• La memoria rimossa. « Il Massacro di Addis Abeba »

    Il graphic novel racconta la strage che seguì al fallito attentato al governatore e viceré d’Etiopia #Rodolfo_Graziani, avvenuto ad Addis Abeba il 19 febbraio 1937. La feroce rappresaglia, che costò la vita a migliaia di etiopi, è una prova incontestabile del nostro comportamento coloniale utile a smontare il mito degli “#Italiani_Brava_Gente”.

    Destinato al pubblico più vasto, il lavoro di Giacopetti è pensato come strumento utile ad affrontare la storia coloniale anche nelle scuole, per questo include un agile glossario di termini, locuzioni e acronimi che arricchiscono la lettura.

    https://www.meltingpot.org/2024/03/la-memoria-rimossa-il-massacro-di-addis-abeba

    Pour télécharger la BD :
    https://resistenzeincirenaicacom.files.wordpress.com/2024/02/a5_il_massacro_di_addis_abeba_fumetto_federazione_delle_resistenze.pdf

    #bande_dessinée #BD #livre #massacre #Addis_Abeba #Italie #Italie_coloniale #colonialisme #mémoire #19_février_1937 #Ethiopie #colonialisme #histoire

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    ajouté à la métaliste sur le #colonialisme_italien :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/871953

  • #Mariano_Pittana

    Nacque a San Paolo, frazione di Morsano al Tagliamento (Udine), il 9 settembre 1908 da Angelo e Pasquina Marus, penultimo di sette figli. Nel suo curriculum scolastico vanta il primato di essere stato il primo friulano (dopo la riforma dei corsi universitari) laureato all’Istituto universitario di architettura di Venezia nel novembre 1933, discutendo per tesi un progetto di villaggio turistico nell’area di Sant’Elena della città lagunare. Nel 1935 interruppe l’attività professionale appena avviata (vincitore ex aequo del concorso per la progettazione della colonia alpina di Tarvisio) per il richiamo al servizio militare, iniziando un periodo (che si protrasse fino al 1940) di lavori in Africa orientale, ad Addis Abeba, all’ufficio del genio civile. Nella città capitale dell’Etiopia (per la quale l’architetto Marcello Piacentini – ispiratore dello “#stile_littorio” tanto caro alle gerarchie fasciste – teorizzava la costruzione di edifici fortemente ispirati alla “romanità”) P. realizzò l’ampliamento dell’#ospedale_Duca_degli_Abruzzi, il #cinema_Impero, il #mercato_indigeno (una serie di padiglioni a un piano, sollevati da terra da pilastri per consentire l’esposizione della merce, immersi nel bosco di eucalipti che separa la città indigena dai quartieri europei), il palazzo per la sede dell’Ente Cotone e numerosi edifici commerciali e di abitazione, lavorando spesso con il fratello Tita, ingegnere. Alcune di queste opere furono interrotte a causa dello scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale. Partecipò come ufficiale al secondo conflitto mondiale e trascorse cinque anni in un campo di prigionia degli inglesi in Kenia. Al rientro in patria lavorò prima a Milano e poi si trasferì a Udine, aprendo lo studio professionale in via della Rosta. Negli anni Cinquanta, caratterizzati da una intensa attività edilizia, P. firmò i suoi migliori progetti: la casa di ricovero per anziani Daniele Moro a Morsano al Tagliamento, il centro studi di Pordenone (incarico assegnato a seguito di pubblico concorso di progettazione), la chiesa parrocchiale di Cordovado (in provincia di Pordenone) e, nella città di Udine, il palazzo Margotti in piazzale Osoppo, all’angolo tra le vie Gemona e di Toppo, i condomini di via Gemona, di via S. Chiara e di piazzale Osoppo. Agli anni Sessanta risalgono le scuole medie e il nuovo ospedale civile ad Aviano, il Centro sperimentale agricolo di San Vito al Tagliamento, le case per lavoratori del piano settennale INA casa (in collaborazione con l’ingegnere Plateo) in diversi comuni friulani (Attimis, Basiliano, Maniago, Martignacco, San Daniele del Friuli, Sequals, Tricesimo). In queste ultime realizzazioni P. seppe far convivere le proprie intuizioni e abilità compositivo-architettoniche con il rispetto degli standard prestazionali, funzionali e di spesa imposti dalla normativa di settore. Agli ultimi anni di attività risalgono i progetti a Mombasa (Kenya) del terminal e albergo dell’Air France, la realizzazione di un paio di alberghi e ville a Lignano Sabbadioro e a San Martino di Castrozza e di altri condomini a Udine (in piazzale Chiavris, all’angolo con via Colugna, in via Carducci, in via Cicogna, in via Tiberio Deciani, in via Montello). L’edificio che meglio rappresenta la cifra progettuale dell’arch. P. è sicuramente palazzo Margotti: un edificio massiccio con un coronamento “trasparente” all’ultimo piano, che ne alleggerisce la mole, con facciate arricchite da un gioco di luci e ombre prodotto da terrazze ora rientranti ora sporgenti, che si pongono in evidente contrasto con il dirimpettaio palazzo della Cassa di risparmio di Ermes Midena. Ad esaltare ulteriormente la differenza tra i due edifici, la scelta fatta da P. di impiegare un rivestimento di pietra con vibranti riflessi ferrigni, che conferiscono “colore” all’intero fabbricato. Nel maggio 1983 l’ordine degli architetti gli conferì un sigillo, disegnato dallo scultore Luciano Ceschia, a testimonianza della cinquantennale iscrizione all’albo professionale. P. morì a Udine il 4 maggio 1986, dopo aver patito per più di vent’anni una grave malattia che rallentò e limitò moltissimo l’attività progettuale.

    https://seenthis.net/messages/957266#message957280
    #Pittana #histoire #Italie #architecte #architecture #architecture_coloniale #histoire_coloniale #Italie_coloniale #colonialisme_italien #Addis_Abeba #Ethiopie #Tita_Pittana #Kenya

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    découvert son existence dans le film de #Alessandra_Ferrini « negotiating amnesia » :
    https://www.alessandraferrini.info/negotiating-amnesia
    https://seenthis.net/messages/957266#message957280

    –—

    ajouté à la métaliste sur l’Italie coloniale :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/871953

  • Eritrean refugees defy border closures only to find hardship in Ethiopia

    The long-dormant border crossings re-opened with such fanfare between Eritrea and Ethiopia last year as a symbol of warming relations are all now closed – but that isn’t stopping a steady flow of Eritrean refugees from fleeing across the heavily militarised frontier.

    According to the UN’s refugee agency, UNHCR, around 300 people continue to cross each day, using remote paths to avoid arrest by Eritrean border guards. They are prima facie refugees, typically escaping compulsory national service, repression, and joblessness, or looking to reunite with family members who have already made the journey.

    New arrivals join roughly 170,000 Eritrean refugees already in Ethiopia, staying in overcrowded camps, or living in nearby host communities. Younger, more mobile men and women typically head to the capital, Addis Ababa, to look for work, taking advantage of Ethiopia’s liberal employment policies for refugees.

    Finding it increasingly difficult to make ends meet in Ethiopia, many Eritrean refugees are choosing to move on, seeking better opportunities in Europe – or even further afield in the Americas – to support their families.

    Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993, but relations between the two governments soured, leading to a war from 1998 to 2000 in which 100,000 people died. Eritrea’s closed economy and the harshness of a regime that has remained on a war footing created a generation of exiles – some 460,000 people had fled the country by the end of 2016 out of a population of 5.3 million.

    The peace agreement signed in July 2018 between Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki ended almost two decades of frozen conflict – and won Abiy a Nobel Peace Prize earlier this month. The accord was meant to usher in trade and development, and revive the historical ties between the two nations. But, as progress towards normalising relations has stalled, the four frontier posts thrown open under the agreement have shut, with the last one, Assab-Bure, closing in May.

    “No proper explanation was given, but most probably the [Eritrean] regime fears the risk of losing control over the command economy and further acceleration of the mass exodus,’’ said Nicole Hirt, a researcher on Eritrea with the German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
    Safety, but little work

    The Ethiopian government’s “open-camp” policy means refugees don’t have to stay in camps and can work or continue with their education.

    But most Eritreans here have no proof of their academic qualifications. The Eritrean government doesn’t issue them to those who haven’t completed national service or can’t show evidence of an exemption.

    That complicates the search for work, as Eritrean refugees have to compete in an economy that is struggling to deliver jobs to an already large pool of unemployed youth.

    In the densely-populated Mebrat Hail suburb of Addis Ababa, many apartment buildings are home to Eritreans who arrived after the peace agreement was signed.

    The influx of people looking for work and accommodation led to a jacking up of rents – adding to the struggle of new refugees trying to make a fresh start in Ethiopia.

    “Rent is becoming very expensive in Addis Ababa and, even when you can find a job, you can barely pay the bills,’’ said Abinet, a young Eritrean working as a taxi driver.

    Rent on a one-bedroom flat is between $150 and $200 – a large amount of money to find each month.

    Faven, who was a laboratory technician in the Eritrean capital, Asmara, came to Addis Ababa to join her family. She is now working in a small shop earning $34 a month. “Not even enough to pay my rent,” she said.
    No way back

    Compulsory national service is the “primary driver behind the mass exodus of thousands of young Eritreans each month who brave dangerous foreign journeys and callous governments to reach safety abroad”, Human Rights Watch has noted.

    Mickel, 22, fled the country after doing three years in the military – leaving him now marooned.

    “I’m afraid to return. I will end up in jail, or worse [if I do],” he told The New Humanitarian. “I don’t have a passport and I cannot move freely.”

    Attendance at Sa’wa, Eritrea’s national defence training centre, is compulsory for every high school student. Conscription can be indefinite. Human rights groups have repeatedly documented “slavery-like” conditions during military training at Sa’wa, including torture and sexual violence.

    “I wake up in the night and I feel the government is coming to take me.”

    "We are prisoners of our dreams in Sa’wa. We are not free. That’s why I ran away,” said a 27-year-old former physics teacher, who taught at Sa’wa before escaping.

    Filomon, a teenager, said he constantly worries he could be kidnapped in Addis Ababa by Eritrean secret police and taken back to Asmara – a fear heightened by the reopening of the Eritrean embassy in July last year.

    “I wake up in the night and I feel the government is coming to take me. I still feel they can arrest me at anytime,” Filomon told TNH. “I don’t feel safe here.”
    Travelling on

    For many Eritreans, life in Ethiopia is a frustrating state of limbo.

    Those who can, make plans to leave the country. For example, Robel, 27, is waiting for his application for a family reunification visa to the UK to be processed. In the meantime, his brother sends him money each month.

    Others contemplate more difficult journeys, north to Sudan and then the Mediterranean route to Europe via Libya – although that is tempered by the well-known dangers.

    “We are aware of the risk and we all know what’s happening there,’’ a young Eritrean woman said in reference to Libya, where migrants can face detention, extortion, and torture at the hands of militia, even before attempting the perilous sea crossing to Europe.

    It is difficult to gauge how many Eritreans are journeying on from Ethiopia, but according to UNHCR, it is a significant number, with many of them unaccompanied minors.

    Apart from the well-trodden journey north to Sudan, new routes are emerging – or being re-explored.

    For those who can afford it, Latin America is a growing destination – with the hope of then making it on from there to the United States or Canada – according to the UN’s migration agency, IOM.

    “Nothing is impossible if you have money,” said Ghebre, who arrived in Addis a few months ago but is already dreaming of a better life abroad, and who preferred to only give one name.

    Forged travel documents that can get you to Colombia, Ecuador, or Panama are available from smugglers in Uganda for $3,500 per person, TNH was told by several Eritreans in Addis Ababa. It is then a treacherous overland trek to Mexico.

    Getting through Mexico, though, is a major hurdle. A report this month by the Mixed Migration Centre noted that some 4,779 Africans were apprehended in Mexico from January through July of 2019 – almost a fourfold increase over the same period the previous year. Among those were Eritreans, according to IOM.

    Between 1,500 and 3,000 Africans are currently stranded in the southern city of Tapachula – although the Mexican authorities say they are on pace to triple the number of African migrants being processed this year, up from 2,100 in 2017.

    An unknown number of migrants are also camped on Mexico’s northern border – stalled by the tough new US immigration policies. In a one week period earlier this year, the US Border patrol at Del Rio stopped more than 500 African migrants – some with children – who had taken the risk to cross undocumented.

    Even if Eritreans do make it to the United States, there has been an “alarming uptick” in deportations by the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency, known as ICE, which specifically targets them, according to news reports.

    The US Department of Homeland Security has also imposed visa restrictions on Eritreans, in direct retaliation for Asmara’s perceived non-cooperation over the deportation of its citizens – a move that in reality punishes the migrants rather than the government.

    https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2019/10/21/Eritrean-refugees-Ethiopia-border-closures
    #fermeture_des_frontières #ouverture_des_frontières #paix #processus_de_paix #asile #migrations #réfugiés #réfugiés_érythréens #Erythrée #Ethiopie #Addis_Abeba #travail

  • #Le_Corbusier’s Visions for Fascist #Addis_Ababa

    Had Le Corbusier’s sketch for the colonial capital of Addis Ababa been realized, it would have been one of the most ruthlessly planned cities of the twentieth century. On the 19th of August 1936 (a mere three months after the conquest of Addis Ababa), Le Corbusier wrote to #Mussolini to offer his technical services and to comment on the appropriate design for the new cities of Africa Orientale Italiana, the Italian colonial empire. The design, which accompanied the letter, would show “how a city for modern times is born”, as the famous architect put it.


    http://failedarchitecture.com/le-corbusiers-visions-for-fascist-addis-ababa
    #Addis_Abeba #architecture #urbanisme #fascisme #colonialisme #Ethiopie
    cc @reka @albertocampiphoto