémato-encéphalique semble être une entrée pertinente et opportune dans les annales de l’imaginaire apocalyptique.

    Et l’aura d’indétermination scientifique qui entoure le sujet - peut-être que ce truc cause des dommages inimaginables à nos corps et à nos esprits, mais peut-être aussi que tout va bien - lui confère un caractère légèrement hystérique. Nous ne savons pas ce que ces plastiques nous font, et il n’y a donc pas de limite aux maladies que nous pourrions leur attribuer de manière plausible. Peut-être que ce sont les microplastiques qui vous rendent dépressif. C’est peut-être à cause des microplastiques que vous avez constamment un rhume de cerveau depuis Noël. Peut-être que ce sont les microplastiques qui vous empêchent, vous et votre partenaire, de concevoir un enfant, ou qui vous rendent paresseux et léthargique, ou oublieux au-delà de vos années. Ce sont peut-être les microplastiques qui ont provoqué le cancer de votre estomac ou de votre cerveau.

    Je suis moi-même sujette à cette tendance. Il y a quelques années, on m’a diagnostiqué une #maladie_auto-immune chronique. Comme c’est généralement le cas pour ce type d’affection, elle est apparue sans cause connue. Elle ne met pas la vie en danger, mais il y a eu des périodes où elle m’a rendu malade au point de m’empêcher de travailler pendant une semaine ou deux d’affilée, et où j’étais si fatigué que j’avais du mal à me lever du canapé pour aller me coucher le soir. Toutes les huit semaines, je me présente dans un service de perfusion d’un hôpital, où l’on me branche à une poche contenant une solution liquide d’un anticorps monoclonal. (Ces poches sont, bien sûr, fabriquées à partir d’une sorte de #polyéthylène, un fait que vous devez m’imaginer raconter avec un haussement d’épaules élaboré, indiquant de grandes réserves d’ironie stoïque).

    En 2021, une étude publiée dans la revue #Environmental_Science_and_Technology a trouvé des niveaux significativement plus élevés de microplastiques dans les échantillons de selles de personnes ayant reçu un diagnostic de DIB, mais qui étaient par ailleurs en bonne santé, par rapport à celles qui n’avaient pas de DIB.

    Plus je passais de temps à faire des recherches pour cet essai, plus je me demandais si les microplastiques n’étaient pas à l’origine de mon état. Mon propos ici n’est pas d’affirmer quoi que ce soit, car je n’en sais pas assez pour le faire. Mon propos, en fait, est précisément que le fait de ne pas savoir génère sa propre énergie. Je pense qu’il est au moins plausible que ma maladie soit causée par les microplastiques, mais il est tout aussi plausible qu’elle ne le soit pas. Et je suis conscient que cette ambiguïté est elle-même étrangement séduisante, que c’est sur un tel terrain vague épistémologique que s’élèvent les grands édifices branlants de la conspiration et de la conjecture.

    Jusqu’à ce que nous en sachions beaucoup plus qu’aujourd’hui, en tout cas, parler des microplastiques peut ressembler étrangement à parler des effets nocifs des radiations des téléphones portables. (Le temps viendra, tôt ou tard, où nous saurons ce que les microplastiques nous font, mais d’ici là, le sujet reste ambigu et donc très suggestif.

    Mais n’y a-t-il pas quelque chose de manifestement absurde dans l’affirmation selon laquelle nous ne savons pas si le plastique que nous avons dans le sang nous fait du tort ? De quels critères de nocivité s’agit-il pour que nous devions attendre les résultats des tests avant de décider dans quelle mesure nous devons nous préoccuper des milliers de petits fragments de déchets qui circulent dans nos veines ? Il est certain que le fait de leur présence est déjà alarmant en soi, et que cette présence, en tout état de cause, se manifeste au moins aussi fortement sur le plan psychique que sur le plan physiologique.

    Une série de photographies de l’artiste Chris Jordan, intitulée « Midway. Message from the Gyre », compte parmi les images les plus indélébiles et les plus bouleversantes des dommages causés à la nature par notre consommation insouciante et incessante de plastique : Message from the Gyre". Chacune de ces photographies représente le corps d’un albatros dans un état plus ou moins avancé de décomposition. Au centre de chaque carcasse évasée et desséchée se trouve un amas d’objets en plastique que l’oiseau a consommés avant de mourir. L’horreur de ces images réside dans la juxtaposition surréaliste d’éléments organiques et inorganiques et dans le volume ahurissant de plastique contenu dans leur tube digestif. Les corps de ces créatures autrefois magnifiques retournent lentement à la terre, mais les déchets humains qui les ont rendues malades restent inviolables, inaltérables par le temps : couvercles de dentifrice, bouchons de bouteilles, briquets entiers qui semblent encore fonctionner parfaitement, minuscules poupées d’enfants et mille autres traces non identifiables de notre productivité déréglée et de notre faim insouciante.

    Le sujet des microplastiques est doté d’une lucidité cauchemardesque, car nous comprenons qu’il s’agit d’un symptôme d’une maladie plus profonde. Le mal impensable que nous avons fait à la planète - qui est fait à la planète en notre nom, en tant que consommateurs - est visité, de cette manière surréaliste et obscure, sur nos propres corps. Lorsque nous regardons les corps en décomposition de ces oiseaux remplis d’ordures, nous savons que nous ne regardons pas seulement ce que nous faisons au monde, mais aussi ce que notre monde endommagé nous fait.

    #microplastique

  • How Gay Men Saved Us From Mpox

    It was July of 2022, just last summer, and an outbreak of mpox — formerly known as monkeypox — was in full swing. From a handful of cases in a few cities in early May, the outbreak surged to more than 16,000 cases in 75 countries and territories just two months later. It was terrifying.

    The sudden appearance of so many mpox cases everywhere and all at once was shocking. Aside from an occasional case among travelers from countries in West or Central Africa, where the virus is endemic, mpox was extremely rare in Europe or North America. The United States had seen only one outbreak, back in 2003, among Midwesterners with pet prairie dogs that had been housed with infected African rodents. There were 47 cases then and no documented cases of human-to-human transmission.

    This time was different. In early May of 2022, mpox found its way to gay raves in Spain and Belgium, huge annual parties that draw men from all over the world. Clothing was scant, grinding was plentiful and when the parties were over everyone flew home. Within weeks, mpox cases — resulting from human-to-human transmission — began cropping up in cities worldwide.

    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/16/opinion/gay-men-mpox.html

    #sante #mpox #sante_communautaire

    • When the first cases were reported among gay and bi men in the West, health authorities and the media couldn’t bring themselves to say the word “gay.” To avoid stigmatizing gay and bi men, early reports buried the lead. The Associated Press didn’t mention that this outbreak was being seen almost exclusively in gay men until 15 paragraphs into one report; other reports didn’t mention gay and bi men at all. A gay man scanning headlines in May of last year might have learned of an outbreak — but unless he had traveled to West Africa recently, or had contact with infected rodents or primates, he could have easily concluded that he wasn’t at risk.
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      While this desire to avoid stigmatizing gay and bisexual men was understandable, it wasn’t helpful. We know gay sex has been unfairly blamed for everything from natural disasters to the fall of Rome. But in their efforts to avoid stigmatizing the community, health authorities and the media failed to effectively warn gay and bi men. Ignorant of the threat as the virus spread, gay and bi men couldn’t take steps to protect themselves and their partners.

      Unfortunately, stigma and discrimination found the community anyway. Gay men with mpox were turned away from urgent care clinics and emergency rooms. Phlebotomists refused to draw their blood. Like its predecessors Covid-19 and H.I.V./AIDS, mpox had all the makings of a public health disaster. It took nearly two months into the outbreak for testing to become widely available. A dearth of vaccines created “Hunger Games”-like scenarios in cities throughout the country, with vaccine clinics opening and then shutting their doors for lack of supply. Cases began to appear in a small handful of transgender people and cisgender women and children, raising alarm about wider spread.

    • But while health officials and journalists hesitated, gay and bi men sprang into action. Young men with lesions covering their faces took to social and mainstream media, telling the public that they were dealing with “the worst pain I’ve experienced in my life” and, perhaps the most telling, “I’d rather have Covid.” Benjamin Ryan, a gay journalist, and Carlton Thomas, a gay doctor, risked cancellation — e.g., being yelled at on Twitter — to dish out what Dr. Thomas referred to as “tough love” advice for their community: Slam the brakes on sex outside of committed relationships; seek immediate medical care for symptoms; and get vaccinated as soon as possible.

      And the gay community listened.
      (...)
      So while an early and frankly honest public health response could have blunted the outbreak, resulting in far fewer cases and far less suffering, the swift collective action of gay and bi men prevented catastrophe. If the broader American public had responded to the threat of Covid-19 the way gay and bi men responded to the threat of mpox, we might have seen fewer cases (there have been 100 million to date) and a lower death toll (1.1 million and counting). When the next infectious outbreak strikes (and surely it will), the public would be wise to channel gay and bi men: communicate openly without stigmatization, organize and insist on access to effective prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

      (...)
      There’s another important lesson about the gay community that health officials and journalists need to remember going forward: When it comes to emerging health threats — even ones that can spread sexually — gay men can handle the truth. You can give it to them straight.

  • How a Campaign Against Transgender Rights Mobilized Conservatives


    Defeated on same-sex marriage, the religious right went searching for an issue that would re-energize supporters and donors. The campaign that followed has stunned political leaders across the spectrum.

    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/16/us/politics/transgender-conservative-campaign.html

  • Biden Administration Proposes Evenly Cutting Water Allotments From Colorado River - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/climate/colorado-river-water-cuts-drought.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur

    After months of fruitless negotiations between the states that depend on the shrinking Colorado River, the Biden administration on Tuesday proposed to put aside legal precedent and save what’s left of the river by evenly cutting water allotments, reducing the water delivered to California, Arizona and Nevada by as much as one-quarter.

    The size of those reductions and the prospect of the federal government unilaterally imposing them on states have never occurred in American history.

  • French Police Face Scrutiny for Heavy Hand During Pension Protests - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/world/europe/france-police-pension-protests.html

    “I would gladly have broken your legs.”

    That’s what a French police officer told Souleyman Adoum Souleyman, a Chadian student who had just been arrested during a nighttime protest in Paris last month against the government’s unpopular pension overhaul. A minute later, another officer ordered Mr. Souleyman, the only Black person among the people rounded up, to “wipe that smile off your face” before slapping him.

    Mr. Souleyman was eventually released without any charges. But the officers’ threats and humiliations were recorded in an audio clip that has reignited a fierce debate about police brutality in France.

    The audio recording — which was revealed by French news outlets a few days after the arrest, and which The New York Times obtained and authenticated — has struck a chord in France after a recent history of rough and sometimes discriminatory police tactics.

    It has also highlighted what lawyers for those arrested and some judges see as a broader trend of abusive arrests aimed at deterring the demonstrators, who have taken to the streets for weeks against the overhaul of the pension system, which raised the legal age of retirement to 64 from 62. Unions have called for more protests on Thursday, on the eve of a key ruling by France’s Constitutional Council, which could strike down part or all of the pension law.

  • Tipping Confusion - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/09/briefing/tipping-confusion-food-delivery-apps.html

    For delivery drivers, every shift is a game of gig economy roulette: Will customers tip? And if they do, how much? The answers determine their livelihoods.

    “It’s like gambling,” Brantley Bush, an Uber Eats driver, told my colleague Kellen Browning, a technology reporter.

    Kellen rode along with drivers in wealthy Los Angeles neighborhoods, pulling up to gated estates to deliver food to millionaires. Tips varied widely. Bush once received a $130 tip from Doc Rivers, the former Los Angeles Clippers coach. Some customers tipped nothing.

    There is no collective understanding of what we owe delivery drivers in tips. While established etiquette governs tipping in restaurants, a clear protocol is lacking for apps. This confusion is one reason for the wide variation in the tips delivery drivers receive. Let me explain.
    Undertipping on apps

    Tipping for food service used to be straightforward. We added around 20 percent to restaurant bills, dropped spare change in tip jars and had cash on hand for pizza deliveries and takeout.

    Tipping has not only been entrenched in American life but also formalized as part of the economy. The U.S. is unusual among developed countries in allowing tipped workers to make below the minimum wage, sometimes as low as $2.13 an hour.

    Delivery apps upended these norms in two ways.

    First, apps have changed the timing of a tip. Delivery services like Uber Eats and DoorDash ask people to tip when they order, unraveling the logic that a tip is compensation for good service. Customers now aren’t sure what they are paying workers for or how much they should give.

    Second, apps have transformed what was once an in-person exchange into a digital transaction. This depersonalizes the tip and can discourage generous tipping. While diners in restaurants can see the work of servers, apps obscure the work of delivery drivers. Customers may not meet the driver at all, given the option of no-contact delivery.

    “Drivers wonder why people aren’t tipping more,” Kellen told me. “They’ve realized most people aren’t thinking about the human element that goes into delivering their food.”

    The possibility of overtipping

    In the absence of clear norms for tipping on apps, many customers are picking the path of least resistance: the app’s suggested tip.

    This behavior gives power to technology companies to determine the gratuity. The size and placement of a tip button on an app can influence a customer’s selection or make it harder to opt out of a tip. If no tip screen appears, customers are less likely to seek it out. This exposes workers to wage fluctuation.

    These design choices don’t just affect workers; they’re also upending the customers’ experience. Digital payment platforms are prompting customers to tip in places where tipping didn’t previously exist, like supermarkets, mechanics’ garages and dog kennels. Now, many wonder: Should they tip for snacks at a convenience store? Is it rude to select “No tip” when buying groceries? No one seems to know, and new tipping guides offer directives.

    Brian X. Chen, a Times tech columnist, has described these design choices as coercive. He wrote that these types of tips may be investigated as part of the government’s crackdown on “junk fees,” extra costs that businesses profit from while adding little to no value.

    “Tipping has gotten out of control, and people are getting really frustrated,” Brian told me. “It’s a source of confusion that ultimately affects everyone, workers and customers alike.”

    #Gig_economy #Livraison #Pourboire #Relations_humaines #Nudge

  • Will We Call Them Terrorists ? - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/05/magazine/how-to-blow-up-a-pipeline-terrorism-climate-change.html

    The film “How to Blow Up a Pipeline,” directed by Daniel Goldhaber, was loosely adapted from a 2021 manifesto of the same name by the Swedish political theorist Andreas Malm. The book’s argument is simple: If the climate movement is serious about reducing fossil-fuel emissions at the necessary speed and scale, Malm contends, it will have to make room for strategies long dismissed as too extreme, including the illegal destruction of fossil-fuel infrastructure. Just a few years ago, this argument would only have appeared in organs of mainstream opinion so it could be condemned. Instead, the book received respectful coverage from outlets around the world. Now, surprisingly, it is a movie, one with prominent distribution and a cast featuring familiar faces from prestige TV.

    #film (so-called) #écoterrorisme (pas vu)

  • Documents allege that Israel’s spy agency encouraged anti-government protests.
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/world/middleeast/israel-mossad-leaked-documents-pentagon.html

    Among the revelations contained in the leaked Pentagon documents was an assertion that the leadership of the Mossad, Israel’s foreign intelligence service, had encouraged the agency’s staff and Israeli citizens to participate in the anti-government protests that roiled the country in March.

    • Je te rassure, cette info n’arrivera en France que via une traduction d’un article bourré de raccourcis et d’exagérations de la version anglophone d’Al Manar, et tu n’en entendras plus jamais parler.

  • Ukraine War Plans Leak Prompts Pentagon Investigation - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/06/us/politics/ukraine-war-plan-russia.html

    The analysts warned that documents released by Russian sources could be selectively altered to present the Kremlin’s disinformation.

    […]

    Nonetheless, analysts said parts of the documents appeared authentic and would provide Russia with valuable information such as the timetables for the delivery of weapons and troops, Ukrainian troop buildup numbers and other military details.

    New Leak of Classified Documents on Social Media Alarms Pentagon - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/07/us/politics/classified-documents-leak.html

    […] the leaked documents appear to go well beyond highly classified material on Ukraine war plans. Security analysts who have reviewed the documents tumbling onto social media sites say the increasing trove also includes sensitive briefing slides on China, the Indo-Pacific military theater, the Middle East and terrorism.

    […]

    On Friday, Ukrainian officials and pro-war Russian bloggers suggested the leak was part of a disinformation effort by the other side, timed to influence Ukraine’s possible spring offensive to reclaim territory in the east and the south of the country.

    De nouveaux documents US classifiés concernant l’Ukraine apparaissent sur le Web, selon le NYT - 08.04.2023, Sputnik Afrique
    https://fr.sputniknews.africa/20230408/de-nouveaux-documents-us-classifies-concernant-lukraine-apparaiss

    Le New York Times a annoncé le 7 avril une nouvelle fuite de documents classifiés relatifs à l’Ukraine, au Moyen-Orient et à la Chine, au lendemain des premières révélations.

  • Klaus Teuber, Creator of the Board Game Catan, Dies at 70 - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/05/business/klaus-teuber-dead.html

    Last year, in an interview with Nikkei Asia, Mr. Teuber was asked why he thought Catan was so popular.

    “There may have been a good balance between strategy and luck,” he said. “For example, roulette is only about luck, and chess is all about strategies. However, if you win in Catan, you think, ‘My strategy was good,’ and when you lose, you might think, ‘I was just out of luck.’ This is the same as life.”

    #Jeu #Catan

  • Principio di non-refoulement è solo un articolo che non viene rispettato

    Quello che emerge dal quinto rapporto del network Protecting Rights at Borders (PRAB) “Picchiati, puniti e respinti” 1, è l’ennesima immagine drammatica di quanto accade alle porte esterne dell’Unione Europea, alla porte di quella comunità che ha tra i suoi principi fondativi (e fondamentali) la protezione e il rispetto dei diritti dell’uomo.

    Stando dunque alla pubblicazione di PRAB, nel 2022 sono state raccolte segnalazioni di pushback da oltre 5.756 persone. Le pratiche di respingimento, messe in atto dalle forze dell’ordine dei Paesi d’ingresso all’Europa, sono pratiche sistematiche ed estremamente violente che violano la normativa internazionale ed europea.


    Inoltre, per ribadire quanto le pratiche di respingimento vadano contro i diritti i diritti dell’uomo, la Convenzione di Ginevra del 1951, con l’articolo 33, stabilisce il principio di non-refoulement (non respingimento).

    «1. Nessuno Stato Contraente espellerà o respingerà, in qualsiasi modo, un rifugiato verso i confini di territori in cui la sua vita o la sua libertà sarebbero minacciate a motivo della sua razza, della sua religione, della sua cittadinanza, della sua appartenenza a un gruppo sociale o delle sue opinioni politiche.

    2. La presente disposizione non può tuttavia essere fatta valere da un rifugiato se per motivi seri egli debba essere considerato un pericolo per la sicurezza del paese in cui risiede oppure costituisca, a causa di una condanna definitiva per un crimine o un delitto particolarmente grave, una minaccia per la collettività di detto paese»

    Si tratta di un principio fondamentale del diritto internazionale. È importate sottolineare che per effetto della giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo, tale principio si applica indipendentemente dal fatto che la persona sia stata riconosciuta rifugiata e/o dall’aver formalizzato o meno una diretta domanda di protezione.

    Le pratiche messe in atto dalle forze dell’ordine alle frontiere della cosiddetta fortezza europea e al proprio interno, sono in violazione del diritto della stessa Europa. Ricordiamo l’articolo 19 della Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione Europea:

    «Protezione in caso di allontanamento, di espulsione e di estradizione.
    1. Le espulsioni collettive sono vietate.
    2. Nessuno può essere allontanato, espulso o estradato verso uno Stato in cui esiste un rischio serio di essere sottoposto alla pena di morte, alla tortura o ad altre pene o trattamenti inumani o degradanti»

    È evidente come ancora una volta l’obbligo nel quadro giuridico contraddice la realtà.

    Dal lavoro di PRAB emerge che vi è un sistematico uso di respingimenti. Il report ne riporta quasi 6mila, ma i numeri complessivi sono sicuramente più alti dal momento che questi sono solamente dati raccolti da testimonianze dirette. Nelle due zone di confine dove è più alto il transito di persone migranti tra Italia e Francia (Oulx e Ventimiglia), i respingimenti sono una pratica sempre più comune.

    Ad esempio, se si guarda il numero di serie presente sulla documentazione ufficiale (Refus d’entree) consegnata alle persone respinte dalla polizia di frontiera francese nel 2022, emerge che i numeri sono estremamente più elevati: a Ventimiglia sono 17.749 le persone respinte e a Oulx oltre 3.600. Questi dati sono importanti in quanto sottolineano come le pratiche di respingimento e le barriere d’accesso siano molto più diffuse e si verificano su scala molto più ampia di quella registrata da PRAB.

    Anche in altri territori italiani l’uso sistematico dei respingimenti è in aumento. “Assistiamo a continue riammissioni lungo i porti adriatici dall’Italia alla Grecia e a respingimenti verso l’Albania. Si tratta di trattamenti inumani, come la confisca e la distruzione degli effetti personali, la svestizione forzata e l’esposizione a temperature estreme. Il governo italiano cerca di negare che ciò avvenga. Ma la situazione sembra peggiorare“, conferma Erminia Rizzi di ASGI.

    Nella maggior parte dei casi i respingimenti avvengono in maniera violenta. Sono tantissime le testimonianze che raccontano come la polizia di frontiera si sia comportata in modo brutale: manganellando le persone migranti, confiscando tutti i loro effetti personali per poi distruggerli, negando loro acqua e cibo, obbligandoli a restare svestiti a temperature estreme.

    Uno dei confini in cui le violenze sono all’ordine del giorno è ancora quello che separa la Croazia dalla Bosnia. Ma le numerose violazioni dei diritti umani che erano state denunciate e riportate dalle persone solidali che lottano quotidianamente contro tali pratiche, sono state messe da parte nel momento in cui la Croazia è entrata ufficialmente nella zona Schengen. Per l’ennesima volta le istituzioni Europee hanno chiuso gli occhi di fronte alle molteplici violazioni e violenze: ancora una volta i diritti umani sono stati sacrificati per raggiungere compromessi politici ed economici.

    Il 2022 è stata un anno di grandi contrasti per quanto riguarda la solidarietà e l’accoglienza: le persone che fuggivano dalla guerra in Ucraina sono state accolte mentre le persone migranti provenienti da paesi africani e/o mediorientali sono stati respinte: vi sono due pesi e due misure basate sul profilo etnico, cosa che viola la Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti Umani. Nel 2022 l’Unione Europea ha applicato per la prima volta una direttiva speciale per concedere un permesso temporaneo da chi scappa dalla guerra. Non si tratta di una nuova direttiva poiché risale al 2001 ma prima di quest’anno non era mai stata applicata. Il rapporto PRAB dichiara che l’attivazione di tale direttiva è una decisione storica ma basata su un doppio standard: benvenuti a un confine, respinti ad un altro. Questa è la realtà ai confini della fortezza Europa.

    Charlotte Slente, Segretaria generale della Danish Refugee Council, afferma che «la pratica di chiudere un occhio sulle violazioni dei diritti umani alle frontiere dell’UE deve essere interrotta. È giunto il momento di sostenere, rispettare e far rispettare i diritti di coloro che si trovano alle porte dell’Europa, indipendentemente dal loro Paese di appartenenza. Per anni sono state raccolte prove sulle pratiche di respingimento. Le prove sono innegabili. Questo schema non deve essere visto in modo isolato. Fa parte di una più ampia crisi dello Stato di diritto. La crisi alle frontiere dell’UE non è una crisi di numeri. È invece una crisi di dignità umana e di volontà politica, dovuta alla mancata attuazione dei quadri giuridici esistenti e all’applicazione delle sentenze giudiziarie».

    Con il 2023 è giunto il momento di porre fine alla pratica illecita e discriminatoria di chiudere gli occhi sulle violazioni dei diritti umani alle frontiere dell’Unione Europea. Il rapporto si conclude con cinque richieste: rispetto diritti umani e dignità umana a tutte le frontiere; porre fine all’uso sistematico dei respingimenti; introduzione di meccanismi di monitoraggio indipendenti alle frontiere; prevalenza di una cultura dei diritti rafforzata dal coraggio politico per sostenere le persone bisognose di protezione; apertura di percorsi d’entrata sicuri e legali.

    Sono tutte richieste più che lecite che dovrebbero esser già applicate. Ma il 2023 è veramente l’anno in cui tali richieste verranno accettate?

    Nell’anno in cui, solo per rimanere in Italia, il governo Meloni rivendica come legittimi i respingimenti al confine con la Slovenia, gli accordi con la Libia e ha deciso di stanziare oltre 40 milioni di euro per costruire nuovi CPR, è veramente l’anno in cui i governi degli Stati UE smetteranno di sacrificare i diritti umani per scopi politici ed economici?

    https://www.meltingpot.org/2023/03/principio-di-non-refoulement-e-solo-un-articolo-che-non-viene-rispettato

    #refoulements #push-backs #migrations #asile #réfugiés #frontières #frontière_sud-alpine #2022 #rapport #Balkans #route_des_Balkans #chiffres #statistiques #violence #droits_humains

    • #Protecting_Rights_at_Borders: Beaten, punished and pushed back

      The fifth Protecting Rights at Borders report (#PRAB) reconfirms a pattern of a systematic use of pushbacks at EU Borders. The study recorded incidents involving 5.756 persons between 1 January and 31 December 2022.

      It appears evident that EU Member States continue making access to international protection as difficult as possible. These practises are systemic and integrated into countries’ border control mechanisms although they are in strict violation of EU law. The newly released PRAB report shows that many of those victims who were pushed back were not merely prevented from crossing a border. The data collected outlines that they were “welcomed” at the EU with a denial of access to asylum procedures, arbitrary arrest or detention, physical abuse or mistreatment, theft or destruction of property.

      Nationals from Afghanistan, Syria and Pakistan reported most frequently being the victim of pushbacks and in 12% of the recorded incidents children were involved. This data is unfortunately only the top of the iceberg.

      “The practice of turning a blind eye to human rights violations at EU borders must be stopped. It is high time to uphold, respect and enforce the rights of those at Europe’s doorstep, irrespective of their country of nationality. All people have the right to ask for international protection in the EU. For years, DRC jointly with its PRAB partners and many other actors, has been recording evidence on pushback practices. The evidence is undeniable,” says Secretary General of DRC, Charlotte Slente.

      Access to international protection, within the EU, is far from safeguarded - not merely due to a systematic use of pushbacks across EU borders or the unwillingness to let boats disembark, but also due to other policy developments.

      “This pattern should not be seen in isolation. It is part of a wider Rule of Law crisis. The crisis at the EU’s borders is not one of numbers. Instead, it is a crisis of human dignity and political will, created due to failure to implement existing legal frameworks and enforce judicial rulings”, says Charlotte Slente.

      Preventing access to territory with all means

      “In Greece, pushbacks at land and sea borders remain a de facto general policy, as widely reported including by UN bodies. However, instead of effectively investigating such allegations, Greek Authorities have put in place a new mechanism which does not ensure the guarantees of impartiality and effectiveness. At the same time, NGOs and human rights defenders supporting victims of alleged pushback remain under pressure and find themselves increasingly targeted", says Konstantinos Vlachopoulos of GCR.

      In Italy the systematic use of pushbacks is increasing.

      "We are witnessing continuous readmissions along the Adriatic ports from Italy to Greece and rejections to Albania. What we hear about is inhuman treatment, such as confiscation and destruction of personal belongings, forced undressing, and exposure to extreme temperatures. The Italian government tries to deny that this is happening. But the situation seems to be getting worse”, says Erminia Rizzi of ASGI.

      Welcome at one border, pushed back at another

      The situation is not equal at all EU borders. There are double standards based on ethnic profiling and they violate international human rights law. 2022 was the year that the EU provided protection – at least on paper – to 4.9 million people who entered the EU from Ukraine. The triggering of the Temporary Protection Directive was a historic decision.

      “In February 2022, Poland has opened its borders to admit large numbers of Ukrainian nationals fleeing war. Temporary protection was given to numerous persons seeking protection from the war in Ukraine. This welcoming approach of the Polish authorities did not affect the situation at the Polish-Belarusian border, where a humanitarian crisis continues since August 2021. There, third-country nationals are everyday violently pushed back, irrespective of their vulnerability or asylum claims”, says Maja Łysienia, SIP Strategic Litigation Expert.

      More information on the pushback data recorded by PRAB partners, the litigation cases brought to national and European courts related to border violence, as well as an analysis of current policy dimensions, can be found in PRAB V here: https://pro.drc.ngo/resources/news/prab-beaten-punished-and-pushed-back

      https://reliefweb.int/report/world/protecting-rights-borders-beaten-punished-and-pushed-back

    • Les chiffres à la #frontière_sud-alpine (#Italie / #France) :

      The number of pushbacks from France to Italy recorded through the PRAB project, for instance, also represents a fraction of the overall number of persons reporting pushbacks to Diaconia Valdese’s outreach teams. In Ventimiglia and Oulx in Italy, Diaconia Valdese has records of as many as 2,703 persons, and 2,583 persons, respectively, who reported experiencing pushbacks. If compared to other available statistics, even higher pushback numbers were recorded at the borders between Italy and France in 2022: In Ventimiglia, Italy, at least 17,7491 persons were pushed back by French Authorities, while in Oulx, Italy, it was at least 3,6902 persons.

      (p.4)

      #Ventimille #Oulx #Hautes-Alpes #Alpes_maritimes #Briançon

    • Le sistematiche violazioni dei diritti umani ai confini europei: VI report della rete #PRAB

      Recentemente, un video pubblicato dal New York Times (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/19/world/europe/greece-migrants-abandoned.html) ha rivelato respingimenti illegali di persone migranti dalla Grecia, sollevando un’ampia eco mediatica. La gravità delle accuse ha suscitato la reazione di Ylva Johansson (https://www.politico.eu/article/commission-ylva-johansson-greece-migrant-deportation), Commissaria europea agli Affari interni, che ha definito tali pratiche come “deportazioni”, e del primo ministro greco, Mitsotakis, che le ha giudicate “inaccettabili” (https://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2023/05/23/amanpour-greek-prime-minister-kyriakos-mitsotakis.cnn). Tuttavia, organizzazioni non governative e grassroots denunciano da anni la sistematicità delle violazioni dei diritti umani delle persone migranti ai confini europei.

      Nel Report What we do in the shadows, il VI report del network PRAB, sono state raccolte migliaia di testimonianze riguardanti le azioni compiute dalle forze di frontiera nei confronti dei potenziali richiedenti asilo, tra cui respingimenti, aggressioni e furti. In alcuni casi, tali azioni mettono a rischio la vita delle persone coinvolte, e ci sono anche situazioni in cui queste azioni si sono tradotte in tragiche perdite umane, come nei respingimenti dalla Polonia alla Bielorussia o nel caso di Fatima, una giovane ragazza di 23 anni uccisa dalla polizia macedone al confine tra la Macedonia del Nord e la Grecia a metà aprile, il giorno in cui l’Agenzia Europea Frontex ha iniziato la propria missione operativa nel paese balcanico.

      Migliaia di testimonianze raccolte nel VI report di PRAB

      Durante il periodo gennaio-aprile 2023, sono stati registrati un totale di 10.691 casi individuali di persone respinte alle frontiere europee. Di questi, 1.611 hanno partecipato a interviste approfondite da parte di uno dei partner PRAB per registrare i dati demografici, le rotte migratorie e le violazioni dei diritti a cui sono stati esposti.

      - Abusi fisici e aggressioni: Il 62% delle persone ha denunciato abusi fisici e/o aggressioni al confine tra Ungheria e Serbia, mentre il 54% ha segnalato lo stesso al confine tra Grecia e Turchia.

      - Coinvolgimento dei minori: Il 16% dei respingimenti riguardava minori, di cui il 9% viaggiava con la famiglia e il 7% era costituito da minori non accompagnati o separati dalla famiglia.

      - Mancato accesso alle procedure di asilo: Nel 44% dei casi registrati al confine tra Croazia e Bosnia-Erzegovina, nell’88% dei casi al confine tra Ungheria e Serbia e nell’85% dei casi al confine tra Italia e Francia, è stato segnalata la impossibilità di accesso alle procedure di asilo.

      Questo rapporto, insieme a molti altri, evidenzia ancora una volta le violazioni dei diritti che si verificano quotidianamente alle frontiere europee.

      I respingimenti e la brutalità della polizia sono di fatto uno strumento per la gestione delle frontiere, l’impunità è la norma e le vie della giustizia per le vittime sono scarse o inesistenti.

      Sulla base di un imperativo umanitario – che mira a salvare vite umane – negli ultimi anni, molte persone e organizzazioni umanitarie hanno sostenuto le persone in movimento. Mentre alcuni hanno contribuito a fornire l’accesso ai servizi di base, tra cui cibo, alloggio e assistenza medica, altri hanno intrapreso azioni legali per contestare le violazioni dei diritti alle frontiere dell’UE. Alcuni Stati membri europei hanno iniziato o continuano a criminalizzare coloro che forniscono assistenza, con l’obiettivo di porre fine alla solidarietà con le persone in movimento. In alcuni Paesi europei questa situazione si è ulteriormente aggravata, prendendo di fatto di mira i difensori dei diritti umani. Salvare vite umane non è solo un dovere morale, è un obbligo legale nel diritto internazionale dei diritti umani.

      https://www.asgi.it/primo-piano/le-sistematiche-violazioni-dei-diritti-umani-ai-confini-europei-vi-report-della

      #Protecting_Right_At_Border

  • Google C.E.O. Sundar Pichai on the A.I. Moment: ‘You Will See Us Be Bold’ - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/31/technology/google-pichai-ai.html

    Sundar Pichai has been trying to start an A.I. revolution for a very long time.

    In 2016, shortly after being named Google’s chief executive, Mr. Pichai declared that Google was an “A.I.-first” company. He spent lavishly to assemble an all-star team of A.I. researchers, whose breakthroughs powered changes to products like Google Translate and Google Photos. He even predicted that A.I.’s impact would be bigger than “electricity or fire.”

    So it had to sting when A.I.’s big moment finally arrived, and Google wasn’t involved.

    Instead, OpenAI — a scrappy A.I. start-up backed by Microsoft — stole the spotlight in November by releasing ChatGPT, a poem-writing, code-generating, homework-finishing marvel. ChatGPT became an overnight sensation, attracting millions of users and kicking off a Silicon Valley frenzy. It made Google look sluggish and vulnerable for the first time in years. (It didn’t help when Microsoft relaunched its Bing search engine with OpenAI’s technology inside, instantly ending Bing’s decade-long run as a punchline.)

    In an interview with The Times’s “Hard Fork” podcast on Thursday, his first extended interview since ChatGPT’s launch, Mr. Pichai said he was glad that A.I. was having a moment, even if Google wasn’t the driving force.

    #Intelligence_artificielle #Google