Je pensais l’avoir mis sur seenthis, mais apparemment pas... un reportage #BD qui date de 2013
Amiir and Family : Somalis in Norway
Somalis in European Cities : Overview
Somalis in European Cities presents an overview of a comparative research series developed by local experts in #Amsterdam, Copenhagen, #Helsinki, #Leicester, London, #Malmö, and #Oslo. The research aims to capture the everyday, lived experiences of Somalis as well as the type and degree of engagement policy makers have initiated with their Somali and minority constituents.
►https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/somalis-european-cities-overview
#Copenhague #villes #Europe #Somalie #rapport
Greenpeace activists protest near oil rig in Norway’s Arctic sea area
▻http://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-oil-greenpeace-idUSKBN1A61SA
Environmental activists protested on Friday near an offshore rig contracted by Statoil in the remote Norwegian Arctic, where the firm is looking for oil and gas deposits.
La plate-forme Songa Enabler est actuellement positionnée sur la zone Gemini Nord
Joanna lost most of her family in a typhoon said to be caused by climate changes. Today, she protests Statoil’s Barents Sea oil drilling | The Independent Barents Observer
▻https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/ecology/2017/07/greenpeace-protests-statoils-barents-sea-drilling
For the first time since arrested by the Russian Coast Guard in 2013, Greenpeace’s vessel “Arctic Sunrise” is back in the Barents Sea. On Friday, Statoil’s rig “Songa “Enabler” was visited by the activists.
The Geopolitical Economy of the Global Internet Infrastructure on JSTOR
▻https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jinfopoli.7.2017.0228
Article très intéressant qui repositionne les Etats dans la gestion de l’infrastructure globale de l’internet. En fait, une infrastructure globale pour le déploiement du capital (une autre approche de la géopolitique, issue de David Harvey).
According to many observers, economic globalization and the liberalization of telecoms/internet policy have remade the world in the image of the United States. The dominant roles of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google have also led to charges of US internet imperialism. This article, however, argues that while these internet giants dominate some of the most popular internet services, the ownership and control of core elements of the internet infrastructure—submarine cables, internet exchange points, autonomous system numbers, datacenters, and so on—are tilting increasingly toward the EU and BRICS (i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries and the rest of the world, complicating views of hegemonic US control of the internet and what Susan Strange calls the knowledge structure.
This article takes a different tack. It argues that while US-based internet giants do dominate some of the middle and top layers of the internet—for example, operating systems (iOS, Windows, Android), search engines (Google), social networks (Facebook), online retailing (Amazon), over-the-top TV (Netflix), browsers (Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Microsoft Explorer), and domain names (ICANN)—they do not rule the hardware, or material infrastructure, upon which the internet and daily life, business, governments, society, and war increasingly depend. In fact, as the article shows, ownership and control of many core elements of the global internet infrastructure—for example, fiber optic submarine cables, content delivery networks (CDNs), autonomous system numbers (ASN), and internet exchange points (IXPs)—are tilting toward the rest of the world, especially Europe and the BRICS (i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). This reflects the fact that the United States’ standing in the world is slipping while an ever more multipolar world is arising.
International internet backbone providers, internet content companies, and CDNs interconnect with local ISPs and at one or more of the nearly 2000 IXPs around the world. The largest IXPs are in New York, London, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Seattle, Chicago, Moscow, Sao Paulo, Tokyo, and Hong Kong. They are core elements of the internet that switch traffic between all the various networks that comprise the internet system, and help to establish accessible, affordable, fast, and secure internet service.
In developed markets, internet companies such as Google, Baidu, Facebook, Netflix, Youku, and Yandex use IXPs to interconnect with local ISPs such as Deutsche Telecoms in Germany, BT or Virgin Media in Britain, or Comcast in the United States to gain last-mile access to their customers—and vice versa, back up the chain. Indeed, 99 percent of internet traffic handled by peering arrangements among such parties occurs without any money changing hands or a formal contract.50 Where IXPs do not exist or are rare, as in Africa, or run poorly, as in India, the cost of bandwidth is far more expensive. This is a key factor that helps to explain why internet service is so expensive in areas of the world that can least afford it. It is also why the OECD and EU encourage developing countries to make IXPs a cornerstone of economic development and telecoms policy work.
The network of networks that make up the internet constitute a sprawling, general purpose platform upon which financial markets, business, and trade, as well as diplomacy, spying, national security, and war depend. The world’s largest electronic payments system operator, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications’ (SWIFT) secure messaging network carries over 25 million messages a day involving payments that are believed to be worth over $7 trillion USD.59 Likewise, the world’s biggest foreign currency settlement system, the CLS Bank, executes upward of a million trades a day worth between $1.5 and $2.5 trillion over the global cable systems—although that is down by half from its high point in 2008.60 As Stephen Malphrus, former chief of staff to the US Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, observed, when “communications networks go down, the financial services sector does not grind to a halt, rather it snaps to a halt.”61
Governments and militaries also account for a significant portion of internet traffic. Indeed, 90 to 95 percent of US government traffic, including sensitive diplomatic and military orders, travels over privately owned cables to reach officials in the field.62 “A major portion of DoD data traveling on undersea cables is unmanned aerial vehicle video,” notes a study done for the Department of Homeland Security by MIT scholar Michael Sechrist.63 Indeed, the Department of Defense’s entire Global Information Grid shares space in these cables with the general public internet.64
The 3.6 billion people as of early 2016 who use the internet to communicate, share music, ideas and knowledge, browse, upload videos, tweet, blog, organize social events and political protests, watch pornography, read sacred texts, and sell stuff are having the greatest influence on the current phase of internet infrastructure development. Video currently makes up an estimated two-thirds of all internet traffic, and is expected to grow to 80 percent in the next five years,69 with US firms leading the way. Netflix single-handedly accounts for a third of all internet traffic. YouTube is the second largest source of internet traffic on fixed and mobile networks alike the world over. Altogether, the big five internet giants account for roughly half of all “prime-time” internet traffic, a phrasing that deliberately reflects the fact that internet usage swells and peaks at the same time as the classic prime-time television period, that is, 7 p.m. to 11 p.m.
Importance des investissements des compagnies de l’internet dans les projets de câbles.
Several things stand out from this analysis. First, in less than a decade, Google has carved out a very large place for itself through its ownership role in four of the six projects (the SJC, Faster, Unity, and Pacific Cable Light initiatives), while Facebook has stakes in two of them (APG and PLCN) and Microsoft in the PLCN project. This is a relatively new trend and one that should be watched in the years ahead.
A preliminary view based on the publicly available information is that the US internet companies are important but subordinate players in consortia dominated by state-owned national carriers and a few relatively new competitors. Keen to wrest control of core elements of the internet infrastructure that they perceive to have been excessively dominated by United States interests in the past, Asian governments and private investors have joined forces to change things in their favor. In terms of the geopolitical economy of the internet, there is both a shift toward the Asia-Pacific region and an increased role for national governments.
Return of the State as Regulator of Concentrated Markets
In addition to the expanded role of the state as market builder, regulator, and information infrastructure policy maker, many regulators have also rediscovered the reality of significant market concentration in the telecom-internet and media industries. Indeed, the US government has rejected several high-profile telecoms mergers in recent years, such as AT&T’s proposal to take over T-Mobile in 2011, T-Mobile’s bid for Sprint in 2014, and Comcast’s attempt to acquire Time Warner Cable last year. Even the approval of Comcast’s blockbuster takeover of NBC Universal in 2011, and Charter Communications acquisition of Time Warner Cable last year, respectively, came with important strings attached and ongoing conduct regulation designed to constrain the companies’ ability to abuse their dominant market power.87 The FCC’s landmark 2016 ruling to reclassify broadband internet access as a common carrier further indicated that US regulators have been alert to the realities of market concentration and telecoms-internet access providers’ capacity to abuse that power, and the need to maintain a vigilant eye to ensure that their practices do not swamp people’s rights to freely express themselves, maintain control over the collection, retention, use, and disclosure of their personal information, and to access a diverse range of services over the internet.88 The 28 members of the European Union, along with Norway, India, and Chile, have adopted similar “common carriage/network neutrality/open network”89 rules to offset the reality that concentration in core elements of these industries is “astonishingly high”90 on the basis of commonly used indicators (e.g., concentration ratios and the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index).
These developments indicate a new phase in internet governance and control. In the first phase, circa the 1990s, technical experts and organizations such as the Internet Engineers Task Force played a large role, while the state sat relatively passively on the sidelines. In the second phase, circa the early to mid-2000s, commercial forces surged to the fore, while internet governance revolved around the ICANN and the multi-stakeholder model. Finally, the revelations of mass internet surveillance by many states and ongoing disputes over the multi-stakeholder, “internet freedom” agenda on the one side, versus the national sovereignty, multilateral model where the ITU and UN system would play a larger role in internet governance all indicate that significant moves are afoot where the relationship between states and markets is now in a heightened state of flux.
Such claims, however, are overdrawn. They rely too heavily on the same old “realist,” “struggle for control” model where conflict between nation-states has loomed large and business interests and communication technologies served mainly as “weapons of politics” and the handmaidens of national interests from the telegraph in the nineteenth century to the internet today. Yet, nation-states and private business interests, then and now, not only compete with one another but also cooperate extensively to cultivate a common global space of economic accumulation. Communication technologies and business interests, moreover, often act independent of the nation-state and via “private structures of cooperation,” that is, cartels and consortia, as the history and contemporary state of the undersea cable networks illustrate. In fact, the internet infrastructure of the twenty-first century, much like that of the industrial information infrastructure of the past 150 years, is still primarily financed, owned, and operated by many multinational consortia, although more than a few submarine communications cables are now owned by a relatively new roster of competitive players, such as Tata, Level 3, Global Cloud Xchange, and so forth. They have arisen mostly in the last 20 years and from new quarters, such as India in the case of Tata, for example.
300 000 fois plus grand que celui qui a coulé le Titanic, un iceberg se détache de l’Antarctique
12 juillet 2017
▻https://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/detail_un-iceberg-geant-se-detache-de-l-antarctique?id=9658208
Un iceberg de mille milliards de tonnes, l’un des plus gros jamais vus, vient de se former après s’être détaché du continent Antarctique, ont affirmé mercredi des chercheurs de l’Université de Swansea (Royaume-Uni).
« La formation s’est produite entre lundi et mercredi », précisent les scientifiques, qui surveillaient l’évolution de ce bloc de glace gigantesque.
Ce gigantesque iceberg pourrait rendre la navigation très hasardeuse pour les navires voguant à proximité du continent gelé, rapportait, il y a 15 jours, des scientifiques.
Une immense faille de 175 km de long, identifiée depuis 2014, s’était créée sur la barrière de Larsen, une formation de glace le long de la côte orientale de la péninsule Antarctique du Cap Longing.
5000 km2
Cette faille, appelée Larsen C, a isolé un morceau de banquise de 5000 km2 qui, le 21 juin, n’était plus relié au reste du continent que par un bras de glace de 13 km. Celui-ci a cédé.
L’iceberg qui menace de se détacher est 300 000 fois plus grand que celui qui a coulé le Titanic et l’un des plus grands jamais enregistrés.
Un iceberg géant se détache de l’Antarctique
12 juillet 2017
▻https://reporterre.net/Un-iceberg-geant-se-detache-de-l-Antarctique
Two Luxembourgs, 10 Madrids, one Delaware: How a giant iceberg in Antarctica is described around the world — Quartz
▻https://qz.com/1027701/two-luxembourgs-10-madrids-one-delaware-how-a-giant-iceberg-in-antarctica-is-des
Here’s a tour of the world, by way of iceberg-sized places:
In Argentina the iceberg was 25 times the size of Buenos Aires
In Australia it was twice the size of the Australian Capital Territory
In Belgium it was half the size of Flanders
In Brazil it was the size of the Federal District
In Canada it was the size of Prince Edward Island
In Chile it was the size of Cordillera Province
In Cyprus it was equivalent to two Luxembourgs
In Denmark it was the size of Funen
In Finland it was twice the size of Gotland
In France it was 60 times larger than Paris
In Germany it was twice as big as Saarland
In Greece it was the size of Crete
In India it was one-and-a-half times the size of Goa
In Indonesia it was almost as large as the island of Bali
In Italy it was the size of the Liguria region
In Japan it was the size of Mie prefecture
In Mexico it was 55 times the size of Paris
In the Netherlands it was slightly larger than the province of Gelderland
In Norway it was the size of Akershus county
In Poland it was one-third the size of Malopolska Province
In Russia it was quarter the size of the Moscow region
In South Korea it was half the size of Gyeonggi Province
In Spain it was the size of 10 Madrids
In Taiwan it was one-sixth of Taiwan
In Turkey it was four times the size of Istanbul
In the UK it was a quarter the size of Wales
In Ukraine it was half the size of the Transcarpathian region
And in the US it was definitely a Delaware
So groß ist der Eisberg im Vergleich zu Ihrer Stadt
▻https://interaktiv.morgenpost.de/eisberg-groessenvergleich
These Images Show Just How Big the Larsen C Iceberg Is | Climate Central
▻http://www.climatecentral.org/news/images-larsen-c-iceberg-size-21612
#Iceberg_A68 désormais
Drifting Antarctic iceberg A-68 opens up clear water - BBC News
▻http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40635883
The giant iceberg known as A-68 that was produced in the Antarctic last week continues to drift seaward.
All the latest satellite images indicate the gap between the 6,000-sq-km block and the floating Larsen C Ice Shelf from which it calved is widening.
The particular image on this page was acquired by the Deimos-1 satellite.
It is not easy getting pictures of the Antarctic at this time of year because of the long winter nights and because of cloud cover.
Statoil to Develop Carbon Capture and Storage System Off Norway – gCaptain
▻http://gcaptain.com/statoil-to-develop-carbon-capture-and-storage-system-offshore-norway
Norwegian oil and gas company Statoil has been assigned the task of developing a carbon storage facility offshore Norway, in what could be the world’s first storage site to receive carbon dioxide from several industrial sources.
The storage project is part of Norwegian government’s efforts to develop full-scale carbon capture and storage in Norway. The project was assigned by the Norwegian state-owned carbon capture technology firm Gassnova.
According to Statoil, the system will capture CO2 from three onshore industrial facilities in Eastern Norway and transport CO2 by ship from the capture area to a receiving plant onshore located somewhere on the west coast of Norway. At the receiving plant, CO2 will the be pumped over from the ship to tanks onshore before being sent through pipelines on the seabed to several injection wells east of the Troll field on the Norwegian Outer Continental Shelf, Statoil said.
Several possible locations for the receiving plant will be evaluated and a final decision will be based on criteria such as safety, costs and expansion flexibility, Statoil added.
Asylum Recognition Rates in the EU/EFTA by Country, 2008-2016
Avec toujours un problème au niveau du calcul pour la #Suisse, je ne vais pas détailler ici, si quelqu’un veut en savoir plus : here I am !
En gros, voilà les taux pour la Suisse :
et l’équilibre genre ? le sexratio ? la parité si importante partout ailleurs ?
After record migration, 80% of Syrian asylum applicants approved to stay in Europe
Syrians not only filed the most applications, they also had the highest share of approved applications of any asylum-seeker origin group. Among nationalities with the most asylum applications in 2015 and 2016, estimates show the share of Syrians (80%) permitted to stay in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland was far higher than the share among Eritreans (68%), Somalians (38%), Iraqis (36%), Sudanese (36%) and Afghans (22%).
The Treasonous Secession Of Climate Confederacy States
▻http://www.dedefensa.org/article/the-treasonous-secession-of-climate-confederacy-states
The Treasonous Secession Of Climate Confederacy States
After President Trump rejected the Paris Climate treaty, which had never been ratified by the Senate, the European Union announced that it would work with a climate confederacy of secessionist states.
Scotland and Norway’s environmental ministers have mentioned a focus on individual American states. And the secessionist governments of California, New York and Washington have announced that they will unilaterally and illegally enter into a foreign treaty rejected by the President of the United States.
The Constitution is very clear about this. “No state shall enter into any treaty.” Governor Cuomo of New York has been equally clear. “New York State is committed to meeting the standards set forth in the Paris Accord regardless of (...)
Germany suspends deportations to Afghanistan following Kabul attack
German official confirms there will be no collective deportations to Afghanistan over next few days, but says policy of deporting Afghan migrants still remains
▻http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germany-kabul-attack-deportation-flight-afganistan-migrants-cancel-a7
#Allemagne #renvois #expulsions #Afghanistan #réfugiés #réfugiés_afghans #asile #migrations
Angela Merkel announces temporary halt on Afghan deportations after Kabul bombing
A deadly blast in Kabul this week reignited the debate on deporting refugees from Germany to war-torn Afghanistan. The chancellor has now temporarily halted expulsions for all except criminals and security threats.
▻http://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/3488/angela-merkel-announces-temporary-halt-on-afghan-deportations-after-ka
Afghanistan: Deportations from Germany temporary halted due to attack
A planned deportation flight from Germany was cancelled on Wednesday, following an attack close to the German embassy in Kabul that killed 80 people and injured more than 350.
As violence sweeps Kabul, the rapid pace of deportations from Europe continues
Thirty young men were deported to Kabul on June 6, on a Turkish Airlines flight from Istanbul. The deportation comes as Afghanistan is again wracked by violence. Less than a week ago, a bomb in the Afghan capital killed around 150 civilians and injured 500 more. Two days later, on June 2, the police opened fire on a demonstration, killing seven. Another three explosions then cost the lives of at least 22 people. Despite this, the men were being deported – by Norway, Sweden and Turkey.
Asylentscheidungen für Afghanen ausgesetzt
Der Streit schwelt schon eine ganze Weile: Ist es vertretbar, Flüchtlinge nach Afghanistan zurückzuschicken? Nun will die zuständige Behörde ein klärendes Wort aus Berlin abwarten.
▻http://www.dw.com/de/asylentscheidungen-f%C3%BCr-afghanen-ausgesetzt/a-39501552
Germany deports failed Afghan asylum seekers
Germany deported eight Afghans with criminal records after their applications for asylum were rejected, said Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere.
It was the first collective deportation to Afghanistan since an attack in Kabul on May 31 that killed and injured hundreds and damaged German embassy buildings.
▻http://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-afghanistan-deportations/germany-deports-failed-afghan-asylum-seekers-idUSKCN1BO1N7?il=0
Protestaktion von „Afghan Refugees Movement“ am Frankfurter Flughafen
Erneut ist ein Abschiebeflug von Frankfurt gestartet – etwa 70 Demonstranten fordern das Ende der Abschiebungen nach Afghanistan.
Im Kreis
Video-Dokumentation über die Realität der afghanischen Abschiebungen in Deutschland. Die Interviews wurden zwischen Mai und Oktober 2018 in Afghanistan, Griechenland und Deutschland gedreht. Der Film will dazu beitragen, dass der Protest und Widerstand gegen die Sammelabschiebungen solange weitergeht, bis diese „Charter der Schande“ gestoppt werden.
Too many prisons make bad people worse. There is a better way
The world can learn from how Norway treats its offenders
#prisons #Norvège #emprisonnement #Bastoy
cc @reka
Amnesty | La détention d’une famille de réfugiés jugée contraire aux droits humains
▻http://asile.ch/2017/05/16/amnesty-detention-dune-famille-de-refugies-jugee-contraire-aux-droits-humains
En mettant en détention un couple afghan et en plaçant leurs enfants en foyer, les autorités zougoises ont violé la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme (CEDH). Le Tribunal fédéral a admis la plainte d’une famille de réfugiés pour violation du droit à la vie privée et familiale selon l’article 8 de la CEDH. Ce […]
Switzerland: Federal Court condemns Dublin detention of family
The Swiss Federal Court delivered a ruling on 16 May 2017 finding that an Afghan family had been unlawfully detained pending a transfer to Norway under the Dublin Regulation.
▻http://www.asylumineurope.org/news/18-05-2017/switzerland-federal-court-condemns-dublin-detention-family
#Afghanistan #réfugiés_afghans
First Zero-Emission, Fully-Autonomous Container Ship Planned for 2020 – gCaptain
▻http://gcaptain.com/worlds-first-zero-emission-fully-autonomous-ship-planned-for-2020
Norwegian fertilizer producer Yara and maritime technology firm Kongsberg Gruppe are teaming up to build what they say will be the world’s first fully-electric and autonomous container feeder ship.
“The new zero-emission vessel will be a game-changer for global maritime transport contributing to meet the United Nations sustainability goals,” the companies said on Tuesday.
The planned autonomous container feeder ship, to be named YARA Birkeland, will cut emissions from road transport when it starts shipping products from Yara’s Porsgrunn plant to Norway’s Brevik and Larvik ports, the companies said. Brevik and Larvik ports are about 14 km and 26 km away from Porsgrunn respectively by road. The vessel is expected to reduce emissions and boost safety by removing up to 40,000 truck journeys per year.
YARA Birkeland will initially operate as a manned vessel before moving to remote operation in 2019, and later to fully-autonomous operations from 2020 onwards.
Where the Arctic Oil Industry Is Booming - Bloomberg
▻https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-05-03/where-the-arctic-oil-industry-is-booming
With the oil industry barely recovering from its most brutal slump in decades, you might expect the Arctic Ocean to be the last place explorers would hunt for new discoveries.
The Barents Sea off Norway’s northern tip is different.
Norwegian authorities expect companies including Lundin Petroleum AB and OMV AG to drill a record 15 wells in the Barents this year.
Norway races Australia to fulfill Japan’s hydrogen society dream | Reuters
▻http://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-hydrogen-race-idUSKBN17U1QA
Norway and Australia are racing each other to show they can supply Japan with hydrogen, hoping to fulfill its ambition to become the first nation significantly fueled by the super-clean energy source.
While Australia has planned to derive liquid hydrogen from brown coal for some time, Norway could steal a march if a pilot project producing the fuel using renewable energy - a climate-friendly method more in keeping with Japan’s aims - is cheaper.
Japan is betting heavily on becoming a “#hydrogen_society” despite the high costs and technical difficulties which have generally slowed its adoption as a carbon-free fuel.
Why Doesn’t Ancient Fiction Talk About Feelings? - Issue 47: Consciousness
▻http://nautil.us/issue/47/consciousness/why-doesnt-ancient-fiction-talk-about-feelings
Reading medieval literature, it’s hard not to be impressed with how much the characters get done—as when we read about King Harold doing battle in one of the Sagas of the Icelanders, written in about 1230. The first sentence bristles with purposeful action: “King Harold proclaimed a general levy, and gathered a fleet, summoning his forces far and wide through the land.” By the end of the third paragraph, the king has launched his fleet against a rebel army, fought numerous battles involving “much slaughter in either host,” bound up the wounds of his men, dispensed rewards to the loyal, and “was supreme over all Norway.” What the saga doesn’t tell us is how Harold felt about any of this, whether his drive to conquer was fueled by a tyrannical father’s barely concealed contempt, or whether his (...)
France: Rejection of Dublin transfer of Afghan nationals to Norway
On 3 April 2017, the Administrative Court of Lyon ruled on case no. 1702564 concerning the Dublin transfer of an Afghan national to Norway. The applicant had applied for asylum in Norway, but his asylum application was rejected. The applicant then applied for asylum in France, but the prefecture of Rhône asked Norway to take the applicant back under Article 18 paragraph 1 d) of Regulation No. 604/2013 (Dublin III Regulation). In higher appeal the Administrative Court of Lyon found that the transfer to Norway would constitute a violation of Article 3 ECHR. It follows from reports on the security situation in Afghanistan, published in 2015 and 2016 by the EASO, that the insecurity level in the region of Nangarhar is one of the most severe in the country. Between January 2015 and May 2016, 4000 incidents have been reported. Afghans returned to the region of Nangarhar are exposed to serious, direct and individual threats, as a consequence of the armed conflict, without being able to get protection. According to the Court, it is sufficient that the applicant shows that he is from the region of Nangarhar, which the applicant has proved. Therefore, the Court rejects the Dublin transfer of the applicant to Norway, and obliges the prefect of Rhône to register the asylum application of the applicant in France.
▻http://mailchi.mp/ecre/elena-weekly-legal-update-14-april-2017?e=f7bc31ba0e#12
#pays_sûr #Afghanistan #Dublin #France #Norvège #renvois_Dublin #réfugiés_afghans
cc @reka
Dépêche en Norvégien (SOurce : NRK, Dagbladet)
▻https://www.nrk.no/urix/fransk-domstol-stanset-asylretur-til-norge-1.13482248
En 23 år gammel afghansk asylsøker som kom til Norge i 2015 og fikk avslag på søknaden, dro til Frankrike og søkte der i stedet. Også der fikk han avslag, og myndighetene besluttet at han skulle sendes tilbake til Norge, ettersom det var her han hadde søkt først.
Men tidligere i april ble returen til Norge stanset av en forvaltningsdomstol i Lyon. Retten mente mannen ville være i fare i Norge, fordi han sannsynligvis ville ble sendt til Afghanistan, noe dommeren mener vil være et brudd på menneskerettighetene, skriver Dagsavisen.
– Den franske dommeren mener det er åpenbart at Norges vedtak er galt. Jeg kan ikke huske å ha sett en domstolsavgjørelse som anser det for risikabelt å sende tilbake til Norge fordi vedkommende er utsatt for forfølgelse i Afghanistan, sier asyladvokat Halvor Frihagen.
Verken Justisdepartementet eller Utlendingsdirektoratet vil kommentere den konkrete saken, men statssekretær Torkil Åmland (Frp) sier norske myndigheter følger sikkerhetssituasjonen i Afghanistan nøye og vurderer asylpraksisen i lys av dette.
via @reka
Border fences and internal border controls in Europe
The EU has built #1000_km of border walls since fall of Berlin Wall
European Union states have built over 1,000km of border walls since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, a new study into Fortress Europe has found.
Migration researchers have quantified the continent’s anti-immigrant infrastructure and found that the EU has gone from just two walls in the 1990s to 15 by 2017.
Ten out of 28 member states stretching from Spain to Latvia have now built such border walls, with a sharp increase during the 2015 migration panic, when seven new barriers were erected.
Despite celebrations this year that the Berlin Wall had now been down for longer than it was ever up, Europe has now completed the equivalent length of six Berlin walls during the same period. The barriers are mostly focused on keeping out undocumented migrants and would-be refugees.
The erection of the barriers has also coincided with the rise of xenophobic parties across the continent, with 10 out of 28 seeing such parties win more than half a million votes in elections since 2010.
“Europe’s own history shows that building walls to resolve political or social issues comes at an unacceptable cost for liberty and human rights,” Nick Buxton, researcher at the Transnational Institute and editor of the report said.
“Ultimately it will also harm those who build them as it creates a fortress that no one wants to live in. Rather than building walls, Europe should be investing in stopping the wars and poverty that fuels migration.”
Tens of thousands of people have died trying to migrate into Europe, with one estimate from June this year putting the figure at over 34,000 since the EU’s foundation in 1993. A total of 3,915 fatalities were recorded in 2017.
The report also looked at eight EU maritime rescue operations launched by the bloc, seven of which were carried out specifically by the EU’s border agency Frontex.
The researchers found that none of the operations, all conducted in the Mediterranean, had the rescue of people as their principal goal – with all of them focused on “eliminating criminality in border areas and slowing down the arrival of displaced peoples”.
Just one, Operation Mare Nostrum, which was carried out by the Italian government, included humanitarian organisations in its fleets. It has since been scrapped and replaced by Frontex’s Operation Triton, which has a smaller budget.
“These measures lead to refugees and displaced peoples being treated like criminals,” Ainhoa Ruiz Benedicto, researcher for Delàs Center and co-author of the report said.
At the June European Council, EU leaders were accused by NGOs of “deliberately condemning vulnerable people to be trapped in Libya, or die at sea”, after they backed the stance of Italy’s populist government and condemned rescue boats operating in the sea.
▻https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eu-border-wall-berlin-migration-human-rights-immigration-borders-a862
Building walls. Fear and securitization in the European Union
This report reveals that member states of the European Union and Schengen Area have constructed almost 1000 km of walls, the equivalent of more than six times the total length of the Berlin Walls, since the nineties to prevent displaced people migrating into Europe. These physical walls are accompanied by even longer ‘maritime walls’, naval operations patrolling the Mediterranean, as well as ‘virtual walls’, border control systems that seek to stop people entering or even traveling within Europe, and control movement of population.
Authors
Ainhoa Ruiz Benedicto, Pere Brunet
In collaboration with
Stop Wapenhandel, Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau
Programmes
War & Pacification
On November 9th 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, marking what many hoped would be a new era of cooperation and openness across borders. German President Horst Koehler celebrating its demise some years later spoke of an ‘edifice of fear’ replaced by a ‘place of joy’, opening up the possibility of a ‘cooperative global governance which benefits everyone’. 30 years later, the opposite seems to have happened. Edifices of fear, both real and imaginary, are being constructed everywhere fuelling a rise in xenophobia and creating a far more dangerous walled world for refugees fleeing for safety.
This report reveals that member states of the European Union and Schengen Area have constructed almost 1000 km of walls, the equivalent of more than six times the total length of the Berlin Walls, since the nineties to prevent displaced people migrating into Europe. These physical walls are accompanied by even longer ‘maritime walls’, naval operations patrolling the Mediterranean, as well as ‘virtual walls’, border control systems that seek to stop people entering or even traveling within Europe, and control movement of population. Europe has turned itself in the process into a fortress excluding those outside– and in the process also increased its use of surveillance and militarised technologies that has implications for its citizens within the walls.
This report seeks to study and analyse the scope of the fortification of Europe as well as the ideas and narratives upon which it is built. This report examines the walls of fear stoked by xenophobic parties that have grown in popularity and exercise an undue influence on European policy. It also examines how the European response has been shaped in the context of post-9/11 by an expanded security paradigm, based on the securitization of social issues. This has transformed Europe’s policies from a more social agenda to one centred on security, in which migrations and the movements of people are considered as threats to state security. As a consequence, they are approached with the traditional security tools: militarism, control, and surveillance.
Europe’s response is unfortunately not an isolated one. States around the world are answering the biggest global security problems through walls, militarisation, and isolation from other states and the rest of the world. This has created an increasingly hostile world for people fleeing from war and political prosecution.
The foundations of “Fortress Europe” go back to the Schengen Agreement in 1985, that while establishing freedom of movement within EU borders, demanded more control of its external borders. This model established the idea of a safe interior and an unsafe exterior.
Successive European security strategies after 2003, based on America’s “Homeland Security” model, turned the border into an element that connects local and global security. As a result, the European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) became increasingly militarised, and migration was increasingly viewed as a threat.
Fortress Europe was further expanded with policy of externalization of the border management to third countries in which agreements have been signed with neighbouring countries to boost border control and accept deported migrants. The border has thus been transformed into a bigger and wider geographical concept.
The walls and barriers to movement
The investigation estimates that the member states of the European Union and the Schengen area have constructed almost 1000 km of walls on their borders since nineties, to prevent the entrance of displaced people and migration into their territory.
The practice of building walls has grown immensely, from 2 walls in the decade of the 1990s to 15 in 2017. 2015 saw the largest increase, the number of walls grew from 5 to 12.
Ten out of 28 member states (Spain, Greece, Hungary, Bulgaria, Austria, Slovenia, United Kingdom, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania) have built walls on their borders to prevent immigration, all of them belonging to the Schengen area except for Bulgaria and the United Kingdom.
One country that is not a member of the European Union but belongs to the Schengen area has built a wall to prevent migration (Norway). Another (Slovakia) has built internal walls for racial segregation. A total of 13 walls have been built on EU borders or inside the Schengen area.
Two countries, both members of the European Union and the Schengen area, (Spain and Hungary) have built two walls on their borders for controlling migration. Another two (Austria and the United Kingdom) have built walls on their shared borders with Schengen countries (Slovenia and France respectively). A country outside of the European Union, but part of of the so-called Balkan route (Macedonia), has built a wall to prevent migration.
Internal controls of the Schengen area, regulated and normalized by the Schengen Borders Code of 2006, have been gone from being an exception to be the political norm, justified on the grounds of migration control and political events (such as political summit, large demonstrations or high profile visitors to a country). From only 3 internal controls in 2006, there were 20 in 2017, which indicates the expansion in restrictions and monitoring of peoples’ movements.
The maritime environment, particularly the Mediterranean, provides more barriers. The analysis shows that of the 8 main EU maritime operations (Mare Nostrum, Poseidon, Hera, Andale, Minerva, Hermes, Triton and Sophia) none have an exclusive mandate of rescuing people. All of them have had, or have, the general objective of fighting crime in border areas. Only one of them (Mare Nostrum) included humanitarian organisations in its fleet, but was replaced by Frontex’s “Triton” Operation (2013-2015) which had an increased focus on prosecuting border-related crimes. Another operation (Sophia) included direct collaboration with a military organisation (NATO) with a mandate focused on the persecution of persons that transport people on migratory routes. Analysis of these operations show that their treatment of crimes is sometimes similar to their treatment of refugees, framed as issues of security and treating refugees as threats.
There are also growing numbers of ‘virtual walls’ which seek to control, monitor and surveil people’s movements. This has resulted in the expansion, especially since 2013, of various programs to restrict people’s movement (VIS, SIS II, RTP, ETIAS, SLTD and I-Checkit) and collect biometric data. The collected data of these systems are stored in the EURODAC database, which allows analysis to establish guidelines and patterns on our movements. EUROSUR is deployed as the surveillance system for border areas.
Frontex: the walls’ borderguards
The European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) plays an important role in this whole process of fortress expansion and also acts and establishes coordination with third countries by its joint operation Coordination Points. Its budgets have soared in this period, growing from 6.2 million in 2005 to 302 million in 2017.
An analysis of Frontex budget data shows a growing involvement in deportation operations, whose budgets have grown from 80,000 euros in 2005 to 53 million euros in 2017.
The European Agency for the Border and Coast Guard (Frontex) deportations often violate the rights of asylum-seeking persons. Through Frontex’s agreements with third countries, asylum-seekers end up in states that violate human rights, have weak democracies, or score badly in terms of human development (HDI).
Walls of fear and the influence of the far-right
The far-right have manipulated public opinion to create irrational fears of refugees. This xenophobia sets up mental walls in people, who then demand physical walls. The analysed data shows a worrying rise in racist opinions in recent years, which has increased the percentage of votes to European parties with a xenophobic ideology, and facilitated their growing political influence.
In 28 EU member states, there are 39 political parties classified as extreme right populists that at some point of their history have had at least one parliamentary seat (in the national Parliament or in the European Parliament). At the completion of this report (July 2018), 10 member states (Germany, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Netherlands, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Sweden) have xenophobic parties with a strong presence, which have obtained more than half a million votes in elections since 2010. With the exception of Finland, these parties have increased their representation. In some cases, like those in Germany, Italy, Poland and Sweden, there has been an alarming increase, such as Alternative for Germany (AfD) winning 94 seats in the 2017 elections (a party that did not have parliamentary representation in the 2013 elections), the Law and Justice party (PiS) in Poland winning 235 seats after the 2015 elections (an increase of 49%), and Lega Nord’s (LN) strong growth in Italy, which went from 18 seats in 2013 to 124 seats in 2018.
Our study concludes that, in 9 of these 10 states, extreme right-wing parties have a high degree of influence on the government’s migration policies, even when they are a minority party. In 4 of them (Austria, Finland, Italy and Poland) these parties have ministers in the government. In 5 of the remaining 6 countries (Germany, Denmark, Holland, Hungary, and Sweden), there has been an increase of xenophobic discourse and influence. Even centrist parties seem happy to deploy the discourse of xenophobic parties to capture a sector of their voters rather than confront their ideology and advance an alternative discourse based on people’s rights. In this way, the positions of the most radical and racist parties are amplified with hardly any effort. In short, our study confirms the rise and influence of the extreme-right in European migration policy which has resulted in the securitization and criminalization of migration and the movements of people.
The mental walls of fear are inextricably connected to the physical walls. Racism and xenophobia legitimise violence in the border area Europe. These ideas reinforce the collective imagination of a safe “interior” and an insecure “outside”, going back to the medieval concept of the fortress. They also strengthen territorial power dynamics, where the origin of a person, among other factors, determines her freedom of movement.
In this way, in Europe, structures and discourses of violence have been built up, diverting us from policies that defend human rights, coexistence and equality, or more equal relationships between territories.
►https://www.tni.org/en/publication/building-walls
#rapport
Pour télécharger le rapport:
►https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/building_walls_-_full_report_-_english.pdf
#murs_virtuelles #surveillance #murs_maritimes #murs_terrestres #EUROSUR #militarisation_des_frontières #frontières #racisme #xénophobie #VIS #SIS #ETIAS #SLTD
World’s First Ship Tunnel to Bypass Norway’s Most Dangerous Waters – gCaptain
▻http://gcaptain.com/worlds-first-ship-tunnel-to-bypass-dangerous-seas-in-norway
Norwegian officials have given the green light to fully finance what is set to become the world’s first full-scale ship tunnel, bypassing one of the most dangerous areas for vessels along the Norwegian coast.
The Stad Ship Tunnel will be blasted through 1.7 miles of rock at the narrowest point of the Stad Peninsula, allowing ships the size of Hurtigruten’s coastal steamers to navigate it.
What’s fascinating is that the tunnel isn’t expected to shave much time off the normal route, rather it is intended to allow ships to navigate more safely through the Stadhavet Sea where the North and Norwegian seas. The Stadhavet Sea is considered one of the most exposed and dangerous areas for vessels along the coast of Norway, with sometimes more than 100 storm days per year and a dangerous combination of wind, currents, and waves.
The #crisis around #Lake_Chad
▻http://africasacountry.com/2017/02/the-crisis-around-lake-chad
The world’s most extensive humanitarian crises is currently playing out in northeastern #Nigeria and around Lake Chad. About three million people have been displaced, seven million are dependent on food #Aid, half a million children are malnourished and 14 million children without schooling. Tomorrow in Oslo, Norway, jointly with Germany, Nigeria and the United Nations,…
How Norway Avoided Becoming a Fascist State
▻http://www.filmsforaction.org/articles/how-norway-avoided-becoming-a-fascist-state
Donald Trump’s obvious affection for authoritarians is prompting worried comparisons of our polarized country to the polarized Germany of the 1920s and ’30s. Since I’m known to see in polarization...
Norway’s foreign minister travels to Russia to assure Arctic relations
By traveling to Arkhangelsk in northern Russia, Børge Brende signals a political thaw in a period that not exactly has been a highlight for cooperation between the two neighbors.
▻http://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2017/02/17/norways-foreign-minister-travels-to-russia-to-assure-arctic-relations
#Russie #Norvège #arctique
cc @reka
Former Norwegian prime minister stopped by new US entry controls
▻http://www.thelocal.no/20170203/former-norwegian-prime-minister-stopped-by-new-us-entry-controls
À cause d’un visa iranien.
Bondevik, who was Norway’s PM from 1997 to 2000 and again from 2001 to 2005, said he is concerned about the direction the US is taking under Trump.
“I understand the fear of terror, but one should not treat entire ethnic groups in such a way. I must admit that I fear the future. There has been a lot of progress over the last ten years, but this gives great cause for concern, in line with the authoritarian leaders we see controlling other major countries,” Bondevik said.
Russian Defense Ministry’s photos of reindeer in the Arctic hold a coded message to the world — Quartz
▻https://qz.com/898248/the-russian-defense-ministrys-photos-of-reindeer-in-the-arctic-hold-a-coded-mess
▻https://qzprod.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/russia_army_reindeer-e1485799877369.jpg?quality=80&strip=all
▻https://qzprod.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/russia_army_reindeer_03.jpg?quality=80&strip=all&w=940
As Reuters notes, Russia is engaging in its largest military expansion since the fall of the Soviet Union, focusing heavily on Arctic regions. Up for grabs are massive deposits of oil and gas. While oil prices worldwide remain low, Russia is laying the groundwork for regional dominance, including building up a fleet of nuclear-powered ice breaker ships.
Russia’s buildup hasn’t gone unnoticed: This week, US troops are conducting exercises with Poland. Two weeks ago, US Marines arrived in Norway.
L’angle de l’article me parait vraiment débile…
• c’est quoi le message « codé » ?
• première phrase :
A first glance, the Russian military’s latest promotional photos are hard to take seriously: […]
C’est bien connu, la mobilité en Arctique ne pose aucun problème que la mécanisation ne puisse résoudre…
apetor - YouTube
▻https://vk.com/apetor
On thin sea ice 2
▻https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyUf7r_9yNs
An Interview with the Norwegian Guy Who Made the Best Winter Video of All Time | Motherboard
▻http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/an-interview-with-the-norwegian-guy-who-made-the-best-winter-video
On Thin Ice 4 is my favorite, and it’s now passed 3 million views. I think it’s my favorite winter video to be honest. How did it happen? Did you plan it?
Thanks :-) I just planned to skate and then going through the ice. Came up with the ice donut idea after started filming :-)
What do you do for a living, if you don’t mind me asking?
I don´t mind :-) I am a worker in a paint factory.
What do you think when your fans say you’ve made Norway proud? And why does Norway seem like such a fun place?
I feel proud :-)
I don’t know :-)
apetor - YouTube
▻https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnK83dqyPvFo6GX0rCwn8A
Gun lobby diluting new EU gun control law | Germany | DW.COM | 21.10.2016
▻http://www.dw.com/en/gun-lobby-diluting-new-eu-gun-control-law/a-36116139
Angela Merkel’s Christian Democratic Union is among the parties diluting the EU’s new gun control law, devised in the aftermath of the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks. Semi-automatic weapons are likely to remain legal.
The European Commission’s attempts to ban the most dangerous semi-automatic weapons, such as AK-47 assault rifles, are being watered down thanks to pressure from a pan-European alliance of gun associations, according to documents leaked to “Der Spiegel” magazine.
The Commission’s proposal, drawn up in the wake of last year’s terrorist attacks at the Charlie Hebdo offices in Paris, is due to be finalized over the coming weeks by the European Parliament, the Commission, and the European Council. But France, Italy, and some Eastern European states are against re-categorizing semi-automatic guns from “license required” to “banned,” according to “Der Spiegel.”
Similarly, the proposed limit on the number of rounds allowed in a semi-automatic magazine was raised from six to 21 when the draft was revised in April, the magazine reported.
Major European gun-makers like Germany’s Sig Sauer and Heckler & Koch (who did not respond to a DW request for comment), Austria’s Glock, and Italy’s Beretta, are all said to be involved in lobbying parliamentarians to water down the proposals, as are gun clubs in various countries.
Frankreich Satirezeitschrift Charlie Hebdo (picture-alliance/dpa/G. Roth)
Guns bought on the black market were used in the Charlie Hebdo massacre
Legal market feeding illegal market
They appear to have been successful: among political parties apparently won over by the gun lobby is Germany’s governing conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU), one of whose European parliamentarians, Hermann Winkler, wrote to the German Shooting and Archery Federation (DSB) in June this year to reassure them that “legal gun-owners would not be punished for their social engagement by the directive.”
Asked to respond by DW, the EU Commission would not condemn the lobbying directly, but urged legislators to pass the proposal quickly “and support the Commission’s high level of ambition ... in particular with regard to the assault weapons ban.”
The proposal is “imperative” for “ensuring the security of our citizens,” industry policy spokesperson Lucia Caudet told DW in an email. “Once agreed, our proposal will make it harder to acquire firearms in the European Union, allow better tracking of legally held firearms, thus reducing the risk of diversion into illegal markets, and strengthen cooperation between Member States.”
But pro-gun associations, such as the DSB and the Austrian IWÖ, argue that new regulation will only burden legal gun-owners and do nothing to hinder terrorists, who buy their guns on the black market anyway.
And CDU politicians agree with them. “From our point of view, the biggest problem in the spread of weapons is the still-uncontrollable spread of illegal weapons,” CDU MEP Andreas Schwab told DW. “And the Commission hasn’t made any suggestions on that. The idea that we can ban all the semi-automatic weapons and the world would be a better place, that’s not an idea that’s close to reality.”
But as far as German peace activist Jürgen Grässlin is concerned, this oversimplifies the problem. “If you look at different shootings, they always get their guns from completely different sources,” he told DW.
The Islamist attackers in Paris, both at the Charlie Hebdo offices in January 2015 and later in November that year, did indeed get their assault rifles on the black market. But Anders Breivik, the far-right extremist who killed 77 people in Norway in 2011, had a gun license and bought a semi-automatic rifle and a handgun legally.
Germany has comparatively tight gun laws, in part because of restrictions brought in following school shootings in Erfurt in 2002 and Winnenden in 2009 - in both cases, the guns used were licensed and used in sports clubs. “Sports shooters, who have the necessary technical knowledge and reliability, they now have to make sure that only they have access to them,” Schwab explained. “That’s why we tightened the storage responsibilities.”
Norwegen Anders Behring Breivik im Gericht (picture-alliance/dpa/I. Aserud)
Breivik bought his semi-automatic weapons legally
But regulations could still be tightened further - for instance, by not allowing ammunition to be stored in private homes, or by introducing biometrically secured “smart” guns, which can only be unlocked with the thumbprint of their legal owners.
Sluggish politicians
“But these are only measures that treat the symptoms, not the root of the problem,” said Grässlin. “There’s this unbelievably phony pseudo-concern that breaks out after every shooting. The politicians say, ’Right, now we’re going to tighten the laws.’ ... And then a few months go by ... It’s been a year since the massacre in Paris and the politicians have turned to other issues, and suddenly they’re open to the pressure from the gun associations and shooting clubs.”
Schwab was loathed to accept that the gun associations had “lobbied” him. “The sports clubs explained that they want to practice their sports and accepted the regulations about the storage of weapons,” he said. “For us it was important that the clubs that look after their weapons carefully don’t fall under a general suspicion.”
“There’s no doubt that the approach taken by the EU Commission was going in the right direction,” said Grässlin. “But if the pressure of the ’weapons lobby,’ ... is suddenly brought to bear, then we have a comparable situation to the one in the US, where the National Rifle Association defines what politics can do. And that’s unacceptable, when you see what’s going on around the world with school-shootings and terrorism.”
How Indigenous Activists in Norway Got the First Bank to Pull Out of the #Dakota Access Pipeline
▻http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/38499-how-indigenous-activists-in-norway-got-the-first-bank-to-pull-out-o
On November 8, 2016, Beaska Niillas, chairman of the Norwegian Sámi Association (NSR) walked into a conference room in Oslo, Norway, with his wife, Sara Marielle Gaup Beaska, who had spent time in #Standing_Rock. Both are members of the Sámi Parliament and Beaska is a member of the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature. Niillas and Beaska flew over 1,000 miles from their home in Finmark, the homelands of the Indigenous Sámi people and the most northern province of Norway located above the Artic circle.
#résistance #sami #sioux