• Exhibition “#Prijelaz” (“The Passage”) at Živi Atelje in Zagreb (Croaia)


    https://www.facebook.com/ziviateljedk

    –-> commemorating the people on the move who lost their lives on Croatian borders

    Uskoro u Živi Atelje DK pogledajte izložbu “Prijelaz” koja progovara o smrtima ljudi u pokretu na hrvatskim granicama, koje čuvaju Tvrđavu Europu.
    Izgubljen život je bol i patnja za obitelj i prijatelje, ali i za nas kao članove društva u kojima su ti životi odneseni. Smrt na hrvatskim granicama odnijela je živote i lica ljudi i upravo o tim licima je posvećena izložba “Prijelaz”. Izložba progovara o svijesti hrvatskog društva koje uslijed procesa pristupanja Schengenskoj zoni i europskoj eliti krši ljudska prava i zatvara oči pred smrtima.
    Ove prakse događaju se u našoj neposrednoj blizini i važno je da im se suprotstavimo.

    –—

    Traduction automatique:

    Bientôt, dans le Living Atelje DK, jetez un œil à l’exposition "Crossing", qui parle de la mort de personnes en déplacement aux frontières croates, qui gardent la forteresse Europe.
    Une vie perdue est une douleur et une souffrance pour la famille et les amis, mais aussi pour nous en tant que membres de la société dans laquelle ces vies ont été enlevées. La mort aux frontières croates a emporté la vie et le visage de personnes, et l’exposition « Traverser » est dédiée à ces personnes. L’exposition parle de la conscience de la société croate qui, en raison du processus d’adhésion à l’espace Schengen et à l’élite européenne, viole les droits de l’homme et ferme les yeux sur la mort.
    Ces pratiques se produisent dans notre voisinage immédiat et il est important que nous nous y opposions.

    https://www.facebook.com/CentarzaMirovneStudije/posts/3955498717878068

    #exposition #art_et_politique #Croatie #mourir_aux_frontières #migrations #asile #réfugiés #frontières #Balkans #route_des_Balkans #The_Passage #commémoration

  • 20 ans de la #loi_Taubira : Trierweiler analyse le « silence assourdissant » de Macron

    ÉDITO - Le 10 mai 2021, nous commémorions les 20 ans de la loi Taubira qui a reconnu l’esclavage et la traite négrière comme crimes contre l’Humanité. Comment expliquer le silence d’Emmanuel Macron, dénoncé par la gauche ? Quelles conséquences pour le président ?

    Le 10 mai, ce n’était pas seulement les 40 ans de l’élection de François Mitterrand mais nous fêtions aussi les 20 ans de la loi Taubira, celle qui a permis à la France de reconnaitre l’esclavage et la traite négrière comme crimes contre l’Humanité.

    Pourtant ce lundi 10 mai, il ne s’est quasiment rien passé alors qu’il s’agissait un rendez-vous très attendu. Petit rappel : Emmanuel Macron a commémoré le bicentenaire de Napoléon alors que ce dernier a rétabli l’esclavage en 1802 aboli en 1794, alors les associations attendaient beaucoup du président en guise de rééquilibrage.

    Comme chaque année depuis 2006 et à l’initiative de Jacques Chirac, il y a eu une cérémonie au jardin du Luxembourg à laquelle assistaient un certain nombre de personnalités dont Jean-Marc Ayrault, président de la Fondation pour la mémoire de l’esclavage. Il y a eu plusieurs discours. Et au moment où chacun s’attendait à ce que le président Macron prenne la parole. Rien, il ne s’est #rien passé, rien d’autre que le silence. Pas le genre minute de silence, pas le silence solennel, mais le silence assourdissant. Et il est parti.

    De vives réactions

    Le moins que l’on puisse dire c’est que cela a suscité des réactions ! Dans l’heure qui a suivi, Christiane Taubira a immédiatement fustigé le président de la République. Et elle n’a pas été la seule. Une grande partie de la gauche s’est emportée elle aussi, dénonçant un silence coupable ou encore un silence d’une grande violence.

    Alors dans la soirée, sans doute sur les conseils de collaborateurs, Emmanuel Macron s’est fendu d’un tweet pour préciser qu’il y a 20 ans, la France reconnaissait l’esclavage comme crime contre l’Humanité mais sans citer Christiane Taubira.

    Quelles conséquences ?

    Il ne s’agit pas là d’une simple passe d’armes entre deux politiques de camp adverse.

    Emmanuel Macron s’est mis à dos les ultra-marins et tout de ce que la France compte de descendants d’esclaves qu’on estime à 2,5 millions de personnes. Et au-delà d’eux, c’est toute la communauté noire qui se sent touchée.

    Comment expliquer ce silence ?

    Tout est politique à un an de la présidentielle ! L’historien François Durpaire a demandé s’il y avait une mémoire de droite et une mémoire de gauche. Ce silence est d’autant plus incompréhensible qu’il y a deux ans lors de cette même cérémonie, Emmanuel Macron avait fait des promesses et assuré que l’histoire de « l’esclavage était notre histoire » et que « les conséquences de ce passé sont toujours là ». A l’époque, il disait même « chère Christiane Taubira. »

    Alors au moment où Emmanuel Macron veut se recentrer sur le régalien, qu’il y a-t-il de plus régalien que de réconcilier un pays avec son passé ? Qu’il y a-t-il de plus régalien que de vouloir renforcer la cohésion de la nation ? Son silence risque de renforcer la marche du 23 mai, celle qui depuis 1998 rend hommage aux victimes de l’esclavage. Et Emmanuel Macron, par son silence, aura encouragé une forme de séparatisme.

    https://www.rtl.fr/actu/politique/20-ans-de-la-loi-taubira-trierweiler-analyse-le-silence-assourdissant-de-macron-7900030747/amp?__twitter_impression=true
    #commémoration #silence #Macron #esclavage #traite_négrière #crimes_contre_l'humanité #Emmanuel_Macron

  • Crosses in Arizona desert mark where ’American dream ended’ for migrants

    The brightly-colored crosses that #Alvaro_Enciso plants in the unforgiving hard sand of Arizona’s #Sonoran_desert mark what he calls ‘the end of an American dream’ - the places where a migrant died after crossing the U.S.-Mexico border.

    The bodies of nearly 3,000 migrants have been recovered in southern Arizona since 2000, according to the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner. Aid group Humane Borders, which sets up water stations along migrant trails, said that may be only a fraction of the total death toll, with most bodies never recovered.

    Humane Borders, in partnership with the medical examiner’s office, publishes a searchable online map, which marks with a red dot the exact location where each migrant body was found.

    It was that map and its swarms of red dots that inspired Enciso, a 73-year-old artist and self-described ‘reluctant activist,’ to start his project.

    “I saw this map with thousands of red dots on it, just one on top of the other,” he told Reuters at his workshop in Tucson in September. “I want to go where those red dots (are). You know, the place where a tragedy took place. And be there and feel that place where the end of an American dream happened to someone,” he said.

    The red dots of the map are represented by a circle of red metal Enciso nails to each cross, which he makes in his workshop. He decorates the crosses with small pieces of objects left behind by migrants, which he collects on his trips to the desert.

    With temperatures topping 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius), Alvaro and his two assistants, Ron Kovatch and Frank Sagona, hauled two large wooden crosses, a shovel, jugs of water and a bucket of concrete powder through the scrubby desert south of Arizona’s Interstate 8, weaving through clumps of mesquite trees and saguaro cacti.

    They used a portable GPS device to navigate to a featureless patch of rocky ground - the place where the remains of 40 year-old Jose Apolinar Garcia Salvador were found on Sept. 14, 2006, his birthplace and cause of death never recorded.

    They planted another cross for a second person who was never identified, one of 1,100 recovered from Arizona’s deserts since 2000 whose names are unknown.

    Enciso, who left Colombia in the 1960s to attend college in the United States, considers the crosses part art project and part social commentary. He would like to see an end to migrant deaths in the desert and a change in U.S. immigration laws.

    “We cannot continue to be a land, a country that was created on the idea that we accept everybody here. We have broken the number one rule of what America is all about,” he said.

    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-crosses-idUSKCN1ME1DG

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNVLoWemnU8&feature=emb_logo

    #red_dots
    #migrations #frontières #désert #mourir_dans_le_désert #Mexique #USA #Etats-Unis #décès #morts #commémoration #croix #désert_de_Sonora #mémoire
    #art_et_politique

  • Roger Martelli : « La Commune de Paris est un bien commun que la République se doit de célébrer »
    https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2021/02/28/roger-martelli-la-commune-de-paris-est-un-bien-commun-que-la-republique-se-d

    Alors qu’au Conseil de Paris les élus de droite se sont opposés à la célébration des 150 ans de la Commune, l’historien rappelle, dans une tribune au « Monde », l’importance du « premier pouvoir » qui s’est appuyé sur des valeurs démocratiques et sociales « qui n’ont pas pris une ride ».

    Tribune. Le 3 février, au Conseil de Paris, la droite parisienne a lancé un tollé contre les commémorations prévues pour les 150 ans de la Commune de Paris. Engluée dans son passé, elle persiste à dire que célébrer cet anniversaire revient à glorifier « les événements les plus violents de la Commune ».

    De quoi s’agit-il, en fait ? Le 18 mars 1871, les bataillons de la garde nationale – qui participent depuis septembre 1870 à la défense de Paris [contre l’armée prussienne qui l’encercle] – s’emparent du pouvoir dans une capitale désertée par les autorités. Quelques jours plus tard, des élections désignent, à 40 % des électeurs inscrits, une majorité de républicains parmi les plus à gauche de cette période troublée. La nouvelle assemblée élue va se réunir régulièrement pendant cinquante-quatre jours : quarante-huit d’entre eux ont été occupés par la guerre civile, la plus brutale qu’ait connue Paris depuis les guerres de religion.
    Article réservé à nos abonnés Lire aussi « Légende noire » contre « légende rouge » : la difficile commémoration des 150 ans de la Commune de Paris

    Pendant cette brève période, en même temps qu’elle fait la guerre, la Commune remet en marche les administrations, fait fonctionner les services publics, organise le ravitaillement et les soins aux blessés, assure la sécurité dans les rues. Dans l’esprit de la « République démocratique et sociale » que la révolution de 1848 a promue avant elle, elle met en application ce que ses responsables ont annoncé. Elle confirme le moratoire des loyers dus pendant une partie du siège de Paris, décide la restitution partielle des objets déposés au mont-de-piété, réquisitionne les logements abandonnés par leurs propriétaires après le 18 mars. Elle procède de même pour les ateliers abandonnés, dont elle veut confier la gestion aux travailleurs eux-mêmes. Elle soumet les marchés publics à des contraintes sociales strictes.
    Une autre conception du « vivre-ensemble »

    Elle ne fait pas que de la redistribution sociale. Elle proclame la séparation de l’Eglise et de l’Etat, abolit le système injuste de conscription militaire alors en vigueur, accepte qu’on brûle la guillotine devant la mairie du 11e arrondissement. Elle met en place un enseignement primaire et professionnel laïque et gratuit, ouvre l’enseignement professionnel aux filles, commence à mettre en cause l’ordre traditionnel de la famille. Elle cherche à changer en profondeur le rapport entre électeurs et élus, prévoit la révocabilité des élus et organise la consultation des citoyens et citoyennes pour préparer les décisions de l’assemblée communale.

    Sans doctrine figée, sans même un programme achevé, la Commune a fait en quelques semaines ce que la République mettra bien du temps à décider. Elle a ouvert la voie à une autre conception du « vivre-ensemble », fondée sur l’égalité et la solidarité. Elle a enfin esquissé la possibilité d’une démocratie moins étroitement représentative, plus directement citoyenne. En bref, elle a voulu mettre concrètement en œuvre ce « gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple, pour le peuple » dont le président américain Lincoln avait annoncé l’avènement quelques années plus tôt [le 19 novembre 1863, lors du discours prononcé à Gettysburg].
    La République a perdu du temps

    Bien sûr, la Commune n’a souvent fait que désigner une part du chemin et peu de ses décisions ont eu le temps d’être réellement appliquées. Bien sûr encore, les conditions de la guerre civile l’ont poussée à des décisions cruelles, qui ont été d’ailleurs bien loin de faire l’unanimité dans les rangs communards (décret stipulant que « toutes personnes prévenues de complicité avec le gouvernement de Versailles (…) seront les otages du peuple de Paris », suppression de journaux…). Mais, en noyant dans le sang l’expérience du printemps 1871, en recouvrant son souvenir du voile opaque et persistant de l’oubli, il n’est pas exagéré de penser que la République a perdu du temps.

    « Le Paris de 1871 a connu un type de gouvernement populaire et même ouvrier, comme il n’y en a jamais eu en France auparavant, et comme il n’y en aura plus jusqu’à ce jour »

    Faire de la Commune un modèle qu’il suffirait de recopier n’a pas grand sens. Notre société a changé, l’époque n’est plus la même et bien des expériences ont suivi celle de la Commune qu’il nous faut bien méditer aujourd’hui. Il reste toutefois que le Paris de 1871 a connu un type de gouvernement populaire et même ouvrier, comme il n’y en a jamais eu en France auparavant et comme il n’y en aura plus jusqu’à ce jour. Il reste que la Commune est le premier pouvoir qui ait mis au centre de son action des valeurs démocratiques et sociales qui n’ont pas pris une ride depuis 1871.

    Le 29 novembre 2016, l’Assemblée nationale a adopté une résolution réhabilitant enfin les victimes de la « semaine sanglante » [qui a vu la répression des communards entre le 21 et le 28 mai 1871]. Elle ajoutait vouloir que « soient mieux connues et diffusées les valeurs républicaines portées par la Commune ». Elle souhaitait « que la République rende honneur et dignité à ces femmes et ces hommes qui ont combattu pour la liberté ». Le temps est venu de mettre en application cette résolution.
    Lire aussi L’Assemblée réhabilite les communards victimes de la répression

    La droite parisienne s’inscrit, sans vergogne, dans la lignée du journaliste anticommunard Maxime Du Camp [1822-1894], qui justifiait la barbarie gouvernementale de la « semaine sanglante » par la nécessité d’exterminer « la postérité de Caïn ». Ce climat de guerre civile ne devrait plus être de mise de nos jours. Dans notre société déchirée, il est plus que jamais dérisoire de mettre en avant la centaine de malheureux otages exécutés pendant la Commune pour mieux occulter les milliers, voire dizaines de milliers, de communards et communardes massacrés sans pitié en mai 1871.

    La République se doit de commémorer la Commune de Paris de 1871. Nul n’est tenu, en son âme et conscience, de la « célébrer ». Mais, à l’inverse, rien ne sert de délégitimer celles et ceux qui entendent le faire, sans renoncer pour autant à l’exercice de la critique. Leur nombre est considérable et leur diversité est à l’image de ce que fut la Commune : une expérience inédite, des actes innovants et une multitude de possibles à peine suggérés. Cette diversité est une richesse. Encore faut-il qu’elle ne fasse pas oublier que la Commune est… un bien commun, qui mérite que l’on se retrouve pour crier ensemble, encore et toujours, le beau cri du « Vive la Commune ! ».

    Roger Martelli est historien et coprésident de l’association Les Amies et amis de la Commune de Paris 1871.

    Roger Martelli(Historien)

    #Commune_Paris #Démocratie

  • Femmes et espaces urbains – Une nouvelle place du 14-Juin pour commémorer la lutte pour l’égalité des droits

    La place située devant l’église Saint-Laurent, jusqu’ici dépourvue d’un nom officiel, a été baptisée « #Place_du_14-Juin » le 7 février 2021, jour anniversaire des 50 ans du droit de vote des femmes en Suisse. Située en plein centre-ville, devant le parvis de l’église Saint-Laurent, cette nouvelle #place permet à la Municipalité de commémorer la lutte pour l’égalité des droits, tout en s’inscrivant dans les mesures adoptées par la Municipalité pour accroître la #visibilité des femmes dans l’espace public.

    - Vidéo - Inauguration de la place du 14-Juin : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYPjqi5gcW0&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=CommuneLausanne


    - Communiqué du 07.02.2021 : webapps.lausanne.ch/apps/actualites/Next/serve.php ?id=10411
    - Site web : https://www.lausanne.ch/portrait/cohesion-sociale/egalite-et-diversite;jsessionid=730CF0B7F8FFEAA0531AD34BA01A6D28
    - Vidéo - Femmes et espaces urbains : les mesures de la Municipalité : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7x_FYX_LZU&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=CommuneLausanne

    - Vidéo - Ruth Dreifuss et Pamela Ohene-Nyako : interviews croisées : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYvcHsAK26w&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=CommuneLausanne

    http://webapps.lausanne.ch/apps/actualites/?actu_id=59060

    #Lausanne #toponymie #toponymie_politique #Suisse #femmes #égalité_des_droits #droit_de_vote #commémoration #visibilisation #espace_public #vidéo

  • #LRPR. Le retour du #délit_d’entrave dans les #universités et autres immondices législatives

    UPDATE 1/2/2021 : L’#amendement#1255 (délit d’entrave) a été déclaré recevable par les services de l’Assemblée. Il sera donc bien discuté, quelque part entre demain soir et jeudi-vendredi selon la vitesse d’avancement des débats. Compte tenu du nombre d’amendements, leur discussion va aller très vite : il y a un réel danger qu’il soit adopté.

    Et c’est reparti pour un tour. Ce lundi 1er février à partir de 16h, l’Assemblée nationale commence la discussion en hémicycle du projet de loi confortant le respect des principes républicains (LRPR), tel qu’il a été amendé après plusieurs semaines de débats en commission.

    Academia a déjà lancé l’alerte sur le fait qu’il existe un vrai risque pour que l’enseignement supérieur et la recherche soient directement intégrés dans ce texte, qui est un grand fourre-tout liberticide, articulé autour de l’idée d’une lutte finale, qui serait actuellement en cours, entre la République, d’un côté, et « l’idéologie séparatiste », de l’autre côté.

    Rappelons que quelques universitaires poussent fort en ce sens, en particulier du côté de Vigilance Universités et de l’ « Observatoire du décolonialisme et des idéologies identitaires » tout récemment créé en partenariat avec Le Point. Pour la droite et l’extrême droite parlementaires, ces collectifs possédant leur rond de serviette au Point sont du pain-béni : ils seraient la preuve d’un appel à l’aide, qui proviendrait des tréfonds d’une communauté universitaire terrorisée par les ayatollahs américanisés du genre, de la race, de l’islamisme, du décolonialisme, de l’intersectionnalité (nous ne caricaturons pas : nous en sommes à ce niveau de discours, désormais…), pour que le législateur intervienne dans ces territoires perdus de la République que seraient devenues les universités.

    C’est pourquoi de nombreux amendements concernant l’ESR avaient été déposés il y a trois semaines par les Républicains. Jusqu’ici, toutes ces tentatives ont lamentablement échoué : clairement, la majorité gouvernementale ne souhaite pas rouvrir un front du côté des universités, même si, dans le même temps, certains députés de premier plan de la République en marche donnent crédit au discours – forgé, rappelons-le, dans les rangs de l’extrême droite – selon lequel il existerait dans les universités une

    « montée inquiétante de l’idéologie portant le racialisme, portant le séparatisme racial, portant l’indigénisme, le décolonialisme » (Eric Poulliat, rapporteur de la loi).

    Il était évidemment naïf de croire qu’on s’en tiendrait là, tout comme il est naïf de penser qu’on viendra à bout de ces idées en les ignorant, comme semblent le croire un certain nombre de chefs d’établissements d’enseignement supérieur. De façon peu surprenante, une nouvelle vague d’amendements concernant l’ESR a été déposée ces tout derniers jours. Très rapide tour d’horizon à chaud, avant examen, nous l’espérons, plus approfondi.

    Le nouveau délit d’entrave

    On remarquera d’abord que le « délit d’entrave » de la loi de programmation de la recherche tente de faire son grand retour, après sa censure par le Conseil constitutionnel le 21 décembre dernier1, ce qui était à craindre, puisque le Conseil constitutionnel avait fait le choix de ne pas le censurer sur le fond, mais pour de simples raisons de procédure parlementaire. C’est le sens de l’amendement n° 1255 des députés Benassaya et Therry, qui proposent d’ajouter l’alinéa suivant à l’article 431-1 du code pénal :

    « Le fait d’entraver ou de tenter d’entraver, par des pressions ou des insultes sur les enseignants universitaires, l’exercice des missions de service public de l’enseignement supérieur est puni d’un an d’emprisonnement et de 15 000 euros d’amende. »

    C’est exactement ce contre quoi la communauté universitaire s’était élevée pendant les débats sur la LPR : une grande pénalisation de l’enseignement supérieur à partir d’une infraction largement indéfinie et permettant l’intervention des forces de police à l’intérieur des campus sans autorisation des présidences d’université, et ce, au nom, nous dit l’exposé sommaire de l’amendement, de « la libre expression et l’indépendance des enseignants-chercheurs ». « Entrave », par la voie de « pressions », à « l’exercice des missions de service public de l’enseignement supérieur » : les blocages sont évidemment concernés, mais plus généralement toute forme de chahut dans les établissements, qu’il s’agisse d’un débat un peu animé ou d’un conseil d’administration interrompu2
    L’interdiction du voile à l’université

    Cinq amendements des Républicains (les n° 20, 203, 878, 1152 et 1613) et un du Rassemblement national (le n° 1645) concernent le port du voile à l’université, en dépit du net rejet des précédentes tentatives de la mi-janvier. On ne reviendra pas à nouveau sur ce point : donner suite à une telle proposition, alors que nous sommes en présence d’étudiant·es majeur·es et responsables, c’est, d’abord, ouvrir grand la porte à la restriction générale des convictions dans l’espace public ; c’est, ensuite, restreindre de manière considérable le droit d’accès à l’enseignement supérieur ; c’est, enfin, porter une atteinte forte aux libertés académiques, dont, rappelons-le, les étudiant·es sont aussi titulaires au titre des « franchises universitaires » qui leur accordent une liberté d’expression particulièrement protégée dans les campus.

    Hors ces deux séries d’amendements, on retrouve par ailleurs toutes les mesures dont l’introduction avait déjà été tentée en commission par les Républicains. Citons pêle-mêle :

    L’obligation de remise dans les six mois d’un rapport sur « les dérives idéologiques dans les établissements d’enseignement supérieur » (amendements n° 138, 756 et 1831), dans la lignée de la demande, en novembre dernier, d’une mission d’information sur le sujet par les députés Aubert et Abad.
    Une succession de mesures néo-vichystes, telles que l’obligation pour chaque établissement d’enseignement supérieur de « propose[r] à l’ensemble des étudiants de participer aux commémorations nationales et veille[r] à ce qu’il soit organisé, sur le temps universitaire, la lecture du message du chef de l’État et du ministre chargé des anciens combattants » (amendement n° 2085) ou l’organisation dans ces mêmes établissements, « à chaque rentrée scolaire », d’« un serment à la Constitution et au drapeau pour l’ensemble de la communauté éducative, des élèves et des étudiants » (amendement n° 2078).
    La mise en place, à la demande de la quasi-intégralité des députés Les Républicains, d’ « enquêtes administratives » avant tout recrutement dans l’éducation nationale et l’enseignement supérieur, afin d’identifier celle ou celui qui « adhérerait manifestement à des thèses antirépublicaines » (amendements n° 793 et 1454).
    La subordination des subventions aux projets étudiants « à la participation des représentants des associations sollicitant ces aides aux formations sur la prévention et la lutte contre le séparatisme que leur établissement d’enseignement supérieur organise annuellement » (amendement n° 1174).
    La possibilité de mettre en place, autour d’un « référent laïcité », « un comité de sûreté en relation permanente avec le responsable de l’administration, de la collectivité ou de l’établissement public dont il dépend afin de l’assister dans ses missions » (amendement n° 1169), parce que, nous explique l’exposé sommaire, les universités sont « particulièrement prises au dépourvu face au séparatisme qui s’attaque à elle ».

    On signalera en outre l’amendement n° 2300, qui vient, cette fois, des rangs centristes et qui témoigne d’une volonté d’une véritable reprise en main des universités par l’État : il est proposé d’étendre le pouvoir dont disposent aujourd’hui les recteurs de suspendre les décisions des universités à toutes les décisions qui leur paraissent contraires « au principe de neutralité du service public ».

    Il y aurait tellement à dire encore : nous nous en tiendrons là en ce dernier dimanche de janvier 2021.

    Ajoutons pourtant, au titre de ce premier panorama, que certains députés proposent d’étendre aux syndicats le pouvoir de dissolution des associations, en visant directement le syndicat Sud Education 93 (amendement n° 1923). Et on aura compris que nous nous trouvons à un vrai tournant : toutes les barrières sont en train de tomber. Elles sont en train de tomber non pas du côté de groupuscules extrémistes, mais au sein de partis dits « de gouvernement », appelés à exercer le pouvoir d’État à plus ou moins brève échéance et qui sont intimement persuadés, désormais, que les universités sont devenues anti-républicaines.

    Cela ne sort pas de nulle part. Une poignée de collègues irresponsables — moins d’une centaine sur une population d’enseignant∙es-chercheurs et chercheuses de plus de 100 000 personnes — attise le feu, en coulisses et publiquement, et ce depuis le 30 mars 2018 au moins, à force de manifestes de 100, d’appel des 76 et autres observatoires tout aussi ridicules les uns que les autres, et autres procédés diffamatoires, qui servent parfaitement leur objet : mettre en danger les jeunes collègues entrant à l’université.

    Terminons donc par ces mots du professeur Bernard Rougier (Université Paris-3 Sorbonne Nouvelle), dialoguant avec une subtilité toute scientifique avec le ministre de l’intérieur dans le Figaro du vendredi 29 janvier 2021 :

    « Il existe, dans le monde académique en particulier, une mise en circulation des thématiques racialistes et indigénistes à travers des programmes de recherches, des colloques, des financements de l’Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR) etc. Si les financements publics privilégient, par effet de mode et de mimétisme anglo-saxon, des thématiques autour d’un « racisme d’État » de nature systémique et organique, on offre une légitimation au discours islamiste qui s’est spécialisé, lui, dans la lutte contre la prétendue « islamophobie d’État ». Ce que l’action publique condamne d’un côté, elle le légitime en laissant faire de l’autre, ce qui pointe le risque d’une certaine schizophrénie ».

    https://academia.hypotheses.org/30564

    #facs #France #recevabilité #loi_confortant_le_respect_des_principes_républicains #principes_républicains #séparatisme #idéologie_séparatiste #décolonialisme #indigénisme #séparatisme_racial #Benassaya #Therry #ESR #enseignement_supérieur #entrave #liberté_d'expression #blocages #voile #franchises_universitaires #dérives_idéologiques #commémorations_nationales #serment #drapeau #enquêtes_administratives #lutte_contre_le_séparatisme #référent_laïcité #comité_de_sûreté #neutralité #neutralité_du_service_public #racisme_d'Etat

    –—

    Ajouté à ce fil de discussion :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/884291

  • Dakar et Nairobi : la question des noms de rue mise en perspective, du pré au postcolonial
    https://neotopo.hypotheses.org/3221

    Dans le contexte actuel de retour sur les commémorations publiques et de leur éventuelle remise en cause pour leur caractère raciste en lien avec la colonisation, deux spécialistes mettent en perspective les politiques et...

    #African_Neotoponymy_Observatory_in_Network #ExploreNeotopo #Neotopo_vous_signale

    • Nairobi’s street names reveal what those in power want to remember, or forget

      The recent global events of civil and political unrest that started in the US have brought to the fore the complex dynamics of urban memorialisation. The protests have, in some places, led to renewed scrutiny of certain urban symbols such as commemorative statues – what they represent and how they are perceived and interpreted.

      Unlike monuments and statues, place names (toponyms) are intangible, and less imposing, but nevertheless, an indispensable part of the urban symbolic landscape. Their inscription, erasure and re-inscription is highly political.

      In a study of toponymy in Nairobi, Kenya, my colleague and I analysed how streets got their names. It’s important to examine this as street naming and renaming allows us to remember and forget events and people in history. It also articulates what values exist in pursuit of political or national interests.

      We explain how street names are imbued with symbolic references of power structures within a society. During the period of British rule (1895–1963), toponymy was used as an exercise of power – it reflected British control. Soon after Kenya gained independence, streets were renamed as a way to renounce the colonial regime and its ideology.

      But today, Kenyans are starting to question the naming of important public spaces after a few individuals, their families and political affiliates – the ‘political dynasties’.
      https://twitter.com/alaminkimathi/status/1228275553414807554?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E12

      In 1964, after Kenya had gained independence, a street naming subcommittee was formed under the town planning committee of Nairobi’s city council. This subcommittee came up with names or received suggestions from the public. There was then a vetting process and proposals were eventually sent to the Minister of Local Government for approval. Since then, different laws have been established to guide the naming and numbering of streets and properties, but the process has remained very much the same.

      Looking forward, the government should consider honouring other people who have contributed to the growth of Kenya as a country – for instance its athletes, academicians and artistes.

      It would also be important to point out how gender exclusive the street names are. For a long time, there was only one street named after a woman – Mama Ngina Street, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta’s wife. And later, after much lobbying, a street was named after Wangari Maathai, the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner. And in 2017, after the death of the firstborn daughter of Jomo Kenyatta, Margaret Wambui Kenyatta, Mugumo Road in Lavington was quietly renamed after her.

      How streets are named, or renamed, serves as an important indicator of the values of a society – and what those in power might want to remember, or forget.
      A colonial city

      The vital role of street toponymy in Nairobi emerged at the inception of the city, at the beginning of the 20th Century.

      Street names were used by the British colonisers to remove the indigenous identity of the previously marshy plain, known as Enkare Nyirobi (a place of cool waters), to create a new idyllic British city. Names such as Victoria Street, Coronation Avenue, Kingsway, Queensway and Elizabeth Way marked the modernising city to celebrate the British monarchy.

      In addition, names such as Whitehouse Road and Preston Road were named after railway officials. George Whitehouse, for instance, was the chief engineer of the Kenya-Uganda Railway. This is because Nairobi started as a railway depot.

      Other streets were named after administrative and political leaders of the time such as Hardinge, Elliot, and Sadler, all of whom were commissioners of the British East Africa Protectorate.

      Leading settler farmers and business people also had their names imprinted on the landscape. They included: Grogan Road after Sir Ewart Grogan – a pioneer businessman, and Delamere Avenue, after Lord Delamere – a pioneer settler farmer.

      Apart from the British and European street names, there were a few Indian names such as Bazaar Street and Jevanjee Street. This is because of the large Indian community in Kenya, many of whom originally came to Kenya as railway workers. “Bazaar” refers to a business area or market, while Jevanjee was a prominent Indian businessman in early Nairobi who owned the first newspaper company – The East African Standard.

      What was starkly missing were African street names during that period. This was a clear indication of the political and social dynamics of the time that put the European first, the Indian second and the African third.
      Decolonising and Africanising

      There was a shift at Kenya’s independence, in 1963. The city’s streets were redefined as symbols of nationalism and pan-Africanism. The process was not devoid of challenges. There were inconsistencies – for instance in terms of ethnic representation – owing to the diverse interests that needed to be accommodated. It was an enormous task for the new government.

      Generally, under the new government, street names acted as sites for the restitution of justice (for those that suffered under British rule) and symbols of memory, ethnic diversity and unity.

      The renaming of the streets happened in waves. The first was in 1964, with Delamere Avenue (which cuts the central business district into two) being changed to Kenyatta Avenue, after the first president of Kenya – Jomo Kenyatta. Hardinge Street was changed to Kimathi Avenue after the leader of the Mau Mau Movement – Dedan Kimathi.

      The streets were often renamed after the political elite, a good number of whom came from the Kikuyu community, such as Kenyatta Avenue, Koinange Street, James Gichuru and Harry Thuku Road.

      There’s a lot of political consideration that goes into street renaming too. For instance, in 1969, a street was named after Tom Mboya, a popular Minister who was assassinated that same year. Some called for Government Road (along which he was assassinated) to be named after him, others proposed St. Austin’s Road, along which he lived. Both options were rejected by the government, Government Road being too central and St. Austin’s being too peripheral. Victoria Street was the compromise. Government Road was later renamed to Moi Avenue and St. Austin’s Road to James Gichuru Road.

      In independent Kenya the purpose of the toponymic changes was twofold: to erase names of the colonisers who were deemed as imposters and to celebrate the new heroes: Kenya’s political leaders and freedom fighters. The latter, such as Dedan Kimathi being celebrated superficially by the new political bourgeoisie.

      Additionally, in the spirit of pan-Africanism, other African leaders such as Kwame Nkrumah, Albert Luthuli and Julius Nyerere were celebrated through street names. Beyond the African continent, leaders who fought for black liberation and civil rights in America, such as Ralph Bunche and William Du Bois were also honoured.
      The future of street naming

      Nairobi’s street names are like a small history lesson. The County Government should consider putting up signs that tell people their former names, to show how the city has evolved over time.

      More must also be done to ensure these spaces celebrate future heroes. There is a need to enforce the Kenya Information and Communications (Numbering) Regulations 2010 and the establishment of a National Addressing System as proposed by the Communications Authority of Kenya in 2016. In addition, a national body for dealing with place names, similar to the South African Geographical Names Council, should be instituted.

      Finally, public participation should be an integral part of the street naming process, because people are the primary producers and users of names.

      https://theconversation.com/nairobis-street-names-reveal-what-those-in-power-want-to-remember-o

      –---

      Sénégal : « Les populations n’utilisent pas les noms coloniaux des rues »

      Au Sénégal, sur l’île Gorée, au large de Dakar, la « place de l’Europe » devient désormais « la place de la Liberté et de la Dignité Humaine ». Une décision prise par le conseil municipal de ce site symbolique de la mémoire de l’esclavage et de la traite des Noirs. De son côté, le maire de la commune du Plateau, dans le centre-ville de Dakar, a proposé récemment de lancer une réflexion sur les noms des rues hérités de la colonisation. Michel Ben Arrous est géographe et chercheur. Il a co-écrit l’an dernier avec Liora Bigon une étude de l’IFAN, l’institut fondamental d’Afrique noire, « Les noms de rues à Dakar. Héritages (pré) coloniaux et temps présent ».

      RFI : Est-ce que vous êtes surpris par la relance de ce débat sur les noms de rue à Dakar dans le sillage du décès de George Floyd aux États-Unis ?

      Michel Ben Arrous : Pas vraiment, dans la mesure où c’est un débat qui ressurgit régulièrement dans la presse sénégalaise ou dans les médias sociaux. Ce qui est remarquable par contre, c’est justement le contexte et le télescopage de logiques assez différentes aux États-Unis, au Sénégal, en France ou ailleurs.

      Ce débat n’est pas nouveau, en quoi les noms des rues, cette toponymie coloniale est-elle symboliqu ?

      Les noms eux-mêmes, évidemment il y a un tas de noms coloniaux qui vont glorifier des administrateurs, des généraux, des militaires, tout ce qu’on veut… Mais l’ensemble de ces noms remplit quand même une fonction de prise de possession de Dakar. Ils sont concentrés dans une zone qui s’appelle « Le Plateau » qui reçoit une petite population française colonisatrice. Et on ne trouve ces noms-là qu’au Plateau qui représente à l’heure actuelle 3% de la population. La Médina qui a été créée dans le sillage de l’épidémie de peste de 1914 reçoit des numéros. Donc, les noms vont distinguer la ville coloniale de cette Médina qui, elle, est forcément mise à part dans la ville puisqu’elle n’est pas nommée. Et si l’on sort ensuite du Plateau, de la Médina et qu’on va vers la ville actuelle, la plupart des rues ne sont pas nommées du tout. L’objectif visé, c’est évidemment de faire œuvre idéologique : on va glorifier la France, on va glorifier ses serviteurs. Mais rien n’indique que cette visée idéologique fonctionne. Avant les colonisateurs , il y avait des villages qui ont été détruits, des villages lébous qui ont conservé leurs noms. Et les noms eux-mêmes se sont répartis dans la ville. Et on va retrouver ces noms-là , Soumbédioune, Kaye, Thann… à d’autres endroits de la ville. Ce sont ces noms-là que les populations continuent à utiliser. Ils n’utilisent pas les noms de rue coloniaux.

      À Dakar, certaines rues ont déjà changé de nom depuis l’indépendance. Comment est-ce que cela a évolué ? Quelles ont été les politiques des autorités successive ?

      Les premiers changements de nom ont eu lieu sous Senghor [Léopold Sédar Senghor, président de la République du Sénégal de 1960 à 1980]. La place Protet a été rebaptisée « place de l’Indépendance ». Gambetta a été rebaptisé « Lamine Gueye ». En même temps, il n’y a pas forcément volonté de rupture puisque [William] Ponty qui est un gouverneur colonial a été remplacé par [George] Pompidou, par ce même Senghor. Les premières renominations fortes ont été faites sous Abdou Diouf [président de 1981 à 2000] et se sont poursuivies sous [Abdoulaye] Wade [2000-2012] et à l’heure actuelle. Mais la chose la plus remarquable, ce n’est pas tellement le nom des rues qui changent, c’est qui a le pouvoir de nommer, qui a le pouvoir de changer ? Sous Senghor, tout se passer par décret présidentiel. Avec Diouf et avec Wade, on a une décentralisation qui commence et ce pouvoir de nommer ou de renommer est désormais dévolu aux communes. Et à l’heure actuelle, ce qu’on voit, c’est une revendication, je ne sais pas si on peut dire populaire parce qu’il faudrait voir dans quelles mesures elle est véritablement populaire, mais une revendication par le bas de pouvoir aussi intervenir dans cette question du nom des rues.

      Il y a une figure qui cristallise particulièrement, c’est celle de Faidherbe, ancien gouverneur de Saint-Louis. Il y a sa statue, un pont à son nom. Que pensez-vous de ces appels à déboulonner cette statue ?

      Faidherbe est d’abord un point de fixation dans un débat qui est beaucoup plus large. La question de fond, c’est le modèle commémoratif. On parle de Faidherbe, mais on pourrait parler de Jules Ferry. La rue Jules Ferry à Dakar, ce Jules Ferry qui était à la Chambre des députés parlait d’un « devoir de colonisation des races supérieures sur les races inférieure ». Ce nom de ferry est peut-être au moins significatif que celui de Faidherbe. On peut aller beaucoup plus loin. On a gardé les plaques bleues, les lettres blanches sur un fond bleu. C’est aussi une présence coloniale qui reste dans la ville. Ce qui est drôle à Dakar, c’est que l’une des rues qui ne pose absolument pas problème, c’est l’avenue de la République. On la conçoit tous comme la République sénégalaise alors que cette avenue de la République, c’était très clairement au moment de la nomination de la IIIe République française, qui était la République colonialiste par excellence.

      À titre de comparaison, comment cela a évolué dans d’autres pays du continent ?

      En sciences sociales, on a l’habitude de comparer Dakar à Nairobi, la capitale du Kenya étant le modèle absolu de décolonisation des noms de rue. Ce qu’on remarque, si on rentre dans le détail, c’est qu’effectivement tous les noms qui célébraient la colonisation britannique ont disparu, mais ils ont été remplacés à l’époque de [Jomo] Kenyatta [1894–1978] par des noms qui célébraient son propre parti politique, ses propres amis politiques et qui négligeaient totalement d’autres courants de la société kenyane. Dans un contexte différent, en Algérie, la plupart des noms de rue ont été remplacés dans un arabe très pur qui permettait aussi de passer sous silence la composante berbère de la population. Et ce que l’on remarque à l’heure actuelle, c’est que les jeunes générations sont celles qui utilisent le moins les noms officiels. Donc, il ne suffit pas de changer les noms si on reprend la même logique pour régler les problèmes. A côté de ça, au Maroc, on va trouver des plaques qui donnent des anciens noms et des plaques, juste en dessous ou au-dessus, qui donnent les nouveaux noms et qui coexistent sans que pratiquement personne ne les utilise d’ailleurs. À Dakar, quand je vais chez moi, je ne vais pas donner le numéro de la rue que personne ne connait. Je ne le sais même pas, c’est « AAB » quelque chose. Si je dis à un chauffeur de taxi de m’emmener là-bas il ne comprendra pas. Si je lui dis : amenez-moi à Amitié 2, c’est un nom de quartier. Et ça, c’est un point de repère qui est utilisé. Mais ces noms de rue curieusement polarisent un débat, fort, alors qu’ils sont relativement peu utilisés. Il y a ceux qui veulent déboulonner, il y a ceux qui veulent remplacer, il y a ceux qui veulent expliquer. Mais tout cela revient au fond à se poser la questio : à quoi veut-on que servent les noms de rue ? À quoi veut-on que servent les statues ?

      http://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/20200629-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-les-populations-n-utilisent-pas-les-noms-rues-colonia

      #Dakar #Sénégal #Nairobi #noms_de_rue #toponymie #commémorations #post-colonial #décolonial

      ping @cede

  • When Memory is Confined : Politics of Commemoration on #Avenida_26, Bogotá

    After more than five decades of conflict, the Colombian capital, Bogotá, is undergoing processes not just of regeneration, but also of commemoration. The decision to create spaces of memory along one particular road in the city, Avenida 26, has highlighted the stark differences between neighborhoods on either side of its congested lanes—and runs the risk of reinforcing existing segregation.

    Bogotá, Colombia, is a socially divided city in a post-conflict country marked by clashing spatial and cultural cleavages. Over the last 20 years, institutional investments have concentrated on the renewal of the city center in order to boost Bogotá’s image. At the same time, the end of the Colombian conflict has led to the proliferation of a politics of memory in the city. The politics of memory, driven by the pedagogical imperative of “never again” (Bilbija and Payne 2011), expose the difficult task of imagining spaces as contemplative and as sites of reconciliation through their portrayal of past events in the conflict (Jelin 2002).

    The street known as Avenida 26 (Figure 1)—at the center of my four-months-long fieldwork—is a key space for analysis of the city’s regeneration programs and politics of memory. The case of Avenida 26 demonstrates the tensions between urban development and memory-making. It reveals how institution-led production of “spaces of memory” (Huyssen 2003), as cultural spaces dedicated to commemoration and remembrance, also play a crucial role in the process of gentrification and the exclusionary dynamics in the city. Sites of national memory on Avenida 26 reflect strategic plans to build a protective barrier from urban violence and conflicts for the city’s middle class while at the same time further marginalizing low-income residents. These are the same residents who are often most directly touched by the conflict and for whom the politics of memory are officially dedicated.

    Segregated memory, between two Avenidas

    “That [a museum] is like for kids who are studying […], it’s not for everyone, for example, for me […] why should I go to a museum, what for? All these museums, what for? […] For me, my museums are my flowers,” said Catalina, a flower seller, in a half-sarcastic, half-bitter tone. [1]

    Catalina is referring to the future National Museum of Memory of Colombia, which is slated to open in 2021 as a space for reflection over the Colombian conflict. [2] The museum will be built on Avenida 26, where Catalina’s flower stand is located. As she speaks, her voice almost fades into the roar of traffic. The street is one of Bogotá’s main thoroughfares. It is nearly 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) long and as wide as a highway. It is one of the most congested streets in the city (Figure 2).

    Avenida 26 is central to Bogotá’s politics of memory. In 2012, the Center for Memory, Peace and Reconciliation, or CMPyR (Centro de Memoria, Paz y Reconciliación; Figure 3), opened next to the city’s central cemetery, where florists and candle sellers have their stands. Public art on the street [3] portrays the Colombian conflict. In 2014, the municipality renamed the section of Avenida 26 that hosts these cultural initiatives Eje de la Paz y la Memoria, or “Axis of Peace and Memory.” In 2016, a new park, Parque del Renacimiento (“Park of the Rebirth”), was opened.

    As a highly congested major thoroughfare, Avenida 26 does not correspond to conventional spaces of memory. Many institutional representatives define it as an empty space or a “blank slate.”

    “It’s like a corridor: when you cross it in some way you are inhabiting a place that is not a place where one would stop to contemplate […] that is to say it is a non-place,” a member of IDARTES (a body which promotes public art initiatives on the streets of Bogotá) said.

    The imaginary of Avenida 26 as a non-place among public officials reveals their uncomfortable awareness that Avenida 26 is an extremely segregated—and at times violent—place. The renamed section of the avenue—the “Eje de la Paz y la Memoria”—divides two very distinct neighborhoods: the middle-income neighborhood of Teusaquillo on one side, and the deprived and extremely precarious neighborhood of Santa Fe on the other. It would seem that the urban violence that characterizes the avenue would make it unsuitable for commemorative practices, yet officials have focused significant public resources in creating cultural institutions of public memory along this route.

    “The side that is in Teusaquillo is cool, I have friends working with screen printing, who have a cultural center, there is the graffiti […]. In front of the cemetery [on the Santa Fe side], it’s very ugly, people steal and at night there are many homeless people […], I really prefer not to be there,” said Santiago, a skater and graffiti artist, capturing the geographical imagination of the street as a divided space.

    In this context, the siting of the CMPyR and the future Museum of Memory, as well as ancillary museum initiatives, on Avenida 26 is not unintentional or strictly about memory. They represent selective investments on one side of the street in the middle-class neighborhood of Teusaquillo, and not on the Santa Fe side. The siting of these projects on Avenida 26 is not due to the relevance of this place for commemorative purposes, but instead acts as a revitalization strategy that encloses the more economically viable neighborhood through cultural projects as a means of shielding this neighborhood from the poverty and urban violence on the other side of Avenida 26. A member of the current CMPyR administration mentioned this selective use of the street when sharing his unease over being located to what he perceives as the “wrong” side of the street: “We work looking at that side [pointing to the Teusaquillo side], or we go to the mayor’s office, but we don’t go over there [the Santa Fe side]. […] One is always between two parallel worlds. Let’s say that, among ourselves, we know that on the other [Santa Fe] side there is the jungle.”

    In this scenario, Avenida 26 acts as a true frontier between two neighborhoods that memory professionals deem to be incompatible. Indeed, cultural actors and memory professionals seem to identify two different Avenidas: one apt to welcome initiatives and spaces of memory; the other inaccessible due to urban violence.
    Enclosed spaces, incompatible languages

    The consequences of this enclosure are detrimental to the low-income communities on the Santa Fe side of the street. Gates and security guards around the CMPyR contribute to a significant securitization of this area. Candle and flower sellers on the Santa Fe side, who work informally, face increased policing, disrupting their business and limiting their ability to develop a regular clientele.

    The marginalization and exclusion of these residents is even more evident symbolically. Interviewees on the Santa Fe side of the street are mostly uninformed of the activities of politics of memory—for example, they often confuse the CMPyR with a monument. They are also limited by a linguistic barrier. For example, memory, a common word in public art projects (Figure 4) and part of the title of the CMPyR—is an unfamiliar concept to many of these residents. The vocabulary employed by memory professionals reinforces a social and symbolic barrier among actors sharing the same space. This, in turn, contributes to the general indifference of many people in Santa Fe toward spaces of memory, and often results in explicit opposition to politics of memory on the street.

    A kiosk owner near the Parque del Renacimiento expressed her rejection of the politics of memory through her concerns about the present and her children’s future, “I’m not interested in who is buried there, why he died, why it’s called memory […] I want my children to be well, [I want to know] what time my daughter gets home, because if she is late then what happened to her? […] How can I be interested in this bullshit?”

    Avenida 26 is not a blank slate. It is a “lived space” made of uses and practices that politics of memory dismiss (Lefebvre 1974; de Certeau 1990). These regeneration plans ignore residents’ use of space and relation to memory by relying on cultural tools and a language that excludes them from participation. Avenida 26 highlights the necessity to think of spaces of memory as urban spaces whose function extends beyond their commemorative role (Till 2012). This case demonstrates how the appropriation or rejection of spaces of memory is dependent on urban dynamics—social inequalities, spatial segregation, and access to resources—influencing both the appropriation of spaces of memory and the possibility that a sense of belonging among local actors may flourish (Palermo and Ponzini 2014).

    Finally, the role played by the imperative of “never again” in gentrification and displacement is far from being an exclusively Colombian phenomenon. Across the globe, cities are increasingly taking a stance over episodes of the past at a national scale and publicly displaying it for collective engagement (as in post-apartheid Johannesburg, or in post-9/11 New York, among others). Academic and policymaking literature needs to deepen our understanding of the intricacy of these dynamics and the problematic cultural undertakings in such processes. If remembering is indeed a right as well as a duty, “walking down memory lane” should represent an exercise of citizenship and not the rationalization of social and spatial segregation.

    https://www.metropolitiques.eu/When-Memory-is-Confined-Politics-of-Commemoration-on-Avenida-26-Bogo

    #mémoire #Bogotá #Colombie #commémoration #mémoriel #divided_city #villes #géographie_urbaine #ségrégation #post-conflict #réconciliation #never_again #plus_jamais_ça #violence_urbaine #National_Museum_of_Memory_of_Colombia (CMPyR) #musée #contested_city #guerre_civile #non-lieu #Teusaquillo #Santa_Fe #violence_urbaine #art #frontières_urbaines #fractures_urbaines #gentrification #citoyenneté

    –---

    Toponymie :

    In 2014, the municipality renamed the section of Avenida 26 that hosts these cultural initiatives #Eje_de_la_Paz_y_la_Memoria, or “Axis of Peace and Memory.” In 2016, a new park, #Parque_del_Renacimiento (“Park of the Rebirth”), was opened.

    #toponymie_politique

    ping @cede @karine4

    ping @albertocampiphoto @reka

  • Mi smo tu / Noi siamo qui : sul confine tra l’Isonzo e la Balkan route

    Questo post nasce dopo un’escursione sul #Carso triestino seguendo i sentieri percorsi dai migranti. A spingerci la retorica sull’invasione e le continue richieste di provvedimenti straordinari e strumenti tecnologici (ultimo caso, l’ipotetico ricorso alle #fototrappole) a fare da argine ai passaggi di persone attraverso i confini.

    Nel frattempo l’escalation di violenza di questi giorni – caratterizzata dall’ipocrisia della faccia moderata dell’Unione europea, più fascista dei fasci stessi, come abbiamo visto in Grecia dove del resto anche i fascisti sono impegnati, Alba dorata in testa, nella caccia al migrante – ha spostato su un piano se possibile ancora più deteriore e repressiva la politica verso i migranti.

    È domenica mattina, il cielo è coperto e noi quattro stiamo per percorrere una delle tratte finali della “Balkan Route” al contrario. Attraverseremo la frontiera dal bosco, perché oggi noi possiamo farlo. Cammineremo un passo dopo l’altro lungo una delle vie di entrata in Europa su cui hanno mosso i loro passi migliaia di persone in fuga da guerre, violenza, repressione politica, o semplicemente in cammino, vive, con lo sguardo aperto verso ciò che verrà.
    “Quando senti parlare del Carso ti immagini un territorio lunare, un cumulo di pietre scaricato dagli dei sulla terra Kras”, dice Davide, che del Carso conosce ogni piega, ogni pietra, sentiero e anfratto. E ogni singolo accento della lingua locale, che è anche la sua.

    Il Carso terreno duro, aspro, a tratti gentile. Un territorio brutalmente lacerato dalle XII battaglie dell’Isonzo e poi dalla Seconda guerra mondiale che ha lasciato molte ferite aperte. Alcune come in questi giorni si riaprono nel giorno in cui i fascisti carnefici si mascherano da vittime. Una striscia di terra, questa, che ha dato aiuto alla resistenza partigiana, quella che da est ha liberato queste terre dal nazifascismo affermando: “Mi smo tu” (noi siamo qui), come riecheggia in un inno dei partigiani del Litorale che viene tuttora cantato ogni anno alla Risiera di San Sabba il 25 aprile.

    Una terra divisa in due da un confine invisibile, alberi e rocce calcaree, taglienti come lame, prati e voragini che si aprono all’improvviso, fiumi sotterranei che continuano per chilometri unendo un territorio che la politica ha diviso e continua a farlo. Un frontiera invisibile che riprende forma con le resistenze di oggi, quelle dei migranti che attraversano questi boschi e camminano su queste pietre, le stesse su cui camminiamo noi, respirando libertà.

    Le prime vittime del “viaggio” di cui possiamo ricordarci risalgono agli anni Settanta. Morirono in tre. Congelati sulle pietre del gelido Carso. Trovarono pace grazie al sindaco partigiano che di morti in cerca di libertà ne aveva visti molti.
    Una storia ormai molto lontana, ma qui si continua a passare, sperare, morire… L’ultima delle vittime è caduta poche settimane fa, all’alba del primo giorno di questi anni Venti. Si tratta di Sid Ahmed Bendisari, precipitato da venti metri di altezza in fondo ad un burrone sotto il monte Carso poco distante dal castello di San Servolo. Un errore nel percorso, la stanchezza, forse un inciampo e scivola giù. Avrebbe compiuto trent’anni il prossimo 8 novembre. Impossibile trovare il suo nome sulla stampa nella consueta damnatio memorie riservata alle morti dei migranti. Morte di un padre. Sua moglie era con lui. Loro figlio attendeva ad Aïn Témouchent in Algeria a neanche trecento chilometri da Melilla, Spagna, Europa. Per tentare di raggiungerla sua mamma e suo papà dopo aver attraversato il nord Africa hanno proseguito il viaggio fino alla Turchia, quindi ai Balcani e quindi la morte a Trieste in una sorta di circumnavigazione terrestre del Mediterraneo per evitare un muro.

    *

    Vogliamo cercare di capirne qualcosa di più, per questo ci siamo detti, la cosa migliore è andare, muovere i nostri passi tra questi boschi e queste rocce. La nostra storia parte a pochi chilometri da Trieste, da Boršt, tradotto, chissà perché, Sant’Antonio in Bosco, frazione del comune di Dolina, San Dorligo della Valle come era stato goffamente italianizzato. In una giornata uggiosa di inizio febbraio ci avventuriamo nella landa carsica avvelenata dai nuvoloni neri che come ogni anno imperversano sopra Bazovica/Basovizza il 10 del mese. Questo febbraio, come non accadeva da almeno trent’anni, nazionalisti e ultradestra hanno perfino organizzato, senza nessuno che vi si opponesse come in passato, un corteo per le vie del paese: un reflusso di putrefazione e morte aliene alla terra che calpestiamo.

    Ci incamminiamo – Elena, Alessandro, Luca e Davide – percorrendo una delle vie dove i migranti sognano la libertà ma molto spesso cadono nelle trappole della paranoia creata dai politicanti per avere un consenso politico. Tutto qui si trasforma in futuri voti per il lato marcio della nostra società, i politici saldamente ancorati sulle loro sedie e quelli che da loro si aspettano dei favori.
    Il Carso di oggi è un misto di elementi diversi non solo umani: animali, vegetali e perfino minerali qui convivono senza l’assurda pretesa di affermare “questo è il mio territorio”, cosa che noi bipedi pensanti non capiremo mai. Nel bosco ci sono diverse varietà: querce, frassini, carpini e pini.

    E proprio il pino nero, ci diciamo, è un migrante della prima ora: piantato centinaia di anni fa per il rimboschimento del Carso e non autoctono, ora guardalo, come si trova a proprio agio in un territorio che nel bene o nel male lo ha ospitato. Sul pino nero le processionarie nidificano per poi liberare dei bruchi che in fila partono alla ricerca di un rifugio dove trasformarsi. Il loro incolonnamento ci fa pensare alla storia di queste terre, alle guardie di confine che si notavano durante la Guerra fredda, su e giù tra i boschi. Ora i migranti, anche loro in fila, per non perdersi, nella boscaglia e su questo terreno impervio. Dei confini di allora rimangono solo dei cartelloni tra gli alberi che avvertono la fine di uno stato e l’inizio di un altro. Era un territorio libero dalle ideologie e nazionalismi che in questi giorni vengono rimarcati nel giorno del vittimismo fascista, quello che ha lacerato con odio e intolleranza per sempre queste terre.

    Ci guardiamo un po’ in giro per scovare le fototrappole tanto sbandierate dai gerarchi leghisti, uno dei motivi per cui ci siamo messi in cammino. Non ne troviamo traccia delle scatole malefiche, che non verranno mai usate contro chi getta rifiuti nei boschi. Di rifiuti, purtroppo, ce ne sono in abbondanza. Chissà se chi li ha lasciati poi nelle città predica il decoro, chissà se si indigna per quelle due cose abbandonate dai migranti in fuga da guerre e fame.
    Nel grigiore dell’inverno che non c’è si notano le postazioni dei cacciatori, quelli che non accettano animali e mal sopportano i forestieri in cerca di pace, diventando i nuovi guardiani del confine nei tempi della evocata caccia ai migranti. Ne incontriamo un paio con il cane al guinzaglio. Ci guardano in maniera diffidente, sembrano non accettare le nostre ombre e il nostro cane che corre libero intontito dagli odori della natura e per nulla interessato alle regole di noi umani.

    Con passo lento si continua sulla strada del ritorno e all’arrivo davanti ad una birra ci confrontiamo su una giornata decisamente molotov.

    *

    Andando il corpo si attiva, e si attivano pensieri e riflessioni che condividiamo tra noi. Alessandro raccoglie le voci, vede le tracce, ascolta i racconti di chi attraversa l’altipiano, lui che vive qui, nella sua casa in pietra lontana dal traffico della città. È lui a guidarci nella ricostruzione di queste due storie, mentre camminiamo.

    Molti anni fa, 47 per la precisione. Sera del 12 novembre, anno 1973. Bora forte e novembre freddo – una volta era così! – in località Boršt/Sant’Antonio in Bosco, pochi chilometri da Trieste e altrettanti dal ciglione carsico con relativo confine. Cinque persone provenienti dal Mali bussano alla porta di una casa ai margini del paese. Erano arrivati in aereo a Spalato, poi in bus sino a Fiume. Volevano raggiungere Venezia, per poi recarsi in Francia, con la promessa di un lavoro, in nero si scoprirà in seguito.
    Qualcuno disse che dietro a tutto questo poteva esserci un’organizzazione che gestiva un traffico illegale di potenziali lavoratori da sistemare in Europa, le indagini successive non hanno portato a niente di rilevante. In ogni caso, qualcosa deve essere andato storto ai cinque ragazzi, forse non erano riusciti ad avere un visto, non lo sappiamo. Di certo erano in Jugoslavia, e per muoversi da li rimaneva come unica soluzione quella di andare a piedi a correggere la fortuna, verso un sogno occidentale. Erano a piedi quando arrivarono a Boršt, bussarono a una porta, avevano fame e freddo, molto freddo. Ma nessuno gli aprì.
    I cinque trascorsero la notte nei paraggi del casello ferroviario in disuso. Tre persone su cinque morirono assiderate, una persona seppur in gravi condizioni riuscì a salvarsi, mentre un’altra riuscì a richiamare l’attenzione di un abitante del luogo.
    Arrivarono i soccorsi, troppo tardi purtroppo. Persero la vita #Seydou_Dembele, anni 22, #Mamdor_Niakhate, anni 19, e #Diambou_Lassana, anni 27. Dopo quasi un mese venne ritrovato un altro corpo, quello di #Djibi_Somaili, anni 25; lui veniva dalla Mauritania.

    Si fanno molte supposizioni circa la loro presenza e la loro morte, alla fine la realtà emerge nuda e cruda, sono morti per assideramento. E per fame.
    La comunità del luogo rimase molto colpita, il piccolo paese di Boršt/Sant’Antonio in Bosco, fa parte del comune di San Dorligo, non del comune di Trieste, e nella tragedia di quel freddo inverno la piccola comunità si è stretta attorno a quei poveri migranti in fuga per una vita migliore donandogli pace nel cimitero del paese.
    Un paese che, già prima della Seconda guerra mondiale, ha conosciuto i valori della fratellanza e della solidarietà: qui è nato Drago Žerjal tra i fondatori nel 1927 della triestina Borba (Lotta in sloveno), organizzazione che aveva come obiettivo la “lotta senza compromessi contro il fascismo e per l’annessione del Litorale e dell’Istria alla Jugoslavia”.
    Si decide allora di procedere ad una sepoltura delle quattro persone nel piccolo cimitero del paese, in un luogo dello stesso cimitero esposto al sole, dove ogni anno vengono ricordati e commemorati.
    Partecipano in tanti al funerale, in pratica l’intera comunità e le tombe sono sempre curate e ricoperte di fiori freschi, su una lapide un braccialetto africano messo di recente. Oltre il muro di quel cimitero si vedono il monte Carso e, dall’altro lato, il mare.

    Ci guardiamo, non si sa se siamo più tristi o incazzati. Una disgrazia quella di Boršt: il freddo, la notte e la paura forse l’hanno generata. Chissà chi c’era dietro a quella porta che non è stata aperta. Forse una parte di ciascuna e ciascuno di noi.

    La seconda ricostruzione ci porta indietro solo di qualche settimana da oggi, al primo gennaio, anno bisesto 2020. È sempre Alessandro a parlare. Un uomo percorre a piedi, da solo, ci dice, la strada che dai pressi del Castello di San Servolo, sul confine tra Slovenia e Italia, porta alla stazione centrale ferroviaria di Trieste. Non so quanto sia la distanza in chilometri, so che è lunga, in particolar modo per chi viene da lontano e di questi luoghi non conosce niente. Non so se sia arrivato di corsa, quante strade abbia sbagliato, quante voci lo abbiano ignorato. Quanta forza e rabbia abbia avuto dentro sé.
    Entra in un bar, uno all’interno conosce il suo dialetto e capisce. Chiede aiuto, dice che un uomo, un suo amico, è precipitato nel vuoto “in montagna”. Per fortuna gli credono, lo caricano in macchina e lui li porta nel posto dove tutto questo si è verificato, su uno dei ciglioni della Val Rosandra.
    Poche ore prima, sul far del mattino, mentre tanti ancora dormivano per i fasti della nottata di Capodanno, un uomo di 29 anni, stava attraversando il confine assieme alla moglie di 27 anni e un amico, non conoscendo affatto la conformità del terreno carsico e il territorio circostante. Vengono dall’Algeria, sono arrivati qui attraverso la rotta balcanica e non passando per Gibilterra, più vicina al suo paese ma presidiata oltremodo per impedire il passaggio dei migranti.
    Hanno un figlio di 6 mesi, rimasto con i nonni in Algeria. La maggior parte dei migranti arriva attraverso la rotta balcanica partendo dal Pakistan, dall’Afghanistan e dall’Algeria.
    A pochi metri dalla moglie, all’improvviso, l’uomo scivola in un dirupo, venti metri più in basso. Impossibile raggiungerlo e cercare di dargli aiuto. L’amico poco distante dal luogo della tragedia non esita e si lancia in discesa senza sapere dove andare, verso un paese, in cerca di aiuto.
    Quando arrivano i soccorsi, il Soccorso Alpino di Trieste e i Vigili del Fuoco, per il giovane migrante non c’è più niente da fare. La moglie, in evidente e comprensibile stato di choc, sarà assistita dalla Caritas Diocesana di Trieste e richiederà asilo politico in Italia.
    Quanta strada hanno percorso viaggiando a piedi tra deserti, attraversando mari, rischiando in ogni giorno la vita nell’attraversare frontiere spesso invisibili senza capire dove realmente sarebbero arrivati. Quanti di noi sarebbero disposti a fare qualcosa del genere in cerca di un posto dove poter vivere liberi. Loro lo hanno fatto. Erano vicini alla meta, una meta alta venti ripidi metri di roccia calcarea. Nessuna targa, nessun ricordo per loro.

    In questo presente rosso sangue, non potevano mancare “i migliori”. La notizia di questa tragedia, data in pasto nei ritrovi delle carogne, metteva in luce quello che possiamo poi osservare ogni giorno, purtroppo, con commenti di questo genere:

    Niente ferie per i coglioni con tastiera, nessuna pausa per i cervelli in pausa. Poi fa niente se non venivano dal Marocco, fa niente se il reddito di cittadinanza non ci azzecca per un cazzo.

    *

    La zona della Val Rosandra è una delle tante vie di accesso che dalla Slovenia scendono verso Trieste e i suoi mezzi di trasporto, verso Milano o ancora oltre verso la Germania, la Francia e il resto d’Europa. Non è raro trovare mucchi di abiti, zaini, sacchi a pelo, documenti nei sentieri della Valle, battuti anche dalle centinaia di turisti e camminatori delle domeniche fuori porta. Da Draga a Boršt, nei pressi delle falesie dove arrampicava Comici, si snoda un nuovo crocevia di sentieri verso la speranza di un avvenire.

    Va a periodi, dipende anche dal tempo, se piove è più probabile, ci dice Alessandro. Nei mesi estivi di pomeriggio, nei mesi freddi al mattino. Non sono statistiche provate, è la mia esperienza. Passano anche quando tira vento forte, e la gente di norma sta chiusa in casa.

    Li incontro spesso, passano in pratica davanti casa. Non sono mai soli, generalmente in gruppi da 5 a 10 persone. Finora tra le persone che ho incontrato c’erano solamente uomini, anche se sarebbe più corretto definirli ragazzi. Non hanno in genere, credo, più di 20 anni, molti direi erano minori, anche se l’idea di minore per noi non coincide con quella dei paesi da dove provengono.
    Come siano potuti arrivare al confine che non c’è, quello tra Slovenia e Italia, non lo so e nemmeno ho mai pensato di chiederglielo. Non avrebbe senso e perché poi dovrebbero dirlo proprio a me.
    Non è poi così complicato parlare con alcuni di loro, superata una prima, doverosa, diffidenza. Non chiedono nulla, e non si aspettano nulla da noi “locali”. Di solito almeno uno in ciascun gruppo parla l’ inglese, e così può iniziare un dialogo per loro insperato.
    Non vogliono né acqua né cibo; non hanno nulla, né borse né zaini. Chiedono soltanto come arrivare alla stazione ferroviaria, ma non sanno esattamente dove si trovano. Alla faccia dei GPS e dei navigatori satellitari, non sanno nulla. Chi racconta il contrario racconta cazzate.
    Alcuni aspetti di questi incontri li tralascio. I telefoni in loro possesso, a volte tutt’altro che moderni, non funzionano, necessitano di una scheda diciamo “europea”. Che non hanno con sé e non sanno dove acquistare.

    Mi è capitato di incontrarli in giornate di pioggia, completamente fradici, forse avevano un cambio di indumenti, forse no, ma non mi hanno chiesto nulla, nemmeno di potersi in qualche modo asciugare.
    Mi sono chiesto quale strada o meglio sentiero percorrano, con quale logica. L’impressione è che vengano abbandonati a se stessi, ad un certo punto, qualche volta addirittura a ridosso della superstrada, delimitata da reti piuttosto alte e con i rischi che ne possono conseguire.
    Per la mia esperienza, superato il primo momento, e forse il timore legittimo di fronte a uno sconosciuto, l’aiuto offerto viene di buon grado accettato, sono già contenti e sorpresi che qualcuno gli parli senza chiedere nulla in cambio.
    Non mi è capitato di incrociare nessuno che avesse come obiettivo quello di rimanere qui. Cercano la stazione e il modo di arrivarci. Tutti i fenomeni che sostengono il contrario semplicemente non ci hanno mai scambiato parola, per paura o chissà ché. Questo è un fatto importante, che rende bene l’idea di quanto stupidità mista a ignoranza vi sia nel giudicare questa, a volte tragica, migrazione.

    Ci sono più o meno 5.500 chilometri tra Pakistan e Italia, mi sembrerebbe assurdo che questi ragazzi si sobbarchino un viaggio come questo avendo come meta… Trieste! Con tutto il rispetto, ma davvero sembra poco plausibile. Eppure ne avanza di gente che sui social media dice questo, chissà poi su quali basi.
    Per quanto ho potuto capire io, questi ragazzi sanno dove vogliono arrivare, il problema è che spesso usciti dai boschi non sanno dove si trovano e tanto meno come proseguire. La prima sfida è spiegare come prendere un mezzo pubblico, cos’è una obliteratrice (!), e che il biglietto a bordo non si può fare. Ecco, si inizia da qui.
    Da molti non sono ben visti, quando transitano per le stradine dei paesi, quando camminano semplicemente lungo la strada provinciale. Difficile che qualcuno gli rivolga la parola. La sensazione è che ci sia una sorta di paura non qualificabile che pervade gli abitanti del posto, anche coloro che molti anni fa erano trattati da chi risiedeva in città come un popolo da civilizzare, un popolo da educare alle buone maniere, da far mangiare con le posate…

    Ho assistito di persona a comportamenti schizofrenici da parte dei locali, a invocazioni di giustizia sommaria e di interventi immediati e risolutivi da parte dell’autorità. Stavano osservando solo persone che camminavano, che stavano seduti a terra. La gratitudine nei loro occhi invece io non la scordo e non la scorderò facilmente osservandoli nel momento in cui associano nei miei confronti e nei confronti della mia compagna un senso di fratellanza e solidarietà, espresso e condiviso senza dover dare niente in cambio.
    Un aiuto sostanziale, importante quanto una parola e un sorriso, un consiglio circa la strada da percorrere e la distanza dal primo treno a disposizione, un biglietto dell’autobus visto come un miraggio e l’imitazione del rumore dell’obliteratrice per azzerare i sospetti del guidatore e farlo star tranquillo.

    *

    Mentre continuiamo a camminare, riflettiamo sulla tratta migratoria balcanica, e su come, a differenza del tratto di mare tra nord Africa e Lampedusa su cui sono stati scritti libri e fatti film anche di successo, si faccia fatica a produrre una narrazione – e quindi un immaginario – diverso da quello prodotto dalla stampa, che vada oltre la cronaca dei giornali.

    Sono ancora troppo pochi i documenti video che raccontino le difficoltà, la violenza, l’abuso di potere sofferti da migliaia di persone ogni anno lungo la via balcanica. Almeno 50 mila nel 2019, secondo l’UNHCR. Tra i documenti più completi e recenti c’è quello offerto da Hassan Fazili e Fatima Hussaini, marito e moglie, afgani, registi, che con le loro due figlie Nargis e Zahra sono partiti per il viaggio per fuggire dalla pena di morte decisa dai talebani, che dal 2015 pendeva sulla testa di Hassan. Dopo una prima fuga in Tagikistan, e svariate richieste di asilo, la coppia decide di giocarsi l’ultima e la più pericolosa delle carte nelle loro mani: mettersi nelle mani dei trafficanti per arrivare in Germania, attraverso la Balkan Route. Raccontando la loro storia con i tre cellulari che avevano con loro. Dopo tre anni di viaggio “in cui a ogni passo avanti ci sembrava di cadere sempre più in basso”, la famiglia ce l’ha fatta. Il racconto e la denuncia di questo viaggio sono diventati Midnight Traveler, un documentario presentato al Festival di Berlino nel 2019.

    *

    Non è facile trovare e seguire le tracce. Cosa da animali da fiuto – come Lars, il compagno a quattro zampe che ci accompagna – o da nativi, anche se qui non è la pelle ad essere rossa ma il cuore.
    L’estrema difficoltà del controllo di questo territorio poroso e selvatico è ben chiaro a chi vuole imporre la rigida sorveglianza su tutto ciò che si muove.

    La Croazia ha fatto scuola. Oltre alla violenza, gli strumenti di repressione e controllo, là fanno ampio uso della tecnologia che ora si vorrebbe importare sul Carso. L’idea di controllare questo altipiano e coloro che ci vivevano e lo attraversavano ha iniziato ad essere una specie di ossessione dagli anni Venti del secolo scorso del resto, durante il fascismo, anche se molti qui ora si sono dimenticati della discriminazione subita dai propri nonni.
    In Croazia, oltre a filo spinato e agenti robocop, vengono impiegati anche un piccolo aeroplano, droni e fototrappole.

    La proposta di un muro con cui chiudere l’altipiano carsico, non molto originale, lanciata dal governatore della Regione Friuli Venezia giulia Fedriga ha fatto molto parlare, ma vista l’impossibilità della sua realizzazione è caduta nel vuoto.
    «Un muro sul Carso è come frustare il mare» ha scritto Adriano Sofri parafrasando Erodoto (Il martire fascista, Sellerio editore, p. 27).
    L’idea di usare dei droni a scopo di controllo anti migranti invece nasce dall’Agenzia di Confine e Guardia Costiera Europea, Frontex, ed è stato usato nel tratto di mare a sud di Lampedusa.
    Da noi, dopo essere stato proposto insieme al dispiegamento dell’esercito da parte del post fascista Scoccimarro, a breve diventerà realtà grazie alla iniziativa della sindaca sceriffa di Monfalcone Anna Maria Cisint (che del resto lo vuole usare a 360° per preservare – e lo ripete come un mantra – “decoro e sicurezza”, ma si dovrebbe ormai essere capito che i dispositivi messi in atto contro i migranti presto o tardi si ritorcono contro tuttx). Bisogna fare notare come il comune di Monfalcone, il cui limite nord orientale è sì segnato dalle prime propaggini del Carso ma, per quanto vicino al confine, non è interessato da transiti di migranti né da sconfinamenti. In ogni caso ai cittadini di Monfalcone (o sudditi visto come vengono trattati?) toccherà pagare 10.000 € per un drone di ultima generazione con faretto con cui illuminare dall’alto una parte del territorio, visore notturno e telecamera termica utilissima anche per controllare le pisciate fatte per strada (uno dei problemi che affligge la cittadina a quanto pare).

    La proposta sempre da parte del governatore Fedriga di utilizzare delle fototrappole invece è piuttosto recente, arrivata neanche due settimane dopo la morte del giovane algerino in Val Rosandra.
    Non è chiaro se questa proposta, come per il muro, resterà lettera morta o se, come il drone di Cisint, possa effettivamente venire messo in pratica magari tramite i medesimi fondi elargiti sotto forma di contributi per la sicurezza.
    Di certo sul Carso le fototrappole già ci sono. Sono quelle usate a fini naturalistici o venatori. Questi apparecchi diffusi lungo tutto l’altopiano ci risulta abbiano già intercettato e fotografato persone di passaggio… Ma pensare di usare le foto trappole per il controllo dei migranti ci sembra sia una trovata assurda, oltre che irrealizzabile dal punto di vista legale. Ci sembra di capire che l’uso di fototrappole sia regolato dal punto di vista giuridico, dalla legge sulle intercettazioni telefoniche. Ovvero le forze dell’ordine possono utilizzarle a fronte di un mandato verso una persona specifica [non sembra sia consentito dalla legge un uso, diciamo così, generalizzato]. Ad esempio la guardia forestale, quando trova uno scarico abusivo di rifiuti, può attivare solo una denuncia contro ignoti, non può usare le fototrappole per monitorare l’area perché si tratta di un reato non imputabile a un responsabile specifico. Idem per le azioni contro il bracconaggio. E per tracciare il passaggio dei migranti quindi?

    *

    Ma quando e dove passano i migranti che attraversano a piedi il confine per arrivare a Trieste, si chiedono Luca ed Elena mentre procede la nostra escursione. Le tratte sono molte, i boschi sono un reticolo di sentieri e di passaggi, avventurarsi da soli sarebbe troppo rischioso. Ma non sono sempre così rischiosi i percorsi se ci si affida a chi li conosce. Difficile credere nello spirito umanitario di chi si presta, e chi lo facesse riceverebbe minacce di delazione ed insulti.

    I passaggi avvengono spesso al primo mattino, spesso di domenica nella illusione che ci siano minori controlli. A quanto abbiamo potuto vedere invece si direbbe che nelle prime ore del mattino dei giorni festivi ci sia nei pressi del confine una maggiore concentrazione di militari e forze dell’ordine che non sono spiegabili altrimenti che in un impiego che funzioni da controllo e da filtro.
    Parlando tra noi, l’ipotesi che le uscite insensate dei fascio-leghisti locali sulle fototrappole voglia essere una risposta alle pance del loro elettorato, per dire che anche in regione ci stiamo attrezzando per creare “dei disincentivi al passaggio”, è quella che si fa più strada. D’altronde alcuni dei passaggi attraverso i nostri boschi sono assolutamente sconosciuti alla massa degli escursionisti della domenica, lasciando libertà di azione ai militari che si posizionassero qui, e che volessero seguire i loro colleghi oltreconfine nella pratica illegale dei pushback. Una pratica già denunciata in passato su questo confine, come raccontato da Avvenire, con il presunto coinvolgimento della polizia italiana. Non c’è stato modo di capire se il governo abbia deciso di aprire o meno un’indagine sulla scorta della denuncia delle persone respinte.

    I pushback e le annesse violenze sono purtroppo all’ordine del giorno sul confine tra Bosnia e Croazia, anche se alcune delle denunce raccolte dagli attivisti di No Names Kitchen ci dicono che si contano dei casi anche nei pressi del confine italiano. L’ultima denuncia è di un anno fa, il respingimento sarebbe avvenuto a danno di cinque persone provenienti dalla Tunisia, appena a qualche chilometro da dove siamo noi oggi.

    Nella nostra passeggiata passiamo sotto l’autostrada e sbuchiamo nei pressi di uno dei valichi confinari più trafficati. Nel sottopasso tracce del transito di migranti: cumuli di vestiti, un sacco a pelo lacero, scarpe rotte. Molte le scritte sui muri in caratteri arabi o urdu: sono nomi di persone. Ahmed un nome tra i tanti, di “uno dei tanti figli di figli” che ritorna in questa storia.
    Qui vicino, ce ne accorgiamo dal passaggio di un paio di ragazzi punjabi di ritorno dal supermercato del paese, c’è Casa Malala, un centro di accoglienza collettivo di recente passato di gestione al gruppo Ors, costola dell’agenzia interinale Adecco e con casa madre a Zurigo in Svizzera.
    Questa è una delle conseguenze dei “decreti sicurezza” sui bandi per la gestione di centri di accoglienza: lo smantellamento dell’accoglienza diffusa e il conferimento della conduzione a organizzazioni distanti dai territori e dai bisogni di tuttx, da un lato e dall’altro delle porte dei centri di accoglienza. E anche di cattiva accoglienza si muore.

    Ai piedi dell’altra estremità del Carso, oltre il fiume Isonzo – che in quel tratto divide Friuli e Bisiacaria – c’è il CARA, Centro di Accoglienza per Richiedenti Asilo, un grande campo per persone in attesa di definizione della propria domanda di richiesta di protezione internazionale. Le persone che lì vengono fatte vivere possono uscire e lo fanno per sfuggire ai ritmi istituzionali, ma anche ai gusti e alle mura che sono condivise in parte con quelle del Centro Per il Rimpatrio (CPR). Il primo richiedente asilo ad annegare nelle limpide acque turchesi della Soča, come suona al femminile in sloveno, è stato Taimur Shinwari che il 7 agosto 2015 è morto di mancata accoglienza dopo solo quattro giorni dal sua arrivo in Italia. A luglio 2016 è stata la volta di Zarzai Mirwais, afghano. Negli ultimi mesi altri sono scomparsi in quelle acque: il 14 giugno scorso ha deciso di troncare la sua esistenza Sajid Hussain che con lo smantellamento dell’accoglienza diffusa – piccoli appartamenti indipendenti con ampi spazi di autonomia per chi ci vive – è stato condotto al CARA. Qui viveva nella speranza di ottenere un rientro in Pakistan da moglie e figlio in tempi brevi, dal momento che aveva richiesto di essere inserito nei programmi di rimpatrio volontario. Rimpatrio che poi per lui è arrivato solo dentro a una bara. Pochi giorni dopo la morte di Sajid un altro suo connazionale ha tentato il suicidio gettandosi in quel fiume. Atif invece nel fiume ci è scivolato per sbaglio e nessuno lo ha più ritrovato: era il 18 dicembre. Esattamente un mese dopo, il 18 gennaio, a Gradisca d’Isonzo è morto, a quanto riferito dopo un pestaggio da parte delle forze dell’ordine, Vakhtang Enukidze, georgiano di 38 anni. Era rinchiuso tra le mura del CPR come un carcerato in base al malsano concetto di “detenzione amministrativa”. Lui l’Isonzo probabilmente non lo ha mai neppure visto.

    Fiumi, confini e migrazioni hanno un profondo legame. Spesso i confini vengono tracciati in corrispondenza di barriere naturali: monti, deserti e, appunto, fiumi. La rotta balcanica ce lo dimostra: dall’Evros che segna il confine tra Grecia e Turchia dove in questi giorni si spara contro i migranti, al Suva Reka tra Grecia e Macedonia, il fiume Kolpa in Slovenia che si dice Kupa sul versante croato, fino al Mura tra Slovenia, Austria e Ungheria. Questo naturalizza il regime delle frontiere conducendo ad una visione del migrante come figura deviante. Un agente patologico o virale che infrange quanto si vuole come naturale. Nei tempi del Corona virus la cosa raggiunge il parossismo (si veda il box a lato).
    Ma il cammino della rotta balcanica è tagliato dai molti torrenti e piccoli corsi d’acqua di Bosnia e Croazia fino a quelli pieni di storia come il Danubio, la Drava o l’Isonzo. Ci vorrebbe un Ungaretti a ricantare questi fiumi colmi di sangue e il loro legame con guerra, morte e migrazioni.

    http://www.alpinismomolotov.org/wordpress/2020/03/09/mi-smo-tu-noi-siamo-qui-sul-confine-tra-lisonzo-e-la-balkan-route
    #frontières #asile #migrations #réfugiés #Alpes #montagne #frontière_sud-alpine #Italie #Slovénie #histoire

    –---

    Dans cet article une partie est dédiée à 4 personnes migrantes mortes dans ces montagnes carstiques dans les années 1970...

    Molti anni fa, 47 per la precisione. Sera del 12 novembre, anno 1973. Bora forte e novembre freddo – una volta era così! – in località #Boršt / #Sant’Antonio_in_Bosco, pochi chilometri da Trieste e altrettanti dal ciglione carsico con relativo confine. Cinque persone provenienti dal Mali bussano alla porta di una casa ai margini del paese. Erano arrivati in aereo a Spalato, poi in bus sino a Fiume. Volevano raggiungere Venezia, per poi recarsi in Francia, con la promessa di un lavoro, in nero si scoprirà in seguito.
    Qualcuno disse che dietro a tutto questo poteva esserci un’organizzazione che gestiva un traffico illegale di potenziali lavoratori da sistemare in Europa, le indagini successive non hanno portato a niente di rilevante. In ogni caso, qualcosa deve essere andato storto ai cinque ragazzi, forse non erano riusciti ad avere un visto, non lo sappiamo. Di certo erano in Jugoslavia, e per muoversi da li rimaneva come unica soluzione quella di andare a piedi a correggere la fortuna, verso un sogno occidentale. Erano a piedi quando arrivarono a Boršt, bussarono a una porta, avevano fame e freddo, molto freddo. Ma nessuno gli aprì.
    I cinque trascorsero la notte nei paraggi del casello ferroviario in disuso. Tre persone su cinque morirono assiderate, una persona seppur in gravi condizioni riuscì a salvarsi, mentre un’altra riuscì a richiamare l’attenzione di un abitante del luogo.
    Arrivarono i soccorsi, troppo tardi purtroppo. Persero la vita #Seydou_Dembele, anni 22, #Mamdor_Niakhate, anni 19, e #Diambou_Lassana, anni 27. Dopo quasi un mese venne ritrovato un altro corpo, quello di #Djibi_Somaili, anni 25; lui veniva dalla Mauritania.


    Si fanno molte supposizioni circa la loro presenza e la loro morte, alla fine la realtà emerge nuda e cruda, sono morti per assideramento. E per fame.
    Si decide allora di procedere ad una sepoltura delle quattro persone nel piccolo cimitero del paese, in un luogo dello stesso cimitero esposto al sole, dove ogni anno vengono ricordati e commemorati.
    Partecipano in tanti al funerale, in pratica l’intera comunità e le tombe sono sempre curate e ricoperte di fiori freschi, su una lapide un braccialetto africano messo di recente. Oltre il muro di quel cimitero si vedono il monte Carso e, dall’altro lato, il mare.

    #cimetière #morts #décès #mourir_aux_frontières #fototrappola #piège_photographique

    Sur les #pièges_photographiques, voir aussi :
    Il #Friuli_Venezia_Giulia vuole usare le “fototrappole” per i migranti al confine
    https://seenthis.net/messages/995446

  • #Grenoble : plusieurs dizaines de personnes manifestent #contre_les_frontières (VIDÉO)

    À l’appel de plusieurs associations une manifestation se déroule actuellement à Grenoble contre « les frontières, les États impérialistes, et leur politique raciste ». Une manifestation qui se déroule dans le cadre de la journée de commémoration (6 février) des #morts_aux_frontières. Le #6_février_2014, une quinzaine de personnes avaient été tuées alors qu’elles tentaient d’entrer en Europe par la mer à Sebta, colonie espagnole au Maroc. Ce jour-là, indique le communiqué des organisateurs de la manifestation, « 15 personnes étaient mortes noyées, refoulées par la Guardia Civil. »

    https://www.ledauphine.com/social/2020/02/08/isere-grenoble-plusieurs-dizaines-de-personnes-manifestent-contre-les-fr
    #résistance #frontières #manifestation #ouverture_des_frontières #morts_aux_frontières #commémoration #asile #migrations #réfugiés
    #6_février_2020 #mémoire #Ceuta #morts #décès #mémoire

    Commentaire de @karine4 :

    la vidéo est pas super et on était plus de 300 mais bon, ils en ont parlé...

  • La #commémoration du génocide des #Arméniens à #Valence

    Enjeux d’une #revendication_politique portée par une symbolique religieuse chrétienne, pour la transmission d’une #mémoire_identitaire.

    Face à l’atomisation qui minait sa propre cohérence et menaçait sa pérennité avec les perspectives de dissolution des appartenances religieuses traditionnelles induites par la modernité française, la religion identitaire arménienne s’est réinventée à travers la #reconnaissance et la commémoration du #génocide, sorte de nouveau #paradigme_ethno-religieux_arménien.

    Pour télécharger l’article :
    https://lecpa.hypotheses.org/files/2020/01/commemoration-du-genocide-armenien.pdf

    https://lecpa.hypotheses.org/1335
    #mémoire #identité

  • Fresque à l’Assemblée nationale à Paris...

    Cette #fresque trône dans mon lieu de travail, l’@AssembleeNat. C’est censé est un truc commémoratif. Imagine-t-on des Juifs représentés ac l’imagerie antisémite pour une commémoration ? Ces traits sont des caricatures issus d’une longue tradition européenne. C’est + qu’une honte


    https://twitter.com/MMonmirel/status/1127591340131454977?s=19
    #racisme #néo-colonialisme #art_de_rue #street_art #commémoration #mémoire #caricature #Africains #Noirs #esclavage #préjugés #mémoire

    ping @reka

  • Une diplomatie des excuses ? Le #Saint-Siège et le #Rwanda

    Le 25 mars 1998, le président Bill Clinton se rendait à l’aéroport de Kigali et, sans en sortir, présentait ses excuses pour l’inaction des États-Unis au cours du génocide. Deux années plus tard, le Premier ministre Guy Verhofstadt présentait à son tour les excuses officielles de la Belgique lors de la commémoration officielle du génocide au site de Gisozi. Il réitérait ses propos en 2004 à l’occasion de la dixième #commémoration du #génocide au stade Amahoro. D’autres pays, en premier lieu la France, ont toujours refusé de participer à cette « diplomatie des #excuses 1 » (à ce sujet, voir Rosoux ; Gibney & Howard-Hassmann).

    Depuis 1994, des associations de rescapés ainsi que les autorités rwandaises réclamaient des excuses officielles de l’#Église_catholique rwandaise et du #Vatican pour leurs rôles dans le #génocide des #Tutsi. Vingt-trois années après ces premières demandes, et après bien des controverses, le pape François a officiellement imploré en mars 2017 « le pardon de Dieu » pour les échecs de l’Église au Rwanda.

    Afin de comprendre ce geste politique, il est nécessaire de revenir sur les débats relatifs à la responsabilité de l’Église catholique au Rwanda avant et pendant le génocide ainsi que sur les étapes ayant conduit aux excuses officielles.

    https://www.memoires-en-jeu.com/inprogress/une-diplomatie-des-excuses-le-saint-siege-et-le-rwanda
    #mémoire #Eglise

  • Elle est pas belle cette fresque qui illustre un article sur l’abolition de l’esclavage sur le site de l’assemblée nationale ???

    1794 : la première abolition
    http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/evenements/2016/abolition-de-l-esclavage-1794-et-1848/1794-la-premiere-abolition

    Fresque d’Hervé Di Rosa installée, au Palais Bourbon, dans la galerie d’accès aux tribunes du public

    Quelle honte merde ! #racisme_d'état

  • La #sama
    http://www.radiopanik.org/emissions/association-de-bienfaiteurs/la-sama

    En 1989, les marolliens, de la rue de la #samaritaine, firent #grève. La grève des #matelas. Parce que les pompiers avaient décidé que leur logement était insalubre, dangereux, parce que la commune de Bruxelles avait envoyé sa police afin de distribuer les avis d’expulsion à qui de droit, parce qu’aucune alternative de relogement ne leur était proposée, pour ces raisons, les personnes concernées, et des sympathisants, manifestèrent en dormant sur desq matelas dans la rue. Lieu où les entités communales, fédérales, les envoyaient vivre, n’ayant plus de logement. De cette manifestation naquit un mouvement pour le droit à un logement digne pour tout citoyen. Malheureusement, ce combat est toujours d’actualité.

    De ce mouvement naquit aussi le Comité de la Samaritaine. Lieu où je vous emmène (...)

    #cuisine #alimentaire #colis #commémoration #grève,cuisine,alimentaire,samaritaine,sama,colis,commémoration,matelas
    http://www.radiopanik.org/media/sounds/association-de-bienfaiteurs/la-sama_05845__1.mp3

  • Who writes history? The fight to commemorate a massacre by the Texas #rangers

    In 1918, a state-sanctioned vigilante force killed 15 unarmed Mexicans in #Porvenir. When their descendants applied for a historical marker a century later, they learned that not everyone wants to remember one of Texas’ darkest days.

    The name of the town was Porvenir, or “future.” In the early morning hours of January 28, 1918, 15 unarmed Mexicans and Mexican Americans were awakened by a state-sanctioned vigilante force of Texas Rangers, U.S. Army cavalry and local ranchers. The men and boys ranged in age from 16 to 72. They were taken from their homes, led to a bluff over the Rio Grande and shot from 3 feet away by a firing squad. The remaining residents of the isolated farm and ranch community fled across the river to Mexico, where they buried the dead in a mass grave. Days later, the cavalry returned to burn the abandoned village to the ground.

    These, historians broadly agree, are the facts of what happened at Porvenir. But 100 years later, the meaning of those facts remains fiercely contested. In 2015, as the centennial of the massacre approached, a group of historians and Porvenir descendants applied for and was granted a Texas Historical Commission (THC) marker. After a three-year review process, the THC approved the final text in July. A rush order was sent to the foundry so that the marker would be ready in time for a Labor Day weekend dedication ceremony planned by descendants. Then, on August 3, Presidio County Historical Commission Chair Mona Blocker Garcia sent an email to the THC that upended everything. Though THC records show that the Presidio commission had been consulted throughout the marker approval process, Garcia claimed to be “shocked” that the text was approved. She further asserted, without basis, that “the militant Hispanics have turned this marker request into a political rally and want reparations from the federal government for a 100-year-old-plus tragic event.”

    Four days later, Presidio County Attorney Rod Ponton sent a follow-up letter. Without identifying specific errors in the marker text, he demanded that the dedication ceremony be canceled and the marker’s production halted until new language could be agreed upon. Ponton speculated, falsely, that the event was planned as a “major political rally” for Beto O’Rourke with the participation of La Raza Unida founding member José Ángel Gutiérrez, neither of whom was involved. Nonetheless, THC History Programs Director Charles Sadnick sent an email to agency staff the same day: “After getting some more context about where the marker sponsor may be coming from, we’re halting production on the marker.”

    The American Historical Association quickly condemned the THC’s decision, as did the office of state Senator José Rodríguez, a Democrat whose district includes both Presidio County and El Paso, where the ceremony was to be held. Historians across the country also spoke out against the decision. Sarah Zenaida Gould, director of the Museo del Westside in San Antonio and cofounder of Latinos in Heritage Conservation, responded in an email to the agency that encapsulates the views of many of the historians I interviewed: “Halting the marker process to address this statement as though it were a valid concern instead of a dog whistle is insulting to all people of color who have personally or through family history experienced state violence.”

    How did a last-gasp effort, characterized by factual errors and inflammatory language, manage to convince the state agency for historic preservation to reverse course on a marker three years in the making and sponsored by a young Latina historian with an Ivy League pedigree and Texas-Mexico border roots? An Observer investigation, involving dozens of interviews and hundreds of emails obtained through an open records request, reveals a county still struggling to move on from a racist and violent past, far-right amateur historians sowing disinformation and a state agency that acted against its own best judgment.

    The Porvenir massacre controversy is about more than just the fate of a single marker destined for a lonely part of West Texas. It’s about who gets to tell history, and the continuing relevance of the border’s contested, violent and racist past to events today.

    Several rooms in Benita Albarado’s home in Uvalde are almost overwhelmed by filing cabinets and stacks of clipboards, the ever-growing archive of her research into what happened at Porvenir. For most of her life, Benita, 74, knew nothing about the massacre. What she did know was that her father, Juan Flores, had terrible nightmares, and that in 1950 he checked himself in to a state mental hospital for symptoms that today would be recognized as PTSD. When she asked her mother what was wrong with him, she always received the same vague response: “You don’t understand what he’s been through.”

    In 1998, Benita and her husband, Buddy, began tracing their family trees. Benita was perplexed that she couldn’t find any documentation about her grandfather, Longino Flores. Then she came across the archival papers of Harry Warren, a schoolteacher, lawyer and son-in-law of Tiburcio Jáquez, one of the men who was murdered. Warren had made a list of the victims, and Longino’s name was among them. Warren also described how one of his students from Porvenir had come to his house the next morning to tell him what happened, and then traveled with him to the massacre site to identify the bodies, many of which were so mutilated as to be virtually unrecognizable. Benita immediately saw the possible connection. Her father, 12 at the time, matched Warren’s description of the student.

    Benita and Buddy drove from Uvalde to Odessa, where her father lived, with her photocopied papers. “Is that you?” she asked. He said yes. Then, for the first time in 80 years, he began to tell the story of how he was kidnapped with the men, but then sent home because of his age; he was told that the others were only going to be questioned. To Benita and Buddy’s amazement, he remembered the names of 12 of the men who had been murdered. They were the same as those in Harry Warren’s papers. He also remembered the names of the ranchers who had shown up at his door. Some of those, including the ancestors of prominent families still in Presidio County, had never been found in any document.

    Talking about the massacre proved healing for Flores. His nightmares stopped. In 2000, at age 96, he decided that he wanted to return to Porvenir. Buddy drove them down an old mine road in a four-wheel-drive truck. Flores pointed out where his old neighbors used to live, even though the buildings were gone. He guided Buddy to the bluff where the men were killed — a different location than the one commonly believed by local ranchers to be the massacre site. His memory proved to be uncanny: At the bluff, the family discovered a pre-1918 military bullet casing, still lying on the Chihuahuan desert ground.

    Benita and Buddy began advocating for a historical marker in 2000, soon after their trip to Porvenir. “A lot of people say that this was a lie,” Buddy told me. “But if you’ve got a historical marker, the state has to acknowledge what happened.” Their efforts were met by resistance from powerful ranching families, who held sway over the local historical commission. The Albarados had already given up when they met Monica Muñoz Martinez, a Yale graduate student from Uvalde, who interviewed them for her dissertation. In 2013, Martinez, by then an assistant professor at Brown University, co-founded Refusing to Forget, a group of historians aiming to create broader public awareness of border violence, including Porvenir and other extrajudicial killings of Mexicans by Texas Rangers during the same period. The most horrific of these was La Matanza, in which dozens of Mexicans and Mexican Americans were murdered in the Rio Grande Valley in 1915.

    In 2006, the THC created the Undertold Markers program, which seemed tailor-made for Porvenir. According to its website, the program is designed to “address historical gaps, promote diversity of topics, and proactively document significant underrepresented subjects or untold stories.” Unlike the agency’s other marker programs, anyone can apply for an undertold marker, not just county historical commissions. Martinez’s application for a Porvenir massacre marker was accepted in 2015.

    Though the approval process for the Porvenir marker took longer than usual, by the summer of 2018 everything appeared to be falling into place. On June 1, Presidio County Historical Commission chair Garcia approved the final text. (Garcia told me that she thought she was approving a different text. Her confusion is difficult to understand, since the text was attached to the digital form she submitted approving it.) Martinez began coordinating with the THC and Arlinda Valencia, a descendant of one of the victims, to organize a dedication ceremony in El Paso.
    “They weren’t just simple farmers. I seriously doubt that they were just killed for no reason.”

    In mid-June, Valencia invited other descendants to the event and posted it on Facebook. She began planning a program to include a priest’s benediction, a mariachi performance and brief remarks by Martinez, Senator Rodríguez and a representative from the THC. The event’s climax would be the unveiling of the plaque with the names of the 15 victims.

    Then the backlash began.

    “Why do you call it a massacre?” is the first thing Jim White III said over the phone when I told him I was researching the Porvenir massacre. White is the trustee of the Brite Ranch, the site of a cross-border raid by Mexicans on Christmas Day 1917, about a month before the Porvenir massacre. When I explained that the state-sanctioned extrajudicial execution of 15 men and boys met all the criteria I could think of for a massacre, he shot back, “It sounds like you already have your opinion.”

    For generations, ranching families like the Brites have dominated the social, economic and political life of Presidio County. In a visit to the Marfa & Presidio County Museum, I was told that there were almost no Hispanic surnames in any of the exhibits, though 84 percent of the county is Hispanic. The Brite family name, however, was everywhere.

    White and others in Presidio County subscribe to an alternative history of the Porvenir massacre, centering on the notion that the Porvenir residents were involved in the bloody Christmas Day raid.

    “They weren’t just simple farmers,” White told me, referring to the victims. “I seriously doubt that they were just killed for no reason.” Once he’d heard about the historical marker, he said, he’d talked to everyone he knew about it, including former Texas Land Commissioner Jerry Patterson and Mona Blocker Garcia.

    I visited Garcia at her Marfa home, an 1886 adobe that’s the same age as the venerable Marfa County Courthouse down the street. Garcia, 82, is Anglo, and married to a former oil executive whose ancestry, she explained, is Spanish and French Basque. A Houston native, she retired in the 1990s to Marfa, where she befriended the Brite family and became involved in local history. She told me that she had shared a draft text of the marker with the Brites, and they had agreed that it was factually inaccurate.

    Garcia cited a story a Brite descendant had told her about a young goat herder from Porvenir who purportedly witnessed the Christmas Day raid, told authorities about the perpetrators from his community and then disappeared without a trace into a witness protection program in Oklahoma. When I asked if there was any evidence that the boy actually existed, she acknowledged the story was “folklore.” Still, she said, “the story has lasted 100 years. Why would anybody make something like that up?”

    The actual history is quite clear. In the days after the massacre, the Texas Rangers commander, Captain J.M. Fox, initially reported that Porvenir residents had fired on the Rangers. Later, he claimed that residents had participated in the Christmas Day raid. Subsequent investigations by the Mexican consulate, the U.S. Army and state Representative J.T. Canales concluded that the murdered men were unarmed and innocent, targeted solely because of their ethnicity by a vigilante force organized at the Brite Ranch. As a result, in June 1918, five Rangers were dismissed, Fox was forced to resign and Company B of the Texas Rangers was disbanded.

    But justice remained elusive. In the coming years, Fox re-enlisted as captain of Company A, while three of the dismissed lawmen found new employment. One re-enlisted as a Ranger, a second became a U.S. customs inspector and the third was hired by the Brite Ranch. No one was ever prosecuted. As time passed, the historical records of the massacre, including Harry Warren’s papers, affidavits from widows and other relatives and witness testimony from the various investigations, were largely forgotten. In their place came texts like Walter Prescott Webb’s The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense, which played an outsize role in the creation of the heroic myth of the Texas Rangers. Relying entirely on interviews with the murderers themselves, Webb accepted at face value Fox’s discredited version of events. For more than 50 years, Webb’s account was considered the definitive one of the massacre — though, unsurprisingly, he didn’t use that word.

    An Observer review of hundreds of emails shows that the state commission was aware of potential controversy over the marker from the very beginning. In an email from 2015, Executive Director Mark Wolfe gave John Nau, the chair of the THC’s executive committee, a heads-up that while the marker was supported by historical scholarship, “the [Presidio County Historical Commission] opposes the marker.” The emails also demonstrate that the agency viewed the claims of historical inaccuracies in the marker text made by Mona Blocker Garcia and the county commission as minor issues of wording.

    On August 6, the day before the decision to halt the marker, Charles Sadnick, the history programs director, wrote Wolfe to say that the “bigger problem” was the ceremony, where he worried there might be disagreements among Presidio County residents, and which he described as “involving some politics which we don’t want a part of.”

    What were the politics that the commission was worried about, and where were these concerns coming from? Garcia’s last-minute letter may have been a factor, but it wasn’t the only one. For the entire summer, Glenn Justice, a right-wing amateur historian who lives in a rural gated community an hour outside San Angelo, had been the driving force behind a whisper campaign to discredit Martinez and scuttle the dedication ceremony.

    “There are radicals in the ‘brown power’ movement that only want the story told of Rangers and [the] Army and gringos killing innocent Mexicans,” Justice told me when we met in his garage, which doubles as the office for Rimrock Press, a publishing company whose catalog consists entirely of Justice’s own work. He was referring to Refusing to Forget and in particular Martinez, the marker’s sponsor.

    Justice has been researching the Porvenir massacre for more than 30 years, starting when he first visited the Big Bend as a graduate student. He claims to be, and probably is, the first person since schoolteacher Harry Warren to call Porvenir a “massacre” in print, in a master’s thesis published by the University of Texas at El Paso in 1991. Unlike White and Garcia, Justice doesn’t question the innocence of the Porvenir victims. But he believes that additional “context” is necessary to understand the reasons for the massacre, which he views as an aberration, rather than a representatively violent part of a long history of racism. “There have never been any problems between the races to speak of [in Presidio County],” he told me.

    In 2015, Justice teamed up with former Land Commissioner Jerry Patterson and Sul Ross State University archaeologist David Keller on a privately funded excavation at the massacre site. He is working on a new book about the bullets and bullet casings they found — which he believes implicate the U.S. Army cavalry in the shooting — and also partnered with Patterson to produce a documentary. But they’d run out of money, and the film was taken over by noted Austin filmmaker Andrew Shapter, who pitched the project to PBS and Netflix. In the transition, Justice was demoted to the role of one of 12 consulting historians. Meanwhile, Martinez was given a prominent role on camera.

    Justice was disgruntled when he learned that the dedication ceremony would take place in El Paso. He complained to organizer Arlinda Valencia and local historical commission members before contacting Ponton, the county attorney, and Amanda Shields, a descendant of massacre victim Manuel Moralez.

    “I didn’t want to take my father to a mob scene,” Shields told me over the phone, by way of explaining her opposition to the dedication ceremony. She believed the rumor that O’Rourke and Gutiérrez would be involved.

    In August, Shields called Valencia to demand details about the program for the ceremony. At the time, she expressed particular concern about a potential Q&A event with Martinez that would focus on parallels between border politics and violence in 1918 and today.

    “This is not a political issue,” Shields told me. “It’s a historical issue. With everything that was going on, we didn’t want the ugliness of politics involved in it.” By “everything,” she explained, she was referring primarily to the issue of family separation. Benita and Buddy Albarado told me that Shields’ views represent a small minority of descendants.

    Martinez said that the idea of ignoring the connections between past and present went against her reasons for fighting to get a marker in the first place. “I’m a historian,” she said. “It’s hard to commemorate such a period of violence, in the midst of another ongoing humanitarian crisis, when this period of violence shaped the institutions of policing that we have today. And that cannot be relegated to the past.”

    After communicating with Justice and Shields, Ponton phoned THC Commissioner Gilbert “Pete” Peterson, who is a bank investment officer in Alpine. That call set in motion the sequence of events that would ultimately derail the marker. Peterson immediately emailed Wolfe, the state commission’s executive director, to say that the marker was becoming “a major political issue.” Initially, though, Wolfe defended the agency’s handling of the marker. “Frankly,” Wolfe wrote in his reply, “this might just be one where the [Presidio County Historical Commission] isn’t going to be happy, and that’s why these stories have been untold for so long.” Peterson wrote back to say that he had been in touch with members of the THC executive committee, which consists of 15 members appointed by either former Governor Rick Perry or Governor Greg Abbott, and that an email about the controversy had been forwarded to THC chair John Nau. Two days later, Peterson added, “This whole thing is a burning football that will be thrown to the media.”

    At a meeting of the Presidio County Historical Commission on August 17, Peterson suggested that the executive board played a major role in the decision to pause production of the marker. “I stopped the marker after talking to Rod [Ponton],” Peterson said. “I’ve spent quite a bit of time talking with the chairman and vice-chairman [of the THC]. What we have said, fairly emphatically, is that there will not be a dedication in El Paso.” Through a spokesperson, Wolfe said that the executive committee is routinely consulted and the decision was ultimately his.

    The spokesperson said, “The big reason that the marker was delayed was to be certain about its accuracy. We want these markers to stand for generations and to be as accurate as possible.”

    With no marker to unveil, Valencia still organized a small commemoration. Many descendants, including Benita and Buddy Albarado, chose not to attend. Still, the event was described by Jeff Davis, a THC representative in attendance, as “a near perfect event” whose tone was “somber and respectful but hopeful.”

    Most of THC’s executive committee members are not historians. The chair, John Nau, is CEO of the nation’s largest Anheuser-Busch distributor and a major Republican party donor. His involvement in the Porvenir controversy was not limited to temporarily halting the marker. In August, he also instructed THC staff to ask the Presidio historical commission to submit applications for markers commemorating raids by Mexicans on white ranches during the Mexican Revolution, which Nau described as “a significant but largely forgotten incident in the state’s history.”

    Garcia confirmed that she had been approached by THC staff. She added that the THC had suggested two specific topics: the Christmas Day raid and a subsequent raid at the Neville Ranch.

    The idea of additional plaques to provide so-called context that could be interpreted as justifying the massacre — or at the very least setting up a false moral equivalence — appears to have mollified critics like White, Garcia and Justice. The work on a revised Porvenir massacre text proceeded quickly, with few points of contention, once it began in mid-September. The marker was sent to the foundry on September 18.
    “It’s hard to commemorate such a period of violence, in the midst of another ongoing humanitarian crisis, when this period of violence shaped the institutions of policing that we have today.”

    In the end, the Porvenir descendants will get their marker — but it may come at a cost. Martinez called the idea of multiple markers “deeply unsettling” and not appropriate for the Undertold Marker program. “Events like the Brite Ranch raid and the Neville raid have been documented by historians for over a century,” she said. “These are not undertold histories. My concern with having a series of markers is that, again, it casts suspicion on the victims of these historical events. It creates the logic that these raids caused this massacre, that it was retribution for these men and boys participating.”

    In early November, the THC unexpectedly announced a dedication ceremony for Friday, November 30. The date was one of just a few on which Martinez, who was still planning on organizing several public history events in conjunction with the unveiling, had told the agency months prior that she had a schedule conflict. In an email to Martinez, Sadnick said that it was the only date Nau could attend this year, and that it was impossible for agency officials to make “secure travel plans” once the legislative session began in January.

    A handful of descendants, including Shields and the Albarados, still plan to attend. “This is about families having closure,” Shields told me. “Now, this can finally be put to rest.”

    The Albarados are livid that the THC chose a date that, in their view, prioritized the convenience of state and county officials over the attendance of descendants — including their own daughters, who feared they wouldn’t be able to get off work. They also hope to organize a second, unofficial gathering at the marker site next year, with the participation of more descendants and the Refusing to Forget historians. “We want people to know the truth of what really happened [at Porvenir],” Buddy told me, “and to know who it was that got this historical marker put there.”

    Others, like Arlinda Valencia, planned to stay home. “Over 100 years ago, our ancestors were massacred, and the reason they were massacred was because of lies that people were stating as facts,” she told me in El Paso. “They called them ‘bandits,’ when all they were doing was working and trying to make a living. And now, it’s happening again.”

    #mémoire #histoire #Texas #USA #massacre #assassinat #méxicains #violence #migrations #commémoration #historicisation #frontières #violence_aux_frontières #violent_borders #Mexique

  • « Le 11 novembre, la Grande Guerre, la victoire de la France et la défaite des Français » Bruno Adrie - 6 Novembre 2018 - Librairie Tropiques
    http://www.librairie-tropiques.fr/2018/11/la-defaite-des-francais.html

    On peut comprendre que des esprits patriotes se sentent aujourd’hui blessés par la décision prise par un certain président français de ne pas offusquer l’Allemagne lors des célébrations du 11 novembre. On comprend aisément que cette décision soit une preuve de plus de la soumission des élites françaises aux élites allemandes.

    Mais, il me semble que cantonner le problème à ce niveau n’a pas se sens et ne rend pas compte de ce que fut la « Grande Guerre ».

    Car, indépendamment des marques de soumission de l’élite française et de ses commis-voyageurs politiques aujourd’hui, la victoire française de 1918 n’a jamais été une victoire du peuple français mais sa défaite. Les dynasties bourgeoises qui en 1914 avaient le pouvoir notamment via leur laquais Poincaré ont voulu la guerre et tout fait pour l’obtenir. Cette guerre n’a été que le conflit entre deux bourgeoisies industrielles impérialistes se combattant pour le partage du monde. Le patriotisme n’a rien eu à voir là-dedans. Il n’a été, comme souvent dans la bouche des politiciens de droite que le prétexte à faire passer un bain de sang pour un acte de justice.

    Et on les a vus, les profiteurs de guerre soutenus par l’État, devenir les profiteurs de paix en se faisant attribuer à bas prix les biens allemands mis sous séquestre en Alsace et en Lorraine. On les a vus refuser de payer l’impôt (comme toujours) obligeant l’État a exiger d’improbables réparations jamais acceptées outre Rhin ni outre Atlantique compte tenu des investissement US en Allemagne qui ne devaient pas rapporter à la France. Non, décidément, que la France ait choisi, aujourd’hui comme en 40 (et même avant), de se soumettre à l’Allemagne ne fait pas de doute, mais les trémolos droitistes et militaristes ne prennent pas et ne servent pas la vérité.

    La « Grande Guerre » ne fut « grande » que par l’injuste et trop grand sacrifice de millions d’innocents tournés « en saucisson de bataille » par des profiteurs qui n’ont pas hésité à leur voler la paix après leur avoir volé la peau et les os.

    « Nous avons donné tout sans exiger de reçu » a écrit Georges Bernanos dans Les enfants humiliés. Il est grand temps de relire toute la série des Écrits de combats de ce grand mystique attelé comme une bourrique fiévreuse et têtue au lourd chariot de la Vérité.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFxvRTyeZMg

    #histoire, #politique #premiere_guerre_mondiale #commemorations #guerre_aux_pauvres #France #profiteurs #défaites #Georges_Bernanos #france #guerre #armée #armée_française

  • Memorializing the GDR: Monuments and Memory after 1989

    Since unification, eastern Germany has witnessed a rapidly changing memorial landscape, as the fate of former socialist monuments has been hotly debated and new commemorative projects have met with fierce controversy. Memorializing the GDR provides the first in-depth study of this contested arena of public memory, investigating the individuals and groups devoted to the creation or destruction of memorials as well as their broader aesthetic, political, and historical contexts. Emphasizing the interrelationship of built environment, memory and identity, it brings to light the conflicting memories of recent German history, as well as the nuances of national and regional constructions of identity.


    http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/SaundersMemorializing

    #paysage_mémoriel #mémoire #monuments #Allemagne_de_l'Est #livre #réunification #Allemagne #commémoration #création #destruction #identité #identité_nationale #géographie_culturelle #RDA

    signalé par @reka

  • Commisération de 68
    Sur une soirée cocottes comico poulets

    https://lavoiedujaguar.net/Commiseration-de-68-Sur-une-soiree-cocottes-comico-poulets

    Hier soir, ce fut une première : avec des amis nous sommes allés nous asseoir à la terrasse du nouveau café du théâtre de l’Odéon, laquelle terrasse a littéralement colonisé la place. Il y avait là R., une amie mexicaine qui sortait de la bibliothèque de la Sorbonne tout juste rouverte après occupation. Elle est pleine de nouvelles normes de contrôle, de maréchaussée.

    À l’Odéon se donnait une soirée en commémoration de Mai 68, soirée payante, ou sur invitation. À partir de 19 h 15, les gens bien mis sont entrés en très grand nombre, la tranche des « seniors » étant singulièrement représentée… des vieilles dames en tenue des grands soirs faisaient, en particulier, plaisir à voir. Puis sont arrivés des lycéens, des étudiants, des gens de peu de foi (la soirée s’intitulait « L’esprit de Mai »), au mieux une cinquantaine de personnes si l’on compte les vieux. Pour cette engeance, impossible d’entrer, évidement. (...)

    #Mai68 #Odéon #commémoration #répression #gazage #nasse

  • Commémoration de mai 68
    Que faisant le gouvernement en mai 68 ?
    Il ordonnait à ses flics accompagnes de fascistes volontaires (Dont les camelots d’AF) de tabasser les étudiants.es
    Il condamnait à la prison les femmes qui avortaient
    Il excusait les violeurs et agresseurs sexuels.
    Il réprimait les grèves...

    Comment le gouvernement commémore mai 68 en 2018 ?
    Il ordonne à ses flics accompagnés de fascistes volontaires (dont AF) de tabasser les etudiant.es.
    Il invite les intégristes cathos au comité de bioéthique pour interdire la PMA.
    Il organise la pénurie de centre IVG, planning familliale et coupe les vivres aux organisations féministes qui luttent contre les violences sexuelles au travail.
    Il s’organiser aussi l’appauvrissement des femmes et fait obstacle a l’accès aux aides sociales dont les femmes sont les principales bénéficiaires. Il prépare aussi leur mise à la rue, via la vente des HLM. 
    Il prépare une atténuation des peines et poursuites pour viol et violences sexuelles via une correctionnalisation automatique des viols.
    Il réprime les grèves...

    #commemoration #mai_68 #memoire

  • Dossier 1968, une embellie en mai
    https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/dossier/mai68

    (Toutes les archives sont en accès libre.)

    La France est un pays paralysé, les banques ne fonctionnent plus, les pompes à essence sont vides. Qu’était #Mai_68 ? Une révolte étudiante contre les hiérarchies, une libération festive des mœurs, certes. Mais aussi et d’abord la plus grande grève d’ouvriers et d’employés de l’histoire de France, en écho aux grands mouvements de solidarité avec les peuples du tiers-monde, et avant tout avec le peuple vietnamien. À l’occasion du quarantième anniversaire du mouvement, Laurent Bonelli remarquait que « contrairement aux commémorations de 1988 et 1998, encore dominées par la célébration de leaders étudiants, celle de 2008 laisse une place bien plus importante aux masses d’anonymes qui ont inscrit l’événement dans l’histoire et aux raisons pour lesquelles elles l’ont fait. » Ainsi « la mémoire des millions de grévistes qui paralysèrent le pays retrouve enfin une place dans le débat. » Que reste-t-il à dire, écrire ou montrer aujourd’hui ? Pour le cinquantenaire, hors de toute frénésie éditoriale, Le Monde diplomatique invite à une plongée dans ses archives.