#border_death

Lost in Securitization: Migration, Race, and Death at Europe’s Eastern Border

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This year marks the fifth anniversary of the start of the ‘border crisis’ in Poland’s eastern borderlands and, consequently, the eastern border of the European Union. Kasia Narkowicz examines this crisis within the broader context of the political economy of migration and traces its roots to various forms of intersecting racialized violence.

*

It is still cold in the early morning hours when we leave our accommodations in #Gruszki, a village in eastern Poland, to search for bison. We are in the #Białowieża Forest, about ten kilometers from the border wall that Poland’s government built in 2021 at a cost of over 350 million euros. The wall was constructed to prevent people from traveling into the EU from Belarus via Europe’s last primeval forest along the border. I am here as part of an international academic seminar with colleagues and comrades who work on borders globally. No bison or migrants were spotted in the borderlands this time.

Until recently, people crossing into Poland from Belarus would send location pins daily to #Grupa_Granica (Border Group), a conglomerate of organizations and activists supporting migrants. In the forest, they would be met by activists who would provide them with hot soup, a change of clothes, a power bank, and a shared sense of despair over the ever-growing securitization of the border.

The forest seems deserted right now, which may be because it’s still too cold. People who are on the move often get stuck here, sometimes for months. In the winter, the temperatures plummet to double-digits below zero making conditions for survival challenging. This is worsened by the frequency and scale of pushbacks taking place at the borders and the fact that a year ago Poland’s government suspended the right for asylum.

It is more likely, however, that the absence of people on the move today is a consequence of the deadly border wall. They have most likely rerouted their journeys. Once a much safer route into Europe than crossing the Mediterranean by boat, the Belarus-Poland border has become a poster child for border imperialism.

According to Researchers on the Border, most people on the move could have been assisted into Poland through asylum integration with the money spent on building the border wall. Instead, the number of pushbacks is much higher than anticipated. Many people are literally thrown back and forth between Poland and Belarus as if they were beach balls.

The 5.5-meter-high steel wall is topped with concertina wire, which is responsible for the most common injuries to people on the move. The borderland is made up of difficult terrain with swamps, rivers, and fallen-down trees. One wrong step, and someone unfamiliar with the area could get stuck in a swamp.

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Some people die in this way, with their bodies being pulled out of swamps and rivers months or years later. They are often unrecognizable and sometimes unidentifiable. Of the more than 100 documented migrants who have died en route in the forest while attempting to reach Poland, some died from injuries caused directly by the border wall. One of them was Mohammad from Syria.
April 2023, Poland-Belarus border

One night in April 2023, Mohammad fell from a wall along the border between Poland and Belarus, which stands five and a half meters tall. He had traveled from Lebanon, where he had been displaced by the Syrian war. Mohammad was a 58-year-old Syrian from Daraa, a key location for the civil uprising that preceded the war, as well as an area devastated by drought.

He most likely flew to Minsk and was then subjected to what is consistently referred to as the ‘hybrid war’ waged by Alexander Lukashenko’s regime against Europe. Mohammed climbed up the wall while attempting to cross the border between Poland and Belarus, but he got stuck in the barbed wire. He then fell off very close to the village of Stare Masiewo. He had internal injuries from the fall, a broken leg, and a shredded leg from the concertina.

His case is not extraordinary. Like many millions before him, he left his region in search of a more bearable life and perhaps to reunite with his daughter, who was studying abroad. They reunited when she came to the hospital in Poland where he was already in a coma, dying shortly after. He became the 43rd victim of the border, joining the sad ranks of over 100 known migrants who have died trying to cross into Poland. Several hundred more are still missing.

Few migrants die like Mohammed, in a hospital while receiving care. Most die alone in the forest. This was the case for 28-year-old Ethiopian woman Mahlet Kassa, whose body was found by Piotr Czaban, a journalist who relentlessly documents the violence on the Poland-Belarus border. Mahlet’s body was found in the forest in February 2023. While she was still alive, her travel companions shared her exact GPS location with the border guards in hopes that they would come to her aid. Instead of receiving help, the group got pushed back into Belarus.

Many, like Mahlet, are young people. There are also children crossing the border, several hundred every year, most of them unaccompanied. The youngest victim of the Poland-Belarus border was Halikari Dhaker, a 24-week-old Kurdish baby who died stillborn alongside his mother. Halikari is buried in the Muslim cemetery in the nearby village of Bohoniki.

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Mikołaj Grynberg’s book titled “Jezus umarł w Polsce” (“Jesus died in Poland”) captures the early days of the most recent and, for Poland, unprecedented inflow of migrants traveling from outside Europe seeking entry into the EU through the Poland-Belarus border. Similar to Agnieszka Holland’s black-and-white film “Green Border,” Grynberg reads the current ‘migrant crisis’ on the eastern border through the lens of history.

More specifically, he references the anti-Semitic violence that occurred in these very borderlands some eight decades earlier, when Jewish communities made up the majority of the inhabitants in several villages. Grynberg and Holland, alongside numerous scholars, connect the violence of today’s migration politics on the Poland-Belarus border to its dark history.
Shifting migration routes in Central and Eastern Europe

Over the past two decades, Central and Eastern Europe has become a region of emigration, with its citizens predominantly filling low-paying and insecure positions across Western Europe, e.g. as care workers in Germany or fruit pickers in the UK. These mobile workers kept Europe running, even during the global pandemic when their work posed additional risks alongside already fragile working conditions.

Many work in exploitative conditions that, as scholar Polina Manolova argues, make a “dignified life impossible” in a neoliberal system that feeds on their degradation. This deepens the East-West divide rather than collapsing it, as the entrenched idea persists that “someone has to pick German strawberries” – and that someone is Eastern European. This lays bare the continuity of Eastern European Othering.

Alongside these outward migration processes, Central and Eastern Europe is now receiving migrants from outside Europe on an unprecedented scale. Thus, the region is becoming one of both emigration and immigration, and in both contexts, migration is racialized. This shift has unfolded amid a growing nod towards authoritarian populist politics. After losing the 2023 elections, the far-right Law and Justice Party (PiS), which ran on an anti-immigrant agenda, was replaced by a new center-right government led by Donald Tusk. This new government has ramped up racist anti-immigrant rhetoric, openly warning of a ‘Muslim invasion’ through the Belarus border.

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From 2021 until recently, the EU’s eastern land border experienced unprecedented movement, with an increase in irregular border crossings exceeding tenfold compared to 2020. This is the same border that people fleeing Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine used. Yet, their refugee status was not questioned, and their journeys were not criminalized when they were perceived as ‘white Eastern Europeans.’

The idea that Central and Eastern Europe is somehow exempt from scrutiny regarding its role in global racial regimes because it never colonized other regions has long been challenged. The region’s involvement in colonialism and global racial hierarchies has been a key topic in postcolonial and decolonial Eastern European scholarship.

This year marks the fifth anniversary of the beginning of the ‘border crisis’ in Poland’s eastern borderlands, and, by extension, the eastern border of the European Union. Although people have stopped crossing the Poland-Belarus border for now, the border wall and drones continue to hover loudly through the Białowieża Forest.

This is indeed a crisis, but not one of people on the move. Rather, it is a crisis of overlapping and intersecting issues – white supremacy, border imperialism, and climate change – that entangle all species, human and nonhuman alike, in a web that makes it difficult to understand how to be human.

▻https://berlinergazette.de/lost-in-securitization-migration-race-and-death-at-europes-eastern-b
#migrations #réfugiés #frontières #border_deaths #mourir_aux_frontières #morts_aux_frontières #forêts #Pologne #Biélorussie #solidarité #push-backs #refoulements #violence #murs #barrière_frontalière #borderland #guerre_hybride #Europe_de_l'Est #Bialowieza

ping @reka

People dead and missing along migration routes to Europe from 2014 to 2024

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The map shows the locations (latitude and longitude) where 2880 incidents caused the death and disappearance of 36693 people from January 2014 to December 2024.
The size of the circle indicates how many people died and are missing in each incident. By clicking on the icons you can see the date of the incident, the exact number of people involved and cause of death.
The four different colours identify the four main migration routes to Europe:

- Western African Atlantic Route (red);
- Western Mediterranean Route (green)
- Central Mediterranean Route (orange);
- Eastern Mediterranean Route (blue).

▻https://medium.com/peopleonthemove/people-dead-and-missing-along-migration-routes-to-europe-from-2014-to-2024-d
#visualisation #cartographie #cartes #frontières #migrations #morts_aux_frontières #border_deaths #Silvia_Costantini #infographie
ping @reka @fil

The Everywhere Border. Digital Migration Control Infrastructure in the Americas

The US is building a digital border infrastructure in neighbouring countries that expands and deepens surveillance, while hiding state violence. The implications of this new infrastructure will be long-lasting and need to be integrated into strategies of resistance of migrant justice movements worldwide.

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In 2021, José Eusebio Asegurado, a farmer in El Salvador, was arrested by the Salvadoran National Civil Police for ‘promoting human trafficking’. The basis for the arrest was a WhatsApp group chat (external link)
that Asegurado and other migrants1 were using to coordinate a caravan, which had been infiltrated by a police agent. According to the screenshots used to incriminate him, Asegurado’s only participation in the chat was responding ‘OK’ to a migrant’s message that he would be at a meeting point at around 5 o’clock. Police arrested Asegurado at the meeting point, telling him he was ‘profiled’ as a caravan organiser.

The same day, the Salvadoran police also charged Fátima Pérez, a cook, and Juan Rufino Ramírez, a private security guard, with promoting ‘human trafficking’ based on messages on a WhatsApp group they had created to coordinate a caravan. Screenshots in Ramírez’s case show him giving instructions to the 55-member group to meet at the bus station, and the prices of tickets to Guatemala. The police arrested Ramírez and Pérez the morning they were planning to leave.

These three arrests took place in the span of four hours. The then-US ambassador in El Salvador, Katherine Dueholm, promptly congratulated (external link)
the General Prosecutor’s office, stating: ‘I applaud the Salvadoran authorities who are taking action against those who want to deceive citizens with caravans and false promises. They promote only #UnViajeEnVano (external link)
’ – ’a journey in vain’.

The arrests and Ambassador Dueholm’s praise reflect the critical role of covert surveillance and data-driven ‘smart’ technologies in US migration-control practices operating deep within countries outside the US. Over the past twenty years, the US (and other wealthy countries) have made strides to externalise border-control regimes well beyond their actual territory. This often involves effectively enrolling agencies in other countries in migrant surveillance, policing, and exclusion.

The new digital infrastructure that enables border externalisation, however, is little understood. This digital infrastructure relies on both military-grade technology built by major weapons manufacturers and Silicon Valley innovation: inter-operable databases that share fingerprints seamlessly between police agencies across borders; biometric collection devices used by Mexican detention authorities to track migrants for US Customs and Border Protection (CBP); social media apps that serve as critical communications networks for migrants and surveillance tools for police; digital ID systems that enable access to essential services, but double as tracking devices.

Infrastructure – digital or material – has real sticking power; that’s the point. Once a highway splits a community in half, a new permanence stifles the din of protest, and people move on. We use the term digital infrastructure to describe the establishment of a foundation that will be fundamental to how world powers will practise migration control; and, as it embeds itself, increasingly beyond challenge – a unified strategic intervention by powerful countries, with the US coveting the vanguard. While it may look like technological experimentation (like AI-powered robot dogs on the border) or one-off opportunistic data-grabs (like networks of international data-sharing agreements), the growth of digital border infrastructure is by design. This is enabled through joined-up digital technologies that settle into the kind of rigid, ‘motiveless’ permanence granted to other infrastructures, like submarine communications cables, protocols and servers that run the internet, an electrical grid or a superhighway.2

The profound implications of new infrastructures persist long after their creation, as is the case for the digital infrastructure deployed to police migrants in the so-called US ‘backyard’. Its impacts are frequently rendered invisible. Governments promote border policing technologies as fundamentally safe, humane and non-violent (external link)
while migrant advocates struggle to make visible the violence on the other side of this unseen ‘borderland circuitry’.3

The implications range from digitally triggered violence and killings by local police in Central America to actions by the US, its allies and competitors in geopolitical contests over the control of global security. The US government and private industry have worked themselves into a largely covert entrepreneurial frenzy to own and control the migration policing interface of the future. Monitoring and control capabilities – a longstanding and routine part of US aid packages to fight organised crime – both expand domestic spying by partner governments for their own ends and serve US border externalization interests in controlling the movement of people and diverting them away from the US territorial border.

This essay will focus primarily on how digital infrastructure serves US interests . What do we know about this strategy and how it is already affecting mobility and human rights in the region? What are its historical foundations? What challenges lie ahead? It is impossible to answer these questions simply by dissecting the cruelty or provenance of any single technology, system or actor. We first need to understand the transnational motivations driving these incremental, more observable, facts on the ground. We need, in other words, to make visible the invisible digital infrastructure.
Digital infrastructure is key to border externalisation and a rise in unaccountable violence

Understanding border externalisation through the lens of digital infrastructure captures the true scale of border practices envisaged by the US (and its competitors and allies) as well as their envisaged permanence within the future world order. Digital border infrastructure feeds on histories of domination, control and atrocities in the name of transnational ‘crime-fighting’ projects, setting the stage for tremendous social costs.

First, as to scale, we are witnessing an escalation of US border imperialism and borderland violence4 – both in terms of geographical reach far into national territories and the further extension of ‘policeability’5 to an increasing number of individuals and groups through this digital infrastructure. This includes anyone an algorithm decides might be ‘dangerous’, those who might migrate, as well as humanitarian actors, migrant advocacy groups, and aid organisations. Scaling and the rapid growth it engenders is a quintessential property of digital technologies, regardless of their origin or application. The shifts to new targets under digital infrastructure are frictionless compared to earlier analogue-based border policing tactics. Asegurado, the farmer assisting migrants in El Salvador, was swept up in the US border externalisation dragnet with a simple ‘OK’ on a WhatsApp chat.

Second, as to permanence, advocates of digital borders in national capitals, industry and development agencies embrace the term ‘digital public infrastructure’ as a brand, to bestow (unearned) trust, normalisation and the inevitability of contested digital tools such as biometric IDs and payment systems.6 Ceding the privilege of defining ‘digital infrastructure’ to actors with vested interests in current migration-control practices is reckless. Without a counternarrative that articulates their violent disposition, digital border externalisation tools – including widespread biometrics collection, real-time transaction data-collection in payment systems, and the confiscation of smartphones at the border – can easily be normalised as ‘digital public infrastructure’, rather than resisted.

The scale and enduring impact of the rapidly hardening digital infrastructure that fuels border externalisation calls for urgent transnational organising. As writers and activists, we have come together to resist the use of digital infrastructure in US migration-control policy in Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. We have only traces and not the whole picture. Building on the work of others, we weave all this together to show how the fusion of state and digital power to construct digital border infrastructure is neither humane nor safe: rather, it is increasing unaccountable forms of violence.

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Convergence: Drugs war, border externalisation, digital infrastructure and the militarisation of US’ neighbouring regions

Economic and political initiatives since the 1970s have driven relentlessly towards US investments in more militarised, criminalising, and digitised migration-control practices. Since 9/11, the US convergence of ‘national security’ with unauthorised migration has fueled an ever expanding border externalisation regime—currently there are 23 CBP offices and 48 ICE offices worldwide—and consequently has provided an especially lucrative market for digital surveillance corporations.7 Through programmes such as the Mérida Initiative and the Central American Regional Security Initiative, the US has tied aid to countries such as Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras to increased militarisation, policing, incarceration, and migration control.

Yet migration patterns to the US from Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean cannot be divorced from the practices and policies that the US employed for over a century to dominate countries in these regions. Decades of US practices and policies have fuelled economic, political, and environmental instability – key factors that drive migration to the US. Over the past 20 years the number of people migrating from Central America has more than doubled (external link)
, the largest increases coming from Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico. The US-backed ‘war on drugs’ in Mexico and Central America has dramatically increased violence and instability.8 In Mexico, the fight against organised crime has resulted in 350,000 deaths and more than 72,000 disappearances (external link)
between 2006 and 2021. According to the World Bank, 60% of rural Central Americans live in poverty (external link)
. While the largest contributors to the climate crisis are wealthy countries, these already impoverished populations suffer the most acute impacts of climate change. For decades, prolonged droughts together with natural catastrophic events such as hurricanes (external link)
and floods (external link)
have deeply affected Central America. The number of people facing food insecurity tripled between 2019 and 2021, affecting 6.4 million people (external link)
. Asegurado, Pérez and Ramírez – like many others – are grasping for alternatives to this intolerable situation.

Rather than acknowledge these underlying causes, the US response has been to extend its border ever further. General John Kelly, former Secretary of the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS), stated (external link)
, ‘I believe the defense of the Southwest border starts 1,500 miles to the south’. Mexico has long been central to the US border-externalisation regime, and digital infrastructure plays an increasingly critical role. Tony Crowder, former director of CBP’s Air and Marine Operations, shared Kelly’s sentiment ‘We have taught the Mexicans how to fish…[but] even though we have all this surveillance capability, we don’t have enough, we need more’.9

While part of a continuum of US efforts to enlist Mexico in support of its regional objectives, this ‘security and rule-of-law partnership (external link)
’ accelerated following 9/11. In 2007, the US shifted the focus of its drug war (external link)
from Colombia to Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. Under this frame of securitisation, the drug war merged with the migrant-control regime. In 2008, the Mérida Initiative was launched – a bilateral partnership between the US and Mexico in the name of the US war on drugs. It initially provided financing for Mexico to purchase equipment for its military and police forces and for intelligence gathering. In 2013, Mérida was revamped to include four pillars (external link)
, incorporating the creation of a ‘21st century US-Mexican border, while improving immigrant enforcement in Mexico and security along Mexico’s southern borders’. Effectively an extension of US policy, some $3.5 billion (external link)
has helped shape Mexico’s migration-control agenda since 2008.

In 2014, Programa Frontera Sur further securitised Mexico’s southern border by increasing the migration policing and deportation apparatus. Consequently, Mexico now has one of the world’s largest (external link)
immigration detention systems. Between 2014 and 2017, Mexico deported more Central Americans (external link)
than the US Border Patrol. Doris Meissner, the former commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS, the predecessor to ICE and CBP), underscored the importance of Mexican migration control, explaining in 2017 the need to look at both US and Mexican data to assess the effectiveness of US border enforcement (external link)
.10

Under these agreements, the US Department of Defense has provided training and sold millions in military equipment to Mexico, including an array of ‘smart border’ technologies provided by corporations (external link)
such as Dev Technology, General Dynamics, Amazon Web Services, and NEC. The CBP and ICE have provided training on intelligence-gathering, info-sharing, and migration policing. A key element of US support to Mexico has been to develop an infrastructure to collect and share data – such as biometric and biographical information, and criminal history – in a manner that interfaces seamlessly with US databases.

The digital infrastructure that tracks and catalogues migrants is central to US migration policy in Mexico. The US-backed Instituto Nacional de Migración (INM) strategy relies on this infrastructure (external link)
as the primary means to control migration rather than sealing Mexico’s southern border with Guatemala. Biometric collection is essential to making migrants more legible to the state. In 2011, the US provided four biometric kiosks (external link)
to Mexico’s southern border, and 117 additional biometric scanners (external link)
the following year. Between 2018 and the first half of 2022, the Mexican government gathered and shared information on over 360,000 migrants in detention facilities.11 Information from CBP reveals that Mexican authorities shared information from 10,000 humanitarian visa (external link)
applications with DHS. The release of approximately 1,800 unregistered migrants from a shelter in Piedras Negras was conditional on the registration of their data.12

An ‘Information Sharing Environment’ that includes inter-operable data-sharing systems (external link)
is central to achieving the objectives of the homeland security state. ‘Inter-operability’ enables seamless connectivity between police, immigration agencies, foreign governments, and more.13 Key forms of US-initiated digital infrastructure rely on widespread information-gathering and seamless sharing of data for surveillance across borders.

This vast amount of data-collection and sharing has been fuelled by unleashing the power of the carceral state – including the centrality of the ‘criminal alien’, ‘gang member’ and ‘drug trafficker’ as threats to national security – at all geographic levels of the US migrant-control regime. For example, the Biometric Identification Transnational Migration Alert Program (BITMAP) allows DHS and its partner countries to know where and when an individual arrives in the Western Hemisphere (external link)
and their travel patterns before they reach the southwest US border. BITMAP is currently deployed to 18 countries (external link)
, including Mexico. DHS also has a Criminal History Information Sharing (CHIS) programme that allows for the global sharing of biographic, biometric, and descriptive information on individuals deported from the US (e.g. alleged immigration, employment, family, and criminal histories).

The structural criminalisation of poverty in both countries is amplified with CHIS. According to the National Survey of Imprisoned Population in Mexico, conducted by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI) in 2021, nearly 44% of the respondents declared having been imprisoned on the basis of false accusations or incriminations (external link)
. Forty-two percent claimed they had been forced to plead guilty or to incriminate someone else. Nearly half of those who are jailed have not been convicted (external link)
, and nearly half of all convictions are for theft of under US$100 (external link)
. This is the kind of data that feeds CHIS.

In another example, DHS is developing the Homeland Advanced Recognition Technology System (HART) (external link)
to replace its current centralised biometric database, IDENT, through a contract with Peraton (external link)
(a subsidiary of Veritas Capital, a private equity firm). Hosted by Amazon Web Services, HART will enable DHS to aggregate and compare biographical and biometric data on hundreds of millions of people across the globe. This includes so-called encounter data from police stops, facial recognition, DNA, iris scans, and voice prints – usually gathered without the individual’s knowledge or consent. The massive HART database draws from widespread biometrics collection in all realms – for example, the US DOS INL’s development of integrated DNA databases in Mexico and Central America in the name of combating trafficking or the proposed national biometric digital ID in Mexico (external link)
. In this way, multiple state initiatives merge, and the power of the state to police, track and control migrants and all people under their watch grows exponentially.

While the Mérida Initiative formally ended in 2019, its approach has been sustained by the Mexican government. In 2021, the Mexican government increased (external link)
the military by 46% and the National Guard dedicated to stopping migrants by 300%. In July 2022, President López Obrador committed $1.5 billion in smart border infrastructure (external link)
over the next two years.

For US partner states, any technological and data-sharing channels that are financed and exported to them become assets – not just for monitoring migrants, but to advance multiple agendas of coercive power-building. This infrastructure can therefore end up fuelling violence and criminalisation, undermining the right to asylum, exacerbating inequality, and expanding the power of paramilitaries and the police (external link)
, while privileging securitised neoliberal and corporate prerogatives.
The geopolitical nature of digital infrastructure

In their research on digital payment systems, Marieke de Goede and Carola Westermeier use the term ‘infrastructural geopolitics’ to stress the growing centrality of infrastructure to geopolitics and the ways in which US economic power is rooted in financial infrastructures (which, like migration control, are rapidly digitising).14

The global financial messaging network SWIFT is an example of infrastructure that is invisible to most people and yet plays a major role, as the writers describe, in reinforcing power relations of the post-war global order in which it emerged. Seventy years after the Second World War and fifty years since SWIFT’s establishment, bank messaging routes flow through former colonial capitals and map onto a ‘core’ of Western countries, leaving large swaths of Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East in a permanent, but effectively invisible, economic periphery. Similarly, digital IDs, social media monitoring and infiltration, and data-sharing platforms are essentially component parts, nodes, or partially visible layers of deeper, longer-term geo-strategic digital infrastructure projects.

Extension of borders through digital infrastructure serves US political and economic goals well beyond the policing of human mobility. Geopolitical contests for control over infrastructures play out across several domains. Military establishments covet ‘identity dominance (external link)
’, an objective that drove US forces to gather massive stores of biometric data in Afghanistan and Iraq as a weapon of war. US digital services giants like Amazon and Google mastered ‘platformisation’ by building e-commerce (digital advertising, search, social media, etc.) infrastructure to dominate the digital economy. Often, public and private-sector interests converge, including in the form of public–private partnerships (PPPs) to build infrastructure. In each case, the true contest among states and corporate giants centres on control over the interface, or the most essential, invisible, infrastructural methods of digital communication and control. As Michael Kwet explains (external link)
, ‘Transnational “Big Tech” corporations based in the United States have amassed trillions of dollars and gained excessive powers to control everything, from business and labor to social media and entertainment in the Global South. Digital colonialism is now engulfing the world’. The US quest for domination through externalised migration policing infrastructure goes hand in hand with its geopolitical and corporate designs for economic power.

These forms of infrastructural digital power pose unique challenges for documentation and ultimately for any form of systemic change. Challenges include blurred lines of responsibility, mission, and function; governments and corporate actors are seen or presented as passive conduits or intermediaries in digital public infrastructure; and infrastructures can easily appear to be ‘ahistorical’ and motiveless. In Mexico and Central America, migration control converges with ongoing US foreign policing operations (such as the war on drugs, and gang wars). We explore the several simultaneous effects of this complex merger: the turn to digital infrastructure; its relationship to violence and human suffering; and its foreclosure of accountability for these harms.
Digital border infrastructure in your phone: Information and Communications Technology (ICT) policing techniques along migration routes

Surveillance infrastructure is tangible in physical migration detention centres and in police arrests: mugshots, cheek swabs, confiscation of the detainee’s mobile phone. The deepening integration of daily life, telecommunications and computers open extensive avenues for more covert, opportunistic surveillance of private communications and activity by users who rely on social media, mobile communication and messaging apps. The surveillance of mobile phones and social media ranges from overt disclosure requirements for visa and benefits applications to government listing and tracking of protesters and other ‘undesirable’ actors. Migrant surveillance is immersed in these control schemes where surveillance technology serves as a silent tool for government violence and repression.

This has had an impact on how migrants travel and keep safe, such as through safety in numbers. Travelling in caravans has therefore become both a survival and a protest strategy: sources of both physical and economic security (external link)
and opposition (external link)
to the economic policies that contributed to their displacement. Social media and messaging apps are key tools for the coordination of caravans and for migrants more broadly. Migrants use these tools to identify routes, look for shelter and food, communicate with their support networks, warn each other about risks (external link)
, and coordinate travel. Governments as well as organised crime understand these dynamics and use these same tools to monitor and extort migrants.

On 5 June 2019, Irineo Mujica, from Sin Fronteras – a civil society organisation (CSO) dedicated to the protection of human rights of migrants in Mexico and the US, and which has supported multiple migrant caravans – was arrested in Mexico, falsely charged with human trafficking (external link)
. Mujica appeared in the CBP’s watchlist database published in 2019 (external link)
that contained photos, names, professions, and other details of journalists, activists, and social media influencers both from Mexico and the US with links to the migrant caravan.

A DHS Office of Inspector General (OIG) report (external link)
on the database and other surveillance practices found that CBP established electronic alerts (lookouts) on journalists, attorneys, and advocates who were connected by social media to the migrant caravans. Those tagged by the lookouts were constantly flagged for secondary screening (external link)
when entering the US, and interrogated about their work, organisation, family, education, and political leanings.

The weaponisation of such information had grim effects on the Mexican side of the border. According to Sin Fronteras activist Alex Mensing (external link)
, after the CBP shared information gathered through lookouts with the Mexican government, other members from his organisation who assisted migrant caravans in the same period saw an increase in border scrutiny and death threats (external link)
. Organising and supporting migrants threatens lucrative operations that depend on the criminalisation of migration across the region. Civil society assistance makes migrants less prone to kidnapping and extortion, which therefore reduces the income for organised crime linked to these activities, and, as a domino effect, bribes to authorities also drop, pitting the collective interests of such groups against activists and those providing humanitarian assistance.

Surveilling anyone who might pose a threat to the system has long been a generalised and systematic form of government control in Mexico. A leaked document from the NSO Group, the Israeli company that created Pegasus, revealed that 50,000 people were possible surveillance targets (external link)
in Mexico. The list included opposition politicians, journalists investigating government corruption and extrajudicial killings, activists advocating the taxing of sugary drinks, judges, academics, and international experts who investigated the case of the enforced disappearance and extrajudicial killing of the 43 students, among others.

In 2022, mobile phones from two journalists and an activist who investigated abuses committed by the Mexican army were found to be infected with the malware Pegasus (external link)
. In 2020, the Mexican government sought to create a SIM card registry that would link to the card owner’s biometrics and other personal data. This would have intensified government digital surveillance via ICT infrastructure, and was opposed by civil society (external link)
.

CBP internal documents show (external link)
that government agencies across the border continually share information about the location of migrants, their origin, and the number of people in each group, even before they start to migrate. In 2018, US DHS agents infiltrated a WhatsApp group (external link)
of Honduran migrants travelling in a caravan of about 4,000. These policing practices are also being reproduced by the Mexican government.15

https://www.tni.org/files/styles/image_small_wide/public/2023-02/2048px-Border_Wall_at_Tijuana_and_San_Diego_Border.jpeg

Impact: Infrastructural violence and accountability deficits in globalised migration policing

Roberto M., a young man in El Salvador, was shot and taken away by police shortly after being deported from the US. The rural police officers who shot Roberto also threatened an eyewitness at gunpoint, telling him that Roberto was a gang member and if he revealed what he’d seen, the same would happen to him. Police in El Salvador receive data on gang-member affiliation from the US, and share these lists (external link)
with neighbourhood-level police where deportees plan to live. These databases have been found to be problematic and unreliable (external link)
. Police departments confirmed (external link)
that this information is used to target people (external link)
: ‘We think that if a person wasn’t wanted in the United States, it must be because the deported person is bad’.

Violence can increasingly be tied to digital border technologies, particularly in combination with one another and with physical and environmental realities that envelop them. Studies show the effects of integrated fixed-tower surveillance on migrant mortality rates in Arizona’s Altar Valley. Here, digital infrastructure merges with the ineffective yet longstanding US deterrence policy that purposefully makes migration routes more dangerous, on the theory that migrants would not risk the journey. The fusion of technology and policies that inflict deliberate harm produces these predictable results of increased migrant deaths (external link)
.

The story of Roberto M. and the witness to his post-deportation shooting and disappearance in El Salvador reflects another pattern of violence tied to information-sharing through digital infrastructures. The criminologist Ana Muñiz documents a ‘cycle of violent policing, migration, more violent policing, detention, deportation, violent policing, migration, and so on’, in which the labels themselves (‘criminal alien’ or ‘gang member’) become inescapable vectors of precarity.16 Such labels channel individuals into a ‘sort of statelessness’ as constant, quantifiable scapegoats that provide an easy diversion for state security forces and corporations that produce and perpetuate the ‘structural causes of violence’.17

Digital infrastructure merges not with a physical terrain, but with pre-existing social and political factors that make violence a foregone conclusion. Today’s multipurpose digital infrastructure also permits the efficient incorporation of new undesirable criminalised categories, including ‘caravan organisers’ or ‘migration promoters’ – as in El Salvador’s attempt (external link)
to reform its penal code, criminalising the ‘promotion of migration’ on social media.
Challenges and way forward

We are interested in developing deeper knowledge about the political origins of these infrastructures to challenge the violence of global migration control systems. This essay only sets out the field of engagement. Far more collective work is required to document and design models of resistance to meet such challenges.

The diffuse and structural nature of power behind the seemingly ahistorical, and motiveless characteristics of digital infrastructures undermine classic approaches to accountability. Furthermore, the familiar national and international judicial avenues to hold perpetrators of these forms of indirect violence responsible – however imperfect or ineffective they may already be – are exceptionally ill-suited to the conditions at play in the migration policing context specifically, for several reasons.

First, the technologies in use such as biometric databases, and the means of using civilian technologies like social media and other ICTs, are simply not designed to respect or be held to democratic scrutiny; they are military-grade and converted for use in quasi-militarised spaces, by institutions permeated with military ideology. Nearly a third of CBP personnel previously served in the US military. Biometric surveillance technologies advanced by leaps and bounds within US military operations before being integrated with ‘civilian’ border policing. Private-sector military contractors play an integral role in this transition.

As journalist Annie Jacobsen documents, as part of the US military biometric data-collection in Afghanistan, Palantir Technologies served as a critical link between US intelligence operations to track and kill military targets and quasi-civilian policing operations like the piloting of rapid DNA samples from migrant families at the US border in 2019.18 Today, the biometric kits used in Afghanistan, some still storing biometric data collected on the battlefield, are for sale on eBay (external link)
.

Second, justice and oversight bodies are ill-equipped to serve their intended function in this ecosystem. Within criminal proceedings and investigations, the use of technologies that capture and record evidence of allegedly criminal activity or purport to biometrically match records are extremely difficult to challenge because of their scientific veneer and opaque data-collection and analysis methods, which leaves no practical room (external link)
to impeach or exclude such evidence. The design of technologies that predetermine risk factors keyed to criminalised behaviour, including migration, contravenes the presumption of innocence. In the civil context, national-level justice mechanisms deny standing to non-nationals located outside the US who are victims of violations linked to digital surveillance.

Finally, there are huge incentives for both state and corporate power to hide violence. The political positioning of ‘smart borders’ as more ‘humane’ conceals the state’s role in violence and insulates corporations from negative PR or constraints by participating in repugnant markets. Their task is made easy by rendering physical pain abstract rather than affecting real human beings,19 and features of the data economy like the way corporates have helped the movement towards running government functions like private digital platforms.

Mitigation ‘risk assessment’ tools like data protection or human rights impact assessments provide cover (external link)
, favouring the continuation of these business practices because firms undertake them voluntarily and face little or no consequences for a poor risk assessment. Unsurprisingly, these industry-led tools often fail to provide (external link)
a means for real accountability; they reveal scant information that would be actionable if and when products do cause harm; and the burden of proving rights violations and finding an effective remedy (external link)
after the fact is shouldered entirely by victims. The interests of powerful actors converge around a web of financial stakes in the system, leading to the aggressive harassment and potential silencing of activists as the case of Irineo Mujica and Sin Fronteras illustrates.

We need tools and methods for transnational cooperation to document, gather and share information safely, and organise. Fusing new understandings about how digital power functions within existing resistance movements transnationally, holds potential for challenges to the digital infrastructure of border externalisation.

We are in the initial stages of our collective effort to understand and expose this digital infrastructure. Through this analysis, we can begin to identify the interventions to start to tear it apart and break it down. Transnational organising against tech corporations offers opportunities for shared understanding and meaningful solidarity. This year, organisations in France and Kenya, with support from actors in other countries, sued biometrics giant IDEMIA (external link)
for its failure to meet even minimum human rights standards of due diligence as it reaps billions in secret border security tech sales to low- and middle-income countries. This emerged from collaborative evidence-gathering and organising across borders.

As the US military establishment recognised decades ago: whoever dominates the field of externalised borders defines ‘friend and foe’ everywhere.20 The faster the US establishes economic and political dominance over digital migration-control infrastructure, the greater its security in maintaining global digital power. Digital infrastructure serves multiple purposes at once, but the ultimate geopolitical function is raw, generalised power over global affairs. The tools examined here will ‘contain’ human life within spaces of catastrophic violence, by design. This specific effect betrays the most fundamental commitments of international human rights and humanitarian law in the face of unprecedented challenges to human survival across most of the world. But this pernicious effect is also ruthlessly beside the point.

In reality, as facets of infrastructural power, the technologies that fix the ‘calculation of who must live and who must die’22 do not do so as an end in itself, but in the service of power and its reproduction in this digital age.23 In this way the complicity of state and corporate actors in the production of violence is cast in the starkest relief. This geopolitical analysis is our starting point for building resistance towards transformation.

▻https://www.tni.org/en/article/the-everywhere-border
#externalisation #migrations #frontières #réfugiés #USA #Etats-Unis #infrastructure #infrastructure_numérique #violence #violence_d'Etat #surveillance #caravane #whatsapp #criminalisation_de_la_migration #arrestation #technologie #technologie_intelligente #externalisation_des_contrôles_frontaliers #bases_de_données #interopérabilité #empreintes_digitales #coopération_policière #impérialisme #biométrie #Mérida_Initiative #Central_American_Regional_Security_Initiative #war_on_drugs #Amérique_centrale #Mexique #Programa_Frontera_Sur #rétention #détention_administrative #ICE #smart_borders #frontières_intelligentes #Dev_Technology #General_Dynamics #Amazon_Web_Services #complexe_militaro-industriel #NEC #Instituto_Nacional_de_Migración (#INM) #Guatemala #Biometric_Identification_Transnational_Migration_Alert_Program (#BITMAP) #Criminal_History_Information_Sharing (#CHIS) #criminalité #Homeland_Advanced_Recognition_Technology_System (#HART) #IDENT #Peraton #Veritas_Capital #reconnaissance_faciale #ADN #DOS_INL #infrastructural_geopolitics #géopolitique #SWIFT #multinationales #colonialisme_numérique #téléphones_portables #smartphones #criminalisation_de_la_solidarité #NSO_Group #border_deaths #décès #morts_aux_frontières #mourir_aux_frontières

Erased in life and death: intersecting injustices faced by people on the move in Serbia: Report summary 1/7

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A knowledge-mapping report
Release 1: Summary of findings and death realities
Introduction

Our full report ‘Erased in life and death: intersecting injustices faced by people on the move in Serbia’ explores the systemic neglect, institutional silence, and structural violence surrounding the deaths of people on the move in Serbia. It is not a new intervention, nor a pioneering effort. Rather, it builds on the longstanding work of civil society organisations, cemetery workers, communities of faith, journalists, researchers, and families who have long documented, buried, and remembered the dead. Our aim is to contribute capacity, coordination, visibility, and documentation to efforts already underway.

Below, to coincide with the start of Refugee Week 2025, the first of six sections to be released ahead of publication of the full report in July offers an overview of our initial findings and the realities of death on the move in Serbia.
Summary of findings

- #Border_deaths in Serbia are underreported, many people’s deaths have and will go off any official or unofficial record

- People attempting to seek sanctuary by transiting through or seeking asylum in Serbia have died and continue to die for a range of reasons. All deaths are either directly or indirectly products of a violent border regime

– Burial sites for people on the move are found across Serbia, with most concentrated near exit points of EU-bound migration routes

- There is no publicly accessible official/centralised data on burial sites for people on the move in Serbia

Purpose and scope of report

This report attempts to map existing knowledge and identify gaps on the topic of border deaths and related procedures in Serbia. It also seeks to shed light upon the roles various stakeholders play in relation to this topic. A key objective is to map and centralise data on the known locations of named and unnamed burial sites.

Context and urgency

Despite hosting large public facing projects that engage with dead and missing people on the move, intergovernmental organisations generally do not engage with the topic in a meaningful way in Serbia - in some cases, their limited involvement may perpetuate procedural gaps. In the absence of meaningful engagement from intergovernmental organisations and state authorities, and amid ongoing procedural shortcomings, gaps are often filled by grassroots actors; motivated individuals or activist groups. In other instances,responsibilities may fall to municipal workers in border areas - whose only connection to the border regime is their geographic proximity.
Gaps in data and procedures

The Serbian commissariat for refugees and migration is reportedly in possession of centralised data on border deaths in Serbia (inside and outside of camps) although this data is withheld, and their procedures surrounding the handling of deaths are hidden. Ostensibly, official handling procedures from death to burial are identical in Serbia whether the person is documented or undocumented. Yet in reality, for people on the move, procedural steps are often missed or not adhered to. This can be for a multitude of reasons, many of which are systemic, including lack of resources, capacity, or prioritisation. Each known case differs significantly, with little consistency in procedures or outcomes. Outcomes are often shaped by who is involved at the time in each case, which results in myriad procedural challenges. These may be bureaucratic (identification, documentation ), cultural (e.g. religious traditions .)or material ( procuring, headstone maintenance). All of these issues, in various ways, contribute to a reduced sense of dignity for the deceased and their family.

Death realities

In practice, the management of death for persons on the move in Serbia diverges significantly from the formal procedures laid out in law:
Identification challenges

Most people on the move who die in Serbia lack verifiable identity documents. Individuals often either do not carry identification, carry false identification, or provide incorrect names upon registration at camps (to avoid being deported back to their home countries, for example), complicating post-mortem identification processes. As a result, morgue personnel are frequently left without reliable data to link the deceased to any formal record.Even if an individual is identified, in practice, many embassies - especially of countries experiencing political instability, conflict, or weak institutions - may be difficult to reach or be slow to respond. This may significantly delay the process.
Storage periods and embassy involvement

Because morgues are required to keep bodies for no longer than thirty days, the burial may proceed without embassy involvement if no response is received. However, whether morgues actually adhere to the legally mandated thirty-day storage period remains unclear. We are aware of at least one case whereby a person was buried without formal identification having taken place and before the 30-day threshold period was observed. Additionally, anecdotal evidence suggests that, in some cases, families abroad have resorted to paying bribes to morgue officials in order to facilitate the identification of deceased relatives. This raises serious concerns about both transparency and access to due process in death management systems.

Certification and misidentification

The issuance of death certificates is handled by the matičar (civil registrar). However, there have been repeated accounts of misidentification, including instances in which the wrong name is entered onto a death certificate. These errors may perhaps arise from inadequate identification mechanisms but are also attributed to negligence and administrative carelessness.
Burial procedures and religious needs

In cases where a body remains unidentified and no external individuals - such as family members or international organisations - come forward to fund a burial, the state assumes responsibility. These state-managed burials are typically carried out in the cheapest manner, involving the generic Christian wooden cross to mark the grave, despite most individuals probably having a Muslim origin. The use of the designation ‘N.N.’ (nomen nescio, or “no name”) is standard across all unidentified persons, regardless of origin or cause of death. This means that ‘N.N.’ of migrants are indistinguishable from the ‘N.N.’ graves of unidentified Serbian bodies. Unless there are many graves filling a particular burial plot, the year or date inscribed on the cross may be the only indicator by which to later locate or identify the individual.While the cost of burial is typically handled by local authorities who report a lack of state support, in practice, this responsibility is often distributed across a loose network of actors, including municipal governments, NGOs, religious charities, and at times sympathetic individuals or activists.
Grave maintenance and access

Serbian authorities are under no legal obligation to maintain graves unless the deceased is deemed to be of special historical or social significance. This has resulted in instances where ‘N.N.’ graves have deteriorated over time, with identifying information fading or disappearing altogether - adding additional complexity to the issue of unnamed graves. Furthermore, until today there is no publicly-available database which provides the locations of burial sites of migrants who have died within Serbia’s borders. On the other hand, it must be recognised that in most cases, border areas are in rural and isolated locations, not only geographically, but also in terms of socio-economic support from the central government. This results in a lack of adequate resources to actually comply with certain procedures.There is an additional layer of complexity introduced by religious and cultural considerations. Serbia’s ‘PUK’ state utility companies have their own funeral companies that carry out the majority of burials of people on the move, meaning that not only can they gain profit from these burials, but they effectively hold a monopoly on death procedures involving migrants. Serbia’s state funeral companies declined to respond to our request for clarification on these matters. As we understand, state-led burial procedures do not appropriately account for the correct cultural considerations for those who have died of Islamic faith - the majority of people on the move in Serbia. These considerations include burial sites oriented perpendicular to Mecca, the presence of an Imam during the burial, performance of the salat al janazah.

The Commissariat for Refugees and Migration in Serbia declined to provide information on death and burial procedures.

Local responses

In some areas, particularly in southern Serbia, Muslim communities and imams have stepped in to conduct religiously appropriate funerals for people on the move. These grassroots efforts underscore both the inadequacies of the official system and the solidarity shown by the local community in addressing this humanitarian issue.

The second summary section of this report, which details our efforts to map the deaths of people on the move across Serbia, will be published on Thursday 19 June.

▻https://www.collectiveaidngo.org/blog/2025/6/8/erased-in-life-and-death-intersecting-injustices-faced-by-people-o
#rapport #Serbie #route_des_Balkans #migrations #réfugiés #frontières #mourir_aux_frontières #morts_aux_frontières #tombes #cimetières
ping @6donie

Exporting Borders. #Frontex and the Expansion of Fortress Europe in West Africa

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The EU is pushing its migration control far beyond Europe’s borders. This report exposes how Frontex operates in West Africa under the cover of cooperation, entrenching neo-colonial influence, undermining rights, and reshaping the Sahel into a securitised #buffer_zone.

Summary and Key findings

The EU and its member states are shifting migration control outside the EU’s borders. This report shows how this externalisation strategy plays out in the Sahel region of West Africa under the guise of partnership and development cooperation. West Africa is the main priority region for EU security-migration-development cooperation. This report critically examines the evolving role of Frontex, the EU Border and Coast Guard Agency, as a central part of the EU’s broader strategy of border externalisation. The study, including extensive fieldwork, traces Frontex’s expanding operations in Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Mauritania, highlighting how these activities predate its formal mandate and have intensified alongside the agency’s growing powers and budget, taking more explicit and direct forms, evolving from behind-the-scenes involvement to increasingly overt and direct forms of intervention. The report situates these developments within the context of a rapidly shifting geopolitical reality in the Sahel, marked by political instability, armed conflict, and a rising resistance to European influence. As West African states express a growing anti-Western sentiment and sever ties with former colonial powers, this historical moment allows us to speak of an emerging fourth wave of decolonisation.

The report exposes the absence of effective accountability mechanisms, democratic oversight, and enforceable human rights safeguards in Frontex’s external actions. It argues that current practices not only infringe on migrants’ rights but also perpetuate colonial power asymmetries under the guise of cooperation. Far from fostering equitable cooperation, the EU’s approach reinforces a securitised and Eurocentric vision of migration control that undermines human rights and externalises legal responsibility. The cooperation between Frontex and West African states reflects a clear power imbalance, where EU funding and diplomatic pressure are used as leverage to push through migration control policies that primarily serve European interests. This dynamic often sidelines local priorities and reinforces neo-colonial patterns of influence, where African states are treated less as equal partners and more as buffers against mobility. In effect, Frontex is reinforcing a new ‘hard border’ regime across the Sahel, traditionally a free movement zone, one that prioritises containment over protection, and surveillance over accountability. It risks entrenching neo-colonial patterns of control while weakening democratic and other accountability safeguards and the rule of law.

This report finds that:

- The EU’s border policies rely on a racialised construction of the African migrant as a security threat, conflating migration with terrorism, crime, and instability. This narrative legitimises exclusionary and repressive practices, with dramatic consequences for human rights.
- Migrants in West Africa face routine violations including arbitrary arrest, detention, refoulement, and extortion. In Niger, many speak of the Sahara as an “open sky cemetery” due to the deadly risks faced along migration routes.
– People who are not migrants are also affected, as increased surveillance and border restrictions disrupt trade, livelihoods, and everyday cross-border movement. Local communities face shrinking civil liberties and economic hardship under a system geared toward controlling mobility.
– Despite talk of equal partnerships, EU actions often reflect coercive dynamics rooted in colonial histories: instrumentalising aid, imposing visa sanctions, and prioritising EU geopolitical interests over local needs and agency.
– Frontex has been operational in West Africa since before its formal mandate allowed external action. Its involvement has grown significantly in tandem with the EU’s expanding externalisation strategy.
– Frontex’s growing presence in Mali, Niger, Mauritania, and Senegal, the focus countries of this report, focuses on capacity building, information exchange, and potential direct engagement with border surveillance operations on the ground. The agency’s activities have received little legal, political, or journalistic scrutiny, despite posing serious risks to human rights and local sovereignty.
– Frontex has built up extensive informal networks through the Africa-Frontex Intelligence Community (AFIC), a platform involving 31 African states. Through AFIC, Frontex coordinates surveillance, risk analysis, and operational planning with national authorities.
- Risk Analysis Cells (RACs), funded and equipped by Frontex, have been embedded in national border agencies in eight West African countries. These RACs collect, analyse data, which is shared with Frontex, enabling real-time monitoring and analysis of migration routes.
- In Mali, EU-funded infrastructure and training programmes are often unused. Local authorities are reluctant to fully cooperate on migration enforcement because migration supports livelihoods in border areas.
– The EU has attempted to negotiate status agreements with Mauritania and Senegal to allow Frontex to operate on their territory with full executive powers. These agreements would permit agents to carry weapons and grant them immunity from prosecution. However, due to among other factors, democratic and civil society pressure in both countries and in the EU, the negotiations are currently frozen.
– Across the region, Frontex’s presence is often informal and opaque, operating beyond the democratic and judicial radar. Working arrangements and AFIC cooperation are informal in nature, and therefore bypass judicial, democratic, and public scrutiny.
- EU support has also included funding for biometric ID systems, surveillance drones, wiretapping infrastructure, and phone-tracking technology. These tools have reportedly been used to target journalists, activists, and opposition groups.
- These developments directly undermine the ECOWAS free movement framework, which was built to support regional integration and economic mobility. The imposition of hard borders risks destabilising local economies and deepening inequality.

▻https://www.tni.org/en/publication/exporting-borders-West-Africa
#tni #rapport #Afrique_de_l'Ouest #migrations #réfugiés #frontières #Afrique_de_l'Ouest #externalisation #contrôles_migratoires #Mali #Niger #Sénégal #Mauritanie #Sahel #décolonisation #droits_humains #coopération #colonialisme #colonialité #néo-colonialisme #eurocentrisme #pouvoir #néo-colonialisme #hard_border #sécurité #terrorisme #open_sky_cemetery #mourir_aux_frontières #border_deaths #morts_aux_frontières #décès #Africa-Frontex_Intelligence_Community (#AFIC) #Risk_Analysis_Cells (#RAC) #livelihoods #biométrie #économie_locale

ping @reka @6donie @karine4

Et si ce n’était pas la #rivière qui avait tué #Blessing_Matthew ? Récit d’une #recherche-action à la #frontière_franco-italienne

https://journals.openedition.org/mondesmigrations/docannexe/image/351/img-1-small480.jpg

La frontière tue deux fois. La première par le durcissement des contrôles qui augmentent les risques de son franchissement, la seconde quand la #justice est niée face aux violences et aux décès que ces politiques et ces pratiques à la frontière induisent. La reconstitution des circonstances de la noyade d’une jeune femme nigériane de 21 ans dans la Durance en 2018, par une équipe composée de chercheures, d’une association de soutien aux migrants et d’un témoin, révèle non seulement l’enchaînement des événements à l’issue fatale, mais également les causes systémiques de ce #décès. La mort de Blessing Matthew n’est pas attribuable à un accident ou aux dangers de la montagne, comme l’invoquent les autorités françaises, mais aux conséquences de la gestion sécuritaire à l’œuvre à la frontière franco-italienne.

▻https://journals.openedition.org/mondesmigrations/351
#shameless_autopromotion #frontière_sud-alpine #migrations #réfugiés #border_violence #border_death #morts_aux_frontières #mourir_aux_frontières #Hautes-Alpes #Alpes #montagne #danger #risques #risques_naturels #France #impunité #border_forensics #architecture_forensique #frontières #La_Vachette #contre-enquête #violence #violences_frontalières #Durance

ping @isskein @reka

#Border_deaths

The Deaths at the Borders Database is the first collection of official, state-produced evidence on people who died while attempting to reach southern EU countries from the Balkans, the Middle East, and North & West Africa, and whose bodies were found in or brought to Europe.
Each of the dots in the chart below corresponds to one dead migrant documented by local authorities in Italy, Malta, Spain, Gibraltar and Greece, from 1/1/1990 to 31/12/2013.

http://borderdeaths.org/DutchDataDesignVUViz-May2015/images/boatapril.png

#mourir_en_mer #mourir_aux_frontières #asile #Méditerranée #morts #statistiques #asile #réfugiés #chiffres #migration #infographie #chiffres #database #mourir_sur_la_route_des_balkans #base_de_données
cc @reka