• AI tools consume up to 4 times more water than estimated

    A new report shows that artificial intelligence tools, including ChatGPT, are using up to four times more water than previously believed. This discovery raises concerns about the sustainability of #data_centers as AI continues to expand.

    Researchers from the University of California, Riverside found that processing 10 to 50 queries on AI chatbots can consume up to 2 liters of water, far exceeding the earlier estimate of half a liter (https://www.thetimes.com/uk/technology-uk/article/thirsty-chatgpt-uses-four-times-more-water-than-previously-thought-bc0pqsw). The increase is attributed to the intense cooling needs of data centers, where the servers generate significant heat.

    According to Microsoft, the energy and water demands of AI models are much higher than anticipated. Between 2023 and 2024, Google, Microsoft, and Meta have reported water usage increases of 17%, 22.5%, and 17% respectively, further highlighting the growing environmental footprint of AI.

    This is not just a U.S. issue. In the U.K., planned data centers are expected to consume as much water as a city the size of Liverpool. Meanwhile, in Ireland, data centers now account for 21% of the country’s electricity consumption.

    OpenAI CEO Sam Altman recently presented a proposal to the White House to build at least five massive data centers, with plans for unprecedented energy expansions. However, critics argue that the energy production process for AI remains inefficient, with 60% of resources wasted.

    While tech companies pledge to offset their water usage by 2030, critics warn that these efforts may not sufficiently address water scarcity in regions where AI data centers are located.

    https://san.com/cc/ai-tools-consume-up-to-4-times-more-water-than-estimated
    #eau #chatgpt #IA #AI #intelligence_artificielle #centre_de_données

    • AI programs consume large volumes of scarce water

      Every time you run a ChatGPT artificial intelligence query, you use up a little bit of an increasingly scarce resource: fresh water. Run some 20 to 50 queries and roughly a half liter, around 17 ounces, of fresh water from our overtaxed reservoirs is lost in the form of steam emissions.

      Such are the findings of a University of California, Riverside, study that for the first time estimated the water footprint from running artificial intelligence, or AI, queries that rely on the cloud computations done in racks of servers in warehouse-sized data processing centers.

      Google’s data centers in the U.S. alone consumed an estimated 12.7 billion liters of fresh water in 2021 to keep their servers cool — at a time when droughts are exacerbating climate change — Bourns College of Engineering researchers reported in the study, published online by the journal arXiv as a preprint. It is awaiting its peer review.

      Shoalei Ren, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering and the corresponding author of the study, explained that data processing centers consume great volumes of water in two ways.

      First, these centers draw electricity from power plants that use large cooling towers that convert water into steam emitted into the atmosphere.

      Second, the hundreds of thousands of servers at the data centers must be kept cool as electricity moving through semiconductors continuously generates heat. This requires cooling systems that, like power plants, are typically connected to cooling towers that consume water by converting it into steam.

      “The cooling tower is an open loop, and that’s where the water will evaporate and remove the heat from the data center to the environment,” Ren said.

      Ren said it is important to address the water use from AI because it is fast-growing segment of computer processing demands.

      For example, a roughly two-week training for the GPT-3 AI program in Microsoft’s state-of-the-art U.S. data centers consumed about 700,000 liters of freshwater, about the same amount of water used in the manufacture of about 370 BMW cars or 320 Tesla electric vehicles, the paper said. The water consumption would have been tripled if training were done in Microsoft’s data centers in Asia, which are less efficient. Car manufacturing requires a series washing processes to remove paint particle and residues, among several other water uses.

      Ren and his co-authors — UCR graduate students Pengfei Li and Jianyi Yang, and Mohammad A. Islam of the University of Texas, Arlington — argue big tech should take responsibility and lead by example to reduce its water use.

      Fortunately, AI training has scheduling flexibilities. Unlike web search or YouTube streaming that must be processed immediately, AI training can be done at almost any time of the day. To avoid wasteful water usage, a simple and effective solution is training AI models during cooler hours, when less water is lost to evaporation, Ren said.

      “AI training is like a big very lawn and needs lots of water for cooling,” Ren said. “We don’t want to water our lawns during the noon, so let’s not water our AI (at) noon either.”

      This may conflict with carbon-efficient scheduling that particularly likes to follow the sun for clean solar energy. “We can’t shift cooler weather to noon, but we can store solar energy, use it later, and still be `green’,” Ren said.

      “It is truly a critical time to uncover and address the AI model’s secret water footprint amid the increasingly severe freshwater scarcity crisis, worsened extended droughts, and quickly aging public water infrastructure,” reads the paper, which is titled “Making AI Less ‘Thirsty:’ Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models.”

      https://news.ucr.edu/articles/2023/04/28/ai-programs-consume-large-volumes-scarce-water

  • CHRISTINA LAMB IN THE WEST BANK

    https://www.thetimes.com/article/c47df6e7-c3ac-4277-aea3-eed05b24b969?shareToken=fa62982bcbaf96f3c357e71dfc

    Gun in hand, the Israeli settler tells the Palestinian: I will kill you
    Palestinians in the West Bank say they are being driven from their homes by a campaign of terror waged by armed civilians determined to take their land

  • Leurs noms jugés racistes, des plantes vont être rebaptisées

    Plus de 200 plantes aux noms renvoyant à des insultes racistes ou des personnages esclavagistes vont être rebaptisées. La décision a été prise lors du Congrès international des botanistes à Madrid.

    Une décision importante dans le milieu botanique. Les professionnels du secteur du monde entier, qui se réunissent jusqu’au 27 juillet à Madrid pour le 20e Congrès international des botanistes, ont voté pour renommer des plantes à connotation raciste.

    Comme le rapporte le journal britannique du Times, 63 % des 556 experts en botaniques présents se sont dits favorables à ce changement. Ainsi, plus de 200 plantes, #algues et #champignons seront rebaptisés jusqu’en 2026.

    Sont notamment remis en cause des noms d’espèce contenant le mot latin « #caffra » (#caffre en français), rapporte le Times. Ce terme était utilisé pendant l’#apartheid en #Afrique_du_Sud pour désigner péjorativement les personnes noires. Selon le Journal of South African Studies (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2018.1403212), il est rattaché à des notions de racisme et de justification de la #supériorité_blanche.

    Une #commission pour valider le processus

    Les espèces composées sur nom « caffra » verront leurs dérivés être remplacés par « affra » afin de rappeler leur origine africaine. #Erythrina_Caffra devrait ainsi être rebaptisée Erythrina Affra, Protea Caffra en Protea Affra, et Dovyalis Caffra en Dovyalis Affra, selon les propositions de Gideon Smith et d’Estrela Figueiredo de l’Université Nelson-Mandela (Afrique du Sud).

    « Nous nous réjouissons de l’éradication d’une injure raciste dans les noms scientifiques des plantes, des algues et des champignons. Nous nous félicitons de la majorité de plus de 60 % que la communauté botanique mondiale a exprimée en faveur de notre proposition », a réagi Gideon Smith auprès du journal britannique.

    Une commission va être également créée pour s’assurer du bon déroulé du changement de nom, sur la proposition du taxonomiste végétal à l’université nationale d’Australie à Canberra, Kevin Thiele, qui salue une avancée dans la reconnaissance du problème. Pour autant, certains biologistes expriment des inquiétudes quant à ce changement de #nomenclature. « Cela pourrait entraîner beaucoup de confusion et de problèmes pour les utilisateurs dans de nombreux domaines autres que la botanique », estime Alina Freire-Fierro, botaniste à l’université technique de Cotopaxi, en Équateur.

    D’autres noms sont dans le viseur des botanistes, comme ceux associés à des personnages esclavagistes ou opposés à l’abolition de l’esclavage. L’#Hibbertia vient par exemple de #George_Hibbert, un membre du lobby pro-esclavagiste de Grande-Bretagne.

    https://www.lepoint.fr/environnement/leurs-noms-juges-racistes-des-plantes-vont-etre-rebaptisees-23-07-2024-25662
    #plantes #noms #racisme #nomination #botanique #esclavagisme

    ping @cede @reka

    • What’s in a Word? Historicising the Term ‘Caffre’ in European Discourses about Southern Africa between 1500 and 1800

      In the 19th and 20th centuries, southern Africa’s white colonists used the word ‘Caffre’ to characterise the region’s black majority as an inferior race of African origins. While this historical context explains why the term ‘Caffre’ is considered hate speech in post-apartheid South Africa, the word’s history dates back to the beginning of Europe’s engagement with the region in c. 1500. Based on primary sources in multiple languages, this article explores this deeper history and shows that Europeans imbued the word ‘Caffre’ with racialising ideas from the start. The Portuguese first racialised the term by linking it explicitly to black skin colour in the 16th century. In the 17th century, Cape Colony officials reinforced its racialisation by creating a ‘Hottentot–Caffre’ race dichotomy, a racial divide of long-term significance in southern African history. By the end of the 18th century, most European naturalists argued that ‘Caffre’ identified a people racially distinct from ‘Hottentots’ and ‘true Negroes’, an idea that shaped missionary approaches to Bible translation in the region until the mid 19th century. Moreover, naturalists rationalised these alleged racial differences by placing the origins of the ‘Caffres’ outside the African continent, thereby effectively defining them as a superior race of non-African provenance. The word’s deeper history, therefore, exposes a major transformation in meaning over the course of the 19th century: whereas the word ‘Caffre’ represented a superior race of non-African origin in 1800, it described an inferior race of African origin in 1900. Because the radical change in meaning parallels the process of black political and economic disempowerment in southern Africa, the article suggests that the term became directly implicated in and transformed by this process and, for this reason, should be viewed as a valuable historical record of the establishment of white supremacist rule in the region.

      https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2018.1403212

  • L’initiative de Biden sur Gaza, jugée « positive » par le Hamas, place Nétanyahou face à ses contradictions https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2024/06/01/l-initiative-de-biden-sur-gaza-jugee-positive-par-le-hamas-place-netanyahou-

    Depuis des semaines, le premier ministre est « isolé » au sein de son propre gouvernement, affirmaient récemment plusieurs sources proches des négociateurs israéliens au Monde, sous le couvert de l’anonymat.

    Contraint par ses propres ministres à accepter des termes qu’il s’empresse par la suite de troubler, voire de contredire, M. Nétanyahou suscite le « désespoir » des négociateurs israéliens. Ceux-ci le jugent « accaparé par sa seule survie politique ». Ils le soupçonnent de « saboter » leurs efforts, afin de prolonger la guerre et de se maintenir au pouvoir, tout en laissant ses alliés d’extrême droite rêver d’un nettoyage ethnique de Gaza et de sa recolonisation.

    « La seule divergence entre Israël et le Hamas, c’est de savoir si une reconnaissance de la fin de la guerre doit être exprimée ou si elle doit simplement avoir lieu sans être dite », résumait l’une de ces sources. Cependant, le gouvernement a conscience, précise-t-elle, qu’un accord impliquerait « de cesser toutes les opérations militaires, éventuellement de retirer les troupes de Gaza, la libération d’un certain nombre de terroristes des prisons israéliennes et, au moins, une acceptation implicite du fait que le Hamas n’est pas tout à fait exclu de la gouvernance de Gaza, mais qu’il exercera une influence sur l’entité qui contrôlera l’enclave dans une phase de transition, et peut-être au-delà ».

    Reconnaître explicitement que le Hamas a survécu à huit mois de guerre demeure inenvisageable pour les élus israéliens. L’opinion ne leur pardonnerait pas ce constat des limites de la puissance de l’Etat hébreu, alors que le bilan de l’écroulement vertigineux des capacités de dissuasion israéliennes, le 7 octobre 2023, reste à faire. C’est pourquoi Joe Biden s’est adressé directement aux Israéliens, en leur assurant que « le Hamas n’est plus capable d’organiser un nouveau 7 octobre », contredisant le principal argument de la droite israélienne.