#center

Higher Ed Fights Back Against Trump’s #DEI_Order

The American Association of University Professors and others argue in a new lawsuit that the executive orders violate the Constitution.

College professors and university diversity officers are teaming up with nonprofits and local governments to challenge President Trump’s executive orders that target diversity, equity and inclusion programs in the federal government, higher education and the private sector. Those orders, they argue, violate the U.S. Constitution and have already caused much uncertainty on college campuses.

The American Association of University Professors, the National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education and other groups argue in a lawsuit filed Monday that the orders exceed executive legal authority, violate both the First and Fifth Amendments, and threaten academic freedom and access to higher education for all. They want a judge to declare that the executive orders are unconstitutional and to block the government from further enforcement.

“In the United States, there is no king,” the plaintiffs say in the 40-page complaint. “In his crusade to erase diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility from our country, President Trump cannot usurp Congress’s exclusive power of the purse, nor can he silence those who disagree with him by threatening them with the loss of federal funds and other enforcement actions.”

Filed in the U.S. District Court in Maryland, the lawsuit is the first to target the DEI-related orders. Numerous states and nonprofits, however, have sued the Trump administration to challenge other executive actions taken during the president’s first two weeks in office, including his attempt to freeze trillions of dollars in federal grants and loans.

The academic organizations involved in this DEI case are represented by Democracy Forward, the same pro bono legal group that was first to successfully challenge the federal funding freeze. Asian Americans Advancing Justice, another nonprofit civil rights group, also is representing the plaintiffs.

The executive orders at issue in this lawsuit aim to end what Trump sees as “illegal discrimination” and “wasteful” programs. Institutions that don’t comply could face financial penalties or federal investigations.

Although AAUP has openly discouraged universities from engaging in “anticipatory obedience,” which it defined as “acting to comply in advance of any pressure to do so,” several colleges and universities have already taken action in an attempt to avoid rebuke from the Trump administration. That includes canceling a Lunar New Year event and removing references to DEI from college websites.

Trump’s orders are not the first of their kind. They build on a number of laws recently passed in Republican-led states that ban DEI offices and programs in colleges and universities and aim to take those efforts nationwide. Colleges in states like Alabama, Florida, Iowa, Texas and Utah have taken action to comply with those laws, laying off staff and shutting down cultural centers. In some states, such as Kentucky and Michigan, public colleges dissolved certain DEI standards or full offices before legislation passed.

Regardless of the state-by-state scenarios, groups like NADOHE say they will continue to fight for DEI protection, as such programs are crucial to fulfilling the mission of higher education. Getting rid of DEI, NADOHE says, would send a chilling shock wave throughout academia and lead to increased harassment, discrimination and violence across campuses.

“By attacking the important work of diversity, equity and inclusion offices at educational institutions, the order seeks to dismantle critical support systems for historically underrepresented students,” NADOHE president Paulette Granberry Russell told Inside Higher Ed after Trump signed the second DEI order. “This would limit workforce preparation and stifle efforts to address systemic inequities. This order depicts diversity, equity and inclusion as divisive when, in reality, these initiatives aim to ensure opportunity for all.”
What Does the Lawsuit Say?

The lawsuit is focused on two executive orders that Trump issued during his first 48 hours in office.

The first order directed federal agencies to get rid of all federal diversity offices and positions and end any “equity-related” grants and contracts. Numerous DEI staffers have since lost their jobs, and dozens of general staff members from the Education Department who attended any DEI training in the past have been put on administrative leave.

The lawsuit alleges that Trump exceeded his legal authority in issuing that order, as Congress—not the president—has authority over the federal government’s purse strings. Therefore, the plaintiffs argue, Trump does not have the power to unilaterally terminate equity-related grants and contracts “without express statutory authority.”

The second order, signed Jan. 21, more directly impacts higher education. It calls on all agencies—including the Department of Education—to “enforce our longstanding civil-rights laws and to combat illegal private-sector DEI preferences, mandates, policies, programs, and activities.” It also orders the attorney general and the education secretary to create guidance for colleges and universities on how to comply with the 2023 Supreme Court ruling against affirmative action, and for the secretary to investigate up to nine colleges that have endowments worth more than $1 billion as part an effort “to deter DEI programs or principles.

The lawyers argue that both orders are overly vague. Neither defines terms such as “DEI,” “illegal DEIA” or “equity.” As a result, they argue, colleges, universities and other institutions have not been given fair guidance as to what is prohibited and what they could be indicted and face penalties for, violating the plaintiffs’ right to due process under the Fifth Amendment. “The lack of definitions necessarily requires people of common intelligence to guess as to what is prohibited,” the lawsuit states. It goes on to suggest that by ordering the investigation of “illegal DEIA” practices at up to nine colleges without first defining the term, the president has granted agencies “carte blanche authority to implement the order discriminatorily.”

The plaintiffs also argue that the second order violates the First Amendment, discouraging free speech and academic freedom around DEI-related topics on campus—dampening the public service role of academia as a marketplace of ideas. “The Constitution protects the right of scholars, teachers, and researchers to think, speak, and teach without governmental interference,” the plaintiffs write. “The ‘essentiality of freedom in the community of American universities is almost self-evident’ and educators play a ‘vital role in a democracy’.”
Can Trump ‘Avoid Running Afoul’?

AAUP president Todd Wolfson said the association is committed to fighting for a higher education system that’s accessible to all, regardless of background. He went on to describe Trump’s orders as “destructive” and said that eliminating DEI at public institutions would threaten the democratic purpose of higher ed.

“Trump’s orders are about controlling the range of ideas that can be discussed in the classroom, limiting and censoring faculty and students, and codifying into law the prejudices of the past,” he said in a statement to Inside Higher Ed. “These are attempts at authoritarianism that this nation has overcome before. We will do so again.”

But Tyler Coward, lead counsel for government affairs at the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, a First Amendment advocacy group, isn’t so sure. He said in an email statement that Trump’s executive orders on DEI “appear to avoid running afoul of the First Amendment,” but in a more detailed analysis memo, FIRE warns that “implementation should proceed carefully.”

“Overzealous enforcement could threaten free speech by, for example, indirectly chilling a professor from sharing their positive views of affirmative action policies or leading to investigation of a government grantee for a social media post expressing personal support for DEI initiatives,” the foundation wrote.

Neither Coward nor the foundation at large, however, commented on the lawsuit’s standing as far as violations of the Fifth Amendment or the separation of powers.

“We are concerned that the executive order about gender ideology could be used to censor speech on sex and gender,” Coward said. “FIRE is closely watching how federal agencies interpret and enforce the executive orders to ensure the government doesn’t infringe on constitutionally protected speech.”

▻https://www.insidehighered.com/news/government/2025/02/05/higher-ed-organizations-sue-against-trumps-dei-orders

#mots #vocabulaire
#diversité #équité #inclusion #accessibilité

Trump Takes Aim at DEI in Higher Ed

The executive order doesn’t have an immediate impact on DEI programs at colleges and universities, but experts worry about a chilling effect.

One of President Donald Trump’s latest executive orders aims to end “illegal” diversity, equity and inclusion policies and could upend programs that support underrepresented groups on college campuses.

Whether the order, signed late Tuesday night, will be effective is not clear, some experts cautioned Wednesday. Others celebrated it as the end of DEI in America.

The order calls on all agencies to “enforce our longstanding civil-rights laws and to combat illegal private-sector DEI preferences, mandates, policies, programs, and activities,” though it doesn’t define DEI. Additionally, the order directs the attorney general and education secretary—neither of whom have been confirmed—to create guidance for colleges and universities on how to comply with the 2023 Supreme Court ruling, which banned the use of race-conscious admissions policies.

The order should not, however, have any immediate impact on higher ed, as most provisions require agency action.

Higher education experts and diversity, equity and inclusion advocates say it’s difficult to know how far Trump’s latest order against DEI will actually go, but they are certain it represents an attempt to reverse more than 50 years of civil rights work to promote equal access to the American education system.

University stakeholders add that Trump’s ultimate goal is to amplify culture war issues and create a dichotomy between merit and hard work and programs that celebrate diversity and promote equitable access.

“What I see is a broad attempt to remove everything that is associated with long-standing institutional efforts to desegregate the U.S. government and institutions like colleges and universities that are entangled with the government through federal financial aid,” said Brendan Cantwell, a professor of education at Michigan State University.

But anti–diversity, equity and inclusion activists and conservative politicians, on the other hand, see Tuesday’s order as a positive change that reminds colleges to teach students how to think rather than what to think.

“For too long, social justice warriors crusaded to mandate DEI in every corner of America. Instead of merit, skills, and ability, DEI devotees pushed policies that are antithetical to American exceptionalism,” Republican representative and House education committee chair Tim Walberg said in a statement. “From the classroom to the board room, Americans have felt the negative effects.”

Christopher Rufo, a senior fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute, said deconstruction of DEI is impending.

“Tomorrow morning, the general counsels for every major corporation and university are going to be reading President Trump’s executive orders on DEI and figuring out how they can avoid getting ruined by federal civil rights lawyers,” he wrote on X. “Huge changes imminent.”

Trump’s latest DEI action builds upon other related orders regarding sex, race and equity that he signed in the first two days of his second term, but this one has the highest likelihood of directly impacting higher education.

That’s in part because the order designates any institution that receives federal financial aid as a subcontractor. As subcontractors, colleges’ employment, procurement and contracting practices “shall not consider race, color, sex, sexual preference, religion, or national origin in ways that violate the nation’s civil rights laws,” according to the order.

Additionally, the Education Department must pick up to nine colleges that have endowments worth more than $1 billion to investigate as part an effort “to deter DEI programs or principles.” Harvard University, other Ivy League institutions and more than two dozen other colleges would be on the list for a potential inquiry.

‘The DEI Party Is Over’

Across the board, policy experts that Inside Higher Ed spoke with say that while it is clear what Trump seeks to do, it is uncertain exactly what will actually come to pass. They called the order’s language broad and said much of its consequences will depend on what levers the department pulls for compliance, among other factors.

Jon Fansmith, senior vice president of government relations and national engagement for the American Council on Education, said in a webinar Wednesday that though the executive orders have created uncertainty, the directives don’t change federal law and are subject to lawsuits.

“The things we are talking about aren’t absolutes,” he said. “There’s a lot of understandable concern, but some things haven’t changed.”

On the other hand, Adam Kissel, a visiting fellow of higher education reform at the conservative Heritage Foundation, said the order’s implications are very clear.

“Colleges and universities, as well as other institutions, are on notice that the DEI party is over,” he said.

One way that the Trump administration can try to ensure the “DEI party” is fully brought to a halt is by telling colleges that the Supreme Court’s ruling on race-conscious admissions policies extends to any scholarship program or student support services that are geared toward a specific race or ethnic group. Colleges that don’t comply could risk their access to federal financial aid.

Some legal analysts and Republican officials have argued that the Supreme Court’s ruling also bars scholarships, internships and other educational programs that take race into account. The Biden administration disagreed and said the ruling only affected admissions.

Kissel said he is “200 percent sure” the Trump administration has the ability to extend the ruling to more than just admissions.

“The Supreme Court said discrimination is wrong and illegal under the equal protection clause as well as Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” he said. And “when we’re talking about nondiscrimination, I think SCOTUS was very clear that the broad interpretation is correct.”

Kissel expects that the Trump administration will tie DEI compliance to both research grants and Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, which authorizes federal financial aid programs. He believes they have clearance to do so as DEI is, in his view, discriminatory and colleges accessing federal funds cannot discriminate.
‘Pre-Emptive Compliance’

Regardless of the clarity level, a key factor that could determine the impact of the DEI order is how university leaders respond.

Cantwell said the response from leaders will depend on whether the university is private and what state it’s located in. He expects the order to carry more force at public colleges in Republican-led states. The government has the least control over private universities, he said, and though some dollars come from the federal government, much of higher ed funding is allocated at the state level, giving local lawmakers the most leverage on whether to enforce Trump’s rules.

Although blue states that disagree with the president’s order may be less likely than red states to pass legislation reinforcing the guidelines, some universities could act on their own. Some institutions, such as the University of Michigan, have already started to rethink their DEI programs in an effort to pre-emptively comply with federal directives.

“[The case of Michigan] does hint at some wariness,” Cantwell said. “And that wariness and sort of pre-emptive compliance, even absent direct threats from the federal or state government, might be somewhat universal. But I also think we will definitely see lots of variation by state.”

Sarah Hubbard, a Republican elected regent at the University of Michigan, said the latest executive order shows that Trump is “doing exactly what he said he’d do” and should be a sign that more steps need to be taken in order for Michigan and other public institutions to avoid losing billions in federal funds.

Michigan has already repealed the use of diversity statements in the hiring process and adopted a policy of institutional neutrality but has not directly cut staff or funding for any of its highly criticized DEI programs. Those decisions would be made in the upcoming budget cycle.

“Not speaking on behalf of the board … I hope that we will be doing more to realign our campus toward need-based scholarships and removing overbearing DEI bureaucracy,” Hubbard said.
A Chilling Shock Wave

Some higher education experts—particularly those working in and around DEI departments—are bracing for it to have a “gigantic” impact on students and faculty.

Kaleb Briscoe is an assistant professor of adult and higher education at the University of Oklahoma whose recent research has focused on the repercussions of DEI bans. She said that the order has already “sent shock waves,” adding that her phone is “blowing up about it.”

Although the action does not explicitly say it will ban or restrict DEI programs like some state-level laws, Briscoe believes that Trump’s campaign messages and record from his first term speak loudly. Among other actions, Trump issued an executive order defunding any federally funded trainings or programs that promote race or sex “stereotyping” or “scapegoating.” (Former President Biden rescinded that order.)

“The language within the executive order does not directly call for [banning DEI], but it doesn’t mean that it cannot be misinterpreted or used by policymakers to come up with additional bans,” she said.

Shaun Harper, a professor of education, business and public policy and the founder of the University of Southern California’s Race and Equity Center, and an opinion contributor to Inside Higher Ed, said the order “will surely frighten” university administrators. It will likely lead to the pre-emptive hiding, renaming or discontinuation of their DEI initiatives, he added.

“These leaders will be worried about losing their federal funding, which is exactly what DEI opponents want,” Harper said in an email to Inside Higher Ed. Heterosexual, Christian white men will likely feel supported and affirmed by Trump’s anti-DEI orders, as “too many of them have been tricked into misunderstanding DEI initiatives to be unfair, universal attacks,” he added.

But in the meantime, Harper said that minority students will face increased harassment, discrimination and violence and will “be left stranded without justice.”

Briscoe echoed Harper, adding that as the number of DEI-focused staff members dwindles, faculty members will be left to pick up the pieces.

“We’re looking at a very uphill climb of faculty having to take on more student affairs, diversity professional roles,” she said. “Staff may not exist, but these student needs will have not changed.”

Paulette Granberry Russell, president and CEO of the National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education, said the order is “deeply concerning,” mischaracterizes DEI and takes aim at the core mission of higher education.

“By attacking the important work of diversity, equity and inclusion offices at educational institutions, the order seeks to dismantle critical support systems for historically underrepresented students,” she said. “This would limit workforce preparation and stifle efforts to address systemic inequities. This order depicts diversity, equity and inclusion as divisive when, in reality, these initiatives aim to ensure opportunity for all.”

Granberry Russell added that while the order’s immediate impact will depend on how agencies enforce it, “it is already causing uncertainty and fear.”

“I hope that university leaders will recognize that executive orders should not dictate the values and priorities of higher education institutions,” she said. “Many colleges and universities have long-standing commitments to fostering inclusive environments, and I hope they will continue to uphold these principles despite political headwinds.”

▻https://www.insidehighered.com/news/government/politics-elections/2025/01/23/how-trumps-order-targeting-dei-could-affect-higher-ed
#ESR #recherche #université #enseignement_supérieur

’Unprecedented’: White House moves to control science funding worry researchers

Darby Saxbe is worried her research funding might get canceled.

People’s brains change when they become parents. She studies fathers’ brains, in particular, to understand which changes might underlie better parenting. And she wants to study a variety of brains.

“If you want to understand the brain and biology changes of fathers, you don’t necessarily want to only look at white affluent fathers who are hanging out around a university, which is what a convenient sample might be composed of,” says the University of Southern California neuroendocrinologist. “That just makes for a better, more impactful research project.”

So with a grant from the #National_Science_Foundation — a federal agency with a $9 billion annual #budget to fund research — she’s working to include more people from minority groups in her study.

But her research proposal contained the words “diverse” and “underrepresented,” words that now appear on a list of hundreds of DEI-related terms that NSF is currently using to comb through tens of thousands of research grants. The process, described to NPR by two NSF officials who spoke on the condition of anonymity for fear of retribution from the administration, aims to flag research that may not comply with President Trump’s executive orders targeting diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives.

This kind of scrutiny, along with other actions of the administration so far — freezing grants, clamping down on communications from federal agencies, taking down databases on women’s health, HIV and youth behaviors and purging some of DEI-related terms — represent to many scientists an extreme move to exert more presidential control over the kinds of science that get funded, and potentially who does it. If continued, it could represent a major departure from how science has been funded for decades.

“This is totally unprecedented, nothing like this has ever happened,” says Neal Lane, who served as director of the NSF from 1993 to 1998. “NSF has a mandate to care about the workforce and ensure that all Americans have opportunities to participate in science,” he says. By targeting DEI, “they’re killing American science.”

Since the 1990s, Congress has mandated that NSF weigh how its grants will boost the participation of women and minorities in science, in addition to the intellectual merits of the proposal. Now, the Trump administration is essentially saying they can’t follow that law.

“President Trump was elected president, but in being elected president, the laws of the United States were not repealed and replaced with whatever he wants to do,” says Rep. Zoe Lofgren, D-Calif., ranking member of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space and Technology. “These are bipartisan efforts to make sure that we don’t miss smart people in the science enterprise across the United States.”

But some say that considering diversity in grantmaking leads to worse science. Last October, Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, said in a report that “NSF allocated over $2.05 billion to thousands of research projects that promoted neo-Marxist perspectives or DEI tenets” and suggested that it undermines “objective hard science.”

“Intellectual diversity is welcome,” says Jonathan Butcher, a senior research fellow at the Heritage Foundation. “But judging the merits of an idea based on the description of the grant is far more important than figuring out where the people involved are literally coming from, in terms of racial background or country of origin.”
Changing how science gets funded

Presidents have the authority to set priorities in research funding, and have used this power. The Biden administration made a push for climate and cancer research, for instance, and George W. Bush’s administration prioritized energy research and the physical sciences. Congress allocates money to these priorities, and then the agencies work out the finer details.

“Since World War II, science has been organized around this idea of peer review, that scientists understand what good science is and should make decisions about what we should be funding,” says Elizabeth Popp Berman, a sociologist who studies science at the University of Michigan.

At NSF, that means program officers — often scientists who work at other institutions who come to NSF for temporary stints — manage a review process of proposals, with input from a range of scientists. The law dictates that NSF consider both the intellectual merit of a proposal and the “broader impacts” the research might enable, meaning how the research will benefit society.

For decades, a key part of those potential benefits is how grants will boost the participation of women and underrepresented groups in science. Since 1997, Congress has required NSF to explicitly weigh such factors in its grantmaking. According to Suzanne Barbour, dean of the Duke University Graduate School and chair of NSF’s Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Engineering, that ultimately benefits the taxpayer.

“There is a large emerging literature that suggests that teams have the largest array of voices, from different different backgrounds, different kinds of lived experiences, voices that perhaps have addressed problems from slightly different angles,” she says. “They’re more creative, they’re more successful and … ultimately are the kinds of teams that make the biggest discoveries.”

Trump’s executive orders are squarely opposed to that mission. The agency is currently reviewing grants for DEI-related terms using, in part, a list from Sen. Cruz’s October 2024 report titled “How the Biden-Harris NSF Politicized Science,” according to NPR’s NSF sources.

It’s unclear what will happen to flagged grants. NSF has resumed funding existing awards after freezing them in late January and says they “can not take action to delay or stop payment for active awards based solely on actual or potential non-compliance with the Executive Orders.” The NSF sources tell NPR that approximately 20% of grants were initially flagged, and that number could be further winnowed.

In reviewing grants for DEI-related content and temporarily pausing payments, the agency seems to be prioritizing the executive order over its congressional mandate, a practice that contradicts internal guidance saying law takes precedence over executive orders when there’s a conflict.

The Trump administration’s efforts to exert more control over science at NSF go beyond DEI. On Tuesday, staff were informed of plans to cut the agency’s headcount of about 1,700 by 25% to 50% over the next two months, according to NPR’s NSF sources. Staff were also informed that President Trump’s first budget request could slash the agency’s budget from $9 billion to $3 billion, first reported by ArsTechnica and confirmed by NPR, though the actual reduction negotiated by Congress may be different.

“This administration appears to be not just setting priorities, but enforcing ideological conformity in a way that if your grant is studying something that’s not aligned with a particular view of the world, it’s just not going to be funded,” says Berman. “I think taking that away has the potential to undermine the whole scientific enterprise.”
Worries about America’s competitive edge

If the Trump administration continues aggressively targeting diversity initiatives in science and seeking to substantially cut funding, American science will look fundamentally different, says Berman.

Whole academic fields could wither without federal funds, she says, especially if DEI is broadly defined. “This cuts across economics, psychology, sociology. In all these fields, there are whole chunks of the discipline that may just not be possible to carry on anymore,” says Berman.

The moves have also sparked a culture of fear among many scientists. “This level of scrutiny is going to make research less collaborative, less competitive and less innovative,” says Diana Macias, an ecologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who is funded by an NSF grant. Bringing more people into science is “not just broadening for the sake of broadening, but it’s broadening for the sake of developing rigorous questions that help us really stay competitive.”

Only about a quarter of NSF grant proposals win funding, and that’s after a rigorous application process. The idea that an awarded grant could get rescinded, or proposals not get funded for political reasons, makes many scientists uncomfortable and could ultimately lead some to quit or move outside the U.S.

“I train graduate students and undergrads who want to pursue science careers,” says Saxbe. “It’s hard for me to think about how to encourage them when it seems like the very work that we do is so vulnerable to partisan attack.”

Federal funding supports these trainees, many of whom ultimately go into the private sector. The NSF funds nearly 80% of fundamental computing research at universities, according to a recent statement from the Computing Research Association.

Reduced funding could ultimately lead to a smaller skilled workforce to work on important issues in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity and more. That’s despite an insistence by close allies of the president, including Elon Musk, that the U.S. lacks enough homegrown talent to fill the tech industry’s demand for computer science professionals like software engineers and programmers.

“The private sector does a lot of very important, primarily applied research and development. But they really don’t fund the same kind of research where you are really exploring the frontier,” says Lane, the former NSF director.

“They can’t justify to their stockholders doing most of the things that the National Science Foundation does. If you take away federal support for science, science is dead in the United States. Nothing can replace that.”

▻https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/02/07/nx-s1-5289912/unprecedented-white-house-moves-to-control-science-funding-worry-researchers

#science #projets_de_recherche

Offensive obscurantiste aux USA : Trump crée un « #bureau_de_la_foi » et #censure le monde universitaire

https://contre-attaque.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Sans-titre-18-819x1024.jpg

Ces propos délirants sortent de la bouche de Paula White, la conseillère spirituelle du président américain depuis 2011. Vous ne la connaissez peut-être pas encore, mais son rôle a été prépondérant pendant la campagne de Trump : elle assure notamment la communication avec les courants intégristes religieux, très puissants aux États-Unis. Un habitant des États-Unis sur cinq se définit en effet comme évangéliste : une base électorale obscurantiste et essentielle pour Donald Trump.
L’intégrisme chrétien au pouvoir

Paula White est à présent à la tête d’un nouveau “Bureau de la foi” de la Maison blanche, chargé de renforcer la place de la religion dans la politique du pays. Cette dernière est connue pour ses appels à la haine homophobe ou raciste, déclarant que “l’antifascisme et Black Lives Matter sont l’antéchrist” ou encore “ce n’est pas OK de se faire avorter. Ce n’est pas OK de se marier avec quelqu’un du même sexe”. Ses propos fanatisés semblent sortis d’un autre âge.

Paula White avait, entre autres joyeusetés, organisé une prière publique en janvier 2020 pour que “toutes les grossesses sataniques aboutissent à une fausse couche”. Cette illuminée aurait toute sa place sous l’inquisition du Moyen-Age, quand un tribunal ecclésiastique jugeait les hérétiques.

Les mouvements chrétiens fondamentalistes américains considèrent Trump comme un “envoyé de Dieu”, dont la mission sacrée est de s’opposer aux satanistes – les “wokes”, les homosexuels… Il affirmait lui-même d’ailleurs avoir été “sauvé par Dieu” lors de la tentative de meurtre à laquelle il a échappé l’été dernier, pour qu’il guide le pays et lui rende sa grandeur. Une mission divine, exaltée par ses déclarations : “ramenons Dieu dans nos vies” a-t-il réclamé.

Pourtant, le 1er amendement des États-Unis proclame la séparation de l’État et de la religion. Ces personnes qui se présentent comme les seules vraies gardiens de la Constitution des USA violent donc allègrement son premier amendement. Ces mouvements intégristes religieux constituent la base de l’extrême droite américaine : on les retrouve massivement lors de l’attaque du Capitole en 2021, où nombre de manifestants arboraient des t-shirts avec des symboles chrétiens.

Dans le même registre, le nouveau secrétaire de la Défense des USA Pete Hegseth, qui est désormais l’un des hommes les plus puissants du pays, a fait inscrire « Jésus » en hébreu sur son bras, un tatouage réalisé à Bethléem, et une grande croix de Jérusalem sur sa poitrine, un symbole représentant une grande croix encerclé de croix grecques plus petites. Un symbole utilisé pendant les Croisades et représentant le royaume de Jérusalem établi par les croisés.

Hegseth ne cache pas sa fascination pour cette période de conflit sanglant opposant les armées chrétiennes aux musulmans. Cet homme est un vétéran de la Garde nationale du Minnesota, un animateur de la chaine d’extrême droite Fox News, et adhère à une mouvance religieuse sectaire nommée Reconstructionnisme réformé, qui prône l’application de la loi chrétienne biblique à la société, un monde exclusivement dirigé par les hommes et une préparation au retour de Jésus.

Doit-on s’étonner de voir l’obscurantisme religieux revenir sur le devant de la scène aux États-Unis ? Non. Il avance main dans la main avec le capitalisme sans limite dont rêvent Trump et son inséparable duo Elon Musk. La religion représente d’ailleurs un marché plus que rentable aux États-Unis : 1200 milliards de dollars en 2016.

L’extrême-droite est étroitement liée aux milieux chrétiens dans de nombreux pays. L’économiste Samir Amin explique que “le capitalisme des monopoles contemporain, en crise, développe une offensive idéologique massive et systématique assise sur le recours au discours de la spiritualité”. Il estime que la faillite de la classe bourgeoise, qui avait massivement adhéré si ce n’est au nazisme ou au fascisme, tout du moins à la collaboration, avait permis aux classes ouvrières au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale de construire un rapport de force conséquent.

Après guerre, le patronat était discrédité, le Parti Communiste était le premier parti dans de nombreux pays, dont la France et l’Italie, et les syndicats étaient de puissants contre-pouvoirs. Pour contrer cela, Washington a poussé à la création de nouveaux partis chrétiens-démocrates afin de résister à la menace communiste.

Ces partis constituent aujourd’hui la droite traditionnelle dans de nombreux pays européens, remettant le débat autour de l’importance du christianisme comme base de la civilisation occidentale. On en voit la marque de nos jours dans la droite de nombreux pays européens, et la France n’est pas en reste : Macron a largement piétiné la laïcité ces dernières années, comme la cérémonie d’ouverture de Notre-Dame en a été encore l’exemple.

Aujourd’hui, les partis fascisants qui arrivent au pouvoir dans de nombreux pays se réclament également d’un retour à la foi chrétienne. Mais une foi revisitée, vidée de sa spiritualité, transformée en show, mise en spectacle sur le modèle des évangélistes. Georgia Meloni se revendique “femme, italienne, et chrétienne”, faisant de cette identité un véritable programme politique. Viktor Orban se pose en défenseur des “valeurs chrétiennes”. Marine Le Pen se dit “extrêmement croyante”. Aux États-Unis, l’arrivée au pouvoir de Trump a scellé l’accord parfait entre extrême-droite, intégrisme religieux et capital.
Guerre contre la science

L’obscurantisme est défini comme l’attitude attribuée à ceux qui sont hostiles au progrès, au libre exercice de la raison, à la diffusion de l’instruction et du savoir. Cette percée des fondamentalistes religieux s’accompagne ainsi d’une attaque historique contre la science. L’un ne va pas sans l’autre.

Un décret sur “L’abrogation Woke” a été publié par l’administration Trump il y a quelques jours. Le but ? Détruire toutes les politiques, programmes ou projets de recherche sur des sujets jugés “woke” et donc dangereux pour la sûreté de l’État : le réchauffement climatique et l’environnement, le genre, la diversité, la race, l’inclusion…

Pour faire simple, une IA va pouvoir identifier des mots clés, au nombre de 120 pour le moment, afin de geler les financements, supprimer des publications… Reporterre dévoile par exemple que toute référence au réchauffement climatique a été purement et simplement effacée de sites internet fédéraux. Certaines pages ont carrément disparu, ne laissant qu’un »404 Not Found ». Parmi les 120 mots interdits, on retrouve “femme”, “préjugé”, “justice environnementale”, “accessibilité”.

Autre conséquence dramatique : le CDC, le centre de contrôle des maladies, est la plus grosse agence gouvernementale étasunienne pour la santé publique. Une liste de 20 termes a été distribuée en interne afin de retirer ou d’éditer certaines informations, pourtant tout simplement vitales, du site. On trouve notamment dans cette liste les termes « transgenre », « LGBT », « personne enceinte », « biologiquement femme », « biologiquement homme »… Certaines pages sur le virus du SIDA ont également disparu.

Au fil des siècles, les forces obscurantistes utilisaient l’autodafé afin de détruire les écrits que le pouvoir en place jugeait dangereux pour son propre pouvoir. Le plus célèbre est l’autodafé du 10 mai 1933 où 25.000 ouvrages considérés comme subversifs – auteurs marxistes, anarchistes, juifs…– furent consumés par les nazis. D’ailleurs, en 2023, des élus Républicains du Missouri s’étaient déjà mis en scène en train de brûler des livres considérés comme « woke » au lance-flamme.

Si l’effacement de données en ligne paraît bien moins spectaculaire, il n’en est pas moins une tentative d’effacement total des pensées divergentes. Et il précède toujours d’autres violences.

►https://contre-attaque.net/2025/02/14/offensive-obscurantiste-aux-usa-trump-cree-un-bureau-de-la-foi-et-ce
#université #foi

Le #grand_effacement

https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH526/DjJ406sK65tXdad1-acde5.jpg

US science is feeling the Trump chill

President Donald Trump’s assault on federal spending, climate science and diversity initiatives is fueling an existential crisis for the nation’s vast web of research institutions — and the scientists who power them.

The administration is seeking to thwart research it considers a threat to Trump’s agenda — including anything connected to climate science or diversity, equity and inclusion, writes Chelsea Harvey. It has frozen billions of dollars in federal funding, paused grant reviews and cut critical support for university research.

The language in Trump’s directives is so broad that universities and research institutions worry that projects that make mere mention of gender, race or equity could be on the chopping block. At least one university told researchers that even terms such as biodiversity could be flagged by AI-based grant review systems looking for DEI proposals.

Republican Sen. Ted Cruz of Texas has added to the alarm by launching an online database last week identifying more than 3,400 grants funded by the National Science Foundation that he said promote “advanced neo-Marxist class warfare propaganda.”

Federal courts have begun pushing back on some of Trump’s moves — by ordering an end to a sweeping funding freeze, for example — but the administration has been slow to comply and remained steadfast in its attempts to gut science agencies. The atmosphere of fear and confusion is leading some university supervisors to quietly advise faculty to censor their research proposals and other public-facing documents to comply with Trump’s directives.

A professor at one U.S. university, who was granted anonymity, told Chelsea they were recently advised to remove terms including “climate change” and “greenhouse gas emissions” from research papers and other public documents.

While past administrations have steered the focus of U.S. research in new directions — from nanotechnology to cancer research — those priorities were typically additive; they didn’t restrict research in other areas.

Trump’s approach “will have long-term harmful consequences,” said Matt Owens, president of the Council on Government Relations, an association of academic research institutions.

“One of our strengths as a nation is the federal government has invested across the board in curiosity-driven research, because over time this pays dividends,” he told Chelsea. “So an erosion of broad federal support for all areas of research will damage our ability to remain the global science and innovation leader.”

Senior prosecutor quits over imperiled climate funds
A top federal prosecutor in Washington resigned Tuesday rather than follow a Justice Department order to freeze a private bank account holding $20 billion of already allocated climate change funds, write Kyle Cheney, Josh Gerstein, Alex Guillén and Jean Chemnick.

The resignation of Denise Cheung, the head of the criminal division in the U.S. attorney’s office in Washington, is one of the most dramatic outcomes yet from Trump’s effort to claw back congressionally authorized federal funding.

Chung said interim U.S. Attorney Ed Martin demanded her resignation after she refused to order the bank to freeze the grants — a step she said is permitted only if prosecutors have “probable cause” to suspect a crime was committed. The Environmental Protection Agency placed the money at Citibank last year to fund a “green bank” created by Congress.

Trump attacks 50 years of green rules

The Trump administration is working to unwind almost five decades of rules crafted and imposed under the #National_Environmental_Policy_Act, a foundational statute widely known as the “magna carta” of environmental laws, writes Hannah Northey.

The plan is to rescind all regulations that the Council on Environmental Quality has issued to implement the bedrock law since 1977, when then-President Jimmy Carter signed an order directing the agency to issue rules under NEPA.

Trump’s oil ambitions face harsh realities

Trump wants to “unleash” American energy. The problem: U.S. oil production growth is starting to dwindle, writes Mike Soraghan.

The nation’s once-hot shale plays are maturing. It’s getting more expensive to get significant amounts of new oil out of the ground. Some observers expect production to level off in the coming years and then start to decline by the early 2030s. Soon enough, oil companies may need to “drill, baby, drill” just to keep up current production levels rather than boosting them.

▻https://www.politico.com/newsletters/power-switch/2025/02/18/us-science-is-feeling-the-trump-chill-00204701

#biodiversité #climat #changement_climatique #projets_de_recherche

The foundations of America’s prosperity are being dismantled

Federal scientists warn that Americans could feel the effects of the new administration’s devastating cuts for decades to come.

Ever since World War II, the US has been the global leader in science and technology—and benefited immensely from it. Research fuels American innovation and the economy in turn. Scientists around the world want to study in the US and collaborate with American scientists to produce more of that research. These international collaborations play a critical role in American soft power and diplomacy. The products Americans can buy, the drugs they have access to, the diseases they’re at risk of catching—are all directly related to the strength of American research and its connections to the world’s scientists.

That scientific leadership is now being dismantled, according to more than 10 federal workers who spoke to MIT Technology Review, as the Trump administration—spearheaded by Elon Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)—slashes personnel, programs, and agencies. Meanwhile, the president himself has gone after relationships with US allies.

These workers come from several agencies, including the Departments of State, Defense, and Commerce, the US Agency for International Development, and the National Science Foundation. All of them occupy scientific and technical roles, many of which the average American has never heard of but which are nevertheless critical, coordinating research, distributing funding, supporting policymaking, or advising diplomacy.

They warn that dismantling the behind-the-scenes scientific research programs that backstop American life could lead to long-lasting, perhaps irreparable damage to everything from the quality of health care to the public’s access to next-generation consumer technologies. The US took nearly a century to craft its rich scientific ecosystem; if the unraveling that has taken place over the past month continues, Americans will feel the effects for decades to come.

Most of the federal workers spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to talk or for fear of being targeted. Many are completely stunned and terrified by the scope and totality of the actions. While every administration brings its changes, keeping the US a science and technology leader has never been a partisan issue. No one predicted the wholesale assault on these foundations of American prosperity.

“If you believe that innovation is important to economic development, then throwing a wrench in one of the most sophisticated and productive innovation machines in world history is not a good idea,” says Deborah Seligsohn, an assistant professor of political science at Villanova University who worked for two decades in the State Department on science issues. “They’re setting us up for economic decline.”
The biggest funder of innovation

The US currently has the most top-quality research institutes in the world. This includes world-class universities like MIT (which publishes MIT Technology Review) and the University of California, Berkeley; national labs like Oak Ridge and Los Alamos; and federal research facilities run by agencies like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Department of Defense. Much of this network was developed by the federal government after World War II to bolster the US position as a global superpower.

Before the Trump administration’s wide-ranging actions, which now threaten to slash federal research funding, the government remained by far the largest supporter of scientific progress. Outside of its own labs and facilities, it funded more than 50% of research and development across higher education, according to data from the National Science Foundation. In 2023, that came to nearly $60 billion out of the $109 billion that universities spent on basic science and engineering.

The return on these investments is difficult to measure. It can often take years or decades for this kind of basic science research to have tangible effects on the lives of Americans and people globally, and on the US’s place in the world. But history is littered with examples of the transformative effect that this funding produces over time. The internet and GPS were first developed through research backed by the Department of Defense, as was the quantum dot technology behind high-resolution QLED television screens. Well before they were useful or commercially relevant, the development of neural networks that underpin nearly all modern AI systems was substantially supported by the National Science Foundation. The decades-long drug discovery process that led to Ozempic was incubated by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the National Institutes of Health. Microchips. Self-driving cars. MRIs. The flu shot. The list goes on and on.

In her 2013 book The Entrepreneurial State, Mariana Mazzucato, a leading economist studying innovation at University College London, found that every major technological transformation in the US, from electric cars to Google to the iPhone, can trace its roots back to basic science research once funded by the federal government. If the past offers any lesson, that means every major transformation in the future could be shortchanged with the destruction of that support.

The Trump administration’s distaste for regulation will arguably be a boon in the short term for some parts of the tech industry, including crypto and AI. But the federal workers said the president’s and Musk’s undermining of basic science research will hurt American innovation in the long run. “Rather than investing in the future, you’re burning through scientific capital,” an employee at the State Department said. “You can build off the things you already know, but you’re not learning anything new. Twenty years later, you fall behind because you stopped making new discoveries.”

A global currency

The government doesn’t just give money, either. It supports American science in numerous other ways, and the US reaps the returns. The Department of State helps attract the best students from around the world to American universities. Amid stagnating growth in the number of homegrown STEM PhD graduates, recruiting foreign students remains one of the strongest pathways for the US to expand its pool of technical talent, especially in strategic areas like batteries and semiconductors. Many of those students stay for years, if not the rest of their lives; even if they leave the country, they’ve already spent some of their most productive years in the US and will retain a wealth of professional connections with whom they’ll collaborate, thereby continuing to contribute to US science.

The State Department also establishes agreements between the US and other countries and helps broker partnerships between American and international universities. That helps scientists collaborate across borders on everything from global issues like climate change to research that requires equipment on opposite sides of the world, such as the measurement of gravitational waves.

The international development work of USAID in global health, poverty reduction, and conflict alleviation—now virtually shut down in its entirety—was designed to build up goodwill toward the US globally; it improved regional stability for decades. In addition to its inherent benefits, this allowed American scientists to safely access diverse geographies and populations, as well as plant and animal species not found in the US. Such international interchange played just as critical a role as government funding in many crucial inventions.

Several federal agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, also help collect and aggregate critical data on disease, health trends, air quality, weather, and more from disparate sources that feed into the work of scientists across the country.

The National Institutes of Health, for example, has since 2015 been running the Precision Medicine Initiative, the only effort of its kind to collect extensive and granular health data from over 1 million Americans who volunteer their medical records, genetic history, and even Fitbit data to help researchers understand health disparities and develop personalized and more effective treatments for disorders from heart and lung disease to cancer. The data set, which is too expensive for any one university to assemble and maintain, has already been used in hundreds of papers that will lay the foundation for the next generation of life-saving pharmaceuticals.

Beyond fueling innovation, a well-supported science and technology ecosystem bolsters US national security and global influence. When people want to study at American universities, attend international conferences hosted on American soil, or move to the US to work or to found their own companies, the US stays the center of global innovation activity. This ensures that the country continues to get access to the best people and ideas, and gives it an outsize role in setting global scientific practices and priorities. US research norms, including academic freedom and a robust peer review system, become global research norms that lift the overall quality of science. International agencies like the World Health Organization take significant cues from American guidance.

US scientific leadership has long been one of the country’s purest tools of soft power and diplomacy as well. Countries keen to learn from the American innovation ecosystem and to have access to American researchers and universities have been more prone to partner with the US and align with its strategic priorities.

Just one example: Science diplomacy has long played an important role in maintaining the US’s strong relationship with the Netherlands, which is home to ASML, the only company in the world that can produce the extreme ultraviolet lithography machines needed to produce the most advanced semiconductors. These are critical for both AI development and national security.

International science cooperation has also served as a stabilizing force in otherwise difficult relationships. During the Cold War, the US and USSR continued to collaborate on the International Space Station; during the recent heightened economic competition between the US and China, the countries have remained each other’s top scientific partners. “Actively working together to solve problems that we both care about helps maintain the connections and the context but also helps build respect,” Seligsohn says.

The federal government itself is a significant beneficiary of the country’s convening power for technical expertise. Among other things, experts both inside and outside the government support its sound policymaking in science and technology. During the US Senate AI Insight Forums, co-organized by Senator Chuck Schumer through the fall of 2023, for example, the Senate heard from more than 150 experts, many of whom were born abroad and studying at American universities, working at or advising American companies, or living permanently in the US as naturalized American citizens.

Federal scientists and technical experts at government agencies also work on wide-ranging goals critical to the US, including building resilience in the face of an increasingly erratic climate; researching strategic technologies such as next-generation battery technology to reduce the country’s reliance on minerals not found in the US; and monitoring global infectious diseases to prevent the next pandemic.

“Every issue that the US faces, there are people that are trying to do research on it and there are partnerships that have to happen,” the State Department employee said.

A system in jeopardy

Now the breadth and velocity of the Trump administration’s actions has led to an unprecedented assault on every pillar upholding American scientific leadership.

For starters, the purging of tens of thousands—and perhaps soon hundreds of thousands—of federal workers is removing scientists and technologists from the government and paralyzing the ability of critical agencies to function. Across multiple agencies, science and technology fellowship programs, designed to bring in talented early-career staff with advanced STEM degrees, have shuttered. Many other federal scientists were among the thousands who were terminated as probationary employees, a status they held because of the way scientific roles are often contractually structured.

Some agencies that were supporting or conducting their own research, including the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation, are no longer functionally operational. USAID has effectively shuttered, eliminating a bastion of US expertise, influence, and credibility overnight.

“Diplomacy is built on relationships. If we’ve closed all these clinics and gotten rid of technical experts in our knowledge base inside the government, why would any foreign government have respect for the US in our ability to hold our word and in our ability to actually be knowledgeable?” a terminated USAID worker said. “I really hope America can save itself.”

Now the Trump administration has sought to reverse some terminations after discovering that many were key to national security, including nuclear safety employees responsible for designing, building, and maintaining the country’s nuclear weapons arsenal. But many federal workers I spoke to can no longer imagine staying in the public sector. Some are considering going into industry. Others are wondering whether it will be better to move abroad.

“It’s just such a waste of American talent,” said Fiona Coleman, a terminated federal scientist, her voice cracking with emotion as she described the long years of schooling and training she and her colleagues went through to serve the government.

Many fear the US has also singlehandedly kneecapped its own ability to attract talent from abroad. Over the last 10 years, even as American universities have continued to lead the world, many universities in other countries have rapidly leveled up. That includes those in Canada, where liberal immigration policies and lower tuition fees have driven a 200% increase in international student enrollment over the last decade, according to Anna Esaki-Smith, cofounder of a higher-education research consultancy called Education Rethink and author of Make College Your Superpower.

Germany has also seen an influx, thanks to a growing number of English-taught programs and strong connections between universities and German industry. Chinese students, who once represented the largest share of foreign students in the US, are increasingly staying at home or opting to study in places like Hong Kong, Singapore, and the UK.

During the first Trump administration, many international students were already more reluctant to come to the US because of the president’s hostile rhetoric. With the return and rapid escalation of that rhetoric, Esaki-Smith is hearing from some universities that international students are declining their admissions offers.

Add to that the other recent developments—the potential dramatic cuts in federal research funding, the deletion of scores of rich public data sets on health and the environment, the clampdown on academic freedom for research that appears related to diversity, equity, and inclusion and the fear that these restrictions could ultimately encompass other politically charged topics like climate change or vaccines—and many more international science and engineering students could decide to head elsewhere.

“I’ve been hearing this increasingly from several postdocs and early-career professors, fearing the cuts in NIH or NSF grants, that they’re starting to look for funding or job opportunities in other countries,” Coleman told me. “And then we’re going to be training up the US’s competitors.”

The attacks could similarly weaken the productivity of those who stay at American universities. While many of the Trump administration’s actions are now being halted and scrutinized by US judges, the chaos has weakened a critical prerequisite for tackling the toughest research problems: a long-term stable environment. With reports that the NSF is combing through research grants for words like “women,” “diverse,” and “institutional” to determine whether they violate President Trump’s executive order on DEIA programs, a chilling effect is also setting in among federally funded academics uncertain whether they’ll get caught in the dragnet.

To scientists abroad, the situation in the US government has marked American institutions and researchers as potentially unreliable partners, several federal workers told me. If international researchers think collaborations with the US can end at any moment when funds are abruptly pulled or certain topics or keywords are suddenly blacklisted, many of them could steer clear and look to other countries. “I’m really concerned about the instability we’re showing,” another employee at the State Department said. “What’s the point in even engaging? Because science is a long-term initiative and process that outlasts administrations and political cycles.”

Meanwhile, international scientists have far more options these days for high-caliber colleagues to collaborate with outside America. In recent years, for example, China has made a remarkable ascent to become a global peer in scientific discoveries. By some metrics, it has even surpassed the US; it started accounting for more of the top 1% of most-cited papers globally, often called the Nobel Prize tier, back in 2019 and has continued to improve the quality of the rest of its research.

Where Chinese universities can also entice international collaborators with substantial resources, the US is more limited in its ability to offer tangible funding, the State employee said. Until now, the US has maintained its advantage in part through the prestige of its institutions and its more open cultural norms, including stronger academic freedom. But several federal scientists warn that this advantage is dissipating.

“America is made up of so many different people contributing to it. There’s such a powerful global community that makes this country what it is, especially in science and technology and academia and research. We’re going to lose that; there’s not a chance in the world that we’re not going to lose that through stuff like this,” says Brigid Cakouros, a federal scientist who was also terminated from USAID. “I have no doubt that the international science community will ultimately be okay. It’ll just be a shame for the US to isolate themselves from it.”

▻https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/02/21/1112274/the-foundations-of-americas-prosperity-are-being-dismantled

Sauver les données scientifiques de la purge numérique de l’administration Trump

Peu après l’assermentation de Donald Trump, des milliers de pages web du gouvernement fédéral américain ont disparu. Heureusement, des chercheurs canadiens et américains avaient déjà archivé numériquement une bonne partie de ces sites.

La Dre Angela Rasmussen n’en revient pas. Des milliers de pages des Centres pour le contrôle et la prévention des maladies (CDC) comportant des données inestimables sur la santé ont été retirées du web, à la demande de l’administration Trump.

Cette virologue de l’Université de la Saskatchewan savait que la santé et la science seraient dans la mire de la nouvelle administration Trump.

"Je n’aurais jamais pensé qu’on serait aussi rapidement dans une situation aussi orwellienne." (Une citation de Dre Angela Rasmussen, virologue et chercheuse à l’Université de la Saskatchewan)

Lorsque cette chercheuse, d’origine américaine, a entendu d’un ami journaliste que les CDC retireraient sous peu des données scientifiques de son site, elle a contacté en urgence un ami bio-informaticien aux États-Unis.

"Je lui ai demandé s’il pouvait cloner tout le site. Il pensait que je faisais des blagues. Mais j’étais très sérieuse."

Avec moins d’une journée de préavis, les deux ont passé de longues heures à archiver le site.

Ils sont ensuite entrés en contact avec Charles Gaba, un analyste de données sur la santé publique du Michigan, qui lui aussi avait commencé la même tâche, quelques jours plus tôt.

Ils ont combiné leurs efforts pour archiver un maximum de pages et de bases de données, non seulement des CDC, mais aussi de l’Agence américaine des médicaments (FDA) et une partie du site de l’USAID, le programme qui a été sabré par Elon Musk et son « département de l’Efficience gouvernementale » (DOGE).

"Je suis fâché. J’aurais dû commencer le travail plus tôt. J’avais réalisé dès le soir de l’élection qu’il y avait un risque qu’on efface des sites gouvernementaux. Dans l’urgence, on a peut-être manqué certaines choses", dit Charles Gaba.

Mardi, un juge fédéral américain a délivré une ordonnance temporaire obligeant les CDC et la FDA de rétablir toutes les informations publiques sur leurs sites web.

Selon l’administration Trump, le retrait de ces pages n’est pas nécessairement définitif, et elle affirme que les informations peuvent être consultées par l’entremise de la machine Wayback de l’Internet Archive.

D’ailleurs, s’il est possible de le faire, c’est grâce au travail exhaustif d’Internet Archive, un organisme à but non lucratif qui archive des sites web et qui rend accessibles au public des copies de ces sites.

Depuis 2004, dans le cadre du projet de librairie démocratique, toutes les pages web des gouvernements fédéraux canadien et américain sont systématiquement archivées au début et à la fin de chaque mandat.

Le matériel provenant des États-Unis est sauvegardé sur des serveurs en Colombie-Britannique, au Canada, et celui du Canada, sur des serveurs aux États-Unis.

L’archivage se fait grâce à une étroite collaboration entre Canadiens et Américains, explique Brewster Kahle, le fondateur d’Internet Archive.

Par exemple, il y a aussi des professeurs de l’Université de Guelph et de l’Université de Toronto qui travaillent avec l’Environmental Data Governance Initiative (EDGI) pour préserver les données sur les changements climatiques de l’Agence de protection de l’environnement des États-Unis, rapporte CBC News (Nouvelle fenêtre).

Pour Brewster Kahle, il est primordial de sauvegarder le maximum de documents, même s’ils semblent peu importants. "On ne sait jamais quand et pourquoi on en aura besoin."

Les informations contenues sur les sites web gouvernementaux relèvent du domaine public et doivent être accessibles à tous, rappelle Brewster Kahle.

"Cette information appartient aux Américains. Personne n’a le droit de la censurer ou de la retenir." (Une citation de Brewster Kahle, fondateur d’Internet Archive)

Une crise en santé et en science

La disparition des données inquiète particulièrement la Dre Rasmussen, qui est virologue.

"Je n’exagère pas quand je dis que ça sera destructeur pour la santé publique."

Par exemple, les données sur la propagation de la grippe aviaire aux États-Unis sont particulièrement importantes en ce moment pour le monde entier. "S’il y a une pandémie de H5N1, on pourrait prévenir des millions de morts."

Et pourtant, le rapport hebdomadaire sur la mortalité n’a pas été publié comme prévu le 15 janvier. "C’est la première fois en 80 ans que ça arrive", dit Charles Gaba.

De plus, avec la nomination de Robert F. Kennedy Jr. à la tête de la santé, qui tient depuis des années des propos antivaccins, la Dre Rasmussen craint que les informations qui seront accessibles soient davantage politiques que scientifiques. Déjà, les recommandations du comité sur l’immunisation ont disparu du site web des CDC.

Charles Gaba craint que certaines bases de données ne soient plus mises à jour. Et, même si des données sont publiées, il se demande si elles seront valides. "Ils ont semé un doute. Je n’ai plus confiance."
"Des autodafés numériques"

Le retrait de milliers de pages web des sites gouvernementaux survient après une directive de l’administration Trump d’éliminer toute mention de diversité, d’inclusion ou d’équité. Toute page avec la mention de mots provenant d’une liste préétablie doit être retirée.

"Ils effacent tout ce qui inclut ces mots, même sans contexte et sans discrimination. Ça touche tout le monde qui n’est pas un homme blanc hétérosexuel et chrétien." (Une citation de Charles Gaba, analyste de données sur la santé publique du Michigan)

Ainsi, des pages sur la prévention des maladies chroniques, des lignes directrices pour le traitement de maladies sexuellement transmissibles, sur les signes avant-coureurs de la maladie d’Alzheimer, sur une formation pour prévenir les surdoses et sur des recommandations sur les vaccins destinés aux femmes enceintes, ont été supprimées.

Le retrait comprend aussi des pages sur la violence faite aux femmes et aux personnes LGBTQ+, et sur la dépression post-partum.

La Dre Ramussen est estomaquée. "On a retiré les données sur le VIH et la variole simienne parce que ça touche principalement des personnes marginalisées, des femmes, des personnes de la communauté LGBTQ+ et les personnes racisées. Ça place ces personnes dans une situation encore plus vulnérable."

Pour elle, la diversité, l’équité, l’inclusion sont des valeurs au cœur de la santé publique.

Charles Gaba ne mâche pas ses mots : en procédant de la sorte, l’administration Trump procède à des autodafés comme l’avait fait le régime nazi dans les années 1930. Cette fois, "ce sont des autodafés numériques".

"Ils effacent ces informations parce qu’ils veulent prendre des décisions en fonction de leurs politiques, plutôt qu’en fonction des données probantes", déplore-t-il.

Pour Brewster Kahle, il s’agit d’un moment de prise de conscience. "Ce sont dans des moments comme ça que les bibliothèques souffrent. Des livres sont bannis, les subventions pour les bibliothèques et archives sont réduites, on criminalise le travail des bibliothécaires."

Cette tendance à vouloir effacer le passé numérique se produit partout dans le monde, affirme-t-il. Il dit aussi craindre la perte de plus en plus d’archives lors de catastrophes naturelles, dont le risque est multiplié par les changements climatiques.

Pour la Dre Rasmussen, archiver toute cette information est sa façon de s’opposer aux décisions de l’administration Trump. "C’est ma façon de résister au fascisme."

▻https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/2140521/donald-trump-donnees-scientifiques-web

The Words Federal Agencies Are Discouraged From Using Under Trump

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Trump 2.0 : interdire de dire pour mieux empêcher de penser

▻https://seenthis.net/messages/1105224
#liste #mots #vocabulaire

Donald Trump’s ‘war on woke’ is fast becoming a war on science. That’s incredibly dangerous

Contrary to claims by the US president, we have found that diversity initiatives result in better scientists and greater progress.

Donald Trump’s attacks on diversity, equality and inclusion (DEI) initiatives since his January inauguration have been intense, indiscriminate and escalating. A tragic plane crash was baselessly blamed on DEI. All DEI programmes within public bodies have been ended and private contractors face cancellation if they also don’t comply. Webpages that defend religious diversity in the context of Holocaust remembrance have been taken down.

Science and academia have been particularly targeted. Universities are threatened with losing federal funding if they support DEI. Government reports and government-funded research are being held back if they include prohibited terms such as “gender”, “pregnant person”, “women”, “elderly”, or “disabled”. Grants funded by the National Institutes of Health are being cancelled if they address diversity, equality or inclusion in any form.

What is more, this total “war on woke” (more accurately: “fight against fairness”) is happening in the UK as well as the US. Already, British companies and British watchdogs are abandoning their diversity drives. Tory leader Kemi Badenoch has described diversity initiatives as a “poison”.

These attacks are rooted in wilful distortions of what DEI is all about. There are two big lies that need to be nailed. The first is that diversity and inclusion initiatives compromise the quality of employees by selecting incompetent candidates because of their minority group membership. The second is that DEI is a distraction that holds back success. Let’s consider each in turn, using the field of science itself as an example.

The notion that DEI involves putting group membership before ability and leads to the appointment of incompetent candidates is a misrepresentation of what DEI initiatives are all about. Scientific ability is not restricted to one sex, ethnicity or religion, or to the able-bodied. Embracing diversity has the simple advantage of widening the pool of talent from which scientists are drawn. DEI initiatives are about ensuring that less competent members of the most privileged groups are not advantaged over more competent members of less privileged groups.

Bias starts at school, particularly in the physical sciences, where both girls and boys consider these “boy subjects” by the time they are teenagers. Even once you start your academic career, bias affects grant funding decisions and publication rates. Women and minorities face additional barriers to career progression: for instance, both female and ethnic minority scientists receive less credit for their work than male or white scientists respectively. Bias affects whether you feel at home in the scientific workplace. Institutions that tackle the many workplace barriers for women and ethnic minorities (child-unfriendly working hours, tolerance of harassment, culturally insensitive socialisation practices) have higher retention rates among women and minority researchers. Diverse workplaces attract more diverse staff to apply for jobs – creating a positive feedback loop. And we know that scientific research teams and institutions that prioritise diversity perform better.

As for the second myth that DEI is a barrier to success, diversity actually improves the quality of science. Evidence shows that scientific papers produced by ethnically diverse teams are more impactful than those written by homogeneous teams. Similarly, studies show that diverse teams consider more alternatives and make better decisions.

Scientists from diverse backgrounds raise new research questions and priorities – especially questions that affect minoritised communities. The lack of women in the higher echelons of biomedical science has led to a comparative lack of research into menstrual and reproductive health problems. The lack of black scientists has led to a neglect of conditions that affect black people such as sickle cell disease. And when it comes to the intersection of “race” and sex, things are even worse. It is only in the last few years that it even became known that black and Asian women are much more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than white women.

Medical sciences and social sciences have long suffered from a lack of diversity in research design, leading to worse medicine because findings do not apply to all populations. For example, clinical trials have tended to test treatments mainly on men and on white people, leading to poorer health outcomes for women or minorities. A diverse group of researchers makes members of minorities more willing to volunteer for trials and helps ensure diverse participant recruitment. This improves scientific validity. It also increases the trust of minorities in the outputs of research (say, the development of new vaccines) and hence the societal impact of the research (say, their willingness to get vaccinated).

All in all, ensuring diversity and equality and inclusion among scientists makes for better scientists and better science. While our examples are drawn from science, they are true much more broadly. DEI initiatives are about ensuring that we always select the best irrespective of group membership, not about selecting by group membership irrespective of who is best. Science is fundamentally about discovering truth through rigorous, unbiased, transparent inquiry and narrow pools of talent or perspectives make that much harder. Therefore, DEI initiatives are necessary to achieving the core mission of science, not a distraction from it.

▻https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/mar/26/donald-trump-war-on-woke-science-diversity

The Young, Inexperienced Engineers Aiding Elon Musk’s Government Takeover
►https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-government-young-engineers

Signalé sur Mastodon par @freakonometrics :

“What we’re seeing is unprecedented in that you have these actors who are not really public officials gaining access to the most sensitive data in government,”
“We really have very little eyes on what’s going on. Congress has no ability to really intervene and monitor what’s happening because these aren’t really accountable public officials. So this feels like a hostile takeover of the machinery of governments by the richest man in the world.”

▻https://mastodon.social/@freakonometrics/113942487114898806

signalé ici aussi :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/1096518

Report: Landmark guaranteed income program in City of Los Angeles produces “overwhelmingly positive” results

Groundbreaking study demonstrates impact of direct cash over a 12-month period, showing increased ability of recipients to exit intimate partner violence, decreased food insecurity, and improved quality of life across a number of additional domains.

Philadelphia, PA — City of Los Angeles residents who received $1000 monthly cash payments for a year as part of the Basic Income Guaranteed: Los Angeles Economic Assistance Pilot (BIG:LEAP) program reported positive trends in financial well-being, food security, intimate partner violence, parenting, sense of community, and reduced fear of community violence.

“BIG:LEAP participants experienced overwhelmingly positive outcomes with the infusion of unconditional cash,”write the authors of a new report produced by the Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR) at Penn’s School of Social Policy & Practice (SP2), in partnership with The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Fielding School of Public Health.

The program provided a guaranteed income (GI) to 3,200 households living in deep poverty within Los Angeles, California, the second largest and most unaffordable city in the country. Implemented by the city’s Community Investment for Families Department (CIFD) and supported by the city’s general fund with investments from local council district leaders, BIG:LEAP serves as an example of a government-led direct cash program executed at a large scale with public resources and infrastructure.

According to the report’s authors, BIG:LEAP marks a number of milestones — the first large-scale randomized controlled trial of unconditional cash positioned to determine how much change can occur in recipients’ lives within a 12-month period, the largest GI study that has concluded since the U.S. government’s experiments with income tax in the 1960s and 1970s, and the first GI study since the 1970s to consider intimate partner violence and community violence.

“The City of Los Angeles is working urgently to provide Angelenos with economic opportunities and resources in our efforts to alleviate poverty throughout L.A. These are encouraging results and I’m looking forward to expanding this program in more stable economic times. We must continue to implement creative solutions to the challenges we face and I look forward to continuing that work with locked arms,” says City of Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass.

Michael D. Tubbs, founder of Mayors for a Guaranteed Income (MGI), says, “Every day, folks are working hard and doing their part, yet still falling short. Guaranteed income gives them the flexibility to meet their families’ needs and the stability to reach for a better future.” MGI is a coalition of over 125 mayors committed to advancing a federal guaranteed income.

Part of a series of CGIR publications collectively named The American Guaranteed Income Studies, the report found that despite extreme financial pressures and profound effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, recipients benefited from GI in several ways over the duration of the program:

- Improved safety and autonomy — GI recipients reported reduced severity and frequency of intimate partner violence (IPV), with recipients using GI to prevent and exit circumstances of IPV.
- Strengthened sense of community — GI recipients were considerably more likely to report reduced fear of neighborhood violence and increased positive interactions with neighbors.
- Improved financial well-being — GI recipients demonstrated a significantly increased ability to cover a $400 emergency compared to the control group.
- Enhanced food security — GI recipients showed a notable decrease in food insecurity and an increase in health-promoting behaviors.
– Increased enrichment for children — Compared to those in the control group, parents receiving GI were significantly more likely to maintain their children’s extracurricular activities and reported more time for parenting.

“In Los Angeles, a city of extreme wealth and extreme poverty, the opportunities for upward economic mobility can seem out of reach,” write the researchers, Drs. Bo-Kyung Elizabeth Kim, Amy Castro, Stacia West, and colleagues. “BIG:LEAP, the largest GI program at its time of launch, represented a bold and significant investment to provide economic security and a solid foundation for mobility to a diverse group of caregivers with children.”

Los Angeles City Councilmember Curren Price proposed the pilot in 2021. “Through this program, we witnessed transformation beyond measure. BIG:LEAP didn’t just help Angelenos address health issues, school expenses, childcare, or emergency needs; it empowered participants to start businesses, move into their own homes, and reclaim hope from despair,” says Price. “The undeniable impact of programs like BIG:LEAP speaks volumes—it has the power to rewrite destinies and is vital for a brighter future.”

Adds Council President Pro-tem Marqueece Harris-Dawson, “The BIG:LEAP program offers significant change for some and life-altering benefits for others. The data underscores its effectiveness and success in improving health and wellbeing, and stability for all who participated.”

To qualify, participants were required to be at least 18 years old, have at least one dependent within the household or be expecting a child, be financially or medically impacted by COVID-19, and fall below the federal poverty threshold. Researchers measured participant impact against a randomized control group of 4,992 other residents who did not receive payments, though both study groups were compensated for completing surveys and interviews.

One participant commented, “[BIG:LEAP] saved my life really … I’d probably be living on the streets. I probably would have had my kids taken … it gave me a sense of security instead of always wondering if I’m gonna be able to get money for the next meal.”

The researchers say the study’s “remarkable” results suggest GI programs could serve as critical and commonsense approaches to supporting families and communities. “As the country, led by individual municipalities and innovative … leaders, moves toward shoring up the porous social safety net, GI appears to be an effective strategy to promote overall health and well-being,” the authors write.

About the Center for Guaranteed Income Research

The Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR) is an applied research center specializing in cash-transfer research, evaluation, pilot design, and narrative change. CGIR provides mixed-methods expertise in designing and executing empirical guaranteed income studies that work alongside the existing safety net. Headed by its founding directors, Drs. Amy Castro and Stacia West, CGIR is housed at the School of Social Policy & Practice at the University of Pennsylvania.

About Penn’s School of Social Policy & Practice (SP2)

For more than 110 years, the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice (SP2) has been a powerful force for good in the world, working towards social justice and social change through research and practice. SP2 contributes to the advancement of more effective, efficient, and humane human services through education, research, and civic engagement. The School offers five top-ranked, highly respected degree programs along with a range of certificate programs and dual degrees. SP2’s transdisciplinary research centers and initiatives — many collaborations with Penn’s other professional schools — yield innovative ideas and better ways to shape policy and service delivery. The passionate pursuit of social innovation, impact, and justice is at the heart of the School’s knowledge-building activities.

▻https://sp2.upenn.edu/report-landmark-guaranteed-income-program-in-city-of-los-angeles-produces
#sécurité_alimentaire #alimentation #autonomie #sécurité #bien-être

#rapport

#Center_for_Guaranteed_Income_Research

The Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR) is an applied research center specializing in cash-transfer research, evaluation, pilot design, and narrative change. We provide mixed-methods expertise in designing and executing empirical guaranteed income studies that work alongside the existing safety net. CGIR’s team, headed by its Founding Directors, Dr. Amy Castro and Dr. Stacia West, led the design and research for the Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration (SEED), and currently serve as the centralized research partners for Mayors for a Guaranteed Income (MGI). Dr. Castro and Dr. West have 20 combined years of experience in research, advocacy, and social work practice on economic justice, asset building, and cash-transfers.

▻https://www.penncgir.org
#justice_économique

The Fraud of Plastic Recycling

https://climateintegrity.org/uploads/general/Plastics-Fraud.png

How Big Oil and the plastics industry deceived the public for decades and caused the plastic waste crisis.

Underpinning the plastic waste crisis is a campaign of fraud and deception that fossil fuel and other petrochemical companies have created and perpetuated for decades.

Through new and existing research, “The Fraud of Plastic Recycling” shows how Big Oil and the plastics industry have deceptively promoted recycling as a solution to plastic waste management for more than 50 years, despite their long-standing knowledge that plastic recycling is not technically or economically viable at scale.

Now it’s time for accountability.

►https://climateintegrity.org/plastics-fraud

#responsabilité #industrie_pétrolière

I rischi della presenza di Frontex in Africa: tanto potere, poca responsabilità

https://i0.wp.com/altreconomia.it/app/uploads/2023/04/Frontex-Senegal.jpg

L’eurodeputata #Tineke_Strik è stata in Senegal e Mauritania a fine febbraio 2023: in un’intervista ad Altreconomia ricostruisce lo stato dell’arte degli accordi che l’Ue vorrebbe concludere con i due Paesi ritenuti “chiave” nel contrasto ai flussi migratori. Denunciando la necessità di una riforma strutturale dell’Agenzia.

A un anno di distanza dalle dimissioni del suo ex direttore Fabrice Leggeri, le istituzioni europee non vogliono mettere limiti all’attività di Frontex. Come abbiamo ricostruito sul numero di aprile di Altreconomia, infatti, l’Agenzia -che dal primo marzo 2023 è guidata da Hans Leijtens- continua a svolgere un ruolo centrale nelle politiche migratorie dell’Unione europea nonostante le pesanti rivelazioni dell’Ufficio europeo antifrode (Olaf), che ha ricostruito nel dettaglio il malfunzionamento nelle operazioni delle divise blu lungo i confini europei.

Ma non solo. Un aspetto particolarmente preoccupante sono le operazioni al di fuori dei Paesi dell’Unione, che rientrano sempre di più tra le priorità di Frontex in un’ottica di esternalizzazione delle frontiere per “fermare” preventivamente i flussi di persone dirette verso l’Europa. Non a caso, a luglio 2022, nonostante i contenuti del rapporto Olaf chiuso solo pochi mesi prima, la Commissione europea ha dato il via libera ai negoziati con Senegal e Mauritania per stringere un cosiddetto working arrangement e permettere così agli “agenti europei” di operare nei due Paesi africani (segnaliamo anche la recente ricerca pubblicata dall’Associazione per gli studi giuridici sull’immigrazione sul tema).

Per monitorare lo stato dell’arte di questi accordi l’eurodeputata Tineke Strik, tra le poche a opporsi e a denunciare senza sconti gli effetti delle politiche migratorie europee e il ruolo di Frontex, a fine febbraio 2023 ha svolto una missione di monitoraggio nei due Paesi. Già professoressa di Diritto della cittadinanza e delle migrazioni dell’Università di Radboud di Nimega, in Olanda, è stata eletta al Parlamento europeo nel 2019 nelle fila di GroenLinks (Sinistra verde). L’abbiamo intervistata.

Onorevole Strik, secondo quanto ricostruito dalla vostra visita (ha partecipato alla missione anche Cornelia Erns, di LeftEu, ndr), a che punto sono i negoziati con il Senegal?
TS La nostra impressione è che le autorità senegalesi non siano così desiderose di concludere un accordo di status con l’Unione europea sulla presenza di Frontex nel Paese. L’approccio di Bruxelles nei confronti della migrazione come sappiamo è molto incentrato su sicurezza e gestione delle frontiere; i senegalesi, invece, sono più interessati a un intervento sostenibile e incentrato sullo sviluppo, che offra soluzioni e affronti le cause profonde che spingono le persone a partire. Sono molti i cittadini del Senegal emigrano verso l’Europa: idealmente, il governo vuole che rimangano nel Paese, ma capisce meglio di quanto non lo facciano le istituzioni Ue che si può intervenire sulla migrazione solo affrontando le cause alla radice e migliorando la situazione nel contesto di partenza. Allo stesso tempo, le navi europee continuano a pescare lungo le coste del Paese (minacciando la pesca artigianale, ndr), le aziende europee evadono le tasse e il latte sovvenzionato dall’Ue viene scaricato sul mercato senegalese, causando disoccupazione e impedendo lo sviluppo dell’economia locale. Sono soprattutto gli accordi di pesca ad aver alimentato le partenze dal Senegal, dal momento che le comunità di pescatori sono state private della loro principale fonte di reddito. Serve domandarsi se l’Unione sia veramente interessata allo sviluppo e ad affrontare le cause profonde della migrazione. E lo stesso discorso può essere fatto su molti dei Paesi d’origine delle persone che cercano poi protezione in Europa.

Dakar vede di buon occhio l’intervento dell’Unione europea? Quale tipo di operazioni andrebbero a svolgere gli agenti di Frontex nel Paese?
TS Abbiamo avuto la sensazione che l’Ue non ascoltasse le richieste delle autorità senegalesi -ad esempio in materia di rilascio di visti d’ingresso- e ci hanno espresso preoccupazioni relative ai diritti fondamentali in merito a qualsiasi potenziale cooperazione con Frontex, data la reputazione dell’Agenzia. È difficile dire che tipo di supporto sia previsto, ma nei negoziati l’Unione sta puntando sia alle frontiere terrestri sia a quelle marittime.

Che cosa sta avvenendo in Mauritania?
TS Sebbene questo Paese sembri disposto a concludere un accordo sullo status di Frontex -soprattutto nell’ottica di ottenere un maggiore riconoscimento da parte dell’Europa-, preferisce comunque mantenere l’autonomia nella gestione delle proprie frontiere e quindi non prevede una presenza permanente dei funzionari dell’Agenzia nel Paese. Considerano l’accordo sullo status più come un quadro giuridico, per consentire la presenza di Frontex in caso di aumento della pressione migratoria. Inoltre, come il Senegal, ritengono che l’Europa debba ascoltare e accogliere le loro richieste, che riguardano principalmente i visti e altre aree di cooperazione. Anche in questo caso, Bruxelles chiede il mandato più ampio possibile per gli agenti in divisa blu durante i negoziati per “mantenere aperte le opzioni [più ampie]”, come dicono loro stessi. Ma credo sia chiaro che il loro obiettivo è quello di operare sia alle frontiere marittime sia a quelle terrestri.
Questo a livello “istituzionale”. Qual è invece la posizione della società civile?
TS In entrambi i Paesi è molto critica. In parte a causa della cattiva reputazione di Frontex in relazione ai diritti umani, ma anche a causa dell’esperienza che i cittadini senegalesi e mauritani hanno già sperimentato con la Guardia civil spagnola, presente nei due Stati, che ritengono stia intaccando la sovranità per quanto riguarda la gestione delle frontiere. È previsto che il mandato di Frontex sia addirittura esecutivo, a differenza di quello della Guardia civil, che può impegnarsi solo in pattugliamenti congiunti in cui le autorità nazionali sono al comando. Quindi la sovranità di entrambi i Paesi sarebbe ulteriormente minata.

Perché a suo avviso sarebbe problematica la presenza di agenti di Frontex nei due Paesi?
TS L’immunità che l’Unione europea vorrebbe per i propri operativi dispiegati in Africa non è solo connessa allo svolgimento delle loro funzioni ma si estende al di fuori di esse, a questo si aggiunge la possibilità di essere armati. Penso sia problematico il rispetto dei diritti fondamentali dei naufraghi intercettati in mare, poiché è difficile ottenere l’accesso all’asilo sia in Senegal sia in Mauritania. In questo Paese, ad esempio, l’Alto commissariato delle Nazioni Unite per i rifugiati (Unhcr) impiega molto tempo per determinare il loro bisogno di protezione: fanno eccezione i maliani, che riescono a ottenerla in “appena” due anni. E durante l’attesa queste persone non hanno quasi diritti.

Ma se ottengono la protezione è comunque molto difficile registrarsi presso l’amministrazione, cosa necessaria per avere accesso al mercato del lavoro, alle scuole o all’assistenza sanitaria. E le conseguenze che ne derivano sono le continue retate, i fermi e le deportazioni alla frontiera, per impedire alle persone di partire. A causa delle attuali intercettazioni in mare, le rotte migratorie si stanno spostando sulla terra ferma e puntano verso l’Algeria: l’attraversamento del deserto può essere mortale. Il problema principale è che Frontex deve rispettare il diritto dell’Unione europea anche se opera in un Paese terzo in cui si applicano norme giuridiche diverse, ma l’Agenzia andrà a operare sotto il comando delle guardie di frontiera di un Paese che non è vincolato dalle “regole” europee. Come può Frontex garantire di non essere coinvolta in operazioni che violano le norme fondamentali del diritto comunitario, se determinate azioni non sono illegali in quel Paese? Sulla carta è possibile presentare un reclamo a Frontex, ma poi nella pratica questo strumento in quali termini sarebbe accessibile ed efficace?

Un anno dopo le dimissioni dell’ex direttore Leggeri ritiene che Frontex si sia pienamente assunta la responsabilità di quanto accaduto? Può davvero, secondo lei, diventare un attore affidabile per l’Ue?
TS Prima devono accadere molte cose. Non abbiamo ancora visto una riforma fondamentale: c’è ancora un forte bisogno di maggiore trasparenza, di un atteggiamento più fermo nei confronti degli Stati membri ospitanti e di un uso conseguente dell’articolo 46 che prevede la sospensione delle operazioni in caso di violazioni dei diritti umani (abbiamo già raccontato il ruolo dell’Agenzia nei respingimenti tra Grecia e Turchia, ndr). Questi problemi saranno ovviamente esacerbati nella cooperazione con i Paesi terzi, perché la responsabilità sarà ancora più difficile da raggiungere.

▻https://altreconomia.it/i-rischi-della-presenza-di-frontex-in-africa-tanto-potere-poca-responsa

«Un laboratorio di esternalizzazione tra frontiere di terra e di mare». La missione di ASGI in Senegal e Mauritania

Lo scorso 29 marzo è stato pubblicato il rapporto «Un laboratorio di esternalizzazione tra frontiere di terra e di mare» (►https://www.asgi.it/notizie/rapporto-asgi-della-senegal-mauritania), frutto del sopralluogo giuridico effettuato tra il 7 e il 13 maggio 2022 da una delegazione di ASGI composta da Alice Fill, Lorenzo Figoni, Matteo Astuti, Diletta Agresta, Adelaide Massimi (avvocate e avvocati, operatori e operatrici legali, ricercatori e ricercatrici).

Il sopralluogo aveva l’obiettivo di analizzare lo sviluppo delle politiche di esternalizzazione del controllo della mobilità e di blocco delle frontiere implementate dall’Unione Europea in Mauritania e in Senegal – due paesi a cui, come la Turchia o gli stati balcanici più orientali, gli stati membri hanno delegato la gestione dei flussi migratori concordando politiche sempre più ostacolanti per lo spostamento delle persone.

Nel corso del sopralluogo sono stati intervistati, tra Mauritania e Senegal, più di 40 interlocutori afferenti a istituzioni, società civile, popolazione migrante e organizzazioni, tra cui OIM, UNHCR, delegazioni dell’UE. Intercettare questi soggetti ha consentito ad ASGI di andare oltre le informazioni vincolate all’ufficialità delle dichiarazioni pubbliche e di approfondire le pratiche illegittime portate avanti su questi territori.

Il report parte dalle già assodate intenzioni di collaborazione tra l’Unione Europea e le autorità senegalesi e mauritane – una collaborazione che in entrambi i paesi sembra connotata nel senso del controllo e della sorveglianza; per quanto riguarda il Senegal, si fa menzione del ben noto status agreement, proposto nel febbraio 2022 a Dakar dalla Commissaria europea agli affari interni Ylva Johansson, con il quale si intende estendere il controllo di Frontex in Senegal.

L’obiettivo di tale accordo era il controllo della cosiddetta rotta delle Canarie, che tra il 2018 e il 2022 è stata sempre più battuta. Sebbene la proposta abbia generato accese discussioni nella società civile senegalese, preoccupata all’idea di cedere parte della sovranità del paese sul controllo delle frontiere esterne, con tale accordo, elaborato con un disegno molto simile a quello che regola le modalità di intervento di Frontex nei Balcani, si legittimerebbe ufficialmente l’attività di controllo dell’agenzia UE in paesi terzi, e in particolare fuori dal continente europeo.

Per quanto riguarda la Mauritania, si menziona l’Action Plan pubblicato da Frontex il 7 giugno 2022, con il quale si prospetta una possibilità di collaborare operativamente sul territorio mauritano, in particolare per lo sviluppo di governance in materia migratoria.

Senegal

Sin dai primi anni Duemila, il dialogo tra istituzioni europee e senegalesi è stato focalizzato sulle politiche di riammissione dei cittadini senegalesi presenti in UE in maniera irregolare e dei cosiddetti ritorni volontari, le politiche di gestione delle frontiere senegalesi e il controllo della costa, la promozione di una legislazione anti-trafficking e anti-smuggling. Tutto questo si è intensificato quando, a partire dal 2018, la rotta delle Canarie è tornata a essere una rotta molto percorsa. L’operatività delle agenzie europee in Senegal per la gestione delle migrazioni si declina principalmente nei seguenti obiettivi:

1. Monitoraggio delle frontiere terrestri e marittime. Il memorandum firmato nel 2006 da Senegal e Spagna ha sancito la collaborazione ufficiale tra le forze di polizia europee e quelle senegalesi in operazioni congiunte di pattugliamento; a questo si aggiunge, sempre nello stesso anno, una presenza sempre più intensiva di Frontex al largo delle coste senegalesi.

2. Lotta alla tratta e al traffico. Su questo fronte dell’operatività congiunta tra forze senegalesi ed europee, la normativa di riferimento è la legge n. 06 del 10 maggio 2005, che offre delle direttive per il contrasto della tratta di persone e del traffico. Tale documento, non distinguendo mai fra “tratta” e “traffico”, di fatto criminalizza la migrazione irregolare tout court, dal momento che viene utilizzato in maniera estensiva (e arbitraria) come strumento di controllo e di repressione della mobilità – fu utilizzato, ad esempio, per accusare di traffico di esseri umani un padre che aveva imbarcato suo figlio su un mezzo che poi naufragato.

Il sistema di asilo in Senegal

Il Senegal aderisce alla Convenzione del 1951 sullo status de rifugiati e del relativo Protocollo del 1967; la valutazione delle domande di asilo fa capo alla Commissione Nazionale di Eleggibilità (CNE), che al deposito della richiesta di asilo emette un permesso di soggiorno della durata di 3 mesi, rinnovabile fino all’esito dell’audizione di fronte alla CNE; l’esito della CNE è ricorribile in primo grado presso la Commissione stessa e, nel caso di ulteriore rifiuto, presso il Presidente della Repubblica. Quando il richiedente asilo depone la propria domanda, subentra l’UNHCR, che nel paese è molto presente e finanzia ONG locali per fornire assistenza.

Il 5 aprile 2022 l’Assemblea Nazionale senegalese ha approvato una nuova legge sullo status dei rifugiati e degli apolidi, una legge che, stando a diverse associazioni locali, sulla carta estenderebbe i diritti cui i rifugiati hanno accesso; tuttavia, le stesse associazioni temono che a tale miglioramento possa non seguire un’applicazione effettiva della normativa.
Mauritania

Data la collocazione geografica del paese, a ridosso dell’Atlantico e delle isole Canarie, in prossimità di paesi ad alto indice di emigrazione (Senegal, Mali, Marocco), la Mauritania rappresenta un territorio strategico per il monitoraggio dei flussi migratori diretti in Europa. Pertanto, analogamente a quanto avvenuto in Senegal, anche in Mauritania la Spagna ha proceduto a rafforzare la cooperazione in tema di politiche migratorie e di gestione del controllo delle frontiere e a incrementare la presenta e l’impegno di attori esterni – in primis di agenzie quali Frontex – per interventi di contenimento dei flussi e di riammissione di cittadini stranieri in Mauritania.

Relativamente alla Mauritania, l’obiettivo principale delle istituzioni europee sembra essere la prevenzione dell’immigrazione lungo la rotta delle Canarie. La normativa di riferimento è l’Accordo di riammissione bilaterale firmato con la Spagna nel luglio 2003. Con tale accordo, la Spagna può chiedere alla Mauritania di riammettere sul proprio territorio cittadini mauritani e non solo, anche altri cittadini provenienti da paesi terzi che “si presume” siano transitati per la Mauritania prima di entrare irregolarmente in Spagna. Oltre a tali interventi, il report di ASGI menziona l’Operazione Hera di Frontex e vari interventi di cooperazione allo sviluppo promossi dalla Spagna “con finalità tutt’altro che umanitarie”, bensì di gestione della mobilità.

In tale regione, nella fase degli sbarchi risulta molto dubbio il ruolo giocato da organizzazioni come OIM e UNHCR, poiché non è codificato; interlocutori diversi hanno fornito informazioni contrastanti sulla disponibilità di UNHCR a intervenire in supporto e su segnalazione delle ONG presenti al momento dello sbarco. In ogni caso, se effettivamente UNHCR fosse assente agli sbarchi, ciò determinerebbe una sostanziale impossibilità di accesso alle procedure di protezione internazionale da parte di qualsiasi potenziale richiedente asilo che venga intercettato in mare.

Anche in questo territorio la costruzione della figura del “trafficante” diventa un dispositivo di criminalizzazione e repressione della mobilità sulla rotta atlantica, strumentale alla soddisfazione di richieste europee.
La detenzione dei cittadini stranieri

Tra Nouakchott e Nouadhibou vi sono tre centri di detenzione per persone migranti; uno di questi (il Centro di Detenzione di Nouadhibou 2 (anche detto “El Guantanamito”), venne realizzato grazie a dei fondi di un’agenzia di cooperazione spagnola. Sovraffollamento, precarietà igienico-sanitaria e impossibilità di accesso a cure e assistenza legale hanno caratterizzato tali centri. Quando El Guantanamito fu chiuso, i commissariati di polizia sono diventati i principali luoghi deputati alla detenzione dei cittadini stranieri; in tali centri, vengono detenute non solo le persone intercettate in prossimità delle coste mauritane, ma anche i cittadini stranieri riammessi dalla Spagna, e anche le persone presenti irregolarmente su territorio mauritano. Risulta delicato il tema dell’accesso a tali commissariati, dal momento che il sopralluogo ha rilevato che le ONG non hanno il permesso di entrarvi, mentre le organizzazioni internazionali sì – ciò nonostante, nessuna delle persone precedentemente sottoposte a detenzione con cui la delegazione ASGI ha avuto modo di interloquire ha dichiarato di aver riscontrato la presenza di organizzazioni all’interno di questi centri.

La detenzione amministrativa risulta essere “un tassello essenziale della politica di contenimento dei flussi di cittadini stranieri in Mauritania”. Il passaggio successivo alla detenzione delle persone migranti è l’allontanamento, che si svolge in forma di veri e propri respingimenti sommari e informali, senza che i migranti siano messi nelle condizioni né di dichiarare la propria nazionalità né di conoscere la procedura di ritorno volontario.
Il ruolo delle organizzazioni internazionali in Mauritania

OIM riveste un ruolo centrale nel panorama delle politiche di esternalizzazione e di blocco dei cittadini stranieri in Mauritania, tramite il supporto delle autorità di pubblica sicurezza mauritane nello sviluppo di politiche di contenimento della libertà di movimento – strategie e interventi che suggeriscono una connotazione securitaria della presenza dell’associazione nel paese, a scapito di una umanitaria.

Nonostante anche la Mauritania sia firmataria della Convenzione di Ginevra, non esiste a oggi una legge nazionale sul diritto di asilo nel paese. UNHCR testimonia come dal 2015 esiste un progetto di legge sull’asilo, ma che questo sia tuttora “in attesa di adozione”.

Pertanto, le procedure di asilo in Mauritania sono gestite interamente da UNHCR. Tali procedure si differenziano a seconda della pericolosità delle regioni di provenienza delle persone migranti; in particolare, i migranti maliani provenienti dalle regioni considerate più pericolose vengono registrati come rifugiati prima facie, quanto non accade invece per i richiedenti asilo provenienti dalle aree urbane, per loro, l’iter dell’asilo è ben più lungo, e prevede una sorta di “pre-pre-registrazione” presso un ente partner di UNHCR, cui segue una pre-registrazione accordata da UNHCR previo appuntamento, e solo in seguito alla registrazione viene riconosciuto un certificato di richiesta di asilo, valido per sei mesi, in attesa di audizione per la determinazione dello status di rifugiato.

Le tempistiche per il riconoscimento di protezione, poi, sono differenti a seconda del grado di vulnerabilità del richiedente e in taluni casi potevano condurre ad anni e anni di attesa. Alla complessità della procedura si aggiunge che non tutti i potenziali richiedenti asilo possono accedervi – ad esempio, chi proviene da alcuni stati, come la Sierra Leone, considerati “paesi sicuri” secondo una categorizzazione fornita dall’Unione Africana.
Conclusioni

In fase conclusiva, il report si sofferma sul ruolo fondamentale giocato dall’Unione Europea nel forzare le politiche senegalesi e mauritane nel senso della sicurezza e del contenimento, a scapito della tutela delle persone migranti nei loro diritti fondamentali. Le principali preoccupazioni evidenziate sono rappresentate dalla prospettiva della conclusione dello status agreement tra Frontex e i due paesi, perché tale ratifica ufficializzerebbe non solo la presenza, ma un ruolo legittimo e attivo di un’agenzia europea nel controllo di frontiere che si dispiegano ben oltre i confini territoriali comunitari, ben oltre le acque territoriali, spingendo le maglie del controllo dei flussi fin dentro le terre di quegli stati da cui le persone fuggono puntando all’Unione Europea. La delegazione, tuttavia, sottolinea che vi sono aree in cui la società civile senegalese e mauritana risulta particolarmente politicizzata, dunque in grado di esprimere insofferenza o aperta contrarietà nei confronti delle ingerenze europee nei loro paesi. Infine, da interviste, colloqui e incontri con diretti interessati e testimoni, il ruolo di organizzazioni internazionali come le citate OIM e UNHCR appare nella maggior parte dei casi “fluido o sfuggevole”; una prospettiva, questa, che sembra confermare l’ambivalenza delle grandi organizzazioni internazionali, soggetti messi innanzitutto al servizio degli interessi delle istituzioni europee.

Il report si conclude auspicando una prosecuzione di studio e analisi al fine di continuare a monitorare gli sviluppi politici e legislativi che legano l’Unione Europea e questi territori nella gestione operativa delle migrazioni.

▻https://www.meltingpot.org/2023/05/un-laboratorio-di-esternalizzazione-tra-frontiere-di-terra-e-di-mare

Pubblicato il rapporto #ASGI della missione in Senegal e Mauritania

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Il Senegal e la Mauritania sono paesi fondamentali lungo la rotta che conduce dall’Africa occidentale alle isole Canarie. Nel 2020, dopo alcuni anni in cui la rotta era stata meno utilizzata, vi è stato un incremento del 900% degli arrivi rispetto all’anno precedente. Il dato ha portato la Spagna e le istituzioni europee a concentrarsi nuovamente sui due paesi. La cosiddetta Rotta Atlantica, che a partire dal 2006 era stata teatro di sperimentazioni di pratiche di contenimento e selezione della mobilità e di delega dei controlli alle frontiere e del diritto di asilo, è tornata all’attenzione internazionale: da febbraio 2022 sono in corso negoziazioni per la firma di un accordo di status con Frontex per permettere il dispiegamento dei suoi agenti in Senegal e Mauritania.

Al fine di indagare l’attuazione delle politiche di esternalizzazione e i loro effetti, dal 7 al 13 maggio 2022 un gruppo di socз ASGI – avvocatз, operatorз legali e ricercatorз – ha effettuato un sopralluogo giuridico a Nouakchott, Mauritania e a Dakar, Senegal.

Il report restituisce il quadro ricostruito nel corso del sopralluogo, durante il quale è stato possibile intervistare oltre 45 interlocutori tra istituzioni, organizzazioni internazionali, ONG e persone migranti.

►https://www.asgi.it/notizie/rapporto-asgi-della-senegal-mauritania
#rapport

Au Sénégal, les desseins de Frontex se heurtent aux résistances locales

Tout semblait devoir aller très vite : début 2022, l’Union européenne propose de déployer sa force anti-migration Frontex sur les côtes sénégalaises, et le président Macky Sall y semble favorable. Mais c’était compter sans l’opposition de la société civile, qui refuse de voir le Sénégal ériger des murs à la place de l’Europe.

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Agents armés, navires, drones et systèmes de sécurité sophistiqués : Frontex, l’agence européenne de gardes-frontières et de gardes-côtes créée en 2004, a sorti le grand jeu pour dissuader les Africains de prendre la direction des îles Canaries – et donc de l’Europe –, l’une des routes migratoires les plus meurtrières au monde. Cet arsenal, auquel s’ajoutent des programmes de formation de la police aux frontières, est la pierre angulaire de la proposition faite début 2022 par le Conseil de l’Europe au Sénégal. Finalement, Dakar a refusé de la signer sous la pression de la société civile, même si les négociations ne sont pas closes. Dans un climat politique incandescent à l’approche de l’élection présidentielle de 2024, le président sénégalais, Macky Sall, soupçonné de vouloir briguer un troisième mandat, a préféré prendre son temps et a fini par revenir sur sa position initiale, qui semblait ouverte à cette collaboration. Dans le même temps, la Mauritanie voisine, elle, a entamé des négociations avec Bruxelles.

L’histoire débute le 11 février 2022 : lors d’une conférence de presse à Dakar, la commissaire aux Affaires intérieures du Conseil de l’Europe, Ylva Johansson, officialise la proposition européenne de déployer Frontex sur les côtes sénégalaises. « C’est mon offre et j’espère que le gouvernement sénégalais sera intéressé par cette opportunité unique », indique-t-elle. En cas d’accord, elle annonce que l’agence européenne sera déployée dans le pays au plus tard au cours de l’été 2022. Dans les jours qui ont suivi l’annonce de Mme Johansson, plusieurs associations de la société civile sénégalaise ont organisé des manifestations et des sit-in à Dakar contre la signature de cet accord, jugé contraire aux intérêts nationaux et régionaux.

Une frontière déplacée vers la côte sénégalaise

« Il s’agit d’un #dispositif_policier très coûteux qui ne permet pas de résoudre les problèmes d’immigration tant en Afrique qu’en Europe. C’est pourquoi il est impopulaire en Afrique. Frontex participe, avec des moyens militaires, à l’édification de murs chez nous, en déplaçant la frontière européenne vers la côte sénégalaise. C’est inacceptable, dénonce Seydi Gassama, le directeur exécutif d’Amnesty International au Sénégal. L’UE exerce une forte pression sur les États africains. Une grande partie de l’aide européenne au développement est désormais conditionnée à la lutte contre la migration irrégulière. Les États africains doivent pouvoir jouer un rôle actif dans ce jeu, ils ne doivent pas accepter ce qu’on leur impose, c’est-à-dire des politiques contraires aux intérêts de leurs propres communautés. » Le défenseur des droits humains rappelle que les transferts de fonds des migrants pèsent très lourd dans l’économie du pays : selon les chiffres de la Banque mondiale, ils ont atteint 2,66 milliards de dollars (2,47 milliards d’euros) au Sénégal en 2021, soit 9,6 % du PIB (presque le double du total de l’aide internationale au développement allouée au pays, de l’ordre de 1,38 milliard de dollars en 2021). « Aujourd’hui, en visitant la plupart des villages sénégalais, que ce soit dans la région de Fouta, au Sénégal oriental ou en Haute-Casamance, il est clair que tout ce qui fonctionne – hôpitaux, dispensaires, routes, écoles – a été construit grâce aux envois de fonds des émigrés », souligne M. Gassama.

« Quitter son lieu de naissance pour aller vivre dans un autre pays est un droit humain fondamental, consacré par l’article 13 de la Convention de Genève de 1951, poursuit-il. Les sociétés capitalistes comme celles de l’Union européenne ne peuvent pas dire aux pays africains : “Vous devez accepter la libre circulation des capitaux et des services, alors que nous n’acceptons pas la libre circulation des travailleurs”. » Selon lui, « l’Europe devrait garantir des routes migratoires régulières, quasi inexistantes aujourd’hui, et s’attaquer simultanément aux racines profondes de l’exclusion, de la pauvreté, de la crise démocratique et de l’instabilité dans les pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest afin d’offrir aux jeunes des perspectives alternatives à l’émigration et au recrutement dans les rangs des groupes djihadistes ».

Depuis le siège du Forum social sénégalais (FSS), à Dakar, Mamadou Mignane Diouf abonde : « L’UE a un comportement inhumain, intellectuellement et diplomatiquement malhonnête. » Le coordinateur du FSS cite le cas récent de l’accueil réservé aux réfugiés ukrainiens ayant fui la guerre, qui contraste avec les naufrages incessants en Méditerranée et dans l’océan Atlantique, et avec la fermeture des ports italiens aux bateaux des ONG internationales engagées dans des opérations de recherche et de sauvetage des migrants. « Quel est ce monde dans lequel les droits de l’homme ne sont accordés qu’à certaines personnes en fonction de leur origine ?, se désole-t-il. À chaque réunion internationale sur la migration, nous répétons aux dirigeants européens que s’ils investissaient un tiers de ce qu’ils allouent à Frontex dans des politiques de développement local transparentes, les jeunes Africains ne seraient plus contraints de partir. » Le budget total alloué à Frontex, en constante augmentation depuis 2016, a dépassé les 754 millions d’euros en 2022, contre 535 millions l’année précédente.
Une des routes migratoires les plus meurtrières

Boubacar Seye, directeur de l’ONG Horizon sans Frontières, parle de son côté d’une « gestion catastrophique et inhumaine des frontières et des phénomènes migratoires ». Selon les estimations de l’ONG espagnole Caminando Fronteras, engagée dans la surveillance quotidienne de ce qu’elle appelle la « nécro-frontière ouest-euro-africaine », entre 2018 et 2022, 7 865 personnes originaires de 31 pays différents, dont 1 273 femmes et 383 enfants, auraient trouvé la mort en tentant de rejoindre les côtes espagnoles des Canaries à bord de pirogues en bois et de canots pneumatiques cabossés – soit une moyenne de 6 victimes chaque jour. Il s’agit de l’une des routes migratoires les plus dangereuses et les plus meurtrières au monde, avec le triste record, ces cinq dernières années, d’au moins 250 bateaux qui auraient coulé avec leurs passagers à bord. Le dernier naufrage connu a eu lieu le 2 octobre 2022. Selon le récit d’un jeune Ivoirien de 27 ans, seul survivant, le bateau a coulé après neuf jours de mer, emportant avec lui 33 vies.

Selon les chiffres fournis par le ministère espagnol de l’Intérieur, environ 15 000 personnes sont arrivées aux îles Canaries en 2022 – un chiffre en baisse par rapport à 2021 (21 000) et 2020 (23 000). Et pour cause : la Guardia Civil espagnole a déployé des navires et des hélicoptères sur les côtes du Sénégal et de la Mauritanie, dans le cadre de l’opération « Hera » mise en place dès 2006 (l’année de la « crise des pirogues ») grâce à des accords de coopération militaire avec les deux pays africains, et en coordination avec Frontex.

« Les frontières de l’Europe sont devenues des lieux de souffrance, des cimetières, au lieu d’être des entrelacs de communication et de partage, dénonce Boubacar Seye, qui a obtenu la nationalité espagnole. L’Europe se barricade derrière des frontières juridiques, politiques et physiques. Aujourd’hui, les frontières sont équipées de moyens de surveillance très avancés. Mais, malgré tout, les naufrages et les massacres d’innocents continuent. Il y a manifestement un problème. » Une question surtout le hante : « Combien d’argent a-t-on injecté dans la lutte contre la migration irrégulière en Afrique au fil des ans ? Il n’y a jamais eu d’évaluation. Demander publiquement un audit transparent, en tant que citoyen européen et chercheur, m’a coûté la prison. » L’activiste a été détenu pendant une vingtaine de jours en janvier 2021 au Sénégal pour avoir osé demander des comptes sur l’utilisation des fonds européens. De la fenêtre de son bureau, à Dakar, il regarde l’océan et s’alarme : « L’ère post-Covid et post-guerre en Ukraine va générer encore plus de tensions géopolitiques liées aux migrations. »
Un outil policier contesté à gauche

Bruxelles, novembre 2022. Nous rencontrons des professeurs, des experts des questions migratoires et des militants belges qui dénoncent l’approche néocoloniale des politiques migratoires de l’Union européenne (UE). Il est en revanche plus difficile d’échanger quelques mots avec les députés européens, occupés à courir d’une aile à l’autre du Parlement européen, où l’on n’entre que sur invitation. Quelques heures avant la fin de notre mission, nous parvenons toutefois à rencontrer Amandine Bach, conseillère politique sur les questions migratoires pour le groupe parlementaire de gauche The Left. « Nous sommes le seul parti qui s’oppose systématiquement à Frontex en tant qu’outil policier pour gérer et contenir les flux migratoires vers l’UE », affirme-t-elle.

Mme Bach souligne la différence entre « statut agreement » (accord sur le statut) et « working arrangement » (arrangement de travail) : « Il ne s’agit pas d’une simple question juridique. Le premier, c’est-à-dire celui initialement proposé au Sénégal, est un accord formel qui permet à Frontex un déploiement pleinement opérationnel. Il est négocié par le Conseil de l’Europe, puis soumis au vote du Parlement européen, qui ne peut que le ratifier ou non, sans possibilité de proposer des amendements. Le second, en revanche, est plus symbolique qu’opérationnel et offre un cadre juridique plus simple. Il n’est pas discuté par le Parlement et n’implique pas le déploiement d’agents et de moyens, mais il réglemente la coopération et l’échange d’informations entre l’agence européenne et les États tiers. » Autre différence substantielle : seul l’accord sur le statut peut donner – en fonction de ce qui a été négocié entre les parties – une immunité partielle ou totale aux agents de Frontex sur le sol non européen. L’agence dispose actuellement de tels accords dans les Balkans, avec des déploiements en Serbie et en Albanie (d’autres accords seront bientôt opérationnels en Macédoine du Nord et peut-être en Bosnie, pays avec lequel des négociations sont en cours).

Cornelia Ernst (du groupe parlementaire The Left), la rapporteuse de l’accord entre Frontex et le Sénégal nommée en décembre 2022, va droit au but : « Je suis sceptique, j’ai beaucoup de doutes sur ce type d’accord. La Commission européenne ne discute pas seulement avec le Sénégal, mais aussi avec la Mauritanie et d’autres pays africains. Le Sénégal est un pays de transit pour les réfugiés de toute l’Afrique de l’Ouest, et l’UE lui offre donc de l’argent dans l’espoir qu’il accepte d’arrêter les réfugiés. Nous pensons que cela met en danger la liberté de circulation et d’autres droits sociaux fondamentaux des personnes, ainsi que le développement des pays concernés, comme cela s’est déjà produit au Soudan. » Et d’ajouter : « J’ai entendu dire que le Sénégal n’est pas intéressé pour le moment par un “statut agreement”, mais n’est pas fermé à un “working arrangement” avec Frontex, contrairement à la Mauritanie, qui négocie un accord substantiel qui devrait prévoir un déploiement de Frontex. »

Selon Mme Ernst, la stratégie de Frontex consiste à envoyer des agents, des armes, des véhicules, des drones, des bateaux et des équipements de surveillance sophistiqués, tels que des caméras thermiques, et à fournir une formation aux gardes-frontières locaux. C’est ainsi qu’ils entendent « protéger » l’Europe en empêchant les réfugiés de poursuivre leur voyage. La question est de savoir ce qu’il adviendra de ces réfugiés bloqués au Sénégal ou en Mauritanie en cas d’accord.
Des rapports accablants

Principal outil de dissuasion développé par l’UE en réponse à la « crise migratoire » de 2015-2016, Frontex a bénéficié en 2019 d’un renforcement substantiel de son mandat, avec le déploiement de 10 000 gardes-frontières prévu d’ici à 2027 (ils sont environ 1 500 aujourd’hui) et des pouvoirs accrus en matière de coopération avec les pays non européens, y compris ceux qui ne sont pas limitrophes de l’UE. Mais les résultats son maigres. Un rapport de la Cour des comptes européenne d’août 2021 souligne « l’inefficacité de Frontex dans la lutte contre l’immigration irrégulière et la criminalité transfrontalière ». Un autre rapport de l’Office européen de lutte antifraude (Olaf), publié en mars 2022, a quant à lui révélé des responsabilités directes et indirectes dans des « actes de mauvaise conduite » à l’encontre des exilés, allant du harcèlement aux violations des droits fondamentaux en Grèce, en passant par le refoulement illégal de migrants dans le cadre d’opérations de rapatriement en Hongrie.

Ces rapports pointent du doigt les plus hautes sphères de Frontex, tout comme le Frontex Scrutiny Working Group (FSWG), une commission d’enquête créée en février 2021 par le Parlement européen dans le but de « contrôler en permanence tous les aspects du fonctionnement de Frontex, y compris le renforcement de son rôle et de ses ressources pour la gestion intégrée des frontières et l’application correcte du droit communautaire ». Ces révélations ont conduit, en mars 2021, à la décision du Parlement européen de suspendre temporairement l’extension du budget de Frontex et, en mai 2022, à la démission de Fabrice Leggeri, qui était à la tête de l’agence depuis 2015.
Un tabou à Dakar

« Actuellement aucun cadre juridique n’a été défini avec un État africain », affirme Frontex. Si dans un premier temps l’agence nous a indiqué que les discussions avec le Sénégal étaient en cours – « tant que les négociations sur l’accord de statut sont en cours, nous ne pouvons pas les commenter » (19 janvier 2023) –, elle a rétropédalé quelques jours plus tard en précisant que « si les négociations de la Commission européenne avec le Sénégal sur un accord de statut n’ont pas encore commencé, Frontex est au courant des négociations en cours entre la Commission européenne et la Mauritanie » (1er février 2023).

Interrogé sur les négociations avec le Sénégal, la chargée de communication de Frontex, Paulina Bakula, nous a envoyé par courriel la réponse suivant : « Nous entretenons une relation de coopération étroite avec les autorités sénégalaises chargées de la gestion des frontières et de la lutte contre la criminalité transfrontalière, en particulier avec la Direction générale de la police nationale, mais aussi avec la gendarmerie, l’armée de l’air et la marine. » En effet, la coopération avec le Sénégal a été renforcée avec la mise en place d’un officier de liaison Frontex à Dakar en janvier 2020. « Compte tenu de la pression continue sur la route Canaries-océan Atlantique, poursuit Paulina Bakula, le Sénégal reste l’un des pays prioritaires pour la coopération opérationnelle de Frontex en Afrique de l’Ouest. Cependant, en l’absence d’un cadre juridique pour la coopération avec le Sénégal, l’agence a actuellement des possibilités très limitées de fournir un soutien opérationnel. »

Interpellée sur la question des droits de l’homme en cas de déploiement opérationnel en Afrique de l’Ouest, Paulina Bakula écrit : « Si l’UE conclut de tels accords avec des partenaires africains à l’avenir, il incombera à Frontex de veiller à ce qu’ils soient mis en œuvre dans le plein respect des droits fondamentaux et que des garanties efficaces soient mises en place pendant les activités opérationnelles. »

Malgré des demandes d’entretien répétées durant huit mois, formalisées à la fois par courriel et par courrier, aucune autorité sénégalaise n’a accepté de répondre à nos questions. « Le gouvernement est conscient de la sensibilité du sujet pour l’opinion publique nationale et régionale, c’est pourquoi il ne veut pas en parler. Et il ne le fera probablement pas avant les élections présidentielles de 2024 », confie, sous le couvert de l’anonymat, un homme politique sénégalais. Il constate que la question migratoire est devenue, ces dernières années, autant un ciment pour la société civile qu’un tabou pour la classe politique ouest-africaine.

▻https://afriquexxi.info/Au-Senegal-les-desseins-de-Frontex-se-heurtent-aux-resistances-locales
#conditionnalité #conditionnalité_de_l'aide_au_développement #remittances #résistance

What is Frontex doing in Senegal? Secret services also participate in their network of “#Risk_Analysis_Cells”

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Frontex has been allowed to conclude stationing agreements with third countries since 2016. However, the government in Dakar does not currently want to allow EU border police into the country. Nevertheless, Frontex has been active there since 2006.

When Frontex was founded in 2004, the EU states wrote into its border agency’s charter that it could only be deployed within the Union. With developments often described as the “refugee crisis,” that changed in the new 2016 regulation, which since then has allowed the EU Commission to negotiate agreements with third countries to send Frontex there. So far, four Balkan states have decided to let the EU migration defense agency into the country – Bosnia and Herzegovina could become the fifth candidate.

Frontex also wanted to conclude a status agreement with Senegal based on this model (►https://digit.site36.net/2022/02/11/status-agreement-with-senegal-frontex-wants-to-operate-in-africa-for-t). In February 2022, the EU Commissioner for Home Affairs, Ylva Johansson, announced that such a treaty would be ready for signing by the summer (►https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220211-eu-seeks-to-deploy-border-agency-to-senegal). However, this did not happen: Despite high-level visits from the EU (►https://digit.site36.net/2022/02/11/status-agreement-with-senegal-frontex-wants-to-operate-in-africa-for-t), the government in Dakar is apparently not even prepared to sign a so-called working agreement. It would allow authorities in the country to exchange personal data with Frontex.

Senegal is surrounded by more than 2,600 kilometers of external border; like neighboring Mali, Gambia, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, the government has joined the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Similar to the Schengen area, the agreement also regulates the free movement of people and goods in a total of 15 countries. Senegal is considered a safe country of origin by Germany and other EU member states like Luxembourg.

Even without new agreements, Frontex has been active on migration from Senegal practically since its founding: the border agency’s first (and, with its end in 2019, longest) mission started in 2006 under the name “#Hera” between West Africa and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic (▻https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/analyses/no-307-frontex-operation-hera.pdf). Border authorities from Mauritania were also involved. The background to this was the sharp increase in crossings from the countries at the time, which were said to have declined successfully under “Hera.” For this purpose, Frontex received permission from Dakar to enter territorial waters of Senegal with vessels dispatched from member states.

Senegal has already been a member of the “#Africa-Frontex_Intelligence_Community” (#AFIC) since 2015. This “community”, which has been in existence since 2010, aims to improve Frontex’s risk analysis and involves various security agencies to this end. The aim is to combat cross-border crimes, which include smuggling as well as terrorism. Today, 30 African countries are members of AFIC. Frontex has opened an AFIC office in five of these countries, including Senegal since 2019 (▻https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news/news-release/frontex-opens-risk-analysis-cell-in-senegal-6nkN3B). The tasks of the Frontex liaison officer stationed there include communicating with the authorities responsible for border management and assisting with deportations from EU member states.

The personnel of the national “Risk Analysis Cells” are trained by Frontex. Their staff are to collect strategic data on crime and analyze their modus operandi, EU satellite surveillance is also used for this purpose (▻https://twitter.com/matthimon/status/855425552148295680). Personal data is not processed in the process. From the information gathered, Frontex produces, in addition to various dossiers, an annual situation report, which the agency calls an “#Pre-frontier_information_picture.”

Officially, only national law enforcement agencies participate in the AFIC network, provided they have received a “mandate for border management” from their governments. In Senegal, these are the National Police and the Air and Border Police, in addition to the “Department for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings and Similar Practices.” According to the German government, the EU civil-military missions in Niger and Libya are also involved in AFIC’s work.

Information is not exchanged with intelligence services “within the framework of AFIC activities by definition,” explains the EU Commission in its answer to a parliamentary question. However, the word “by definition” does not exclude the possibility that they are nevertheless involved and also contribute strategic information. In addition, in many countries, police authorities also take on intelligence activities – quite differently from how this is regulated in Germany, for example, in the separation requirement for these authorities. However, according to Frontex’s response to a FOIA request, intelligence agencies are also directly involved in AFIC: Morocco and Côte d’Ivoire send their domestic secret services to AFIC meetings, and a “#Center_for_Monitoring_and_Profiling” from Senegal also participates.

Cooperation with Senegal is paying off for the EU: Since 2021, the total number of arrivals of refugees and migrants from Senegal via the so-called Atlantic route as well as the Western Mediterranean route has decreased significantly. The recognition rate for asylum seekers from the country is currently around ten percent in the EU.

►https://digit.site36.net/2023/08/27/what-is-frontex-doing-in-senegal-secret-services-also-participate-in-t
#services_de_renseignement #données #services_secrets

Promenons-nous dans les bois. Pendant que le #loup n’y est plus

https://i.imgur.com/G4GSCBF.png

Une citation...

« Contrairement à l’idée qu’a imposée par la suite la bourgeoisie à travers l’histoire officielle, les #lois_Ferry n’avaient pas pour but l’#émancipation des #enfants de prolétaires. Il s’agissait tout au contraire d’en faire de ’#bons_citoyens' capables d’obéir, de comprendre les ordres et de les exécuter ».

(Ysengrin, 2019/20, p.14)

#Jules_Ferry #école_publique #école

Nicole écoute aux portes. Entretien à propos de radios, d’animaux et d’un bout du #Valgaudemar

https://i.imgur.com/NOIFJd4.png

#radio #téléphone_portable #tourisme #alpage #vallée_du_VAlgaudemar #bergers #élevage #Les_Portes #exode_rural #pastoralisme #France

La fin du monde, l’eau et le feu

https://i.imgur.com/OJFUVhZ.png

#barrage #Gleno #histoire #barrage_hydro-électrique #Dezzo_di_Colere #énergie #Val_Camonica #Vallée_de_Scalve #Val_Scalve #lac_d'Isao #procès #Virgile_Vigano #La_Ponte_Abiate #justice #Vigano #industrie_textile (#coton) #responsabilité #femmes #injustice #fascisme

–-> original publié en italien :
▻https://nunatak.noblogs.org/post/2018/09/21/nunatak-n-51-52-estate-autunno-2018

#Transhumances. Une revue saisonnière (1978-1990)

https://i.imgur.com/tlEvsZO.png

#saisonniers #tourisme #travailleurs_saisonniers #travail #syndicats #conventions_collectives #grève #histoire #Nuits_Blanches_des_saisonniers #Festival_international_des_saisonniers #culture_touristique #revue

Une citation :

« A la fin du XXe siècle, c’étaient les militaires qui sauvaient les migrants, alors que les Piémontais franchissaient des cols de haute altitude à toutes les époques de l’année, partant du pays ou y revenant.
En #Ubaye, il y avait le lieutenant Trémeau qui était dans un poste militaire. Il appartenait au #CAF, comme beaucoup d’autres militaires. Il avait eu l’idée de construire un #refuge au #col_Sautron, où, si l’on en juge par le registre des décès de la paroisse italienne, au moins soixante-quinze migrants italiens sont morts. Plus près d’ici au #col_Agnel, quand le refuge a été occupé par les militaires dans les années 1890, les soldats voyaient passer des migrants à tout moment. Ils faisaient un peu buvette, moyennant finance. Quand on leur signalait des voyageurs, ils avaient un cor pour appeler, ou alors ils tiraient au fusil pour donner la direction du refuge. Ils ont recueilli des familles entières. Ce côté humain des événements n’empêchait pas, plus au sud, à Marseille notamment, les manifestations xénophobes »

(propos recueillis par Cyrille, p.43)

#xénophobie #migrations #frontières #frontière_sud-alpine #histoire

–—

Des livres aux #éditions_transhumances :

– Venus d’ailleurs (sur le panorama de l’immigration dans le Briançonnais de 1850 à 2000)
– L’autre versant (traite de l’émigration piémontaise-italienne)
– Versant de l’autre (côté #L'Argentière, immigration turque)
– D’Est en Ouest (à propos des migrants venus d’Europe de l’Est à Gap)
– Des pommes dans les mains (à propos des saisonniers de l’#arboriculture)

#migrations #Hautes-Alpes #Briançon

Imbroglio sur le #Markstein. Une histoire d’#arnica dans les #Vosges

https://i.imgur.com/Lt4xDIZ.png

#cueillette_sauvage #appropriation #cueillette #or_des_Vosges #laboratoires_pharmaceutiques #saisonniers #travail_saisonnier #cosmétique #Boiron #Bleu_Vert_Vosges #Weleda #Lehning #Parc_naturel_régional_des_Ballons_des_Vosges #AVEM #Vosges_Développement #homéopathie #allopathie #médecine #médicaments #économie #tourisme #cueillette_intensive #extractivisme #pillage

–—

Quelques références citées dans l’article :
Vosges : la cueillette de l’arnica, or jaune des montagnes, très surveillée
▻https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/vosges-la-cueillette-de-l-arnica-or-jaune-des-montagnes-tres-survei

Arnica montana
▻http://planteetplanete.org/continents/europe/documentaire-sur-larnica
▻https://vimeo.com/9761757

Cueillir la montagne - a travers landes, patures et sous-bois

https://ec56229aec51f1baff1d-185c3068e22352c56024573e929788ff.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/attachments/large/4/4/5/009871445.jpg

Voyage, voyage ! Inteview de l’#Office_de_l'antitourisme

https://i.imgur.com/6p8V2yr.png

The Extremist Campaign to Blame Immigrants for U.S. Environmental Problems

With growing frequency over the past four years, right-wing pundits, policymakers, and political operatives have fiercely and furiously blamed immigrants for the degradation and decline of nature in the United States. William Perry Pendley, who temporarily ran the U.S. Bureau of Land Management under former President Donald Trump, saw “immigration as one of the biggest threats to public lands,” according to an agency spokesperson.1 A handful of right-wing anti-immigration zealots, including Joe Guzzardi, have repeatedly misused data published by the Center for American Progress on nature loss to make xenophobic arguments for anti-immigration policies.2 This so-called “greening of hate”—a term explored by Guardian reporter Susie Cagle—is a common refrain in a wide range of conservative and white supremacist arguments, including those of Ann Coulter, Fox News host Tucker Carlson, neo-Nazi Richard Spencer, and the manifestos of more than one mass shooter.3

The claim that immigration is to blame for America’s environmental problems is so absurd, racist, and out of the mainstream that it is easily debunked and tempting to ignore. The scientific community, and the little research that has been conducted in this area, resoundingly refutes the premise. Consider, for example, the environmental damage caused by weak and inadequate regulation of polluting industries; the destruction of wildlife habitat to accommodate wealthy exurbs and second homes; the design and propagation of policies that concentrate toxic poisons and environmental destruction near communities of color and low-income communities; the continued subsidization of fossil fuel extraction and trampling of Indigenous rights to accommodate drilling and mining projects; and the propagation of a throw-away culture by industrial powerhouses. All of these factors and others cause exponentially more severe environmental harm than a family that is fleeing violence, poverty, or suffering to seek a new life in the United States.

The extremist effort to blame immigrants for the nation’s environmental problems deserves scrutiny—and not merely for the purpose of disproving its xenophobic and outlandish claims. The contours, origins, funding sources, and goals of this right-wing effort must be understood in order to effectively combat it and ensure that the extremists pushing it have no place in the conservation movement. The individuals and organizations that are most fervently propagating this argument come largely from well-funded hate groups that are abusing discredited ideologies that were prevalent in the 19th-century American conservation movement in an attempt to make their racist rhetoric more palatable to a public concerned about the health of their environment.

While leaders of the contemporary, mainstream environmental movement in the United States have disavowed this strain of thought and are working to confront the legacies of colonialism and racism in environmental organizations and policies, a small set of right-wing political operatives are trying to magnify overtly xenophobic and false environmental arguments to achieve specific political objectives. In particular, these right-wing political operatives and their deep-pocketed funders are seeking to broaden the appeal of their anti-immigration zealotry by greenwashing their movement and supplying their right-wing base with alternative explanations for environmental decline that sidestep the culpability of the conservative anti-regulatory agenda. In their refusal to confront the true reasons for environmental decline, they are hurting the people—immigrants, Indigenous peoples, and people of color—who bear a disproportionate burden of environmental consequences and are increasingly the base of the climate justice and conservation movements.

(...)

▻https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/reports/2021/02/01/495228/extremist-campaign-blame-immigrants-u-s-environmental-problems

#Center_Parks, #Radio_Zinzine, #ZAD.

#Center_Parc #résistance #bois_de_Roybon #tourisme #Pierre_et_Vacances #forêt_des_Chambaran

#occupation #salarié.e.s

ajout de la vidéo mise en en ligne par @lundimatin du vote de la subvention au campus de Cockerill Maintenance Ingénierie en conseil régional. Edifiant. ▻https://lundi.am/LOLrraine

cc @monolecte @mona

Un modèle économique prédateur à la Ryan Air

#GPI