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    CDB_77 @cdb_77 4/05/2025
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    Une odyssée cartographique en #BD

    Dans "Geographia", l’historienne Emmanuelle Vagnon et le dessinateur et géographe Jean Leveugle retracent en BD l’histoire de la cartographie, de l’Antiquité à nos jours. En faisant revivre #Ptolémée, fondateur de la cartographie moderne, ils invitent à une épopée fantastique dans l’espace et le temps.

    Pourquoi est-il intéressant de retracer l’histoire de la cartographie ?
    Jean Leveugle1 Plonger dans cette histoire d’une extraordinaire richesse permet de rappeler qu’il a existé d’autres formes pertinentes de cartographies que celles que nous connaissons aujourd’hui. Dès l’émergence de l’écriture, les hommes ont tenté de représenter l’espace où ils vivaient dans des cartes locales. En Bretagne, par exemple, la dalle gravée de Saint-Bélec, datant de l’âge du bronze (1900-1600 avant notre ère), témoigne déjà d’une transcription graphique de la vallée de l’Odet.

    Nous faisons démarrer notre récit dans l’Antiquité, au VIIIe siècle av. J.-C., avec une carte mésopotamienne gravée sur une tablette d’argile, parce que les Babyloniens sont parmi les premiers à tenter de représenter le monde. Ils placent Babylone au centre, avec des localités qui gravitent autour, des fleuves et des toponymes assez précis, et plus on s’en éloigne, plus les mythes prennent le relais.

    https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/geographia_14.jpg

    Emmanuelle Vagnon2 Il ne s’agit pas d’une histoire linéaire, de l’ignorance à la connaissance. Si beaucoup de témoignages ont été perdus, et peut-être des cartes plus anciennes encore que celles de la Mésopotamie, on sait désormais que tous les peuples ont produit des modes intéressants de représentations spatiales, reflets de leur culture. Avec cette traversée, de l’Antiquité à nos jours, nous avons voulu montrer que d’autres cartographies que celles du modèle occidental ont été possibles. Elles proposaient un point de vue plus proche de la Terre et des humains, en prenant en compte l’histoire, la culture et les croyances des peuples. L’idée était d’expliquer ces différentes représentations du monde.

    Pourquoi avoir choisi Ptolémée pour raconter cette histoire ?
    J. L. Astronome, géographe et mathématicien, Claude Ptolémée (100-168), qui a vécu sous l’Empire romain mais a compilé les savoirs de l’Antiquité grecque, est une figure célèbre de la cartographie, dont le traité manuscrit nous est parvenu, même si ce n’est pas l’autographe. Il est considéré comme le père fondateur de la cartographie mathématique, qui s’appuie sur une projection de la sphère terrestre sur un plan et des calculs mathématiques. Son modèle n’est plus utilisé, mais la cartographie moderne reste son héritière.

    Suivre la Géographie de Ptolémée permettait ainsi de traverser plusieurs espaces-temps, dont le Moyen Âge, période au cours de laquelle elle a beaucoup circulé dans le monde arabo-musulman – la BD fait une seule entorse à la réalité en partant sur ses traces en Chine, où elle n’était pas connue. Copiée, traduite, amendée, annotée, elle a fini par émerger à nouveau à la Renaissance en Italie, à un moment d’ouverture sur le monde qu’elle pouvait représenter.

    https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/mep_geographia_28.jpg https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/carte_ptolemee_interieur.jpg

    E. V. À travers mes recherches sur les manuscrits cartographiques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), j’ai eu l’occasion d’étudier Ptolémée, qui a plus été un passeur qu’un inventeur. Il a collecté et synthétisé une foule de savoirs, et placé 8 000 toponymes du monde connu dans son traité, une œuvre considérable au IIe siècle apr. J.-C. ! Ptolémée a exposé deux principes fondamentaux : la projection de la sphère terrestre sur un plan, base de la cartographie moderne, scientifique et vue du ciel ; et le système des coordonnées en latitudes et longitudes, déjà utilisé par les astronomes, mais qu’il a appliqué à la Terre.

    Comment avez-vous travaillé ensemble ?
    J. L. Depuis plusieurs années, je travaille en tant qu’auteur-illustrateur de bandes dessinées de vulgarisation scientifique. Ce qui m’intéressait surtout, c’était de montrer ce que les cartes révèlent d’une époque et de sa perception du monde, avec une vraie ambition narrative au fil d’un scénario plein de rebondissements. Géographe de formation, j’avais besoin d’une approche historique et je me suis rapproché d’Emmanuelle, médiéviste et commissaire de l’exposition L’Âge d’or des cartes marines, présentée à la Bibliothèque nationale de France en 2012. Nous avons travaillé pendant deux ans avec des constants allers-retours.

    E. V. Pour les sources et les cartes, nous avons puisé dans les collections de la BnF. Toutes les cartes ont été redessinées dans la BD pour mieux s’intégrer au récit, et leurs originaux reproduits dans un cahier final. J’avais déjà participé à des projets de médiation, mais la BD est un formidable support, et le graphisme de Jean parvient à mettre en scène simplement des enjeux de cartographie très complexes. Loin du cours d’histoire ou de géographie, cet album plein d’humour embarque le lecteur dans une fabuleuse odyssée.

    Les cartes médiévales présentent une extraordinaire richesse…
    J. L. Au Moyen Âge, on sait que la Terre est ronde. On met au centre des cartes les espaces connus ou jugés importants : la péninsule Arabique et l’océan Indien pour le califat abbasside de Bagdad (750 à 1258), avec l’Europe un peu excentrée ; alors que pour les cartes chrétiennes, on place des grands lieux, des épisodes bibliques, etc. Plus on s’éloigne du local, du quotidien, plus on place des éléments relevant du mythe. Pour décrire le monde, les cartes médiévales comportent des indications et savoirs de tous ordres : philosophique, théologique, commercial, diplomatique, et pas seulement topographique avec un trait de côte.

    Finalement, celles d’aujourd’hui, axées sur la seule exactitude topographique ou hydrographique, paraissent presque plus pauvres. Dans la BD, il y a notamment cette mappemonde de Lambert de Saint-Omer, du XIIe siècle, avec les trois continents connus, l’Europe, l’Afrique et l’Asie. Le monde est divisé en zones plus ou moins chaudes et habitables, selon une théorie héritée de l’Antiquité, avec une « zone torride » équatoriale réputée infranchissable et une quatrième partie habitable dans l’hémisphère Sud. Cette représentation de la sphère contient des considérations scientifiques sur les antipodes et la circulation du soleil, mais aussi bibliques, avec un message d’évangélisation. La croyance n’obscurcit pas la science, tout cohabite en une tentative de cohérence.

    https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/geographia_61.jpg

    Qu’est-ce exactement que l’œkoumène (ou écoumène) ?
    E. V. Ce terme, du grec oikos (la maison), désigne l’espace habité ou habitable, dont on sait aujourd’hui qu’il recouvre moins de 30 % de notre planète. Dans l’histoire, ses dimensions ont varié selon les auteurs, qui interprètent des spéculations mathématiques et des rapports de voyageurs. Pour Ptolémée, il couvre 180° de la sphère terrestre, soit la moitié, mais plus encore pour son rival le géographe Marin de Tyr (225°), avec d’énormes conséquences. Car, en s’inspirant de Marin de Tyr, Christophe Colomb, dans son espoir d’atteindre le Japon et la Chine, ne pense pas que l’océan séparant l’Europe de l’Asie est si étendu. Et comme on sait, il tombe sur l’Amérique. Il existe ainsi des cartes qui rapportent des faits, à partir d’expériences de voyageurs et des mesures, et d’autres spéculatives, qui, portant des hypothèses, ont vocation à convaincre les puissants de l’époque, comme les souverains d’Espagne et du Portugal, de financer des expéditions, dont celle de Colomb.

    J. L. Le globe terrestre de l’explorateur et géographe allemand Martin Behaim, cartographié vers 1492 , illustre bien cette histoire : l’œkoumène couvrant les deux tiers, voire les trois quarts de la surface de la Terre, l’Europe et l’Asie ne semblent pas si éloignées, et l’Amérique n’y figure pas encore. Instruments de pouvoir politique, religieux ou commercial, les cartes sont toujours au cœur de conquêtes coloniales ou militaires. Le golfe du Mexique, que le président Trump vient de rebaptiser « golfe de l’Amérique », en fournit aujourd’hui un exemple magistral : derrière ce pouvoir toponymique se cache toute une représentation. C’est un sujet très moderne.

    En quoi l’imprimerie transforme-t-elle la cartographie ?
    E. V. Cette innovation, au milieu du XVe siècle, avec Gutenberg, converge avec un goût croissant pour les cartes en Europe, en lien avec les connaissances, les explorations et les conquêtes. Jusque-là, ces objets rares sont réservés à une élite et on ne conserve que les plus belles, celles qui nous sont parvenues. Ces œuvres d’art sur parchemin, avec des enluminures, figurent dans des collections, dont les bibliothèques des souverains.

    Mais, avec l’imprimerie, les cartes, simplifiées, sont diffusées en masse, comme les récits de voyages. L’Atlas de Mercator, auquel le récit accorde une large place, connaît un grand succès. Avec son ami Abraham Ortelius, Gérard Mercator, géographe flamand du XVIe siècle et auteur de la fameuse projection du même nom, planisphère de référence pour la navigation, réunit une somme colossale de cartes du monde connu et y ajoute des textes traitant de toute une géographie culturelle. Ce livre précieux, d’une grande rigueur scientifique, révise la Géographie de Ptolémée et lui adjoint de nouvelles représentations cartographiques, toujours basées sur des coordonnées mathématiques.

    https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/mep_geographia_69.jpg

    Pour revenir en France, qu’a apporté la « dynastie » des Cassini ?
    J. L. Sur quatre générations, ces ingénieurs cartographes français, d’origine italienne, procèdent à partir du XVIIe au relevé cartographique, systématique et mathématique, de tout le territoire hexagonal grâce à de nouveaux instruments de précision. C’est le premier usage massif, coordonné à l’échelle d’un pays, de la triangulation, déjà utilisée dans l’Antiquité grecque – une série de triangles joints les uns aux autres le long d’un méridien et d’un axe structurant Nord-Sud.

    E. V. La prouesse, c’est que le moindre village ou hameau est représenté avec sa topographie, sa toponymie et des détails minuscules qui restent d’actualité.

    Pourquoi la cartographie ne peut-elle prétendre à l’exactitude ?
    E. V. La vérité de la carte, c’est une question de mesure, et on sait que même avec les satellites et le GPS, on n’atteint jamais l’exactitude absolue, puisque représenter une sphère sur un plan plat déforme déjà inévitablement. De plus, de nos jours, on utilise surtout des cartes thématiques, composées à partir de statistiques qui peuvent être biaisées selon la rigueur de la méthode utilisée pour les collecter. Les informations, y compris le tracé des frontières, qui peut susciter des désaccords, dépendent d’un point de vue et de sources : la base de données à laquelle on recourt influe sur la qualité, comme les couleurs et les symboles utilisés. Une carte ne dépend pas seulement de l’exactitude de mesure, mais de toutes les informations implicites qu’elle porte.

    J. L. L’exemple le plus flagrant, selon moi, concerne la carte des résultats électoraux, avec ces gros aplats de couleurs par circonscription et tendance politique. La surface écrase la densité de population, faussant la lecture et l’interprétation du scrutin : le vote de la Seine-Saint-Denis, très peuplée, est ainsi sous-représenté sur la carte par rapport à celui de départements ruraux.

    https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/mep_geographia_140.jpg

    En quoi cette plongée dans l’histoire cartographique est éclairante pour le monde contemporain ?
    J. L. Par sa complexité, le sujet invite à interroger l’acuité de notre cartographie et à réfléchir à des formes alternatives, comme celle évoquée à la fin de la BD, dite « radicale » qui, depuis les années 2000, entend documenter, dans un esprit contestataire, d’autres réalités, sociales, politiques, économiques ou environnementales, d’un territoire en mêlant sciences, art et activisme. Je pense aussi aux cartes sensibles, absolument pas scientifiques, qui cherchent à renseigner le ressenti d’un territoire – la perception de l’univers sonore, par exemple – pour mieux éclairer sa compréhension et la manière de (le) vivre.

    E. V. Le regard historique nous rappelle que la carte, quelle qu’elle soit, est « fabriquée » et reste toujours la production de son époque. L’étude des cartes anciennes permet ainsi de mieux comprendre la cartographie d’aujourd’hui, mais aussi de relativiser sa représentation exacte prétendue du réel. Et, à l’heure où les outils technologiques remplacent la carte papier – que la nouvelle génération n’utilise quasiment plus –, celle-ci devient aussi un objet historique qu’il est intéressant d’inscrire dans cette longue chronologie. ♦

    ▻https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/une-odyssee-cartographique-en-bd
    #cartographie #bande-dessinée #livre #histoire #cartographie_historique
    ping @reka @visionscarto

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    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 4/05/2025

      Geographia. L’odyssée cartographique de Ptolémée

      https://www.futuropolis.fr/assets/media/cache/cover_medium/gallimard_img/image/F00416.jpg

      Claudius Ptolémée arrive, avec près de 2000 ans de retard, sur l’Anti-Terre, paradis ou vivent - entre autres - les humains dont l’histoire a retenu le nom. Convaincu que l’œuvre de sa vie, la Géographie, a marqué l’histoire des sciences après lui, Ptolémée tombe des nues : non seulement son nom est peu connu, mais surtout, son rival de toujours, Marin de Tyr, a reçu le titre de meilleur géographe de l’antiquité Latine.
      À l’aide d’Ota, une panotéenne, créature légendaire aux longues oreilles pendantes, Ptolémée entreprend donc de retrouver la trace de sa Géographie à travers le temps et l’espace pour faire la preuve de son succès. Mais tout le monde n’a pas intérêt à le voir revenir et ce qui devait être un simple voyage se transforme en une odyssée bien mouvementée...

      Jean Leveugle est auteur et géographe. Il a imaginé ce récit avec l’appui scientifique d’Emmanuelle Vagnon, professeure agrégée et docteure en histoire médiévale, chargée de recherche au CNRS. En suivant les pérégrinations imaginaires de Ptolémée au paradis, à la rencontre des spécialistes du domaine, cette bande dessinée érudite et humoristique raconte l’épopée de cet art.
      Un dossier pédagogique reprenant de nombreuses cartes anciennes provenant de la BNF, complète ce livre publié en coproduction avec la Bibliothèque nationale de France.

      ▻https://www.futuropolis.fr/9782754834889/geographia.html

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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 8/04/2025

    The Original Beaver Map & Its Legacy

    Tucked into the top left corner of an eighteenth-century map in our June 7 auction of Maps & Atlases, Natural History & Color Plate Books is a vignette that at first glance seems more charming than important — until you know the true story of The Original Beaver Map.

    https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/743112-768x529.jpg

    Nicolas de Fer’s L’Amerique Divisee Selon Letendue de ses Principales Parties, 1713, was more of a lure for adventurous fortune-seekers than it was tool for navigation. Encircling his map of North and South America are several small engraved scenes boasting the sights to see and riches to gain on the continents. Here, for the first time, is included a vista of Niagara Falls, the foreground of which is crawling with dozens of strangely humanoid beavers engaged in a variety of tasks that bear little resemblance to the actual activities of the creature.

    https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/beavers-big.jpg

    Why? The answer is manifold, and helps to explain the vignette’s enduring popularity for centuries following. By the eighteenth century, the Eurasian beaver was nearly extinct after centuries of dogged hunting in order to obtain their valuable castor oil and pelts. Thus the vision of a multitude of beavers was not only a novelty to western Europeans, but a recognizable promise of apparently instant and endless wealth.

    Meanwhile, as industry in Europe became more regulated, groups of people worked in tandem to complete a single large task. According to the Osher Map Library, the actions of the beavers “mimicked the carefully regulated division of labor that was by 1700 increasingly common in the construction of major public works.” The fantasy of the beavers’ teamwork against the splendid background of the falls suggested to the potential explorer that if critters could realize monumental infrastructure in the New World, a human community could achieve even more. De Fer’s beavers are supplemented by a key, in French, of the various tasks that employed the beavers en masse.

    https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/744788-656x1024.jpg

    However, the beavers did not end here. Their most famous appearance was by Herman Moll in his circa 1735 atlas, The World Described, which became known as “The Beaver Map.” The cartouche was the only decorative element on the spread showing the East Coast. Perhaps because it was housed within an atlas, this map survives in greater numbers than de Fer’s and is therefore better known to collectors. Moll’s version is the mirror image of de Fer’s due to the fact that the engraver copied it directly from the original. The letters denoting various activities, however, have been left out.

    https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/moll-beavers-768x796.jpg

    Another iteration of de Fer’s beavers appeared on a 1718 map by Henri Abraham Châtelain: Carte Tres Curieuse de la Mer du Sud, Contenant des Remarques Nouvelles et Tres Utiles non Seulement sur les Ports et Iles de Cette Mer. This map, incredibly, is sometimes called “The Dutch Beaver Derivative.”

    https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/743020-768x505.jpg https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/dutch-beaver-derivative.jpg

    The French quest for beavers was a driving force in the north- and westward expansion into the continent. In addition to their inherent value, colonists and explorers loved the beavers for their relatable industriousness. They were such an important resource in nascent New York that in the 1630s, a proposed seal for the colony featured two leggy beavers.

    https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/http___americanhistory.si_.edu_sites_default_files_1885_5_Edited.jpg-768x676.jpg

    What Beavers Do and Do Not Do

    https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/american_beaver.jpg

    So confounded by the beaver were Europeans that the rodent was classified as a fish by the church. According to Thomas Jefferys in The Natural and Civil History of the French Dominions in North and South America, 1760, “In respect of his [the beaver’s] tail, he is a perfect fish, and has been judicially declared such by the College of Physicians at Paris, and the faculty of divinity have, in consequence of this declaration, pronounced it lawful to be eaten on days of fasting.”

    https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/beaver-tasks-746x1024.jpg

    The list of tasks performed by the beavers on The Original Beaver Map reveals a significant misunderstanding of their behavior. Here it is, translated by Professor Nancy Erickson of the Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Research at the University of Southern Maine:

    Concerning the Beavers of Canada: Their industry in building dams to retain water in order to turn a little stream into a big lake, in which to construct their lodges, is totally wonderful.

    A. Lumberjacks who cut Big Trees with their Teeth, which they fell across the stream to serve as the foundation for their dams
    B. Carpenters who cut the long branches
    C. Bearers of wood for construction
    D. Those who make the mortar
    E. Commandant or architect
    F. Inspector of the disabled
    G. Those who drag the mortar on their tails
    H. Beaver with a disabled tail from having worked too hard
    I. Masons who build the dam
    L. Those who tap with their tails to make the masonry firmer
    M. Beaver lodge in the form of a dome or kiln with an exit on land and another in the water

    Swann Galleries specializes in works on paper, not biology. However, we can say with certainty that these attributes are no longer recognized as accurate by the scientific community at large.

    Relationship of Beavers to Maps

    From a philosophical standpoint, one of the most interesting possible reasons for the endurance of the beaver maps is the very nature of beavers and of maps. Of all creatures, aside from human beings, one could argue that beavers are the greatest living influencers of geography. Their dams and lodges dramatically change the course of rivers and create lakes where once lay valleys. Their architecture fundamentally changes the land, the study of which is the exact purpose of a map.

    In 1868, the anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan published The American Beaver and His Works, a 396-page treatise on the life and times of Castor canadensis. According to Science Magazine, “Folded into each copy was a map, carefully drawn by [Morgan’s] railroad’s engineers, which detailed the locations of 64 beaver dams and ponds spread over some 125 square kilometers.”

    https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Screen-Shot-2018-06-01-at-1.33.42-PM-768x594.png

    An article by Carol A. Johnston published in the August 15, 2016 issue of Wetlands, the official scholarly journal of the Society of Wetland Scientists, undertook to compare the data on Morgan’s nineteenth-century map with the current state of the same locations. The results proved the enduring effect of beavers on the landscape: nearly 75% of the structures on Morgan’s map were “still discernible in 2014.”

    Indeed, a 2012 report by Charles D. James and Richard B. Lanman for the Bureau of Indian Affairs Northwest Region discovered that individual dams in the Sierra Nevadas had been “periodically inhabited for over a millennium until ~1850.”

    Morgan himself suspected the longevity of the structures: “The great age of the larger dams is shown by their size, by the amount of solid materials they contain, and by the destruction of the primitive forest within the area of the ponds…. The evidence from these, and other sources, tends to show that these dams have existed in the same places for hundreds and thousands of years.”

    ▻https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/maps-and-atlases/2018/06/the-original-beaver-map

    #cartographie #castors #visualisation #cartographie_historique

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    visionscarto @visionscarto via RSS 30/07/2024
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    Cartes, mémoire et commémoration de l’exploration
    ▻https://www.visionscarto.net/cartes-memoire-commemoration

    La carte n’est pas qu’un simple outil de représentation de l’espace pour l’extraire du temps. Dans leurs détails, les cartes portent en elles une dimension temporelle et peuvent restituer une mémoire des lieux. C’est de cette mémoire charriée par les cartes - et plus particulièrement par les cartes d’itinéraire produites au temps de l’exploration européenne du continent africain au XIXe siècle - dont il s’agit dans ce texte. Cet article montre que la mémoire cartographique de (...) Billets

    #Billets_

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    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 30/07/2024

      La carte n’est pas qu’un simple outil de représentation de l’espace pour l’extraire du temps. Dans leurs détails, les cartes portent en elles une dimension temporelle et peuvent restituer une mémoire des lieux. C’est de cette mémoire charriée par les cartes - et plus particulièrement par les cartes d’itinéraire produites au temps de l’exploration européenne du continent africain au XIXe siècle - dont il s’agit dans ce texte.

      Cet article montre que la mémoire cartographique de l’exploration est multiple et œuvre à plusieurs niveaux : en se faisant activité mnémotechnique sur le terrain de l’exploration, en se proposant comme mémorandum visuel à la communauté savante, et en endossant une fonction commémorative. Cette dernière permet de célébrer et faire connaître les héros d’une discipline géographique au début de son institutionnalisation, et de légitimer la conquête coloniale du territoire africain [1].

      https://www.visionscarto.net/local/cache-vignettes/L1024xH735/Figure_1a-new-7a520248-4187c-dfd07.jpg https://www.visionscarto.net/local/cache-vignettes/L1024xH928/figure_7-new-V2-69425fe2-efc76-4e07c.jpg

      #cartographie #cartographie_historique #mémoire #commémoration #necronymie

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    CDB_77 @cdb_77 29/07/2024
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    From Fire Hazards to Family Trees. The Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps

    Created for US insurance firms during a period of devastating fires across the 19th and 20th centuries, the Sanborn maps blaze with detail — shops, homes, churches, brothels, and opium dens were equally noted by the company’s cartographers. Tobiah Black explores the history and afterlife of these maps, which have been reclaimed by historians and genealogists seeking proof of the vanished past.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/sanborn-fire-insurance-maps/01-5850068-edit.jpg

    On the evening of April 4, 2024, dozens of people crowded into the Whitsett Room in Sierra Hall at California State University, Northridge (CSUN), for a symposium about a collection of fire insurance maps created by the Sanborn Map Company. The attendees were excited — several people greeted each other warmly, having only met on Zoom calls.

    The age range of the attendees was wide. Undergraduates sat next to retirees. One family had brought their infant. A man sitting in front of me with a closely cropped white beard was posting videos he’d taken of CSUN’s Sanborn map collection to TikTok. The symposium was supposedly about “the ways in which Sanborn fire insurance maps have informed the work of artists, archivists and researchers”. But the message of the evening was simpler: people love these maps. To understand the Sanborn maps’ enduring appeal — many of which have been rescued, like CSUN’s collection, from the dumpster or basement or forgotten storage closet of a Sanborn office or customer — we must understand what they are.

    In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the United States was on fire. In October 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed about 17,500 buildings, leaving a third of all Chicagoans homeless, and killing as many as 300 people. In April 1872, the Great Boston Fire ripped through downtown, causing $73.5 million in damages. In the summer of 1889, the Great Seattle Fire, the Great Ellensburg Fire, and the Great Spokane Fire each did significant damage to those cities. Fires devastated Hinckley, Minnesota, in 1894; Jacksonville, Florida, in 1901; Baltimore, Maryland, in 1904; and San Francisco, California, in 1906. These fires literally reshaped the urban American landscape, leveling whole neighborhoods that would have to be rebuilt or abandoned.
    A close-up section of a map with color-coded buildings and streets, highlighting Hawley Street, a clothing factory, and Trinity Church.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/sanborn-fire-insurance-maps/boston-fire-map-2.jpg

    ▻https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/sanborn-fire-insurance-maps/03-Boston_Fire_from_Washington_&_Bromfield_panoramic

    Urban fires were nothing new. But a combination of dense concentration, shoddy construction, poor regulation, and inadequate firefighting services meant that fires in the period of swift industrialization from roughly the end of the Civil War to the Great Depression were particularly destructive. This was also the era when kerosene lamps became ubiquitous. When Edwin Drake struck oil in Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, the oil boom he ignited was due entirely to the use of refined petroleum for light. Kerosene was cheaper than whale oil, less smoky than coal oil, and brighter than candles — but also highly flammable. It’s not hard to see where sloshing buckets of kerosene across the densely packed, swiftly constructed American cities of the nineteenth century would lead. These fires also received tremendous coverage in the era’s sensational penny newspapers, which were hungry for stories of death and violence after the conclusion of the Civil War.

    Where there’s smoke, there’s fire; and where there’s fire, there’s insurance (at least since around the beginning of the eighteenth century). In 1866, Daniel Alfred Sanborn established the D. A. Sanborn National Diagram Bureau to provide maps of North American cities and towns to fire insurance companies. These maps used an elaborate system of color coding, symbols, and abbreviations to indicate a dizzying amount of information — from building materials to street widths; from locations of standpipes to the presence of flammable chemicals; from the height of a structure to the number of skylights. Sanborn’s company didn’t provide any insurance itself — it supplied the insurance companies with the information, in the form of maps, they would need to assess risk and assign premiums.

    The most interesting piece of information that Sanborn’s mapmakers gathered was what each building was being used for. “S” meant store and “D” meant dwelling. But they didn’t stop there. The maps identify hotels, churches, breweries, stables, manufacturers of flint glass bottles, orphanages, launderers, cigar factories, chewing gum factories, jewelers, butchers, cobblers, drugstores, barbers, canneries, boarding houses, manufactories of artificial hair, dry goods wholesalers, cabinetmakers, photographers, window shade factories, and hundreds — possibly thousands — of other kinds of businesses. Later, they label roller rinks, movie theaters, garages. Even opium dens, gambling parlors, and brothels are dutifully marked down. In larger buildings, they might label the kitchen, the coal shed, where particular pieces of factory equipment can be found. They sometimes note whether a building has a nightwatchman. The maps are Whitmanian in their profusion of detail.
    A detailed map highlighting City Hall, Market House, and the Mexican Theatre, with adjacent buildings color-coded and labeled by their functions, including groceries and offices.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/sanborn-fire-insurance-maps/06-mexican-theatre-crop.jpg

    The Sanborn Map Company, as it came to be known, eventually used their system to map more than 12,000 North American towns and cities, covering almost every community with a population over 1000. To do so, the company sent out employees known as “striders” or “trotters”. One or more striders would set up shop in a town for a few months, sometimes renting office space. Following a hundred-page manual supplied by the company, they would sketch, measure, and chart every street and building in the territories they had been assigned. In 1917, during World War I, a Sanborn field surveyor was seen making drawings of the buildings in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Not knowing what the stranger was doing, several residents called the police, worried that he was a German spy. The anecdote paints a vivid picture of what these surveyors had to do. They had to observe. They had to ask questions, possibly intrusive ones. (Outhouses are occasionally discretely noted on Sanborn maps.) They listed illegal businesses (when they could find them) next to legal ones. Making a good map must have required some combination of nosiness, charm, officiousness, tact, and pushiness, depending on the situation.

    The striders would send their material back to one of the main offices — Sanborn had permanent offices in New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, and, later, Atlanta — where cartographers would create the detailed, precise maps supplied to the insurance companies.

    The maps were periodically updated with “pasters” — corrections literally pasted into the old atlases until the pages could bear no more and a new map would be commissioned. It was a profitable business, and the Sanborn Map Company had a near monopoly on it in North America. The maps were expensive and time-consuming to make; no new competitor could ever hope to match Sanborn’s enormous back catalogue. D. A. Sanborn died in 1883, but the company continued to thrive under the general management of his son, William A. Sanborn, who used his intimate knowledge of city planning to make a fortune in Connecticut real estate. At its peak in the 1930s, the company brought in more than $500,000 a year in after tax profits and employed seven hundred “skilled map workers” and two hundred “specially trained engineers”.

    For a variety of reasons — consolidation in the insurance business, complacency because of their perceived monopoly, more sophisticated methods for assessing fire risk, and new forms of data storage that made the huge, heavy Sanborn atlases increasingly obsolete — the company’s profits had dropped to $100,000 a year by the late 1950s.1 They stopped creating new maps in 1961 and stopped issuing “paster” updates to their old maps in 1977. That same year, the company’s president, S. Greeley Wells, donated forty-five atlases of old maps to the Library of Congress. This is where the second act of the Sanborn maps’ lives began.

    It began slowly. When a municipal government needed to decide if a building was worth preserving, they might consult an old Sanborn map. When a historian or historical novelist wanted to get a sense of the types of businesses on a particular street in a particular city in a particular year, they might consult a Sanborn. When a demographer wanted to chart the growth or decline of an American city, the Sanborns were there.

    But the real explosion of interest can probably be attributed to the genealogists. Legacy Tree Genealogists, Genealogy Gems, traceyourpast.com, and Family Tree Magazine — to name just a few — all have articles explaining how to use Sanborn Maps for genealogical research. Paulette Hasier, Chief of the Library of Congress’s Geography and Map Division, says that when her department tweeted that their collection of Sanborn maps was being made available online, it became the account’s single most retweeted message ever. She attributes a significant portion of that interest to genealogists — and what she calls “historical research for personal pleasure”. The Library of Congress has the largest collection of Sanborn maps in the country. There are a few contenders, but the second-largest collection is probably the one at CSUN — 4,100 atlases mapping out 1,600 North American towns and cities.
    CSUN is located deep in Los Angeles’ San Fernando Valley. It was founded in 1958 and has the broad streets and anonymous boxiness of many of LA’s modernist enclaves. When I arrived at Sierra Hall at 5 p.m. for the Sanborn symposium, which had been organized by staff cartographer David Deis, the lobby was empty with the kind of emptiness that can only be found in a school building after hours. My footsteps echoed off the floor tiles, which ranged in color from beige to pinkish. The fluorescent lights cast no shadows. But emerging from the elevator on the fourth floor, I was greeted by the warm hum of the fifty-plus attendees’ voices.

    The topics of the presentations ranged from a discussion of how to use digitized Sanborn maps to visualize sociological phenomena (like pinpointing the proliferation of saloons along the Erie Canal), through a case study of how the maps helped convince the local government in Pasadena to preserve an architecturally significant factory building, to curious discoveries: an opium den, “ruins”, and a 25-foot-tall panorama of the Battle of Gettysburg in a tent across the street from Los Angeles City Hall.2 Despite their varied subjects, the presentations shared a common feature: each speaker performed the same instinctive action that everyone seems to do when they discover the Sanborn maps — they looked up their own addresses and found their homes.

    The final presentation of the day was by the multi-disciplinary artist Debra Scacco, who described using the maps for an installation called Compass Rose. The project examined gentrification, displacement, and memory in Northeast Los Angeles, where Scacco has been based for many years. One component was a series of oral histories recorded by residents of Highland Park. Another component was a series of colorful glass panels — the shapes of which were drawn from the Sanborn maps of the neighborhood — which had been suspended in a white gallery space. When light from the windows hit the glass panels, their shadows — blue, yellow, purple, red, orange, pink, green — mingled on the walls.

    Scacco, while claiming to be less of a map expert than the other presenters, had the clearest understanding of why people respond to the Sanborn maps. Her project had begun with Scacco going to the LA Central Library and asking Creason to show her “maps of rivers and maps of freeways”. She says she didn’t yet know where she was going with the project, but she knew that this was where she wanted to start. When Creason pulled out the Sanborn maps, Scacco (a self-described “paper nerd”) says her reaction was, “Oh my God — this is the history of America, and it’s pasted over, just like American history.”

    By “blowing apart” the Sanborn maps, Scacco is trying to make the point that maps are not neutral. Maps obscure; they leave things out. As Scacco’s website says, “early maps of Los Angeles make no mention of our Tongva origins, and scarcely acknowledge early boundaries in which California was Mexico”. The Sanborn maps didn’t include every neighborhood in every city they covered. And they occasionally used explicitly racialized language to define neighborhoods literally outlined in red — presumably to warn insurers away or get them to charge higher prices. The insurance business has a long and well-documented history of racist and discriminatory practices; the Sanborns are an important data set in the effort to document that history.

    But during her presentation, Scacco also described showing the maps to the residents she was collecting oral histories from and “seeing folks see themselves in the archives”. For all their faults and elisions — sometimes because of them — the maps seem to reflect our own histories and memories back at us. Maybe that’s why the instinct to look up one’s own address on a map is so common. We create maps to make the unfamiliar familiar. To show us how to get home.

    ▻https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/sanborn-fire-insurance-maps
    #assurance #feu #incendie #USA #Etats-Unis #Sanborn #cartographie #cartographie_historique #visualisation

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    visionscarto @visionscarto via RSS 17/04/2022
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    « La Moisel » du Cameroun : Une carte comme trésor de guerre
    ►https://visionscarto.net/carte-de-moisel

    « La Moisel » est l’expression générique employée par les géographes au Cameroun pour désigner les cartes élaborées par le cartographe allemand Max Moisel (1869-1920) au début du XXe siècle. Ces cartes mêlant des éléments de topographie, d’hydrographie, de climatologie ainsi que des considérations socio-économiques sur le peuplement ou la circulation à petite échelle sont longtemps restées sans équivalent. Lorsque les troupes françaises, britanniques et belges ont attaqué le protectorat allemand du Kamerun en (...) #Billets

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      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/04/2022

      https://visionscarto.net/local/cache-vignettes/L409xH500/Cameroun_moiea15-a97ee.jpg?1629914973#.jpg

      #cartographie_historique #cartographie #Cameroun #Kamerun #Max_Moisel #histoire

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    CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/09/2021
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    L’histoire à la carte

    Fascinantes #cartes_anciennes, portulans, atlas et planisphères… Quand les Anciens abattent leurs cartes et les cartographes prennent le large, c’est une aventure, celle de la Société de Géographie ou celle des cartographes de l’#imaginaire. Allez, hissez haut !

    ▻https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/serie/l-histoire-a-la-carte
    #cartes #cartographie #histoire #cartographie_historique #narration

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    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/09/2021

      Épisode 1 : Quand les Anciens abattent leurs cartes

      Imaginer le monde et se représenter la Terre n’est pas une évidence. Les cartes, #atlas ou autres #mappemondes n’ont pas toujours existé. Comment la cartographie s’est-elle développée de l’Antiquité au Moyen Âge ?

      Comment imaginait-on la Terre avant l’invention de la mappemonde ? Jusqu’au VIe siècle avant J.-C., la description de l’espace terrestre était l’affaire des textes littéraires. Dans L’Iliade, Homère l’imaginait hors de toute théogonie : « un disque plat, entouré du fleuve Océan où de puissantes colonnes supportent le ciel ». Peu à peu, l’observation des astres se développe tout comme la géométrie, l’art de mesurer la Terre. La géographie se rationalise et la Terre peut être représentée dans sa globalité.

      Claude #Ptolémée marque un tournant dans le savoir géographique. Mathématicien, astronome alexandrin du IIe siècle, sa Géographie apparaît comme une synthèse de près de huit cents ans de savoir grec. Il mêle le traité théorique, où il recense près de huit mille lieux grâce aux récits de voyageurs, à une approche mathématique. Chaque lieu se voit détaillé en fonction de ses latitude et longitude. Il propose de nouvelles méthodes de projection et de créations cartographiques qui vont constituer les fondements des sciences astronomiques et géographiques. Ses travaux se transmettent dans un cercle savant pour ensuite se diffuser plus largement à partir du XIVe siècle.

      Qu’est-ce qui motive le dessin des premières cartes dans l’#Antiquité ? Quelle est la postérité de Ptolémée ? Comment se transmet le savoir géographique et quelles en sont ses réappropriations au Moyen Âge ?

      Nous en parlons avec #Christian_Jacob et #Nathalie_Bouloux.

      Avec Christian Jacob, historien, agrégé de lettres classiques, directeur de recherche au CNRS et directeur d’études à l’EHESS, membre de l’UMR Anhima (Anthropologie et histoire des Mondes antiques), co-directeur de la mention de master « Histoire des sciences, des savoirs et des techniques » de l’EHESS.

      Et Nathalie Bouloux, historienne, maîtresse de conférences à l’université de Tours, rattachée au Centre d’études supérieures de la Renaissance.

      ▻https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/le-cours-de-l-histoire/le-cours-de-l-histoire-emission-du-lundi-06-septembre-2021

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    CDB_77 @cdb_77 13/07/2021
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    Habitability map of Australia, 1946.

    https://i.imgur.com/L2nPDwr.jpg

    ▻https://mapsontheweb.zoom-maps.com/post/148780657739/habitability-map-of-australia-1946-via-reddit

    #extractivisme #useless #Australie #colonisation #colonialisme #exploitation #cartographie #visualisation #cartographie_historique #habitabilité #géographie_du_plein #géographie_du_vide
    #ressources_pédagogiques

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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 1/06/2021
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    Emma Willard’s Maps of Time

    In the 21st-century, infographics are everywhere. In the classroom, in the newspaper, in government reports, these concise visual representations of complicated information have changed the way we imagine our world. Susan Schulten explores the pioneering work of Emma Willard (1787–1870), a leading feminist educator whose innovative maps of time laid the groundwork for the charts and graphics of today.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/emma-willard-maps-of-time/13233002-edit-small-zoom.jpg?fit=max&w=1200&h=850#.jpg

    We live in an age of visual information. Infographics flood the web, driven by accessible platforms that instantly translate information into a variety of graphic forms. News outlets routinely harvest large data sets like the census and election returns into maps and graphs that profile everything from consumer preferences to the political landscape. The current proliferation of visual information mirrors a similar moment in the early nineteenth century, when the advent of new printing techniques coincided with the rapid expansion of education. Schoolrooms from the Atlantic seaboard to the Mississippi frontier made room for the children of farmers as well as merchants, girls as well as boys. Together, these shifts created a robust and highly competitive market for school materials, including illustrated textbooks, school atlases, and even the new genre of wall maps.

    No individual exploited this publishing opportunity more than Emma Willard, one of the century’s most influential educators. From the 1820s through the Civil War, Willard’s history and geography textbooks exposed an entire generation of students to her deeply patriotic narratives, all of which were studded with innovative and creative pictures of information that sought to translate big data into manageable visual forms.

    When Willard began publishing textbooks in the 1820s, she knew the competition was fierce, full of sharp-elbowed authors who routinely accused one another of plagiarizing ideas and text. To build her brand, she designed cutting-edge graphics that would differentiate her work and catch the attention of the young. Take, for instance, her “Perspective Sketch of the Course of Empire” of 1835.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/emma-willard-maps-of-time/4545001-edit-small-4.jpg?fit=max&w=1200&h=850#.jpg

    By the nineteenth century, timelines had become relatively common, an innovation of the eighteenth century designed to feed growing public interest in ancient as well as modern history. First developed by Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg in the 1750s, early timelines generally charted the lives of individuals on a chronological grid, reflecting the Enlightenment assumption that history could be measured against an absolute scale of time, moving inexorably onward from zero. In 1765, Joseph Priestley drew from calendars, chronologies, and geographies to plot the lives of two thousand men between 1200 BC and 1750 AD in his popular Chart of Biography.

    After Priestley, timelines flourished, but they generally lacked any sense of the dimensionality of time, representing the past as a uniform march from left to right. By contrast, Emma Willard sought to invest chronology with a sense of perspective, presenting the biblical Creation as the apex of a triangle that then flowed forward in time and space toward the viewer. Commenting on her visual framework in 1835, Willard noted that individuals experience the past relative to their own lives, for “events apparently diminish when viewed through the vista of departed years.”1 In “Perspective Sketch of the Course of Empire”, she found striking ways to represent this dimensionality of time. The birth of Christ, for example, is marked with a bright light, marking the end of the first third of human history. The discovery of America separated the second (middle) from the third (modern) stage. Each “civilization” is situated not according to its geography, as on a traditional map, but according to its connection and relation to other civilizations. Some of these societies are permeable, flowing into others, while others, such as China, are firmly demarcated to denote their isolation. By studying this map, students were encouraged to see human history as a rise and fall of civilizations — an “ancestry of nations”.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/emma-willard-maps-of-time/4545001-edit-small-zoom.jpg?fit=max&w=1200&h=850#.jpg

    Moreover, as time flows forward the stream widens, demonstrating that history became more relevant as it unfolds and approaches the student’s own life. Historical time is not uniform but dimensional. On the one hand, this reflected her sense that time itself had accelerated through the advent of steam and rail. Traditional timelines, she found, were only partially capable of representing change in an era of rapid technological progress. Time was not absolute, but relative. On the other hand, Willard’s approach reflected her own deep nationalism, for it asked students to recognize the emergence of the United States as the culmination of human history and progress.

    Willard aggressively marketed her “Perspective Sketch” to American educators, believing it to be a crucial break with other materials on the market. As she confidently expressed to a friend in 1844, “In history I have invented the map”.3 She also advocated for her “map of time” as a teaching device because she strongly believed the visual preceded the verbal — that information presented to students in graphic terms would facilitate memorization, attaching images to the mind through the eyes.

    Willard’s devotion to visual mnemonics shaped much of her work. In the 1840s, she published another elaborate visual device, named the “Temple of Time”. Here, she attempted to integrate chronology with geography: the stream of time she had charted in the previous decade now occupied the floor of the temple, whose architecture she used to magnify perspective through a visual convention. Centuries — represented by pillars printed with the names of the era’s most prominent statesmen, poets, and warriors —diminished in size as they receded in time, turning the viewer’s attention toward recent history, as in the “Course of Empire”. But in the Temple of Time, the one-point perspective also invited students in to inhabit the past, laying out information in a kind of memory palace that would help them form a larger, coherent picture of world history. Readers, in other words, were invited into the palace, so they too could stand at moments in world history.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/emma-willard-maps-of-time/13233002-edit-small-2.jpg?fit=max&w=1200&h=850#.jpg

    The Temple of Time is complicated, and more than a little contrived. Yet Willard reminds readers that traditional cartography relies on the same basic conceit:

    In a map, great countries made up of plains, mountains, seas, and rivers, are represented by what is altogether unlike them; viz., lines, shades, and letters, on a flat piece of paper; but the divisions of the map enable the mind to comprehend, by proportional space and distance, what is the comparative size of each, and how countries are situated with respect to each other. So this picture made on paper, called a Temple of Time, though unlike duration, represents it by proportional space. It is as scientific and intelligible, to represent time by space, as it is to represent space by space.4

    A map, in other words, is an arrangement of symbols into a system of meaning — and we use maps because we understand the language of signs that undergirds them. If the mapping of space was a human invention, she explained, one could also invent a means of mapping time.

    Willard’s creative efforts to “map time” stemmed from personal experience. Born just after the Revolution, she was part of the first generation of American women to be educated outside the home, and she chafed at the way “female education” kept more than a few areas of knowledge off limits. One of the few subjects considered suitable for both boys and girls in that era was geography, yet Willard remembered with frustration the degree to which her textbooks lacked maps. It makes sense, then, that as a young teacher in the 1810s Willard became passionate about having her pupils draw maps — not copying them (a common practice in schools for young women at the time) but rather reproducing them in rough terms from memory to demonstrate a grasp of geographical relationships.

    Willard’s own artistic creativity as a mapmaker was evident from the start. Her first textbook — a geography written with William Woodbridge and published in 1824 — includes a metaphorical map of the Amazon River and its tributaries which illustrates the evolution of the Roman Empire. (One can see in this early effort the prototype for her elaborate “Perspective Sketch” of the 1830s.)

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/emma-willard-maps-of-time/4372005-edit.jpg?fit=max&w=1200&h=850#.jpg

    Willard’s creativity as an educator was equally immense. In 1819 she published a plan to publicly fund the improvement of female education, which met with more than a little resistance. Two years later, she began to implement this vision by founding the Troy Female Seminary in New York—an institution that quickly became a preeminent school for future teachers and one of the most highly regarded schools for women in the country. At Troy, Willard assumed that females were capable of studying the same subjects as their male counterparts and incorporated “masculine studies”, such as science and history, into the curriculum. Her administration of Troy, and her intensive teaching in the decade prior to and after its foundation, convinced her of the multiple failures of contemporary pedagogy and textbooks.

    In 1828, Willard issued the first edition of her History of the United States, or The Republic of America, a textbook so popular it would remain in print until the 1860s. One key element of the book’s success was the atlas that accompanied the text — a series of maps of the eastern US that Willard designed and executed with a former female student. In this series, each map marked particular moments or eras that either led toward or resulted from nationhood, including the landing on Plymouth Rock, the Treaty of Paris, or the late War of 1812 against Britain. Perhaps the most remarkable of these was the “introductory map”, which identified indigenous tribes through a series of geographic migrations, collapsing centuries of movement into a single image. In naming this the “introductory” map, however, Willard situated Native Americans in a prehistorical era antedating the ostensibly more significant events of European settlement. The single image she created was innovative and powerful, but it also rendered the violence of Native displacement as an inevitable prelude that gave way to the real drama of colonialism and the inevitable realization of national independence.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/emma-willard-maps-of-time/ca000003-edit.jpg?fit=max&w=1200&h=850#.jpg

    Willard’s commitment to creative cartography, combined with her nationalism, inspired her to create a simplified American Temple of Time in the late 1840s, which revealed a firm belief in Manifest Destiny: the providential progression from the European discovery of North America in the fifteenth century to a continental empire in the present. The concept of the American Temple was interactive, framing the chronological and geographical outlines of American history to aid memorization. Students were to identify the eight geographical entities that made up the continental United States: the original thirteen colonies, New France, the Northwest Territory, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, Oregon, and the area ceded by Mexico in the 1848 treaty that ended the Mexican–American War. Students were then instructed to locate each state and territory in time by shading its existence as it became part of the country (shading the colonies as they were settled, and the states as they joined the union). If the Temple were drawn large enough, there would also be enough space along the “floor” to identify important battles. The design is complex and unwieldy, but the goal is intriguing: an interactive exercise for students to integrate history and geography in order to understand how the past had—quite literally—taken place.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/emma-willard-maps-of-time/Schulten_chp1_American_Temple-edit.jpg?fit=max&w=1200&h=850#.jpg

    Willard’s final contribution to visual knowledge was perhaps the most straightforward, a “Tree of Time” that presented American history as a coherent, organic whole. There is, of course, a long tradition of presenting time as a tree (family trees being the most enduring), but Willard used the image not to represent ancestors as trunks and descendants as branches, but — rather oddly — to represent time arcing from left to right, like a timeline. She was so fond of the Tree of Time she used it to introduce all subsequent editions of her popular textbook History of the United States and even issued it on a much larger scale to be hung in classrooms.

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/essays/emma-willard-maps-of-time/6700000-edit.jpg?fit=max&w=1200&h=850#.jpg

    Like the Temple, the Tree presented an encompassing history of the nation that reached back past 1789 to 1492. All of North America’s colonial history merely formed the backstory to the preordained rise of the United States. The tree also strengthened a sense of coherence, organizing the chaotic past into a series of branches that spelled out the national meaning of the past. Above all, the Tree of Time conveyed to students a sense that history moved in a meaningful direction. Imperialism, dispossession, and violence was translated, in Willard’s representation, into a peaceful and unified picture of American progress.

    Ironically, it was the cataclysms of the Civil War that challenged Willard’s harmonious picture of history in the Tree of Time. In the 1844 edition of the Tree, President Harrison’s death marched the last branch of history. Twenty years later, Willard added a new branch marking the end of the US war against Mexico and the subsequent Compromise of 1850, seismic events which both raised and temporarily settled the sectional divisions over slavery. Even though the Civil War was well underway by the time she issued her last edition of tree, she marked the last branch as “1860”, with no mention of the bloody conflict that had engulfed the entire nation. Her accompanying narrative in Republic of America brought American history to the brink of war, but no further. Willard had come up against history itself.

    ▻https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/emma-willard-maps-of-time

    #Emma_Willard #cartographie_historique #cartographie #peuples_autochtones #infographie #femme_géographe #femme_cartographe

    voir aussi :
    ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/917835

    –-

    ajouté au fil de discussion sur les femmes géographes :
    ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/662774

    ping @visionscarto @reka

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    Écrire un commentaire
  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 1/06/2021
    4
    @sombre
    @mad_meg
    @_nka
    @ericw
    4
    @reka @visionscarto @isskein

    Clouds of Unknowing : Edward Quin’s Historical Atlas (1830)

    https://the-public-domain-review.imgix.net/collections/edward-quin-historical-atlas/quin-thumb.jpg

    “Now when I was a little chap I had a passion for maps”, says the seafaring raconteur #Charles_Marlow in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1899) (▻https://www.gutenberg.org/files/219/219-h/219-h.htm). “At that time there were many blank spaces on the earth, and when I saw one that looked particularly inviting on a map (but they all look that) I would put my finger on it and say, ’When I grow up I will go there.’” Of course, these “blank spaces” were anything but. The no-man’s-lands that colonial explorers like #Marlow found most inviting (the Congo River basin, #Tasmania, the #Andaman_Islands) were, in fact, richly populated, and faced devastating consequences in the name of imperial expansion.

    In the same troublesome vein as Marlow, Edward Quin’s Historical Atlas painted cartographic knowledge as a candle coruscating against the void of ignorance, represented in his unique vision by a broiling mass of black cloud. Each map represents the bounds of geographical learning at a particular point in history, from a specific civilizational perspective, beginning with Eden, circa “B.C. 2348”. In the next map titled “B.C. 1491. The Exodus of the Israelites”, Armenia, Assyria, Arabia, Aram, and Egypt form an island of light, pushing back the black clouds of unknowing. As history progresses — through various Roman dynasties, the reign of Charlemagne, and the Crusades — the foul weather retreats further. In the map titled “A.D. 1498. The Discovery of America”, the transatlantic exploits of the so-called Age of Discovery force Quin to employ a shift in scale — the luminescence of his globe now extends to include Africa and most of Asia, but North America hides behind cumulus clouds, with its “unnamed” eastern shores peeking out from beneath a storm of oblivion. In the Atlas’ last map, we find a world without darkness, not a trace of cloud. Instead, unexplored territories stretch out in the pale brown of vellum parchment, demarcating “barbarous and uncivilized countries”, as if the hinterlands of Africa and Canada are awaiting colonial inscription.

    Not much is known about Edward Quin, the Oxford graduate, London barrister, and amateur cartographer whose Atlas was published two years after his death at the age of thirty-four. We learn, thanks to Walter Goffart’s research into historical atlases, that Quin’s images were more popular than his words. The well-regarded cartographer William Hughes rescaled the maps for a new edition in 1846, discarding their artist’s accompanying text. The Atlas’ enduring technical advancement, which influenced subsequent cartographers, can be found in its ingenious use of negative space. Emma Willard’s Atlas to Accompany a System of Universal History, for instance, features cloudy borders that seem very much indebted to Quin.

    Looking back from a contemporary vantage, the Historical Atlas remains memorable for what is not shown. Quin’s cartography inadvertently visualizes the ideology of empire: a geographic chauvinism that had little respect for the knowledge of those beyond imperial borders. And aside from depicting the reach of Kublai Khan, his focus remains narrowly European and Judeo-Christian. While Quin strives for accuracy, he admits to programmatic omission. “The colours we have used being generally meant to point out and distinguish one state or empire from another. . . were obviously inapplicable to deserts peopled by tribes having no settled form of government, or political existence, or known territorial limits”. Instead of representing these groups, Quin, like his clouds, has erased them from view.

    ▻https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/edward-quin-historical-atlas
    #cartographie_historique #cartographie #connu #inconnu #géographie_du_vide #vide #histoire #Tasmanie #fleuve_Congo #colonisation #colonialisme #Edward_Quin #atlas

    ping @reka @visionscarto

    via @isskein

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 1/06/2021

      Historical Atlases. The First Three Hundred Years, 1570-1870

      https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41mLpJ0hjYL.jpg

      Today we can walk into any well-stocked bookstore or library and find an array of historical atlases. The first thorough review of the source material, Historical Atlases traces how these collections of “maps for history”—maps whose sole purpose was to illustrate some historical moment or scene—came into being.

      Beginning in the sixteenth century, and continuing down to the late nineteenth, Walter Goffart discusses milestones in the origins of historical atlases as well as individual maps illustrating historical events in alternating, paired chapters. He focuses on maps of the medieval period because the development of maps for history hinged particularly on portrayals of this segment of the postclassical, “modern” past. Goffart concludes the book with a detailed catalogue of more than 700 historical maps and atlases produced from 1570 to 1870.

      Historical Atlases will immediately take its place as the single most important reference on its subject. Historians of cartography, medievalists, and anyone seriously interested in the role of maps in portraying history will find it invaluable.

      ▻https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3617712.html
      #livre

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 1/06/2021

      A.D. 395; A.D. 1100; A.D.1492 Selected images

      https://i.imgur.com/mGuG6JN.png

      Atlas to accompany A system of universal history : containing I. a chronological picture of nations, or perspective sketch of the course of empire, II. the progressive geography of the world in a series of maps adapted to the different epochas of the history

      ▻https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3201sm.gct00409/?sp=4&r=-0.19,0,1.367,0.694,0

      Dans les “contributor names”, on peut lire:
      – Willard, Emma, 1787-1870.
      – F.J. Huntington and Co.

      #Emma_Willard, voir aussi:
      Emma Willard’s Maps of Time

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH421/13233002-edibb6b-02bab.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/917838

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    Écrire un commentaire
  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020
    4
    @simplicissimus
    @colporteur
    @solitudemaisdishuits
    @fil
    4

    Du colonialisme italien
    #métaliste, évidemment non exhaustive, d’infos publiées sur seenthis concernant le #colonialisme_italien

    #Italie #colonisation #colonialisme #histoire #mémoire #Italie_coloniale

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      Quale razza, interview de #Isabella_Marincola
      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/871370
      #Somalie #vidéo

      avec des liens sur son père, #Giorgio_Marincola

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      #Ethiopie : la terre promise des derniers #rastas

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH338/maxresdefaulc2a2-fa68e.jpg

      https://seenthis.net/messages/864957

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      "Via la statua di #Montanelli da Milano, è stato un razzista": la richiesta dei Sentinelli apre il dibattito in Comune

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L599xH700/z7QwZp5png-ff72c-34807.png https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH400/164336546-a64222-d8285.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/860939
      #racisme #statue #toponymie #toponymie_politique

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      L’#impensé_colonial de la #politique_migratoire italienne

      https://seenthis.net/messages/850223

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      #Palermo, nella notte cambiano i nomi alle strade: la «guerriglia odonomastica»

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH400/164336546-a6dd4f-2d56b.jpg https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH401/164336093-77ee58-69792.jpg https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH400/164336019-772e26-a26c0.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/829668

      #Palerme #guerriglia_odonomastica #noms_de_rue

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      Mi sento di sconsigliare a tutti l’emigrazione a #Massaua: un posto al sole senza occupazione rimane un posto infelice, si chiami Eritrea o Sicilia.

      Circolare del Ministero dell’Interno, Direzione generale di pubblica sicurezza, 5 marzo 1890.

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L469xH700/e846otXjpg-ffadd-6f01e.jpg

      https://seenthis.net/messages/801744
      #Erythrée

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      #Addis_Ababa_massacre memorial service – in pictures

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH400/6720jpgw720q0598-7d267.jpg https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L520xH390/520px-Yekati7ea8-6dab3.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/671162
      #mémoire #photographie #histoire #commémoration #fascisme #Italie #colonialisme #massacre #maréchal_Graziani #Abraha_Deboch #massacre_de_Graziani #Ethiopie #Moges_Asgedom #Yekatit_12

      –---

      Italy and the Addis Ababa massacre
      https://seenthis.net/messages/616983

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      I campi fascisti

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH404/BKmNzvepng-11261-3cf12.png

      https://seenthis.net/messages/663910
      #fascisme #Italie_fasciste
      #histoire #fascisme #Italie #camps #camps_De_concentration #Slovénie #Croatie #Erythrée #Ethiopie #Libye #juifs #WWII #deuxième_guerre_mondiale #seconde_guerre_mondiale #cartographie #localisation

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      #Colonies_fascistes

      https://seenthis.net/messages/625854

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      Storie di sgomberi e colonialismo in #piazza_Indipendenza a Roma

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH424/139071-mdjpge417-d602e.jpg

      https://seenthis.net/messages/624025#message626135
      #Rome

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      Color Relief Map of Abyssinia and War Zone

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L481xH700/V1rQ8nlpng-dd757-bb94d.png

      https://seenthis.net/messages/865047
      #Abyssinie #cartographie_historique

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      #LIBYE • Ah, la belle époque des colonies !
      https://seenthis.net/messages/39818

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      La guérilla odonymique gagne une bataille : une nouvelle station du métro romain sera dédiée à #Giorgio_Marincola, partisan italo-somalien, et non à un lieu d’oppression coloniale

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L297xH500/Giorgio-Mari0cd2-b223b.jpg https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH363/Via-Georges-f2d9-43fd4.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/871903

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2020

      #Roma_negata. Percorsi postcoloniali nella città

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH405/1842-6-Roma-ba5d-f0af1.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/867993

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/08/2020

      #Nadezhda_De_Santis, esclave enterrée dans le cimetière de #Florence :

      Nadezhda De Santis, a black Nubian slave brought to Florence at fourteen from #Jean-François_Champollion ’s 1827 expedition to Egypt and Nubia, while the French Royalist exile Félicie de Fauveau sculpted two tombs here

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L450xH600/450px-Cimiteb67e-433e7.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/872094

      #esclavage

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/08/2020

      Citation du livre La frontiera de #Alessandro_Leogrande :

      “Libia, Eritrea, Somalia. I ragazzi dell’Eritrean Solidarity Movement for National Salvation lo chiamano il ‘triangolo italiano’. Il ‘triangolo italiano’, mi ripetono mentre passeggiamo lungo il corso principale, schivando capannelli di uomini e cani sonnolenti, ha a che fare con la nostra storia rimossa, con ciò che è stato edificato dopo quella rimozione e con gli enormi buchi neri che oggi si sono creati in questi paesi”

      (Leogrande, 2017 : 163 : ►https://www.lafeltrinelli.it/libri/alessandro-leogrande/frontiera/9788807889714)

      #triangle_italien

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/08/2020

      #presse_fasciste italienne en #Erythrée
      https://seenthis.net/messages/872656

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/01/2021

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L544xH681/mLms2Agpng-bb1ca-d00fd.png

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/894676

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 10/01/2021

      Le «#navi_bianche», quando i profughi dall’Africa erano italiani
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/895427

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 24/01/2021

      Verso un Ente di Decolonizzazione
      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/898108

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 7/02/2021

      Le #livre de #Francesca_Melandri, « #sangue_giusto » (traduit en français par « Tous, sauf moi » :

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L285xH424/4332210-9788299d-8479b.png https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L195xH285/product_9782d3ac-6505d.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/904517

      Le livre Sangue giusto a été traduit en français avec le titre « Tous, sauf moi »

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L195xH285/product_9782d3ac-6505d.jpg

      #roman

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 7/02/2021

      L’oublieuse mémoire coloniale italienne
      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/900660

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/02/2021

      Il colore del nome. Storia della mia famiglia. Cent’anni di razzismo coloniale e identità negate

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L364xH568/titIlcolored1289-24dc6.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/902954

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 27/02/2021

      Lo sfascio dell’impero. Gli italiani in Etiopia 1936-1941

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L467xH700/9788858139116500-38b5d.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/903989

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 27/02/2021

      Il curricolo «razziale». La costruzione dell’alterità di «razza» e coloniale nella scuola italiana (1860-1950)

      http://eum.unimc.it/483/il-curricolo-razziale.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/903991

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 3/03/2021
      @solitudemaisdishuits

      @solitudemaisdishuits : le texte original republié sur le site « Histoire coloniale » a déjà été signalé ici et dans cette même métaliste :
      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/900660
      (je vais donc effacer ton signalement ci-dessus afin de ne pas avoir des doublons sur la métaliste)

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 14/03/2021

      Eritrea, la ferita del colonialismo e quei figli dimenticati dall’Italia
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/906361

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 31/05/2021

      Il colonialismo italiano: la guerra d’Etiopia
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/917720
      #ressources_bibliographiques #guerre_d'Ethiopie

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 28/06/2021

      Decolonizzare la città. Dialoghi Visuali a Padova -
      Decolonizing the city. Visual Dialogues in Padova

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/920498

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 29/08/2021

      #Piazza_Giacomo_Matteotti, à #Marino, la #Fontana_dei_quattro_mori

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L450xH600/450px-Fontan7848-2b690.jpg

      dans le livre de Igiaba Scego, « La linea del colore » :
      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/927703

      –—

      voir aussi mon mini-texte d’accompagnement au passage du livre sur la fontaine :

      La fontaine aux quatre Maures : La pierre et les larmes
      ►https://neotopo.hypotheses.org/3757

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 8/09/2021

      Le travail de recherche de #Emilio_Distretti sur l’#Italie_coloniale :
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/929003

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 9/09/2021

      Le #blog #Italia_coloniale (qui n’a pas l’air de faire de l’histoire critique...), j’ai signalé car il y a pas d’info sur la période coloniale et l’histoire militaire :
      L’ITALIA COLONIALE. Attualità e storie dimenticate dalle ex Colonie italiane
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/929144

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 13/09/2021

      Bologna: La #guerriglia_odonomastica in #Cirenaica

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/929547

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/11/2021

      Un #harem a Roma

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L477xH700/Cesare_Biseo83d3-07b5c.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/937300
      #genre #femmes

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 23/12/2021

      Via cardinal Massaia, Rome et Mogadiscio

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L280xH397/280px-Guglie8ad6-c7b6e.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/940934

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 24/12/2021

      Colonialisme italien et fascisme :

      « Spesso si crede, erroneamente, che il colonialismo sia stato solo opera del Fascismo, quando invece ha caratterizzato da subito la politica del Regno d’Italia. Il suo primo atto, quasi a ridosso dell’#Unità_d’Italia, è stato l’acquisto, nel 1869, della #Baia_di_Assab da parte della società #Rubattino »

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/941014

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 22/02/2022

      Etiopia, i conti col passato: la strage di Addis Abeba del 1937

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L467xH700/9788858139631ce3-a00a0.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/950246

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 22/02/2022

      Storia. Colonialismo italiano, superare il mito della «brava gente»
      –-> compte-rendu du livre «Noi però gli abbiamo fatto le strade»:

      https://img.illibraio.it/images/9788833937021_92_270_0_75.jpg

      –-> et mention de la polémique autour de la #statue en l’honneur de #Vittorio_Bottego a Parme:
      https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vittorio_bottego.jpg/170px-Vittorio_bottego.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/950251

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/03/2022

      Difficult Heritage
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/953557
      #Borgo_Rizza #Sicile

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 24/03/2022

      Gianluca e Massimiliano De Serio - «#Stanze» (#film, #videoinstallazione)

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L300xH168/Stanze-300x18672-66c72.png

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/954319
      #Turin #caserma_la_marmora

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 28/03/2022

      COLONIALISMO. In Libia la strategia italiana della “terra bruciata”
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/954718

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/04/2022

      Rapid Response: Decolonizing Italian Cities
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/957266

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/04/2022

      Decolonize your eyes, #Padova.. Pratiche visuali di decolonizzazione della città
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/957275

      #Padoue

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/04/2022

      Postcolonial Italy. Mapping Colonial Heritage

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH674/tghVOygpng-77df9-c9402.png

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/957297
      #cartographie #visualisation

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 19/04/2022

      L’architecte #Mariano_Pittana:

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L552xH700/moderna-2664920f-de275.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/957411

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/04/2022

      Una mappa per ricordare i crimini del colonialismo italiano

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH288/ibxe1etpng-664dd-ee35a.png

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/957727

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/04/2022

      #Palermo : An Urban Walk Against Colonialism by Wu Ming 2 (2018)
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/957731

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 3/09/2022

      Roma, la fermata della metro C #Amba_Aradam cambia nome: approvata l’intitolazione al partigiano #Marincola. Il vox tra i cittadini
      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/871345

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 3/09/2022

      #Banane_gialle

      «La bruna venditrice di banane mogadisciane, mogadisciane. Ascolta quel ragazzo e si compiace. Perché le piace, perché le piace. Potesse dir loro qualcosa, in quella lingua estrosa. Direbbe marinaio d’oltremare ti voglio amare, ti voglio amare.»

      ▻https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCAukt2chp4

      #chanson #musique #Giuseppe_Anepeta #Enzo_Bonagura

      signalée dans le livre de Igiaba Scego e Rino Bianchi, Roma negata

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 3/09/2022

      Une vidéo sur le #cinema_Impero :

      ►https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4ghdRs6kxY


      voir :
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/971834#message971835

      signalé dans le livre de Igiaba Scego e Rino Bianchi, Roma negata

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 4/09/2022

      Memorie Coloniali. Returning and Sharing Memories

      https://i.imgur.com/X4QFNdV.png

      ▻http://www.memoriecoloniali.org

      #photographie #fonds #archive #base_de_données

      signalé par @olivier_aubert :
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/971834#message971845

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 4/09/2022

      Architettura italiana in Eritrea

      http://www.editricelarosa.it/larosa/cover/fc06.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/971904
      #architecture #urbanisme

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 4/09/2022

      Asmara. Africa’s Secret Modernist City

      https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51lQz4yLMOL.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/971904#message971906

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 4/09/2022

      Il latte è buono (roman, 2005)

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L400xH600/il-latte-e-bedde-57637.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/971936

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/09/2022

      L’obelisco di Axum tra oblio e risemantizzazione

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L484xH700/AUcWGNLpng-77d82-5567b.png

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/972185

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/09/2022

      #Colonia_per_maschi. Italiani in Africa Orientale: una storia di genere

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L463xH700/Scan_0006-1j0a48-fa257.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972190

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 7/09/2022

      L’émigration italienne en #Afrique_orientale
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972276

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 7/09/2022

      “Ti saluto, vado in Abissinia”. Parma e Africa Orientale tra colonialismo e post-colonialismo. Archivio, didattica e ricerca storica
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972278

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 7/09/2022

      ALDO BARATTI : “FOTO-RIFLESSIONI” ED ESTETISMI DALL’AFRICA ORIENTALE

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH437/Fig-3jpg-a4ba4ba-9d340.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972282
      #Aldo_Baratti #photographie

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 9/09/2022

      L’empire des cinq ans
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972487

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 9/09/2022

      Des colonies à l’Empire fasciste. La conquête de l’Afrique racontée aux enfants italiens

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L281xH425/img-2jpg-9579578-cf400.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972489

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 9/09/2022

      Des oubliés de l’histoire : les « #ensablés » en Ethiopie
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972491
      #insabbiati

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 9/09/2022

      La #ville_coloniale italienne entre mémoires, représentations et histoire
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972493
      #urbanisme_colonial #Rubattino

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 9/09/2022

      Violence coloniale, violence de guerre, violence totalitaire
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972496
      #violence #violence_coloniale #guerre #violence_totalitaire #Ethiopie #fascisme #domination #arbitraire #exception_permanente

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/09/2022

      Village’s Tribute Reignites a Debate About Italy’s Fascist Past

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L496xH378/PpIPHiwpng-ffef6-8082c.png

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/973450
      #Affile

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/09/2022

      Un leone, le stragi, la censura e uno schifezzario
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/973457

      et le film:
      Le Lion du désert

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L220xH293/220px-L0001_0f7f-2b4ff.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/973457#message973460
      #Omar_Al_Mukhtar #Omar_al-Mokhtar #leone_del_deserto

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/09/2022

      #film et #livre « #Tempo_di_uccidere »

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L240xH376/cover__id942aa6c-4eccb.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/973489

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 19/09/2022

      Ethiopie, la légende #Luciano_Vassalo n’est plus

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH626/vassallofotof8aa-4aaad.jpg https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L493xH700/stelladafric55d0-1131b.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/973538

      #Luciano_Vassallo

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/10/2022

      Mediterraneo nero. Archivio, memorie, corpi

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L201xH300/801-696-largedb4-51a77.jpg

      The Horn of Africa Diasporas in Italy

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L356xH500/B08LPJ7NNT017355-cd3dc.jpg

      Libia 1911-1912. Immaginari coloniali e italianità

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L364xH513/titLibia1911622f-e3d31.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/975474

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 24/09/2023

      Perché è importante ricordare la storia di #Giorgio_Marincola, partigiano italo–somalo

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH416/ZwBNBXKjuCArf9f3-b01e6.png

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1018241

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 24/09/2023

      Partigiani d’oltremare. Dal Corno d’Africa alla Resistenza italiana

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L300xH421/Partigiani-d94a6-2df9b.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/1018245
      #Monte_San_Vicino #Banda_Mario

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 4/12/2023

      “I carnefici del duce”

      https://www.patriaindipendente.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/719zB7euaL._AC_UF10001000_QL80_-1.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1030108

      #Eric_Gobetti

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 15/02/2024

      #Roma_coloniale

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH600/roma-colonia9b03-cf93a.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1041837

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 20/02/2024

      Operazione Pirite a Milano

      Riprende l’operazione pirite a Milano. Strada per strada, zona per zona, le “medaglie d’oro” non smettono di saltare all’occhio per il loro arrogante luccichìo. Non sono patrioti, definizione per lo più legata al periodo risorgimentale; non sono partigiani, per quel poco che Milano ha celebrato nella toponomastica, nascosti ogni tanto dalle professioni che hanno svolto deposte le armi, prefetto, nel caso di via Ettore Troilo, sindacalista, nel caso di via Teresa Noce. Sono in gran parte, se non tutti, appartenenti al Regio Esercito e i gravi crimini di cui si sono macchiati sono nascosti ora da quella definizione che ne esalta le gesta, così come la loro divisa ne celò i crimini quando furono vivi; non medaglie d’oro ma di pirite e ne siamo cincondat3.

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L525xH700/img_5212jpg-a9b8-3522e.jpg

      ►https://seenthis.net/messages/1042572
      #operazione_pirite

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 7/03/2024

      La memoria rimossa. «Il Massacro di Addis Abeba»

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L494xH700/img7-1444x2093e8-a058f.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1044835

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/05/2024

      La memoria rimossa del massacro di #Debre_Libanos e dell’età coloniale italiana

      https://i0.wp.com/altreconomia.it/app/uploads/2024/05/16267556266_637512088a_k.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1054609

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/05/2024

      Perché serve mappare i “segni” del fascismo presenti nelle nostre città
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1054614

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/05/2024

      Le invisibili

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L455xH700/i__id11159_m34aa-7cf6f.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1054616
      #roman #Elena_Rausa

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/05/2024

      Storia del colonialismo italiano. Politica, cultura e memoria dall’età liberale ai nostri giorni

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L434xH700/978882902381d9ca-43e8d.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1054618

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/05/2024

      I luoghi della memoria dell’Italia fascista

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH383/DhCbwGpjrXqA9adc-f2703.png

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1054733

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 29/05/2024

      #CONTRADE_RIBELLI – Short Movie
      ►https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_WE3QgZMlU


      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1055656

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 29/05/2024

      Cronache dalla polvere

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L550xH350/zoyacoverjpg2672-0a9ab.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1055693

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 29/05/2024

      Plotone chimico. Cronache abissine di una generazione scomoda

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L468xH700/i__id8134_mwace8-3d80d.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1055696

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 29/05/2024

      Il massacro di Addis Abeba

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L460xH700/97888171018229d3-c868b.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1055698

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 31/05/2024

      “Resistenze in Cirenaica”, parcours et chantier toponymiques au cœur de Bologne

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH417/Carte-topony534f-2740c.png

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1055968

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/07/2024

      Il leone del deserto

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L396xH568/il-leone-del601d-fcaa7.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1062303

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 19/07/2024

      #Sight_Unseen
      ►https://vimeo.com/320820227


      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1062540
      #Omar_al-Mukhtar

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 19/07/2024

      “Urban-Rural Modernization in Italian Colonial Libya: An Imperial Instrumentalization of the Built Environment”

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH700/eFfL3KaLRFME99a4-d5c19.png

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1062544

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 15/08/2024

      Un site web créé par Felice Panzone, neveu de #Antonio_Panzone. Ce dernier a travaillé pour le Génie civile italien en #Libye dans les années 1930... Le neveu étant très fier de l’oeuvre à laquelle a participé son oncle, notamment la construction de la #route #Litoranea_Libica (#Balbia), il a créé un site web pour récolter les informations dessus... Un oncle qui n’est pas vraiment critique (euphémisme !) vis-à-vis des oeuvres de l’Italie coloniale, mais qui a le mérite d’avoir récolté dans un seul site web plein d’informations...

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH279/FXh1mGypPTHsed92-7aa4c.png

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1066346

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 4/09/2024

      Dalle Alpi all’Africa. La politica fascista per l’italianizzazione delle “nuove province” (1922-1943)

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L240xH331/cover__id5579122-34327.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1068818

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 15/09/2024

      Italiani, brava gente?

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L466xH700/i__id7987_mw18c1-a2290.jpg

      –-

      Traduction anglaise:
      As Cruel as Anyone Else

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L467xH700/del_boca_as_514e-6e13a.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1071198

      #Angelo_del_Boca

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/11/2024

      Le atrocità di Mussolini. I crimini di guerra rimossi dell’Italia fascista

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L450xH683/Le-atrocita-615c-96c33.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1080709

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/11/2024

      Gaddafi in Rome : Notes for a Film

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH355/1Et9GVzwuzQ7970f-0759e.png

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1083527
      #Alessandra_Ferrini

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/12/2024

      Andrea Di Michele. Il segno coloniale

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1086356

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 28/12/2024

      Deux oeuvres exposée au MEG de Genève (expo temporaire « Mémoires ») :
      Bombardement de l’hôpital de Dessié, Éthiopie

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH600/237jpg-f321cf321-5857c.jpg

      La victoire de la #bataille_d’Adoua en 1896
      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH600/034815-ajpg-0442-447a2.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1090170#message1090179

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 31/12/2024

      Il colonialismo degli italiani. Storia di un’ideologia

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L435xH700/978882901505893c-120f2.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1090602

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 20/04/2025

      But We Built Roads for Them. The Lies, Racism and Amnesia that Bury Italy’s Colonial Past

      https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L239xH370/9781771863414bf0-337aa.jpg

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1110566

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 21/04/2025

      Sulle tracce della Storia

      Attraverso azioni di guerriglia odonomastica, il collettivo bolognese Resistenze in Cirenaica accende i riflettori su una delle pagine più buie della Storia italiana: l’epoca coloniale.

      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1110680

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    Écrire un commentaire
  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 11/06/2020
    1
    @02myseenthis01
    1
    @wizo @reka

    Digital Maps of the Ancient World

    https://i.imgur.com/NMHTndj.png

    ▻https://digitalmapsoftheancientworld.com/digital-maps/roman-empire

    #cartographie #cartographie_historique #antiquité #digitalisation

    via @wizo
    ping @reka

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    Écrire un commentaire
  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 8/05/2020
    2
    @simplicissimus
    @02myseenthis01
    2
    @visionscarto

    Storia semiseria della cartografia esattissima delle epidemie, Anno Domini 1690-2020

    Le epidemie hanno segnato anche la storia della cartografia, e viceversa: le carte ci raccontano come sono state pensate e quindi affrontate le epidemie. Ci dicono cosa cambia e cosa, ahimè, non cambierà mai. Il primo esempio si deve a Filippo de Arrieta (1): peste, Bari, fine del ‘600.

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/1.png

    La carta mostra “li luoghi sospetti” - dove l’epidemia è ancora in corso (intorno Monopoli) o dove è passata (intorno a Bari) - isolati da un “cordone sanitario” di 350 caserme militari e per mare da “Filuche di guardia”. Un altro cordone protegge le province contigue.

    Oggi siamo molto più gentili: basta qualche milione di posti di blocco. L’area del contagio è il mondo intero. I confini, di conseguenza, sono ovunque. A breve li installeremo nei nostri smartphone e saremo finalmente liberi (perché tracciati in tempo reale su una mappa). All’epoca i focolai erano quasi sempre nei porti. Si pensava allora che i veicoli fossero più che i marinai proprio le navi. La soluzione è vecchia di 700 anni: la quarantena (2).

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/2.png

    Che può apparire crudele e sproporzionata. Ma d’altronde si trattava di salvare vite umane. E incidentalmente l’economia: confinamenti e quarantene intralciavano i commerci sul lungo raggio, ma comunicavano ai propri intorni territoriali che si trattava di porti sicuri dai quali attingere le merci. Dai lazzaretti, oltre che dalle flotte e dagli eserciti, dipendono l’espansione dei commerci e - oggi come allora - le sorti di quella che chiamiamo globalizzazione. E inoltre, pensate un po’, si diffondono dicerie. Le epidemie hanno origine in luoghi lontani dove, evidentemente, succedono cose immonde (hic sunt dragones) (3).

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/3.png

    Un tale Luca Zaia, governatore dell’autonoma repubblica veneta, sostiene addirittura nell’anno domini 2020 che le epidemie nascono in Cina perché lì mangiano topi vivi, salvo poi scusarsi per l’affermazione. D’altronde all’epoca la gente era suggestionabile e ignorante di geografia (che era stata praticamente eliminata dalle scuole di ogni ordine e grado). Circolavano per questo parecchie fake news. Ma finalmente arriva la scienza moderna e si iniziano a mappare le epidemie per comprenderne le cause. Si sosteneva che il veicolo di trasmissione fosse l’aria, ovvero i famigerati ‘miasmi’, che esalavano da luoghi stantii e maleodoranti. Per dimostrarlo si disegnavano carte (che possono quindi essere considerate i primi tentativi di cartografare la puzza).

    La prima è quella di Valentine Seaman (1795), porto di New York, febbre gialla (4): i numeri sono i contagiati, le S i luoghi dai quali esalano i ‘miasmi’ (“putrid effluvia”), le x i luoghi di assembramento.

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/4.png

    La prossimità tra gli uni e gli altri implica correlazione e quindi causalità. La soluzione è la ‘sanificazione’. Che ha effettivamente risolto molti problemi sociosanitari, che però spesso non avevano natura epidemica ma erano appunto sociosanitari, ovvero colpivano i poveri. Le epidemie hanno invece un inconveniente: si trasmettono anche ai ricchi, che quindi tendono a prendere più a cuore la questione. Edwin Chadwick era particolarmente preoccupato. Nel 1842 disegna una carta che è considerata il primo esempio di cartografia delle disuguaglianze (5).

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/5.png

    Leeds, 1830, epidemia di colera: nelle aree scure abitano i ricchi. In quelle chiare i poveri. I pallini rossi sono decessi per colera. Quelli blu per malattie respiratorie. Le strade sono classificate in “buone” e “cattive”. La posizione e la frequenza dei pallini parlano chiaro: la malattia è un problema di classe. La povertà quindi conduce alla malattia? Bisogna sconfiggerla! Chadwick in realtà pensava che fosse l’opposto: la malattia conduce alla povertà. Ed entrambe sono dovute alle cattive abitudini. La colpa allora è di chi si ammala. Il veicolo erano comunque considerati i miasmi. La sanificazione ha cambiato per sempre le città e quindi il mondo.

    Mentre il Barone Hausmann demoliva le parti più vecchie, tortuose e putride di Parigi per fare un po’ d’aria, il suo capo ingegnere Eugéne Belgrand dotava la città di un adeguato sistema circolatorio sotterraneo: le fogne. Direbbe Franco Farinelli che la cartografia di Belgrand (6) non è una rappresentazione più o meno fedele o utile del suo progetto, ma che è stata piuttosto la rete fognaria e perfino, di conseguenza, Parigi a prendere forma dalla logica cartografica che albergava nella mente cartesiana di Belgrand (e di Haussmann).

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/6.png

    Sia come sia, ha funzionato. Parigi viene demolita, ricostruita e resa più sicura: sui grandi boulevard voluti da Haussmann possono finalmente passare gli eserciti. I tentativi di imitazione furono innumerevoli. A Napoli lo chiamarono “Risanamento”. Il risanamento (o sanificazione) ha cambiato il mondo proprio perché si basava su una teoria in buona parte sbagliata. Si sottovalutava la dimensione interpersonale del contagio per cercare specifici focolai che potessero essere quindi isolati, evitando misure draconiane che danneggiavano l’economia.

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/7.png

    In fondo, mostrava Thomas Shapter nella sua mappa (7), si tratta di “poche isolate macchie [“spots”] nei quali si verifica un tasso di mortalità rimarchevole e anomalo”. Oggi li chiamiamo hotspot o cluster e li individuiamo in pochi istanti con calcolatori iper-potenti che attingono in real time a repository dinamiche di dati machine readable. Ma sempre di puntini e macchie su una carta si tratta. Allora per mapparli ci volevano mesi o anni ma, guarda un po’, i dati a quanto pare erano più affidabili. Per Richard Grainger il veicolo erano gli acquitrini o, dove non c’erano, la “cattiva ventilazione” (oggi diremmo “polveri sottili”) o “gli affollamenti” (“assembramenti”), come tentò di mostrare con una carta che, diciamo la verità, è una vera schifezza (8).

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/8.png

    Cambiando scala, sulla già immensa superficie di Londra, non si potevano semplicemente disegnare pallini, lettere e numeri. La soluzione è ancora oggi la stessa: mappe di densità. Solo che oggi le autorità non pubblicano dati individuali. Dobbiamo quindi accontentarci di suddivisioni amministrative e mappe ‘arlecchino’ che oltre ad essere orribili sono notoriamente fuorvianti perché affette dal “problema dell’unità d’area modificabile”: se si cambia la scala (es. dalle province ai comuni) o la forma geometrica dei confini, la correlazione tra due fenomeni può addirittura cambiare di segno. Poi arriva il nostro eroe: John Snow. Non è discendente diretto del noto personaggio della nota serie tv, ma tra i cartografi gode di analoga fama. È considerato il padre di hotspot, cluster e tutta quella roba lì. Ma come! Direte voi. L’avevano fatto altri prima di lui. Lui però l’ha fatto meglio (9).

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/9.png

    Innanzitutto la sua teoria era esatta. La concentrazione anomala (hotspot) di casi (nella mappa: le lineette in pila) in una particolare area della città di Londra (Broad street) non era dovuta ai miasmi (Broad street d’altronde si traduce “via larga”). I casi ‘clusterizzavano’ intorno a uno specifico pozzo (nella mappa i pozzi sono pallini con l’etichetta “pump”). L’origine del colera è quindi l’acqua. E poi il metodo di Snow era particolarmente pulito, cartesiano e quindi inevitabilmente cartografico.

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/10.png

    E siccome i suoi colleghi epidemiologi non si convincevano, Snow disegnò una linea di equidistanza tra il pozzo di Broad street e gli altri per mostrare che le morti si concentravano prevalentemente all’interno di quella linea (10): per questa semplice idea i cartografi lo acclamano. Ed era talmente convinto dell’efficacia dimostrativa della sua mappa che non si prese neanche il disturbo di contare questi morti, testare altrove la correlazione ed escludere eventuali concause. Si recò però personalmente in tutti i luoghi vicino a Broad street dove, stranamente, i morti erano pochi, per dimostrare che qui l’acqua veniva attinta da altri pozzi. I migliori cartografi d’altronde sanno bene che “la geografia si fa con i piedi”, prima che sulle mappe. Queste ultime, si sa, mentono. Henry Acland allora ci si mise di buzzo buono: nella sua mappa (11) localizzò tutte le morti di colera a Oxford durante le epidemie del 1854 (quadrati e lineette nere), del 1849 (lineette blu) e del 1832 (puntini blu), i luoghi dei ‘miasmi’ (puntini marroni), quelli sanificati (cerchi marroni), i corsi d’acqua inquinati (linee tratteggiate), le zone acquitrinose (in verde), le linee altimetriche (nere) e vi allegò un rapporto di 170 pagine con una ricchezza impressionante di dati.

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/11.png

    Fu acclamato con entusiasmo. Forse perché sosteneva tesi in linea con quelle all’epoca tanto in voga? Fatto sta che le sue conclusioni erano sbagliate. E quindi oggi chi era Acland lo abbiamo dimenticato mentre Snow compare in tutti i libri di epidemiologia e di cartografia. D’altronde il rigore scientifico è nulla a confronto delle buone idee. E in questo caso è quanto mai vero che “basta che funzioni”. Snow è considerato il primo ad avere sperimentato un metodo che è ancora alla base delle applicazioni geospaziali più diverse, dall’industria petrolifera al geomarketing. Ma non riuscì mai a convincere i suoi colleghi. Per una prova ‘scientifica’ si dovettero attendere 30 anni e un numero enorme di altri morti, inclusa quella prematura di Snow per l’eccessiva auto-sperimentazione di anestetici. Allora come oggi i medici spesso ci rimettono la pelle.

    In Italia nel frattempo si mappava la malaria, il cui veicolo di diffusione è territoriale e non interpersonale. Il problema riguardava per questo vastissimi territori che coprivano praticamente l’intera penisola. A fare l’Italia non bastavano quindi gli eserciti. Bisognava anche costruire le ferrovie. I lavori però progredivano lentamente e il motivo principale era proprio la malaria. Per non parlare dei danni all’agricoltura. Per mostrarlo il senatore Luigi Torelli disegnò una delle prime carte dell’Italia unita (12).

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/13.png

    L’Italia l’hanno poi fatta anche le bonifiche, ma prima ancora quella mappa nella quale ci si scopriva vittime di un unico terribile morbo senza confini. In verità la malaria è stata sostanzialmente una “questione meridionale”, come pure si può dedurre sulla carta osservando le zone più scure. L’intenzione di Torelli era in ogni caso scioccare l’opinione pubblica e spronare all’azione. Compito che le carte geografiche svolgono da sempre egregiamente. E infatti funzionò. La lotta alla malaria modificò le abitudini, l’architettura, il territorio. Decine di migliaia furono salvati, per poi essere mandati con altri centinaia di migliaia a morire in guerra. Salvare vite umane è d’altronde un imperativo morale, ma alcune cause di morte fanno eccezione. Con altrettanta incuria ci si dedicò alle principali concause della malaria: la deforestazione selvaggia e la miseria. La lotta durò quindi un intero secolo, anche perché il vaccino funzionò solo in parte. Speriamo che contro questo coronavirus ci vada meglio. Perché abbiamo già iniziato a contare i morti dovuti alle misure di contenimento del contagio. E a discutere soluzioni alla recessione devastante che ci attende sulla base di teorie economiche altrettanto parziali che, guarda caso, nascono nella stessa epoca, e su una mappa (13).

    http://blog-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/files/2020/05/12.png

    E anche se abbiamo imparato a distinguere una correlazione da un nesso di causalità, facciamo ancora confusione tra ciò che è efficace e ciò che è giusto. Ma questa è un’altra storia. Nonostante, quindi, siano trascorsi secoli di progresso scientifico e civile continuiamo ad adottare metodi di contenimento delle epidemie simili - isolamento, quarantena, sanificazione, militarizzazione del territorio. Sappiamo tutto su virus, contagi, abitudini e movimenti delle persone ma applichiamo una strategia che è stata inventata a Venezia nel ‘300. Continuiamo a disegnare carte nel tentativo (spesso altrettanto vano) di individuare origini, canali di diffusione, soluzioni, scorciatoie. Continuiamo ad adottare soluzioni parziali, sperimentali, sproporzionate, pensando che esse si basino su incontrovertibili verità scientifiche. Il tutto condito da tonnellate di fake news, feroci caccie all’untore e elefantiaci dispositivi di sicurezza che se non fossero pericolosi sarebbero ridicoli, mentre la morte nera dilaga e ci inchioda, oggi come sempre, alla nostra prigione cartografica fatta di reti di contagio, confini di contenimento e territori minuscoli nei quali, terrificati, ci isoliamo. Perché “vedi, figlio mio”, come dice Gurnemanz a Parsifal nell’omonimo dramma anti-positivista di Wagner, “il tempo qui diventa spazio”. Niente di nuovo. Niente di strano. L’errore è aver pensato che, nel frattempo, il mondo fosse cambiato. Solo che nello spazio reti, confini, territori non esistono. Sono solo modi a volte goffi, a volte efficaci, con i quali tentiamo di dare un senso al mondo, che poi vengono facilmente confusi con la realtà che rappresentano (d’altronde sia la mappa di Snow che quella di Aucland erano ‘vere’). E che poi – anche per questo - hanno effetti molto concreti sul modo con il quale gestiamo e modifichiamo il territorio, l’architettura, le abitudini. Piaccia o non piaccia, speriamo almeno che funzioni.

    FONTI

    Al-Marashi I. (2020) Black plague, Spanish flu, smallpox: All hold lessons for coronavirus. Bullettin of the Atomic Scientists, March 13, 2020. Bagnato A., Terra infecta: Mapping malaria in Italy [▻https://research-development.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/en/research-projects/mapping-malaria-italy]

    Bynum W. (2008) The history of medicine: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. Farinelli F. (2003) Geografia: un’introduzione ai modelli del mondo. Einaudi.

    Gandy M. (1999) The Paris sewers and the rationalization of urban space. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24: 23-44. Koch T. & Denike K. (2009) Crediting his critics’ concerns: Remaking John Snow’s map of Broad Street cholera, 1854. Social Science & Medicine 69: 1246-1251.

    Koch T. (2005) Mapping the miasma: Air, health, and place in early medical mapping. Cartographic Perspectives 52: 4-27.

    Koch T. (2011) Disease maps: epidemics on the ground. University of Chicago Press.

    Mason B. (2019) The Topography of Disease: A 19th-century doctor famously mapped cholera’s toll to try and understand its origin and spread.

    Scientific American, January 29, 2019.

    Snowden F.M. (2002) Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884-1911. Cambridge University Press. Snowden F.M. (2019) Mr. Clean: Edwin Chadwick and the movement to blame the poor for being sick. Lapham’s Quarterly, October 23, 2019.

    MAPPE

    MAPPE

    (1) Filippo de Arrieta, “Raguaglio historico del contaggio occorso nella provincia di Bari negli anni 1690, 1691 e 1692”
    ▻https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raguaglio_historico_del_contaggio..._Wellcome_L0043986.jpg

    (2) I luoghi della quarantena a Venezia nel 1572: Lazzaretto vecchio e Lazzaretto nuovo
    ▻https://www.piratesurgeon.com/pages/surgeon_pages/quarantine10.html

    (3) Monro Scott Orr (1874-1955), “Storia e diffusione della morte nera nel mondo”
    ▻https://wellcomecollection.org/works/v37g7nq9

    (4) Valentine Seaman (1770-1817), “Indagine sulle cause e la prevalenza della febbre gialla a New York”, 1797
    ▻https://lib-dbserver.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/thematic-maps/quantitative/medicine/medicine.html

    (5) Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890), “Rapporto sulle condizioni sanitarie della popolazione lavorativa della Gran Bretagna”: “Mappa sanitaria di Leeds”, 1842
    ▻https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/coll-9-health1/health-02/1842-sanitary-report-leeds

    (6) Eugène Belgrand (1810-1878), “I lavori sotterranei di Parigi, Vol. V”: “Fogne costruite tra il 1856 e il 1878”
    ▻https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0020-2754.1999.00023.x

    (7) Thomas Shapter (1809-1902), “Mappa di Exeter che mostra le località dove si sono verificate le morti causata dal pestilenziale colera negli anni 1832, 1833 e 1834”, 1849

    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Thomas-Shapter-HistoryOfCholeraInExeter1832-map.jpg

    (8) Richard Grainger, “Mappa del colera nella metropoli, 1849”, 1850
    ▻https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hjutkspw

    (9) John Snow (1813-1858), “Rapporto sull’epidemia di colera nel quartiere St. Jaimes, Westminster, durante l’autunno del 1854”, 1855
    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg%3Fuselang%3Dit

    (10) John Snow, riproduzione della linea di equidistanza tra il pozzo di Broad Street e quelli contigui, 1855
    ▻https://medium.com/through-the-optic-glass/la-mappa-che-cambi%C3%B2-le-citt%C3%A0-8027752b2c12

    (11) Henry Acland (1815-1900), “Memorie sul colera a Oxford nel 1854”, “Mappa di Oxford”, 1855
    ▻https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/maps/2015/10

    (12) Luigi Torelli (1810-1887) “Carta della malaria dell’Italia”, 1882
    ▻https://zanzare.ipla.org/index.php/2-non-categorizzato/152-note-storiche-sulla-lotta-alla-malaria-in-italia

    (13) Johann Einrich von Thunen (1783-1850), “Lo stato isolato in relazione all’agricoltura e all’economia”, 1826. Secondo alcuni è la prima applicazione di un modello economico marginalista.
    ▻https://archive.org/stream/derisoliertestaa00thuoft?ref=ol#page/n4/mode/2up

    ▻http://temi.repubblica.it/micromega-online/storia-semiseria-della-cartografia-esattissima-delle-epidemie-anno-d
    #cartographie #cartographie_historique #histoire #épidémie

    Auteur : #Filippo_Celata, qui a publié ce billet sur @visionscarto :
    Cartographie d’un désastre : la santé publique en Italie face au coronavirus
    ►https://visionscarto.net/hopital-et-coronavirus-en-italie

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
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  • @kassem
    Kassem @kassem CC BY-NC-SA 24/04/2020
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    @fil
    @cdb_77
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    Welcome | #Palestine Open Maps
    ►https://palopenmaps.org

    https://palopenmaps.org/static/images/haifa-crop.jpg

    #cartographie

    Kassem @kassem CC BY-NC-SA
    • @reka
      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 24/04/2020
      @kassem

      @kassem : super grand merci !

      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 24/04/2020
      @albertocampiphoto

      #cartographie_historique
      ping @albertocampiphoto

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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 27/11/2019
    4
    @ericw
    @sombre
    @kent1
    @unagi
    4
    @visionscarto

    Les ressources d’#uranium dans le monde colonial

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YeEfCYviko8/T6fj6982F3I/AAAAAAAAAAc/dp6A1irhXDE/s280/ressources_duranium_dans_le_monde_colonial.png

    ▻http://cresadt.blogspot.com/2012/05/carte-blanche-les-ressources-duranium.html?m=1
    #cartographie #visualisation #cartographie_historique #ressources_naturelles #extractivisme #histoire #colonialisme

    –-> Carte publiée dans le numéro 98 de CQFD (mars 2012), en accompagnement de l’article « L’Arevafrique » (►http://cqfd-journal.org/L-Arevafrique) de Jonathan Ludd. Creative Commons by-nc-sa.

    ping @visionscarto

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  • @reka
    Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 1/11/2019

    H-Maps | H-Net

    ▻https://networks.h-net.org/h-maps

    H-Maps is an international digital forum in the historical study of the making, circulation, use and preservation of maps from the ancient to the contemporary period. Because of its international nature, H-Maps welcomes contributions in world languages, including (but not limited to) English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and German. H-Maps is a collaboration between the International Society for the History of the Map (ISHMap, Twitter @ishmap1) and H-Net to further substantive inquiry among a growing number of global scholars with an interest in the history of maps and mapping.

    #cartographie_historique

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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 4/11/2018
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    @reka
    1
    @reka

    19th c. Burmese map of the our world, #Jambudvipa (or “the land of the blackberry”), one of seven continents but the only one where humans live (blackberry tree at the top).

    https://i.imgur.com/C5ndOlr.jpg

    ▻https://twitter.com/thantmyintu/status/1058890769753227265
    #cartographie_historique #cartographie visualisation

    ping @reka

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @reka
      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 4/11/2018

      #visualisation #cartoexperiment

      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA
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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 3/11/2018
    4
    @reka
    @sombre
    @biggrizzly
    @sandburg
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    Guide to figuring out the age of an undated world map

    https://i.imgur.com/WxOZuIt.jpg

    #ressources_pédagogiques #cartographie #cartes #date #cartographie_historique #datation

    ... et il faudrait probablement trouver d’autres tags pour pouvoir retrouver cette belle #infographie, mais je n’ai pas plus d’idées...

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @rastapopoulos
      RastaPopoulos @rastapopoulos CC BY-NC 3/11/2018
      @xkcd

      Ça c’est @xkcd (pas encore le flux RSS sur seenthis au moment de ce #graphe)
      ►https://xkcd.com/1688

      RastaPopoulos @rastapopoulos CC BY-NC
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  • @reka
    Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 7/10/2018
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    @unagi
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    An Open-Source Map of Palestine Before Israel - CityLab
    ▻https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/05/mapping-palestine-before-israel/560696
    ▻https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2018/05/Haifa/facebook.jpg?1526650508

    The Palestinians recently protesting in the Gaza Strip called their demonstration “The Great Return March”—that’s a reference to a desire to return to the land from which they were expelled in 1948. Of the 1.9 million Palestinians living in Gaza, 70 percent came from villages in the surrounding area and beyond, in what is now Israel, 70 years ago this month.

    During the founding of the state, the Israeli military destroyed more than 500 Palestinian villages; some were completely abandoned, while others became the foundation for Jewish villages and towns. Some villages survived. A new open-source mapping project, Palestine Open Maps, allows users to see the Palestinian landscape as it looked before 1948—and to search for villages and towns from that era to find out whether they remain, were depopulated, or were built over.

    #palestine #cartographie

    • #Gaza
    • #Gaza Strip
    Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 7/10/2018

      #cartographie_historique #Gaza #Israël #histoire #destruction #paysage #paysage_palestinien

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/09/2018
    1
    @reka
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    Mare Liberum

    https://we.riseup.net/assets/428986/mare+liberum+map_large.jpg

    ▻https://we.riseup.net/labzise/mare-liberum-hugo-grotius-1609

    #Mare_Liberum #Méditerranée #cartographie #visualisation #cartographie_historique #Grotius #mer_Méditerranée

    • #Mare
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  • @reka
    Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 10/09/2018
    4
    @odilon
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    Amoureux d’Histoire, accédez gratuitement à des centaines d’anciennes cartes du monde | Daily Geek Show
    ▻https://dailygeekshow.com/histoire-cartographie-gratuit

    https://dailygeekshow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/une-cartes-monde.jpg

    ’History of Cartography Project est un projet de recherche, de rédaction et de publication attirant l’attention de tous sur l’histoire des cartes et de la cartographie. Le projet traite les cartes comme des artefacts culturels créés depuis la préhistoire jusqu’à nos jours. Le contenu majeur du projet est la série multi-volumes et multi-auteurs History of Cartography. Une partie de ces ouvrages sont gratuitement mis à la disposition de tous sur le site de l’Université de Chicago.

    #cartographie_ancienne #histoire

    Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 10/09/2018

      #cartographie_historique

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 31/08/2018
    2
    @reka
    @02myseenthis01
    2
    @fil @reka

    Les #globes de #Mercator – du XVIe au XXIe siècle

    Suite à la découverte, à l’UNIL, d’une authentique paire de globes terrestre et céleste du XVIe siècle, une version virtuelle en ligne permet à tous d’explorer ces chefs-d’œuvre.

    Une découverte incroyable

    Imaginez une carte du monde que vous pouvez parcourir d’un simple mouvement du doigt sans jamais en atteindre le bord ; une carte qui ne déforme pas ses continents, qui n’altère pas les distances. D’un coup de loupe, vous découvrez une multitude d’informations. Cette carte ajouterait les données les plus récentes accessibles à la technologie moderne aux connaissances des anciens.

    Evidemment, une telle carte est impossible à réaliser en deux dimensions à cause des déformations introduites lors de l’ « aplatissement » de la planète sur le papier.

    Cette « carte » idéale, Gerardus Mercator essaya de la réaliser au XVIe siècle sous la forme de deux globes, l’un terrestre et l’autre céleste. De tels objets existaient déjà, mais étaient auparavant des exemplaires uniques et donc fort coûteux. Grâce aux dernières innovations de l’imprimerie, il parvint à les produire en grand nombre et les diffuser à travers toute l’Europe. Maîtrisant l’ensemble des opérations de conception et fabrication, il fit de son affaire familiale un succès commercial certain.

    On ignore combien de globes furent fabriqués au cours des quelque 40 ans que dura leur production, mais les exemplaires ayant survécu jusqu’à nos jours ne sont que quelques dizaines. C’est dès lors avec stupéfaction et une certaine incrédulité initiale, qu’une paire de globes estampillés Gerardus Mercator Rupelmundanus fut découverte en 2004 dans les locaux du Cubotron, le bâtiment de physique de l’UNIL.

    Sous la conduite passionnée autant que rigoureuse de Micheline Cosinschi (professeure FGSE) et Géraldine Falbriard (Unicom), ces antiquités furent soumises à une batterie d’analyses de pointe afin d’une part de vérifier leur authenticité et d’autre part d’en savoir plus sur leur structure et mode de construction. C’est ainsi que le bois de leurs socles fut analysé par les techniques du carbone-14 et de la dendrochronogie, qui prouvèrent que leur âge était compatible avec leur date de construction supposée. Pour dater les globes eux-mêmes, des fibres furent prélevées dans leur épaisseur et soumises à diverses analyses de radiocarbone, dont les résultats vinrent confirmer les précédents. La colle, les pigments, tout concorde : ce sont d’authentiques originaux du XVIe siècle.

    Il est à noter que les globes de l’UNIL sont les premiers à avoir été authentifiés de manière aussi complète et rigoureuse et ils font maintenant figure d’« étalon » dans le domaine.

    Après un méticuleux travail de restauration et de conservation, ces chefs-d’œuvre peuvent maintenant quitter les laboratoires d’analyse et les sous-sols sécurisés pour s’exposer à la vue du public. Ils firent d’ailleurs une première apparition fort remarquée de mai à juillet à l’Espace Arlaud (Lausanne).

    #Virtualisation
    Toutefois, une exposition a ses limites. Impossible en effet de toucher les globes, de les faire tourner, de s’en approcher, ce qui en rend certaines parties difficilement visibles ou mal éclairées. Afin de permettre à tout un chacun de visualiser l’œuvre de Mercator sous ses moindres coutures, il fallait en faire une version virtuelle, visible sur Internet. Nous voulions également que le modèle informatique puisse être aisément comparable aux cartes modernes, que l’on puisse en représenter différentes parties avec le minimum de déformation. Pour toutes ces raisons, il fut décidé de modéliser les globes dans le Système d’Information Géographique (#SIG) #ArcGIS.

    http://wp.unil.ch/cinn/files/2018/08/24_mercator.jpg http://wp.unil.ch/cinn/files/2018/08/24_mercator_gt_gc.jpg http://wp.unil.ch/cinn/files/2018/08/24_mercator_protocole-300x299.png

    ▻http://wp.unil.ch/cinn/2018/08/les-globes-de-mercator-du-xvie-au-xxie-siecle
    #cartographie #cartographie_historique #histoire #visualisation #modélisation
    cc @fil @reka

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @reka
      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 31/08/2018

      Où exactement ont-ils découvert les globes dans l’université ? dans la cave ? dans une pièce qu’ils navaient pas ouverte depuis la construction du bâtiment ?

      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 31/08/2018
      @reka

      no idea @reka

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @biggrizzly
      BigGrizzly @biggrizzly CC BY-NC-SA 31/08/2018

      Globe terrestre :
      ▻https://www.arcgis.com/home/webscene/viewer.html?webscene=3fd3b29db53745238f6f5e70dc0911d9&viewpoint=cam:-1.09129
      Globe céleste :
      ▻https://www.arcgis.com/home/webscene/viewer.html?webscene=770a969c54dc41febd5e36f87688e26f&viewpoint=cam:2.953387

      BigGrizzly @biggrizzly CC BY-NC-SA
    • @02myseenthis01
      oAnth @02myseenthis01 CC BY 4/09/2018

      cf. : ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/690569 - il y a 3 mois

      oAnth @02myseenthis01 CC BY
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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2018
    4
    @reka
    @simplicissimus
    @touti
    @7h36
    4
    @reka

    Quelques #graffitis vus au #Cambodge, et plus précisément sur la #montagne #Bokor (sur lequel je ferai probablement un post dans les prochains jours, car l’histoire est fort intéressante) :

    https://i.imgur.com/ZM5w50K.jpg https://i.imgur.com/wDrkrzz.jpg

    #toblerone

    Quelqu’un reconnaît l’identité de ces personnes qui ont été dessinées sur ce graffiti ?

    https://i.imgur.com/8DYCbY1.jpg https://i.imgur.com/KzFN9ON.jpg

    #Kampot #Cambodge #graffiti #art_de_rue #street-art
    cc @reka

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 17/08/2018

      D’autres images suivront dans les prochains jours...

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @reka
      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 17/08/2018

      #merci !

      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA
    • @simplicissimus
      Simplicissimus @simplicissimus 17/08/2018

      Ah oui, Bokor, ça a l’air allèchant…

      Les deux peintures sont signées Folly (?) …

      Simplicissimus @simplicissimus
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/08/2018
      @simplicissimus

      @simplicissimus, des choses intéressantes ont lieu à Bokor... je suis en train d’écrire un petit texte pour la Revue de Géographie Alpine... :-)

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/08/2018

      Avant de terminer de charger les photos des graffitis vus à Bokor, en voici 2 vus à #Kep:

      https://i.imgur.com/VLPJa8g.jpg

      #petit_prince

      https://i.imgur.com/AbKUN1T.jpg

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 20/08/2018

      Quelques uns de plus vus à Bokor (plus ou moins réussis et plus ou moins intéressants, mais qu’ils sont une rareté par ici, je mets tous ceux que j’ai vus) :

      https://i.imgur.com/w5ttkHC.jpg https://i.imgur.com/YdttxZU.jpg

      #véganisme

      https://i.imgur.com/rVNhirI.jpg https://i.imgur.com/DBygJCd.jpg

      #croix #Jésus #Christ

      https://i.imgur.com/du7SPjd.jpg

      Le reste, suivra dans les prochains jours...

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 22/08/2018

      Et voilà, suite et fin pour Kampot... il faudra commencer à m’y mettre pour Phnom Penh... :-)

      https://i.imgur.com/hVd6w58.jpg https://i.imgur.com/hxVktXc.jpg

      #chat

      https://i.imgur.com/XDkL2tV.jpg

      #éléphant

      https://i.imgur.com/7dIS8fy.jpg

      #Trump #Fuck_Trump

      https://i.imgur.com/QeRhzuJ.jpg https://i.imgur.com/kvk7dDn.jpg

      #virginité

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 23/08/2018
      @simplicissimus

      @simplicissimus, un super blog à fouiller sur Bokor :

      ▻http://bokor.kamboo.com
      avec des #cartes aussi :

      http://bokor.kamboo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1917-Rapport-Beaudoin-Croquis-de-la-partie-sud.png http://bokor.kamboo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ANC-001.jpg http://bokor.kamboo.com/wp-content/uploads/1919/07/PopokvIl-et-le-Mont-Bockor-Revue-Indochinoise-1919.-Massif-de-lElephant.-Plan-station-Popok-Vil.-Coll.-Kamboo.jpg

      ▻http://bokor.kamboo.com/album-category/cartes
      #cartographie #cartographie_historique #colonialisme

      Je suis en train de parcourir les documents rapidement, mais il y a plein d’informations intéressantes que je n’ai pas le temps de lire en profodeur maintenant...

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 28/08/2018

      v. aussi :
      ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/717884

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 10/04/2018
    3
    @reka
    @kent1
    @02myseenthis01
    3

    « Le Portugal n’est pas un petit pays »

    https://i.imgur.com/ExPmULM.jpg

    ►https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu
    #cartographie #cartographie_historique #Portugal #visualisation #propagande #colonialisme #colonisation #grand_pays #petit_pays #Angola #Mozambique

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @reka
      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 10/04/2018

      #bonne_idée_cartographique !

      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 11/04/2018

      Et, comme on a justement commenté sur twitter : il manque le #Brésil !

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 5/04/2018

    #Jean_de_Beins

    Il s’est engagé à 13 ans comme arquebusier à cheval. Entre 1590 et 1594, il participe au siège de Paris entre mai et septembre 1590 et y est blessé. En février 1591, il est dans la compagnie de Charles de Balsac, baron de Dunes, au siège de Chartres où il de nouveau blessé. Il participe au siège de Rouen entre décembre 1591 et juillet 1592. Il est blessé au siège de Dreux. En 1596, il est envoyé à Perpignan, sous les ordres du maréchal d’Ornano où il est de nouveau blessé. En 1597, il est en Savoie sous les ordres du duc de Lesdiguières pendant la campagne contre le duc de Savoie. Il s’y fait reconnaître par la « générosité de son courage ». Il fait la connaissance du duc de Lesdiguières. Il reste militaire jusqu’à la paix de Vervins, en 1598.

    Après 1598, Jean de Beins « s’était estudié aux mathématiques et rendu capable de la science des fortifications et de la géographye... ». Il sert ensuite comme commis et géographe du roi aux fortifications du Dauphiné sous les ordres de Raymond de Bonnefons, ingénieur pour le roi en Dauphiné, Bresse et Provence1. Le lieutenant général du Dauphiné était le duc de Lesdiguières. Il se forme alors sur le tas.

    Lors de la guerre franco-savoyarde (1600-1601), il participe aux sièges de Montmélian, Charbonnière, Bourg-en-Bresse et du fort Sainte-Catherine, près de Genève2. La guerre se termine avec le traité de Lyon, le 17 janvier 1601. Le département de Raymond de Bonnefons s’agrandit de Bresse, du Bugey, du Valromey et du Pays de Gex.
    En 1601, Raymond de Bonnefons et Jean de Beins travaillent au Fort Barraux3, à Exilles et à Bourg-en-Bresse.

    Jean de Beins est désigné comme « ingénieur entretenu par le Roy » dans une ordonnance signée par Sully en 1606 et indique qu’il a « mis en mains de Sa Majesté des Cartes du païs de Dauphiné et de Bresse ».

    Raymond de Bonnefons meurt en enclouant des canons, en 1607, comme l’écrit Sully au roi Henri IV le 25 juillet : « Il est arrivé un accident en Provence qui m’apporte du desplaisir ; c’est la mort de deux de vos ingénieurs à scavoir Bonnefons et le jeune Errard qui n’en savait guère moins que son père ». Après l’avis de Sully, en 1607, la charge de Raymond de Bonnefons est partagée entre son fils, Jean de Bonnefons, nommé ingénieur ordinaire en Provence et Languedoc, et Jean de Beins, nommé ingénieur pour le Roi, géographe de Dauphiné et Bresse.

    Jean de Beins va alors être le grand fortificateur du Dauphiné. En 1607, il travaille sur le fort Barraux pour faire de cette place la plus forte du Dauphiné. On le voit :

    en 1606 : au fort de L’esluse, au fort de Brescon en Languedoc ;
    en 1607 : à Bourg, Puymore, Embun, Exilles ;
    en 1608 : à Château-Queyras, Château Dauphin, Valence, Livron ;
    en 1609 : à Nyons, Serres, Sisteron, Exilles.

    Le 15 mai 1605, Sully avait rédigé un « Règlement que le Roy veult estre doresnavant observé pour les fortifications qui seront faictes en chacune Province de son Royaume ». L’ingénieur doit avant chaque chantier dresser la « description du travail et les devis ».

    De Beins dresse ainsi un « Estat sommaire à quoy pourront monter les ouvrages de Massonnerye, creusement de fossez et autres (charpenterye) qu’il convient faire pour les fortifications et reparations de la ville de Grenoble suyvant la dernière visite qui en a esté faite »4.

    Ingénieur et géographe, il a pour mission d’informer le roi et son ministre des fortifications de la province du Dauphiné, mais aussi de son visage géographique par sa cartographie. En 1607, Henri IV avait demandé à Sully de « faire faire les cartes des frontières de son royaume ». Le roi « aimait avec passion les cartes chorographiques et tout ce qui étoit des sciences mathématiques »5. De cette activité de cartographe, il reste 75 planches qui se trouvent au British Museum6.

    Il est anobli en mars 1610. Pendant le règne de Louis XIII il prend une part importante aux guerres à la frontière du Piémont.

    Il a dessiné les plans de la nouvelle enceinte de Grenoble et a travaillé à Puymaure7, fort construit par les Huguenots pour surveiller la catholique Gap et détruit sur ordre de Richelieu en 1633.

    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%22Delphinatus_vulgo_Dauphin%C3%A9_avec_ses_confins_des_pais_et_privinces_voisines_-_par_Iean_de_Beins...%22_%2821632659824%29.jpg/440px-%22Delphinatus_vulgo_Dauphin%C3%A9_avec_ses_confins_des_pais_et_privinces_voisines_-_par_Iean_de_Beins...%22_%2821632659824%29.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Exilles_par_Jean_de_Beins_d%C3%A9but_du_XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg/440px-Exilles_par_Jean_de_Beins_d%C3%A9but_du_XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg

    ▻https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Beins
    #cartographie #cartographie_historique

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 5/04/2018

      Les Alpes de Jean de Beins

      Après quatre mois de présentation, les cartes originales de Jean de Beins, qui donnaient à voir, pour la première fois, une représentation détaillée et réaliste de la province du Dauphiné au 17e siècle, ont été retournées aux institutions qui ont en charge leur conservation.

      L’exposition aurait dû fermer ses portes, si la rencontre avec des collectionneurs avait incité le musée à prolonger celle-ci pour présenter des œuvres inédites provenant de fonds privés. La nouvelle version des Alpes de Jean de Beins conserve la présentation des copies des cartes de la British Library et de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, mais elle met en valeur les dernières œuvres découvertes.

      Aux trois cartes manuscrites sur le haut Dauphiné : Gapençais, Queyras, Champsaur, s’ajoute une nouvelle sur le Briançonnais que l’on ne croyait jusqu’ici pas représenté par Jean de Beins. Celles-ci ont sans doute servi de base à la confection de la grande carte imprimées de 1617, exposée dans son édition originale et complétée de trois gravures de cette même carte réduite. Un document manuscrit de Jacques Fougeu, grand cartographe français, contemporain de Jean de Beins, parachève le parcours.

      Cette présentation de nouveaux trésors patrimoniaux confirme la qualité artistique et l’intérêt historique de l’œuvre de Jean de Beins, ce pionnier de la #cartographie_moderne.

      http://www.ancien-eveche-isere.fr/uploads/Image/6f/IMF_COLONEDROITE_WEB_CHEMIN_35990_1519914959.jpg

      ▻http://www.ancien-eveche-isere.fr/3817-les-alpes-de-jean-de-beins.htm
      #Alpes #montagne #paysage

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 5/04/2018

      Une doctorante au laboratoire LARHRA
      Une thèse sur ce cartographe est en cours à l’Université de Grenoble :
      #Perrine_Camus :

      "Les Alpes intelligibles. Représentations cartographiques et paysagères dans les territoires de montagne au temps de Jean de Beins (1577-1651)"

      Espace habité autant que fantasmé, les Alpes sont, à la fin du XVIe siècle, un espace difficile à se représenter. Nombre d’images, qu’il s’agisse de cartes, de peintures ou de gravures apparaissent au début du XVIIe siècle. À partir de l’étude de sources iconographiques, ce travail de thèse a donc pour ambition de comprendre les processus qui permettent de rendre cet espace visible et compréhensible.

      ▻http://larhra.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/membre/631

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 5/04/2018

      Les Alpes de Jean de Beins : la carte et le paysage

      Aux merveilles du Dauphiné, si la liste en était encore extensible, on pourrait ajouter les cartes réalisées par le géographe Jean de Beins sous le règne de Henri IV. D’une clarté extraordinaire, elles permettent de s’immerger dans la vie alpine au tout début du XVIIe siècle. Loin de se contenter de localiser les lieux, le cartographe a mis en scène les villes et leurs systèmes de défense, les vallées et leurs cultures, les rivières et leurs gués, voire les armées et leurs stratèges. Des documents exceptionnels et jamais exposés à découvrir au musée de l’Ancien Évêché ! Par Perrine Camus, doctorante en histoire moderne à l’université Grenoble-Alpes.

      http://www.lalpe.com/wp-content/uploads/lalpe-79-03.jpg

      ▻http://www.lalpe.com/lalpe-79-paysages-monde-a-fenetre

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
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  • @reka
    Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 17/03/2018
    1
    @02myseenthis01
    1

    The Map That Helped Convince Lincoln Slavery Had To End
    ▻https://www.ranker.com/list/map-that-convinced-lincoln-to-end-slavery/genevieve-carlton

    https://imgix.ranker.com/list_og_img/132/2620232/original/map-that-convinced-lincoln-to-end-slavery-u7?w=817&h=427&fm=jpg&q=50&fit=crop.jpg

    his map, produced by the US Coast Survey in 1861, drew on census reports from 1860 – the last year that the US government collected census data on slaves. The map shows the prevalence of slavery by county, with darker counties representing a higher percentage of slaves and lighter counties a lower percentage.

    The map was visual proof of the South’s dependence on slave labor. It also gave the public a way to visualize the variations of slavery throughout the South during the middle of the Civil War. And more importantly, President Abraham Lincoln relied on the map in deciding how to end slavery.
    weird history44 people have voted on12 Bizarre Pirate Traditions Most People Don’t Know About
    The Slavery Map Was A Radically New Way Of Mapping

    #esclavage #cartographie #carto_experiment #racisme

    • #Abraham Lincoln
    Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA
    • @reka
      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA 17/03/2018

      https://imgix.ranker.com/user_node_img/50072/1001435347/original/scale-of-shade-photo-u1?w=650&q=50&fm=jpg.jpg

      Phil Reka docs & archives @reka CC BY-NC-SA
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 18/03/2018

      #Lincoln #histoire #cartographie_historique #USA #Etats-Unis
      Pour contre dire Lacoste : « La géographie (et la cartographie) ne sert pas uniquement à faire la guerre »

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
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Thèmes liés

  • #cartographie
  • #visualisation
  • #histoire
  • #colonialisme
  • city: london
  • #livre
  • country: france
  • #infographie
  • #merci
  • #usa
  • #cartes_anciennes
  • #cartographie_ancienne
  • #cartes
  • #italie
  • #carte
  • #londres
  • #cartoexperiment
  • #colonisation
  • continent: europe
  • #sémiologie
  • #photographie
  • #ethiopie
  • #atlas
  • country: united states
  • #etats-unis
  • #racisme
  • #giorgio_marincola
  • #mémoire
  • #fascisme
  • #archive
  • #open_source
  • sportsleague: stanford university
  • #esclavage
  • city: florence
  • country: china
  • city: istanbul
  • organization: david rumsey map center
  • organization: stanford university
  • #migration
  • continent: afrique