• L’extraction minière, dévastatrice, est nécessaire au maintien de CETTE société
    https://ricochets.cc/L-extraction-miniere-devastatrice-est-necessaire-au-maintien-de-CETTE-soci

    Toujours plus de mines, et donc d’énergies, de pollutions, de déforestation et de dépossessions. Toujours plus de minerais pour alimenter la soif insatiable d’argent du capitalisme. Toujour plus d’extractivisme pour assurer le besoin de puissance des Etats. Deux articles explorent l’arnaque de la (pseudo) transition « verte », qui sert de justification à la continuation de la civilisation industrielle et des désastres écocidaires associés. Des mines il en faut pour développer la 5G et le (...) #Les_Articles

    / #Catastrophes_climatiques_et_destructions_écologiques, #Le_monde_de_L'Economie

    https://reporterre.net/Le-mouvement-climat-doit-renoncer-a-la-fable-des-mines-ecolos
    https://www.contretemps.eu/entretien-celia-izoard-ruee-miniere

  • Award-winning documentary ‘#The_Territory’ recounts the struggles and resilience of Indigenous Brazilians

    The story of #Bitaté-Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau and #Ivaneide_Bandeira, known as #Neidinha_Suruí, and their fight against deforestation in the Amazon, told in the documentary “The Territory,” gained international recognition, and now an Emmy Award.

    On January 7, the film won in the category Outstanding Achievement in Documentary Filmmaking at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards, which gives awards in technical and special categories to series and programs.

    On the stage alongside Neidinha and Bitaté were the Indigenous activist Txai Suruí, the executive producer and Neidinha’s daughter, with the American director of the film, Alex Pritz, and other team members.

    To receive the prize in Los Angeles, 63-year-old Neidinha endured over 40 hours of travel from her territory in Rondônia state to California.

    “When they announced [that we won], we didn’t believe it. We were shocked. We couldn’t cry because we were in shock,” the Indigenous activist recalled.

    The documentary, available for streaming on Disney+, has won several awards since its release. Before the Emmy, it won the Audience and Special Jury awards at the 2023 Sundance Festival.

    For Neidinha, the awards served to “burst a bubble”:

    It is a victory for our struggle, for the struggle for human rights and for nature, for the defence of the forest against deforestation, it’s the fight against the marco temporal [time marker, cut-off date for officially recognizing Indigenous lands]. We’ve come a long way. [Now] we see people on the plane talking about the film, wanting to know about our struggle. People we had never met talking about our cause and celebrating. Sometimes films like this reach a niche interest, a bubble, but ‘The Territory’ let us burst that bubble.

    Among the producers of the film is filmmaker Darren Aronofsky, director of “The Whale” (2022).
    Indigenous team

    “The Territory” recounts the struggle of the Indigenous Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau people in Rondônia state in northern Brazil to defend the territory against invasions from land grabbers and farmers.

    It shows the Indigenous people’s apprehension in the face of dangers to the forest and the communities, as well as moments from their daily life in the village. Some of the most powerful moments are scenes with the leader Ari Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, who was murdered in April 2020.

    The recordings took place during one of the darkest periods in Brazil’s recent history, during the government of Jair Bolsonaro (2019-2022), whose policies were considered anti-Indigenous. He vowed not to recognize any more Indigenous territories during his presidency.

    During the Bolsonaro administration, there was a big rise in the number of invasions of Indigenous territories across the country, as well as a dismantling of environmental policies. In Rondônia, where the film is set, Bolsonaro received 70 percent of valid votes in the last election, in 2022, which was won nationally, however, by the incumbent, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.

    The piece was filmed during the COVID-19 pandemic, which in Brazil alone caused more than 700,000 deaths. As it was not possible to enter Indigenous areas during this period, Indigenous people themselves carried out the filming.

    Neidinha told Amazônia Real that the recording equipment was left at the territory’s border in plastic bags, and everything was disinfected to avoid risks of disease. The Indigenous people received online guidance on how to use the equipment, as well as receiving instructions on what to film.

    “Bitaté [the Indigenous leader] said, ‘Look, we know how to do better than that, so let’s do it our way,’” Neidinha remembered.

    “The Territory” recounts threats and pressures suffered by the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau Indigenous people who, lacking state assistance, decided to create a group to defend their territory from outside threats.

    The story’s protagonists are the young Indigenous leader Bitaté-Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau and the activist Neidinha, whom Bitaté considers his second mother. Neidinha recalled that neither she nor Bitaté imagined that the documentary would get this far:

    Bitaté once told me: ‘Mum, I didn’t think people would even watch us. I didn’t think our film would come to anything.’ We thought it would be just another documentary, that for us it would be important, but maybe not for the rest of the world. And it was great because National Geographic bought the film and we were amazed. We travelled around several countries presenting the documentary, giving lectures, talking about the Indigenous cause, in the middle of the Bolsonaro period and the pandemic.

    Celebration

    Txai Suruí, her daughter and an energetic activist in Indigenous movements, wrote in an Instagram post that the Emmy win was the “celebration and recognition of the voices and narratives defending the territories, [and of] the resistance and struggle that permeates the lives of Brazil’s Indigenous peoples”.

    The film’s director, Alex Pritz, also commented on the Emmy win, to the outlet Deadline:

    To receive the recognition of our peers, alongside such an incredible group of nominees, is an unbelievable honour. We share this award with communities around the world who are standing up in defence of our planet’s continued habitability and fighting for a better future.

    Bitaté-Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau also posted on Instagram:

    We won, my people deserve it, especially my community, my Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau people, my Pau Association, [and] the work is not only mine, it’s ours! I’m very happy about it, representing my leadership, and that’s it. We won and there is more to come in the future

    Being the son of a mother from the Juma people and a father from the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau people, Bitaté goes between two territories, one in Rondônia and the other in Amazonas state. He is the grandson of Aruká Juma, one of the last of his ethnic group. He became the leader of his people at a young age. In 2021, as a member of the Indigenous group that was part of the Jovens Cidadãos (Young Citizens) blog, he wrote about his relationship with his grandparents.

    Jovens Cidadãos is a project created by Amazônia Real, started in 2018, which led to a section on the outlet’s website, in which the young leaders themselves recounted their stories.
    Inspiration for life

    Neidinha is one of the founders of the Kanindé Association for Ethno-environmental Defence, one of Brazil’s most well-recognized organizations working for Indigenous peoples’ rights. She was born in Acre state and arrived in Rondônia at about six months old. The move came about because her father began working in a rubber plantation inside what is now the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau Indigenous Land, hence the proximity to the Indigenous people of that ethnic group.

    She left the territory at the age of 12 to study. Through magazines, she learned about the old American Far West, and says she sees the same kind of things being repeated in Brazil:

    In these stories, the Indigenous people were always killed and the colonels were the ‘heroes’ for having advanced to the West, which for me is very similar to the advance of colonization in Brazil. The advance into the Amazon is no different to the American Far West.

    The activist says that the success of “The Territory” brought more work, but also threats. However, she points out that the film does not depict heroes or villains.

    I didn’t want a film where we’re the hero and the other side is the villain. We wanted the reality. The film manages to see both the pressure on the Indigenous people and also the pressure on the poor people, who are used [and] manipulated to grab land for the powerful to [then] take.
    It has strengthened my certainty that I am not wrong in my struggle, because there are moments where you are so threatened, so pressured, that you think about backing off, but the reactions of people around the world have strengthened our convictions.

    https://globalvoices.org/2024/02/29/award-winning-documentary-the-territory-recounts-the-struggles-and-res

    #peuples_autochtones #film #documentaire #film_documentaire #Brésil #territoire #forêt #déforestation #résilience #Amazonie #forêt_amazonienne #Txai_Suruí #Bitaté

  • The #Rainforest_Tribunal

    “The forest is gone – where is the money?” – Malaysian indigenous leaders, anti-corruption activists and international experts cover alleged corruption and environmental crimes under the late Malaysian politician Abdul Taib Mahmud in this explosive new film

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggeWljY7VVo


    #forêt #Malaysia #justice #justice_transformatrice #film #film_documentaire #déforestation #Sarawak #Bruno_Manser_Fonds #Malaisie #peuples_autochtones #Penan

  • #Ikea, le seigneur des forêts - Regarder le #documentaire complet | #ARTE
    https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/112297-000-A/ikea-le-seigneur-des-forets
    #disclose

    Derrière son image familiale et écolo, le #géant_du_meuble #suédois, plus gros consommateur de bois au monde, révèle des pratiques bien peu scrupuleuses. Une investigation édifiante sur cette firme à l’appétit démesuré.

    C’est une des #enseignes préférées des consommateurs, qui équipe depuis des générations cuisines, salons et chambres d’enfants du monde entier. Depuis sa création en 1943 par le visionnaire mais controversé Ingvar #Kamprad, et au fil des innovations – #meubles en #kit, vente par correspondance, magasins en self-service… –, la petite entreprise a connu une croissance fulgurante, et a accompagné l’entrée de la Suède dans l’ère de la consommation de masse. Aujourd’hui, ce fleuron commercial, qui participe pleinement au rayonnement du pays à l’international, est devenu un mastodonte en expansion continue. Les chiffres donnent le tournis : 422 magasins dans cinquante pays ; près d’un milliard de clients ; 2 000 nouveaux articles au catalogue par an… et un exemplaire de son produit phare, la bibliothèque Billy, vendu toutes les cinq secondes. Mais le modèle Ikea a un coût. Pour poursuivre son développement exponentiel et vendre toujours plus de meubles à bas prix, le géant suédois dévore chaque année 20 millions de mètres cubes de bois, soit 1 % des réserves mondiales de ce matériau… Et si la firme vante un approvisionnement responsable et une gestion durable des forêts, la réalité derrière le discours se révèle autrement plus trouble.
     
    #Greenwashing
    Pendant plus d’un an, les journalistes d’investigation Xavier Deleu (Épidémies, l’empreinte de l’homme) et Marianne Kerfriden ont remonté la chaîne de production d’Ikea aux quatre coins du globe. Des dernières forêts boréales suédoises aux plantations brésiliennes en passant par la campagne néo-zélandaise et les grands espaces de Pologne ou de Roumanie, le documentaire dévoile les liens entre la multinationale de l’ameublement et l’exploitation intensive et incontrôlée du bois. Il révèle comment la marque au logo jaune et bleu, souvent via des fournisseurs ou sous-traitants peu scrupuleux, contribue à la destruction de la biodiversité à travers la planète et alimente le trafic de bois. Comme en Roumanie, où Ikea possède 50 000 hectares de forêts, et où des activistes se mobilisent au péril de leur vie contre une mafia du bois endémique. Derrière la réussite de l’une des firmes les plus populaires au monde, cette enquête inédite éclaire l’incroyable expansion d’un prédateur discret devenu un champion du greenwashing.

    #FSC #certification #labels

  • Ikea, le seigneur des forêts
    https://disclose.ngo/fr/article/ikea-le-seigneur-des-forets

    Pendant deux ans, Disclose a enquêté sur l’ogre suédois et son système de prédation du bois à travers le monde. Nous en avons tiré un documentaire de 90 minutes, diffusé sur Arte mardi 27 février à 20h55. Lire l’article

  • How auditing giant #KPMG became a global sustainability leader while serving companies accused of #forest destruction - ICIJ
    https://www.icij.org/investigations/deforestation-inc/audit-firms-kpmg-environmental-sustainability-logging
    #deforestation
    #label

    “For many organizations as well as individuals, all they’re looking for right now is an #FSC label or an SFI label, and it’s all good as far as they’re concerned,” said Herb Hammond, a registered professional forester and ecologist in Canada, referring to the SFI and a competing certification organization, the #Forest_Stewardship_Council.

    “As time has gone by, people in the know realized that these are largely ‘greenwashing’ kinds of schemes,” Hammond said.

  • Japan’s thirst for biomass is having a harmful impact on Canada’s forests

    When you walk through a fresh clearcut in British Columbia, you are surrounded by a “one-dimensional, dead landscape,” says Michelle Connolly of Conservation North, a volunteer conservation group based in the Canadian province.

    The forest’s soft, mossy ground, the birdcalls and the cool moisture in the air are gone. In their place, twigs and debris lay everywhere, occasionally interspersed with pieces of garbage. Sound and movement from plants or animals have almost ceased, except for the buzzing of insects. The smell of burned piles of slash — wood debris not profitable enough to bring to a mill — hangs in the air.

    “That’s the story of conventional forestry in BC,” Connolly says.

    Last month, Connolly visited Japan to share how such scenes are linked to the nation’s “green” energy: A portion of BC’s razed forests are being used to make wood pellets, a type of biofuel that Japan is importing and burning in increasing quantities as an alternative to fossil fuels.

    The Japanese government claims wood pellets are “carbon neutral” because trees absorb carbon dioxide throughout their lives and, therefore, do not result in a net increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide when burned. The Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, which is in charge of Japan’s biomass policy, did not respond to a request for comment.

    Experts in the field, however, warn that this kind of carbon accounting is dangerously misguided.

    Research by British think tank Chatham House details how woody biomass fuels like wood pellets release a large amount of carbon dioxide during combustion — even more than coal — due to having lower energy density. Burning trees for electricity increases atmospheric carbon dioxide in the near term, precisely when the world most needs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. And when forests are cut, their ability to absorb and sequester carbon is halted for decades.

    The Japanese government plans to have biomass contribute 5% of Japan’s power needs by 2030, putting it on par with wind. Hydrogen and ammonia, the government and industry’s controversial long-term bet to decarbonize the power sector, are expected to only contribute 1% by that year.

    Japan began seriously investing in woody biomass after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster triggered a sudden shortage of zero-emission energy, as the nation took all of its reactors offline. Beginning in 2012, generous government support for renewable energy projects led to 434 approvals for power plants designed to run either partially or fully on woody biomass, although only 191 had come online as of June 2022 and many don’t use imported pellets.

    Still, the country’s wood pellet imports from Canada shot up accordingly, from 76,000 metric tons in 2013 to 1.4 million in 2022, representing 31% of Japan’s total pellet imports that year (other top sources of pellets include Vietnam, the U.S. and Malaysia).

    Japan received 40% of all Canadian wood pellet exports in 2022, according to Canadian government statistics. Over the first 10 months of 2023, that figure rose to 55%, with practically all of that coming from BC.

    However, Connolly and other experts warn that BC’s overstretched and declining forestry sector may not be able to provide Japan with a steady supply of wood pellets for long — and, for the present, it is leaving a trail of environmental destruction in its wake.

    Unknown exploitation

    Wood pellets are enmeshed in BC’s forestry industry, and proponents claim that pellets help utilize waste generated from producing other products, such as lumber. The catch, according to Connolly, is that “BC’s forestry system is fundamentally unsustainable.”

    The province has experienced roughly a century “of forest exploitation, and the last 60 years of that has been ultra-aggressive,” she adds.

    Forest land accounts for roughly two-thirds of BC’s total area, and that’s a large area — the province is three times the size of all of Japan. It’s unknown exactly how much of the province’s 600,000 square kilometers of forest remain untouched by logging, but experts and activists warn that such “primary forests” are dwindling. Although BC does release figures for “old growth” logging, primary forests represent a wider category of ecosystems that don’t contain signs of human disturbance but whose trees might not fit the definition of “old growth.”

    The results of a government-initiated strategic review of old-growth forests in BC noted in 2020 that the province’s “economy is heavily dependent on trees harvested from primary forests of old trees.” This is especially true of logging in the province’s interior, where “large-scale commercial cutting of primary forests” began 50 or fewer years ago and where it can take “several decades” for replanted trees to be ready for a second harvest.

    BC’s pellet industry is located in the interior. As a result, wood pellet feedstock likely comes from clearcut primary forest, whether a pellet mill uses byproducts such as sawmill waste or whole trees sourced directly from a logging site.

    Connolly’s home city, Prince George, lies in an area of the BC interior where forests are currently being harvested — in part, for pellets.

    From 2017, 9% of the output of the 80,000-square-kilometer Prince George timber supply area has been set aside for “bioenergy stands” — trees fit for logging for pellets — defined as “mature, damaged pine-leading stands” with relatively low marketability as saw logs.

    However, Andrew Weaver, a professor at the University of Victoria’s School of Earth & Ocean Sciences and a former member of the province’s Legislative Assembly, told The Japan Times that even harvesting such “damaged” stands could set a dangerous precedent. After being cut, replanted trees will take decades to grow, during which time the wood pellet industry will need more raw materials. The impacts of climate change also make a future second harvest less predictable, Weaver added.

    Connolly argues that BC’s remaining primary forest would be better left as-is.

    Primary forests are the best habitat for much of BC’s wildlife, especially large-bodied mammals, including critically endangered caribou, as well as bears that make dens in large tree trunks. They also keep watersheds clean, an essential ecosystem service that benefits both animals and people (Vancouver, the province’s economic capital, has banned logging in its watersheds since the 1990s).

    In addition, primary forests contribute significant carbon sinks, with much carbon dioxide stored in large, old trees and undisturbed soil and peat. Scientists note that primary forests are more effective at storing carbon than single-species plantation forests; it can take centuries for a replanted forest to store as much carbon as the primary forest it replaced.

    Currently, U.K.-headquartered Drax — a utility at home and a pellet producer in Canada and the U.S. — controls eight of 12 BC pellet mills, roughly 80% of the province’s total wood pellet production capacity.

    At its mills, huge piles of trees await processing. Although the company previously claimed to only use “sawdust and waste wood,” a 2022 investigation by BBC Panorama found evidence that Drax was also sourcing directly from primary forests. Drax responded to the BBC investigation by saying that 80% of its source material is “sawmill residues” and the rest is “waste material” from forests at risk of fire or disease.

    “In Canada, good forest management includes managed removals, which create less dense stands of trees and reduce what’s left lying on the forest floor, helping to protect from fires, pests and diseases, and preserving biodiversity,” a Drax spokesperson told The Japan Times in an email. “We support good forest management by providing a market for this material and turning it into something useful — sustainable biomass — which can be used as fuel for renewable, low carbon power.”

    During her trip to Japan, Connolly felt that Japanese audiences — including wood pellet stakeholders, media and members of the general public — were puzzled and disappointed to learn how BC’s primary forests are being turned into wood pellets.

    “It was actually really emotional for me to see people’s faces fall,” Connolly says.
    A finite amount of wood

    Although wood pellets are often billed as a “sustainable” resource, there may be a limit on the amount of pellets BC can provide Japan, warned Ben Parfitt, a resource policy analyst for the Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives who also covered forestry in BC for many years as a journalist. Parfitt traveled to Japan with Connolly to speak about wood pellets.

    BC’s logging industry, which pellet manufacturers rely on, is shrinking. Roughly 51.3 million cubic meters of timber were logged in 2022, down from 76.6 million in 2013, according to data Parfitt compiled from government statistics. Many companies are moving their operations to the southern U.S., where trees grow faster in a milder climate on already extensive forest plantations. The number of sawmills in BC is also decreasing, down from 111 in 2005 to 64 in 2023.

    In Parfitt’s view, the logging industry is contracting primarily because it logged too much, too quickly. “They have run out of the easiest-to-access and cheapest fiber,” he said.

    With logging in decline, Parfitt predicted increasing competition for resources going forward.

    “That’s pretty much where, I think, the rubber hits the road,” he concludes. “There’s a finite amount (of wood) out there.”

    In a public event during his visit to Japan, Parfitt highlighted both Drax’s overwhelming control of BC’s wood pellet industry and the fact that the company itself consumes vast quantities of wood pellets at its own power plant in the U.K. As competition for resources intensifies, the decisions Drax makes going forward could potentially have a big impact on Japan’s wood pellet supply, Parfitt warned.

    The company itself brushed off such concerns, saying in its statement to The Japan Times that it responsibly manages its commercial agreements and closely analyzes market issues affecting itself and its suppliers.

    “The majority of the sustainable biomass we supply to Japan is sourced from British Columbia in Canada where the forests are sustainably managed and subject to environmental regulation, careful management and third-party certification,” the Drax representative wrote.

    Still, Parfitt is not alone in his concern over the future of Japan’s supply of BC wood pellets. Weaver too sees BC’s relatively slow-growing forest resources as “mismatched” with the wood pellet industry and its eager customers in Japan. Wood pellets aren’t anything more than a “short-term fix” for the country’s energy needs, he said.

    Going forward, Weaver suggested that Japan, known abroad as a nation of innovators, could show more international leadership in renewable energy.

    “Burning wood is literally what our ancestors and Neanderthals did many hundred thousands of years ago,” he says. “Surely we’re better than that.”

    https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/01/14/resources/biomass-canada-japan-imports
    #Canada #forêts #déforestation #Japon #transition_énergétique #green-washing #bois #pellets #extractivisme #énergie #bioénergie

  • Terre : aux racines du capitalisme

    L’élément terre, dans son acception économique peut s’entendre de deux manières : la terre à exploiter, dont on peut tirer des ressources et du profit, et la Terre à préserver et à “sauver” d’un #capitalisme_prédateur qui l’épuise. L’idée de parler de capital Terre reprend deux notions incluses dans le terme Terre, à savoir comprendre la Terre à la fois comme notre planète et à la fois comme une ressource foncière. On ressent bien l’ambivalence dans l’expression capital Terre : la Terre est à la fois notre espace de vie, un espace commun et un bien précieux à préserver, mais elle est aussi une ressource dans laquelle puiser des richesses et dont on peut retirer des profits.
    Du 12ème au 19ème siècle : comment la croissance se fonde-t-elle sur le travail de la terre ?

    Selon Alessandro Stanziani, l’histoire économique de la terre comme capital commence au 12ème siècle, il précise "selon Fernand Braudel et Werner Sombart le capitalisme commence au 12ème siècle. Le capitalisme selon Braudel est identifié par le monopole, plutôt que la concurrence, et par la finance. Je complète cette définition avec la notion que les ressources sont uniquement à exploiter et non pas à préserver pour le futur et surtout que le travail doit être soumis à des contraintes sévères au long de plusieurs siècles. De ce point de vue-là, je n’associe pas, comme Marx, le travail et le capitalisme au travail salarié et au prolétaires, au contraire, j’associe les formes multiples du capitalisme aux formes différentes du travail contraint. D’où la possibilité d’inclure les régimes qui commencent au 12ème siècle sous le nom de capitalisme". Par ailleurs, du 12e au 19e, la hausse de la production agricole correspond à une augmentation des surfaces cultivées, en effet les déforestations n’ont cessé d’être présentes du néolithique au haut Moyen-Âge et elles s’accélèrent fortement entre le 8e et le 13e siècle. Cependant, même au 12ème siècle des contestations contre le déboisement et l’exploitation de la terre à des fins productives agraires existaient déjà, Alessandro Stanziani ajoute "les résistances sont importantes, plusieurs acteurs se rendent compte de la nécessité de préserver les forêts afin d’avoir de bonnes récoltes à côté, mais aussi pour des intérêts économiques, politiques et sociaux. Cette résistance est celle d’un capitalisme que j’appelle foncier, agraire et quasi industriel, qui va du 12ème au 19ème siècle".
    De 1870 à 1970 : vers un modèle productiviste et une surexploitation de l’élément terre

    Pendant ces décennies, l’exploitation des ressources de la terre et le système capitaliste connaissent des changements majeurs, marqués par une intensification remarquable. Alessandro Stanziani précise "dans l’agriculture et dans le pays du Nord, la mécanisation est très lente, mais on constate un changement significatif avec les semences. Après la crise de 29, aux Etats-Unis, on s’intéresse aux semences hybrides. Il y a des investissements massifs, on donne des semences hybrides aux fermiers américains et ensuite, on vend ces mêmes semences à l’Europe avec l’aide du plan Marshal et on impose aux agriculteurs européens d’avoir recours aux semences hybrides. L’avantage des semences hybrides, ce sont des rendements faramineux, ça commence par le maïs, la plante des plaines américaines, et de fait on arrive à nourrir de plus en plus de population à l’échelle mondiale. L’inconvénient c’est que les semences hybrides ont une durée de vie très courte, de un ou deux ans, pour qu’elles soient rentables il faut beaucoup de fertilisants chimiques. Les producteurs de semences produisent aussi le fertilisants chimiques, ils sont gagnants des deux côtés. Par ailleurs, ces producteurs ont le monopole et l’exclusivité de ce marché. Enfin, les rendements des hybrides commencent à décroître après 20 ans".
    De 1970 à 2050 : spéculer sur le capital Terre : la terre face à la libéralisation des marchés

    Les bouleversements majeurs ont lieu pendant les années 1970 : la fin du système de Bretton Woods, les chocs pétroliers, le déclin du keynésianisme et de l’État social en Occident et le début des réformes en Chine.
    Par ailleurs, la spéculation sur les produits agricoles s’élargit aux terres elles-mêmes : il ne s’agit pas seulement d’échanger des produits virtuels dont la plupart ne verront jamais le jour, mais de contrôler ces flux hypothétiques à l’échelle mondiale. Selon Alessandro Stanziani "avec le néolibéralisme des années 80 et surtout dans les années 1990, on assiste à la libéralisation totale des Bourses de marchandises, avec les spéculations sur les matières premières et sur le blé, et on arrive jusqu’aux crises de 2008/2010 et jusqu’au crise de nos jours sur la vie chère. C’est-à-dire que c’est une pénurie qui est provoquée, non pas par de mauvaises récoltes, mais surtout par les spéculations".

    https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/entendez-vous-l-eco/terre-aux-racines-du-capitalisme-8719942

    #capitalisme #terre #agriculture #histoire #économie_capitaliste #terres #Alessandro_Stanziani #capital_terre #spéculation #exploitation #foncier #ressource_foncière #à_écouter #ressources_pédagogiques #croissance #déforestation #forêts #déboisement #mécanisation #semences #semences_hybrides #plan_Marshal #maïs #rendements #industrie_agro-alimentaire #fertilisants #néolibéralisme #blé #matières_premières #pénurie #podcast #audio

    • Capital Terre. Une histoire longue du monde d’après (XIIe-XXIe siècle)

      Et si le cœur du problème de la faim dans le monde n’était pas la hausse de la population mais plutôt les modalités de la production agricole et surtout de la distribution au profit des plus riches ? Dans cet essai engagé pour des sociétés plus solidaires et plus justes, qui retrace l’histoire longue du capitalisme, Alessandro Stanziani propose de renouer avec le contrat social cher à J.-J. Rousseau et de faire de la démocratie, de l’égalité sociale et de l’environnement les trois piliers du monde d’après. Défenseur d’une politique publique conciliant croissance économique et démographique, droits du travail, lutte contre les inégalités et protection de la planète, il plaide pour la fin des spéculations sur les denrées alimentaires, de l’accaparement des terres et de la propriété industrielle, en particulier sur les semences, véritable « patrimoine de l’humanité », et prône une refonte plus égalitaire de la fiscalité et des finances publiques.
      Une pensée économique globale, qui se préoccupe autant de l’avenir de l’Asie et de l’Afrique que de celui de l’Europe, par un brillant historien reconnu à l’international et fort de décennies de recherches sur le terrain dans le monde entier.

      https://www.payot-rivages.fr/payot/livre/capital-terre-9782228929257
      #livre

  • En Amérique du Sud, un printemps « historiquement chaud » accable les populations
    https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2023/11/26/en-amerique-du-sud-un-printemps-historiquement-chaud-accable-les-populations


    Un champ de totoras asséchées sur le chemin de Los Uros. En raison de la forte sécheresse, il est désormais possible d’accéder aux îles de l’archipel péruvien à pied. Puno (Pérou), le 14 octobre 2023. PAUL GAMBIN POUR « LE MONDE »

    Des records de chaleur ont été battus ces dernières semaines, la température ressentie frôlant parfois les 60 °C. La conjonction du réchauffement climatique, du phénomène El Niño et de la déforestation en Amazonie est en cause.

    Des températures dépassant régulièrement les 40 °C et frôlant par endroits les 60 °C ressentis – et ce, alors même que l’été austral en Amérique du Sud n’a pas encore débuté : des records de chaleur ont été battus ces dernières semaines au Brésil, en Argentine, au Pérou, en Bolivie et au Paraguay. C’est un printemps hors normes, déjà qualifié d’« historiquement chaud », que vit le sous-continent. Chaleur et sécheresse affectent des millions de personnes et menacent les récoltes.

    Dimanche 19 novembre, le mercure a atteint 44,8 °C à Araçuai, dans l’Etat du Minas Gerais (sud-est), au Brésil, soit la plus haute température jamais relevée dans le pays, selon l’Institut national de météorologie (Inmet). Au cours de la canicule inédite qui a frappé, à la mi-novembre, la moitié des 5 500 municipalités du pays ont été placées en état d’alerte maximale.

    La vague de chaleur a provoqué ruée vers les plages et panique. A Rio, où la sensation thermique a atteint les 59,3 °C, une mère de famille est allée jusqu’à briser la vitre d’un bus pour laisser respirer son enfant malade. Sous l’effet des climatiseurs, la consommation d’énergie a battu un record historique, avec 101 475 mégawatts, le 14 novembre, et ce, alors que nombre de barrages hydroélectriques ne fonctionnent que partiellement.

    La canicule a aussi eu des effets tragiques. Le 17 novembre, une étudiante de 23 ans a trouvé la mort des suites d’un arrêt cardiorespiratoire lors du concert de la chanteuse américaine Taylor Swift organisé à Rio de Janeiro, dans un stade olympique Nilton-Santos plein à craquer où les spectateurs suffoquaient. En dépit des températures extrêmes, les organisateurs avaient interdit aux fans d’apporter leurs propres bouteilles d’eau.

    https://archive.is/qYBsr

    #climat

  • La Réunion est en train de perdre toute sa vie végétale unique au monde !
    https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/actualites/biodiversite-reunion-train-perdre-toute-vie-vegetale-unique-monde-1

    L’île de La Réunion est réputée pour ses plages paradisiaques, ses volcans, mais aussi pour sa végétation foisonnante. Cependant l’urbanisation, le développement des activités agricoles, la déforestation et l’introduction d’espèces extérieures ont mis à mal cette nature riche et diversifiée. Près d’une espèce végétale sur deux est désormais menacée de disparition sur l’île.

  • Déforestation au Brésil : quatre banques françaises visées par une plainte pour blanchiment
    https://disclose.ngo/fr/article/deforestation-au-bresil-quatre-banques-francaises-visees-par-une-plainte-p

    BNP Paribas, Crédit Agricole, le groupe BPCE et Axa sont accusés d’avoir tiré profit de la déforestation illégale en Amazonie, en finançant l’industrie brésilienne du bœuf. L’ONG Sherpa, qui s’appuie notamment sur les révélations de Disclose, vient de déposer plainte au Parquet national financier pour blanchiment et recel de délits environnementaux. Lire l’article

  • Quand le fleuve #Amazone ne coule plus : des images bouleversantes de la catastrophe écologique qui se joue
    https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/actualites/amazonie-fleuve-amazone-ne-coule-plus-images-bouleversantes-catastr

    Une étude publiée dans Science Advances envisage, quant à elle, que la #sécheresse extrême que connaît l’#Amazonie depuis plusieurs mois puisse correspondre à un « premier signal d’alarme » indiquant que la forêt approche d’un #point_de_bascule. Les chercheurs soulignent notamment le rôle de la #déforestation qui retarde le début de la mousson dans la région et met en danger tout l’équilibre de la forêt amazonienne. Selon leurs travaux, si les arbres continuent à être ainsi coupés, les précipitations pourraient chuter de 30 à 50 % en seulement quelques années. Et leur modèle n’inclut pas l’augmentation des niveaux de #CO2 dans l’atmosphère qui pourrait encore accentuer le phénomène !

    #climat

  • 🛑 🌍 Élevage industriel : un effet bœuf sur l’environnement - Greenpeace France

    Aujourd’hui, 75 % des terres agricoles dans le monde servent à élever du bétail – c’est-à-dire à nourrir des bêtes qui serviront, ensuite, à nous nourrir. Notre mode de vie carnivore, réservé à une poignée de privilégiés, exerce une pression telle sur notre planète qu’il déstabilise les écosystèmes. Destruction de la biodiversité et déforestation, émissions de gaz à effet de serre et changements climatiques, pollution des cours d’eau, mainmise des multinationales au détriment des petits agriculteurs, mais aussi souvent cruauté animale et impacts néfastes sur la santé humaine… Notre consommation effrénée de viande et de produits laitiers issus de l’élevage industriel a des effets délétères à bien des égards (...)

    #écologie #environnement #écosystème #biodiversité #déforestation #bétail #élevage #élevageindustriel #pollution #climat #dérèglementclimatique

    https://www.greenpeace.fr/elevage

  • 🛑 15 mégabassines annulées : une grande victoire pour les opposants...

    Après des mois de lutte, une nouvelle victoire. Mardi 3 octobre, le tribunal administratif de Poitiers a annulé deux arrêtés préfectoraux autorisant la création de quinze mégabassines en Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
    Ces réserves, d’une capacité totale d’environ 3 millions de mètres cubes, devaient être construites en Charente, Charente-Maritime, dans les Deux-Sèvres ainsi qu’en Vienne. Leur principe : prélever de l’eau dans les nappes superficielles en hiver pour la mettre à disposition d’agriculteurs irrigants en été quand la pluie se fait rare. Le tribunal a jugé que ces projets n’étaient « pas associés à de réelles mesures d’économie d’eau » et n’étaient pas adaptés aux effets du changement climatique (...)

    💧💦🌍 #écologie #environnement #eau #bassines #mégabassines #climat #déforestation #pollution #productivisme #consumérisme #croissancisme #dérèglementclimatique #canicule...

    #Anticapitalisme #antiproductivisme #décroissance

    https://reporterre.net/Quinze-megabassines-annulees-une-grande-victoire-pour-les-opposants

  • 🛑 L’été des catastrophes : la Terre a-t-elle franchi une limite ? - Reporterre

    Incendies géants, tempêtes historiques, déluges multiples... Cet été, les extrêmes climatiques ont frappé partout dans le monde, battant de nombreux records. Au point de susciter l’effroi des climatologues. Retour en carte sur cet été historique (...)

    🌧💥🌍 #écologie #environnement #climat #FeuxDeForêt #déforestation #pollution #productivisme #consumérisme #croissancisme #dérèglementclimatique #canicule #inondation #sécheresse...

    ⏩ Lire l’article complet...

    ▶️ https://reporterre.net/L-ete-des-catastrophes-la-Terre-a-t-elle-franchi-une-limite

  • ’Worthless’ forest carbon offsets risk exacerbating climate change
    https://phys.org/news/2023-08-worthless-forest-carbon-offsets-exacerbating.html

    In early 2023, the Guardian published an article suggesting that more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets are worthless. […]. Verra, the largest certifier of these offset credits, said the claims were “absolutely incorrect” […].

    The claims in the Guardian article rested heavily on analysis which had been published as a preprint (before peer review). Now the research has been fully peer-reviewed and is published in the journal Science. It shows unequivocally that many projects which have sold what are known as REDD+ (reducing emissions from #deforestation and degradation) credits have failed to reduce deforestation.

    Source :
    Action needed to make carbon offsets from forest conservation work for climate change mitigation | Science
    https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade3535

    #carbone

  • Una società di deforestazione in Camerun ha beneficiato di ingenti sussidi pubblici
    https://irpimedia.irpi.eu/una-societa-di-deforestazione-in-camerun-ha-beneficiato-di-ingenti-su

    La Société Industrielle de Mbang, diretta dall’italiano Eugenio Matarazzi, da decenni è accusata di taglio illegale e violazione delle leggi forestali. Tuttavia, avrebbe ricevuto dallo Stato camerunense oltre 250 milioni di euro, per servizi poco chiari Clicca per leggere l’articolo Una società di deforestazione in Camerun ha beneficiato di ingenti sussidi pubblici pubblicato su IrpiMedia.

  • Il costo nascosto dell’avocado e le nuove “zone di sacrificio” nelle mire dei grandi produttori

    La produzione globale del frutto viaggia verso le 12 milioni di tonnellate nel 2030. Le monocolture intensive interessano sempre più Paesi, compromettendo falde e biodiversità. Dalla Colombia allo Sri Lanka, dal Vietnam al Malawi. Grain ha analizzato la paradigmatica situazione del Messico, dove si concentra il 40% della produzione.

    “La salsa guacamole che viene consumata durante il Super bowl potrebbe riempire 30 milioni di caschi da football”. La stima è di Armando López, direttore esecutivo dell’Associazione messicana dei coltivatori, confezionatori ed esportatori di avocado, che in occasione della finale del campionato di football americano del 12 febbraio scorso ha pagato quasi sette miliardi di dollari per avere uno spazio pubblicitario in occasione dell’evento sportivo più seguito degli Stati Uniti.

    Solo pochi giorni prima, il 2 febbraio, era stata presentata una denuncia contro il governo del Messico presso la Commissione trilaterale per la cooperazione ambientale (organismo istituito nell’ambito dell’accoro di libero scambio tra il Paese, Stati Uniti e Canada) per non aver fatto rispettare le proprie leggi sulla deforestazione, la conservazione delle acque e l’uso del suolo.

    La notizia ha trovato spazio per qualche giorno sui media statunitensi proprio per la concomitanza con il Super bowl, il momento in cui il consumo della salsa a base di avocado tocca il picco. Ed è anche il punto partenza del report “The avocados of wrath” curato da Grain, rete di organizzazioni che lavorano per sostenere i piccoli agricoltori e i movimenti sociali, e dall’organizzazione messicana Colectivo por la autonomia, che torna a lanciare l’allarme sull’altissimo costo ambientale di questo frutto.

    La denuncia presentata alla Commissione trilaterale si concentra sulla situazione nello Stato del Michoacán, che produce il 75% degli avocado messicani. Qui tra il 2000 e il 2020 la superficie dedicata alla coltura è passata da 78mila a 169mila ettari a scapito delle foreste di abeti locali. Oltre alla deforestazione, il documento pone in rilievo lo sfruttamento selvaggio delle risorse idriche, oltre a un uso eccessivo di fertilizzanti e pesticidi che compromettono le falde sotterranee, i fiumi e i torrenti nelle aree limitrofe alle piantagioni.

    “Il Messico non riesce ad applicare efficacemente le sue leggi ambientali per proteggere gli ecosistemi forestali e la qualità dell’acqua dagli impatti ambientali negativi della produzione di avocado nel Michoacán”, denunciano i curatori. Il Paese nordamericano “non sta rispettando le disposizioni della Costituzione messicana e le varie leggi federali sulla valutazione dell’impatto ambientale, la conservazione delle foreste, lo sviluppo sostenibile, la qualità dell’acqua, il cambiamento climatico e la protezione dell’ambiente”.

    Questa vicenda giudiziaria, di cui non si conoscono ancora gli esiti, rappresenta per Grain un’occasione per guardare più da vicino il Paese e la produzione dell’avocado, diventato negli ultimi anni il terzo frutto più commercializzato al mondo, dopo banana e ananas: nel 2021 la produzione globale di questo frutto, infatti, ha raggiunto quota 8,8 milioni di tonnellate (si stima che possa raggiungere le 12 milioni di tonnellate nel 2030) e il 40% si concentra proprio in Messico, una quota che secondo le stime della Fao potrebbe arrivare al 63% entro il 2030.

    Statunitensi ed europei importano circa il 70% della produzione globale e la domanda è in continua crescita anche per effetto di intense campagne di marketing che ne promuovono i benefici nutrizionali. Di conseguenza dal 2011 a oggi le piantagioni di avocado hanno moltiplicato per quattro la loro superficie in Paesi come Colombia, Haiti, Marocco e Repubblica Dominicana. In Sri Lanka la superficie è aumentata di cinque volte. La produzione intensiva è stata avviata anche in Vietnam e Malawi che oggi rientrano tra i primi venti produttori a livello globale.

    Il mercato di questo frutto vale circa 14 miliardi di dollari e potrebbe toccare i 30 miliardi nel 2030: “La maggiore quota di profitti -riporta Grain- vanno a una manciata di gruppi imprenditoriali, fortemente integrati verticalmente e che continuano a espandersi in nuovi Paesi, dove stanno aprendo succursali”. È il caso, ad esempio, delle società californiane Misison Produce e Calvaro Growers. La prima ha aumentato costantemente le sue vendite nel corso degli ultimi anni, fino a superare di poco il miliardo dollari nel 2022, mentre la seconda ha registrato nello stesso anno vendite per 1,1 miliardi.

    “Queste aziende hanno basato la loro espansione su investimenti da parte di pesi massimi del mondo della finanza -scrive Grain-. Mission Produce e Calavo Growers sono quotate alla Borsa di New York e stanno attirando investimenti da parte di fondi hedge come BlackRock e Vanguard. Stiamo assistendo all’ingresso di fondi di private equity e fondi pensione nel settore degli avocado. Mission Produce, ad esempio, si è unita alla società di private equity Criterion Africa partners per lanciare la produzione di oltre mille ettari di avocado a Selokwe, in Sudafrica”.

    Per Grain guardare da vicino a quello che è accaduto in Messico e al modello produttivo messo in atto dalle aziende dell’agribusiness californiane è utile per comprendere a pieno i rischi che incombono sui Paesi che solo in anni recenti hanno avviato la coltivazione del frutto. Lo sguardo si concentra in particolare sullo Stato del Michoacán dove il boom delle piantagioni è avvenuto a scapito della distruzione delle foreste locali, consumando le risorse idriche di intere regioni e a un costo sociale altissimo.

    Secondo i dati di Grain, ogni ettaro coltivato ad avocado in Messico consuma circa 100mila litri di acqua al mese. Si stima che Perù, Sudafrica, Cile, Israele e Spagna utilizzino 25 milioni di metri cubi d’acqua, l’equivalente di 10mila piscine olimpioniche, per produrre gli avocado importati nel Regno Unito. “Mentre continua a spremere le ultime falde già esaurite in Messico, California e Cile, l’industria del settore sta migrando verso altre ‘zone di sacrificio’ -si legge nel report-. Per irrigare l’arida Valle di Olmos in Perù, dove operano le aziende californiane, il governo locale ha realizzato uno dei megaprogetti più contestati e segnati dalla corruzione del Paese: un tunnel di venti chilometri che attraversa la cordigliera delle Ande per portare l’acqua deviata dal fiume Huancabamba a Olmos”. All’eccessivo sfruttamento delle risorse idriche si aggiunge poi il massiccio utilizzo di prodotti chimici nelle piantagioni: nel solo Michoacán, la coltura dell’avocado si porta dietro ogni anno 450mila litri di insetticidi, 900mila tonnellate di fungicidi e 30mila tonnellate di fertilizzanti.

    https://altreconomia.it/il-costo-nascosto-dellavocado-e-le-nuove-zone-di-sacrificio-nelle-mire-
    #avocat #agriculture #Mexique #globalisation #mondialisation #cartographie #visualisation #Michoacán #déforestation #produits_phytosanitaires #fertilisants #pesticides #plantation #fruits #Misison_Produce #Calvaro_Growers #multinationales #financiarisation #bourse #hedge_funds #private_equity #Criterion_Africa #industrie_agro-alimentaire #eau #Pérou #Huancabamba #Olmos #exploitation #insecticides

    • The Avocados of Wrath

      This little orchard will be part of a great holding next year, for the debt will have choked the owner. This vineyard will belong to the bank. Only the great owners can survive, for they own the canneries too... Men who have created new fruits in the world cannot create a system whereby their fruits may be eaten… In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage.”

      So wrote John Steinbeck when, perhaps for the first time, the immense devastation provoked by capitalist agribusiness, the subsequent expulsion of peasant families from the Midwest, and their arrival in California in the 1930s became visible.[1] Perhaps, if he were writing today, he would replace grapes with avocados. The business model for this popular tropical fruit is the epitome of agribusiness recrudescent, causing rampant deforestation and water diversion, the eradication of other modes of agriculture, and the expulsion of entire communities from the land.

      Avocados are, after bananas and pineapples, the world’s third-largest fruit commodity. Their production is taking up an ever-growing area and continually expanding into new countries. What are the implications of this worldwide expansion? What forces are driving it? How does this model, working on both global and local scales, manage to keep prices high? How did the current boom, with avocados featured at major sporting events and celebrations of all kinds, come to pass? What are the social repercussions of this opaque business?

      We begin the story on 12 February 2023 in Kansas City at the 57th Super Bowl, American football’s premier annual event. A month earlier, more than 2000 km away in Michoacán, Mexico, tens of thousands of tons of avocados were being packed for shipping. The United States imports 40% of global avocado production and the Super Bowl is when consumption peaks. “The guacamole eaten during the Super Bowl alone would fill 30 million football helmets,” says Armando López, executive director of the Mexican Association of Avocado Growers, Packers, and Exporters (APEAM), which paid nearly $7 million for a Super Bowl ad.[2]

      Despite its limited coverage in US media, the dark side of avocado production was the unwelcome guest at this year’s event. A complaint against the Government of Mexico had recently been filed with the Commission for Environmental Cooperation under the USMCA, accusing the government of tolerating the ecocidal impacts of avocado production in Michoacán.[3]

      Mexico can be seen as a proving ground for today’s avocado industry. Focusing on this country helps tell the story of how the avocado tree went from being a relic of evolutionary history to its current status as an upstart commodity characterized by violence and media-driven consumerism.

      Booming world production

      For a decade now, avocados have been the growth leaders among tropical fruit commodities.[4] Mexico, the world’s largest exporter, accounts for 40% of total production. According to OECD and FAO projections, this proportion could reach 63% in 2030. The United States absorbs 80% of Mexican avocado exports, but production is ramping up in many other countries.

      In 2021, global production reached 8.8 million tons, one third of which was exported, for a value of $7.4 billion. By 2030, production is expected to reach 12 million tons. Within a decade, the average area under cultivation doubled in the world’s ten largest producer countries (see Figure 1). It quadrupled in Colombia, Haiti, Morocco, and the Dominican Republic, and quintupled in Zimbabwe. Production has taken off at a gallop in Malawi and Vietnam as well, with both countries now ranking among the top 20 avocado producers.

      The top 10 countries account for 80% of total production. In some of these, such as Mexico, Peru, Chile, and Kenya (see Table 1), the crop is largely grown for export. Its main markets are the United States and Europe, which together make up 70% of global imports. While Mexico supplies its neighbour to the north all year long, the avocados going to Europe come from Peru, South Africa, and Kenya in the summer and from Chile, Mexico, Israel, and Spain in the winter.[5] The Netherlands, as the main port of entry for the European Union, has become the world’s third-leading exporter.

      Other markets are rapidly opening up in Asia. Kenya, Ethiopia, and recently Tanzania have begun exporting to India and China,[6] while Chinese imports from Peru, Mexico, and Chile are also on the rise. In 2021, despite the pandemic, these imports surpassed 41,000 tons.[7] In addition, US avocado companies have begun cutting costs by sourcing from China, Yunnan province in particular.[8]

      The multimillion dollar “#green_gold” industry

      According to some estimates, the global avocado market was worth $14 billion in 2021 and could reach $30 billion by 2030.[10] The biggest profits go to a handful of vertically integrated groups that are continuing to fan out to new countries, where they are setting up subsidiaries. They have also tightened their control over importers in the main global hubs.
      For two examples, consider the California-based Mission Produce and Calavo Growers. In 2021, Mission Produce reported sales equivalent to 3% of global production,[11] and its sales have risen steadily over the last decade, reaching $1.045 billion in 2022.[12] The United States buys 80% of the company’s volume, with Europe, Japan, and China being other large customers, and it imports from Peru, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, South Africa, Kenya, Morocco, and Israel. It controls 8600 hectares in Peru, Guatemala, and Colombia.[13]

      Calavo Growers, for its part, had total sales of $1.191 billion in 2022.[14] More than half its revenues came from packing and distribution of Mexican, US, Peruvian, and Colombian avocados.[15] The United States is far and away its biggest market, but in 2021 it began stepping up Mexican exports to Europe and Asia.[16]

      South Africa-based Westfalia Fruits is another relevant company in the sector. It has 1200 hectares in South Africa and is expanding to other African and Latin American countries. It controls 1400 hectares in Mozambique and has taken over large exporters such as Aztecavo (Mexico), Camet (Peru), and Agricom (Chile).[17] Its main markets are Europe, the United States, South America, and Asia.[18] Some of its subsidiaries are incorporated in the tax haven of Delaware, and it has acquired importers in the UK and Germany.[19]

      These companies have based their expansion on investment from heavyweight players in the world of finance. Mission Produce and Calavo Growers are listed on the New York Stock Exchange and are attracting investment from such concerns as BlackRock and The Vanguard Group.[20] We are also seeing private equity, endowment, and pension funds moving into avocados; Mission Produce, for example, joined with private equity firm Criterion Africa Partners to launch production of over 1000 hectares of avocados in Selokwe (South Africa).[21]

      In 2020, Westfalia sold shares in Harvard Management Company, the company that manages Harvard University’s endowment fund.[22] Also involved is the Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan, which in 2017 acquired Australia’s second-largest avocado grower, Jasper Farms. PSP Investments, which manages Canada’s public service sector pensions, made a controversial acquisition of 16,500 hectares in Hawaii for production of avocado, among other crops, and faces grave accusations deriving from its efforts to monopolize the region’s water supply.[23]

      Finally, it has to be emphasized that the expansion enjoyed by these companies has been aided by public funding. For example, South Africa’s publicly owned Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and the World Bank’s International Finance Corporation (IFC) have supported Westfalia’s incursions into Africa and Latin America under the guise of international development.[24]

      A proving ground for profit and devastation

      To take the full measure of the risks looming over the new areas being brought under the industrial avocado model, it is important to read Mexico as a proving ground of sorts. The country has become the world’s largest producer through a process bound up with the dynamics of agribusiness in California, where avocado production took its first steps in the early twentieth century. The US market grew rapidly, protected from Mexican imports by a 1914 ban predicated on an alleged threat of pests coming into the country.

      This was the genesis of Calavo Growers (1924) and Henry Avocado (1925). California began exporting to Europe and expanding the area under cultivation, reaching a peak of 30,000 hectares in the mid-1980s, when Chile began competing for the same markets.[29] It was then that consortia of California avocado producers founded West Pak and Mission Produce, and the latter of these soon began operations as an importer of Chilean avocados. In 1997, 60% of US avocado purchases came from Chile, but the business collapsed with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).[30] Lobbying by APEAM and the US companies then led to the lifting of the ban on Mexican imports. With liberalization under NAFTA, Mexican avocado exports multiplied by a factor of 13, and their commercial value by a factor of 40, in the first two decades of the twenty-first century.

      The California corporations set up subsidiaries in Mexico and began buying directly from growers, going as far as to build their own packing plants in Michoacán.[31] One study found that by 2005, Mission Produce, Calavo Growers, West Pak, Del Monte, Fresh Directions, and Chiquita had cornered 80% of US avocado imports from Mexico.[32]

      Today, the state of Michoacán monopolizes 75% of the nation’s production, followed by Jalisco with 10% and Mexico state with 5%.[33] In 2019, export-oriented agriculture was a high-profile player in the industry, with public policies being structured around its needs. And if the business had become so profitable, it was because of the strategies of domination that had been deployed by avocado agribusiness and the impacts of these strategies on peasant and community ways of life.[34] The Mexican avocado boom is now reliant on the felling of whole forests. In many cases these are burned down or clear-cut to make way for avocado groves, using up the water supply of localities or even whole regions. The societal costs are enormous.

      In 2021, Mexico produced some 2.5 million tons of avocados; within the preceding decade, nearly 100,000 hectares had been directly or indirectly deforested for the purpose.[35] In Michoacán alone, between 2000 and 2020, the area under avocados more than doubled, from 78,530.25 to 169,939.45 ha.[36] And reforestation cannot easily repair the damage caused by forest destruction: the ecological relationships on which biodiversity depends take a long time to evolve, and the recovery period is even longer after removal of vegetation, spraying of agrotoxins, and drying of the soil.

      In Jalisco, the last decade has seen a tripling of the area under avocado, agave, and berries, competing not only with peasants and the forests stewarded by original peoples, but also with cattle ranchers.[37] “Last year alone,” says Adalberto Velasco Antillón, president of the Jalisco ranchers’ association, “10,000 cattlemen (dairy and beef) went out of business.”[38]

      According to Dr. Ruth Ornelas, who studies the avocado phenomenon in Mexico, the business’s expansion has come in spite of its relative cost-inefficiency. “This is apparent in the price of the product. Extortion garners 1.4% of total revenues,… or 4 to 6 pesos per kilogram of avocados.” It is a tax of sorts, but one that is collected by the groups that control the business, not by the government.[39] According to Francisco Mayorga, minister of agriculture under Vicente Fox and Enrique Calderón, “they collect not only from the farmer but from the packer, the loggers, the logging trucks and the road builders. And they decide, depending on the payments, who gets to ship to Manzanillo, Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán and Jalisco. That’s because they have a monopoly on what is shipped to the world’s largest buyer, the United States.”[40]

      By collecting this toll at every link in the chain, they control the whole process, from grower to warehouse to packer to shipper, including refrigeration and the various modes of distribution. And not only do they collect at every step, but they also keep prices high by synchronizing supply from warehouse to consumer.

      Dr. Ornelas says, “They may try to persuade people, but where that doesn’t work, bribes and bullets do the trick. Organized crime functions like a police force in that it plays a certain role in protecting the players within the industry. It is the regulatory authority. It is the tax collector, the customs authority, and the just-in-time supplier. Sadly, the cartels have become a source of employment, hiring halcones [taxi drivers or shoeshine boys working as spies], chemists, and contract killers as required. It seems that they even have economists advising them on how to make the rules.” Mayorga adds: “When these groups are intermingled with governmental structures, there is a symbiosis among growers, criminals, vendors, and input suppliers. If somebody tries to opt out of the system, he may lose his phytosanitary certification and hence his ability to export.” Mayorga stresses that the criminals administer the market and impose a degree of order on it; they oversee the process at the domestic and international levels, “regulating the flow of product so that there is never a glut and prices stay high.” Investment and extortion are also conducive to money laundering. It is very hard to monitor who is investing in the product, how it is produced, and where it is going. Yet the government trumpets avocados as an agri-food success.

      Official data indicate that there are 27,712 farms under 10 hectares in Michoacán, involving 310,000 people and also employing 78,000 temporary workers.[41] These small farms have become enmeshed in avocado capitalism and the pressures it places on forests and water; more importantly, however, the climate of violence keeps the growers in line. In the absence of public policy and governmental controls, and with organized crime having a tight grip on supply chains and world prices, violence certainly plays a role in governance of the industry. But these groups are not the ones who run the show, for they themselves are vertically integrated into multidimensional relationships of violence. It is the investors and large suppliers, leveraged by the endowment, pension, and private equity funds, who keep avocado production expanding around the world.[42]

      A headlong rush down multiple paths

      The Mexican example alerts us to one of the main problems associated with avocado growing, and that is water use. In Mexico, each hectare consumes 100,000 litres per month, on top of the destruction of the biodiverse forests that help preserve the water cycle.[46] A whole other study ought to be devoted to the indiscriminate use of agrotoxins and the resulting groundwater contamination. In Michoacán alone, the avocado crop receives 450,000 litres of insecticides, 900,000 tons of fungicides, and 30,000 tons of fertilizers annually.[47]

      Wherever they are grown, avocados consume an astonishing volume of water. An estimated 25 million m³, or the equivalent of 10,000 Olympic swimming pools, are estimated to be used by Peru, South Africa, Chile, Israel, and Spain to produce the avocados imported into the UK.[48]

      California has maintained its 90% share of the US avocado market, but this situation is not predicted to endure beyond 2050.[49] California’s dire water crisis has been driven to a significant extent by the industrial production of avocados and other fruits, with climate change exacerbating the problem.[50]
      In the Chilean province of Petorca, which accounts for 60% of Chile’s avocado exports, the production of one kilogram of avocados requires 1280 litres of water. Water privatization by the Pinochet dictatorship in 1981 coincided with the rise of the country’s export industry and abetted the development of large plantations, which have drained the rivers and driven out peasant farming.[51] This appears to be one of the reasons why Chile is no longer self-sufficient in this commodity. “We import more than we export now,” said the director of Mission Produce, Steve Barnard, two years ago, stating that avocados were being brought in not only from Peru but also from California.[52]

      Even as it continues to squeeze the last drops of water out of depleted aquifers in Mexico, California, and Chile, the industry is migrating into other sacrifice zones.[53] To water the arid Olmos Valley in Peru, where California’s avocado companies operate, the Peruvian government developed one of the country’s most corrupt and conflict-ridden megaprojects: a 20-km tunnel through the Andes range, built in 2014, to deliver water diverted from the Huancabamba River to Olmos. The project was sold as an “opportunity to acquire farmland with water rights in Peru.”[54]

      Colombia was the next stop on the avocado train, with the crop spreading out across Antioquia and the coffee-growing region, and with even large mining interests joining forces with agribusiness.[55] “Peru is destined to replace much of its avocado land with citrus fruit, which is less water-intensive,” said Pedro Aguilar, manager of Westfalia Fruit Colombia, in 2020, although “water is becoming an absolutely marvelous investment draw, since it is cost-free in Colombia.”[56]

      Sowing the seeds of resistance

      If Mexico has been an experiment in devastation, it has also been an experiment in resistance, as witness the inspiring saga of the Purépecha community of Cherán, Michoacán. In 2012, the community played host to a preliminary hearing of the Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal that condemned land grabbing, deforestation, land conversion, agrotoxin spraying, water depletion, fires, and the widespread violence wielded against the population. It laid the blame for these plagues squarely on timber theft, the avocado industry, berry greenhouses, and agave production.

      –—

      One year earlier, the population had decided to take matters in hand. They were fed up with this litany of injustices and with the violence being inflicted on them by the paramilitary forces of organized crime. Led by the women, the community took up the arduous task of establishing checkpoints marked out by bonfires (which were also used for cooking) throughout the area. Any institution or group that questioned their collective authority was immediately confronted. The newly created community police force is answerable to the general assembly, which in turn reports to the neighbourhood assemblies. A few years ago, the community gated itself to outsiders while working on restoring the forest and establishing its own horizontal form of government with respect for women, men, children, and elders.

      The community then took another step forward, opting for municipal and community autonomy. This was not a straightforward process, but it did finally lead to approval by the National Electoral Institute for elections to take place under customary law and outside the party system. This example spread to other communities such as Angahuan that are also grappling with agribusiness, corruption, and organized crime.[57]

      Clearly, this struggle for tradition-rooted self-determination is just beginning. The cartels, after all, are pursuing their efforts to subdue whole regions. Meanwhile, for their own defence, the people are continuing to follow these role models and declaring self-government.

      An unsustainable model

      “The works of the roots of the vines, of the trees, must be destroyed to keep up the price, and this is the saddest, bitterest thing of all. Carloads of oranges dumped on the ground. The people came for miles to take the fruit, but … men with hoses squirt kerosene on the oranges, and they are angry at the crime, angry at the people who have come to take the fruit. A million people hungry, needing the fruit—and kerosene sprayed over the golden mountains.”[58]

      Per capita consumption of avocados has kept on growing in the importing countries, driven by intense marketing campaigns promoting the nutritional benefits of this food. In the United States alone, consumption has tripled in 20 years.[59] While avocados are sold as a superfood, a convenient veil remains thrown over what is actually happening at the local level, where the farmers are not the ones benefiting. While this global trend continues, various false solutions are proposed, such as water-saving innovations or so-called “zero deforestation” initiatives.

      In this exploitative model, small- and medium-sized growers are forced to take on all the risk while also bearing the burden of the environmental externalities. The big companies and their investors are largely shielded from the public health and environmental impacts.

      As we have said, the growers are not the ones who control the process; not even organized crime has that power. They are both just cogs in the industrial agri-food system, assisting the destruction it wreaks in order to eke out a share of the colossal dividends it offers. To truly understand the workings of the system, one has to study the supply chain as a whole.

      Given these realities, it is urgent for us to step up our efforts to denounce agribusiness and its corrupting, devastating model. The people must organize to find ways out of this nightmare.

      * Mexico-based Colectivo por la Autonomía works on issues related to territorial defence and peasant affairs, through coordination with other Mexican and Latin American social movement organizations, as well as legal defence and research on the environmental and social impacts experienced by indigenous and rural territories and communities.

      Banner image: Mural in Cherán that tells the story of their struggle. This mural is inside the Casa Comunal and is part of a mural revival throughout the city, where there are collective and individual works in many streets and public buildings. This mural is the work of Marco Hugo Guardián Lemus and Giovanni Fabián Gutiérrez.

      [1] John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath Penguin Classics, 1939, 2006.
      [2] Guillermina Ayala, “López: “Un Súper Bowl con guacamole,” Milenio, 11 February 2023, https://www.milenio.com/negocios/financial-times/exportaciones-de-toneladas-de-aguacate-para-la-final-de-la-nfl.
      [3] The USMCA is the trade agreement between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. See also Isabella González, “Una denuncia lleva a la producción mexicana de aguacate ante la comisión ambiental del T-MEC por ecocidio,” El País, 8 February 2023, https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-02-08/una-denuncia-lleva-a-la-produccion-mexicana-de-aguacate-ante-la-comision-amb.
      [4] In what follows, the sources for production volumes, areas under cultivation, and sales are the FAOSTAT and UN Comtrade databases [viewed 25 January 2023]. The source for 2030 projections is OECD/FAO, OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021–2030, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1787/19428846-en.
      [5] Ruben Sommaruga and Honor May Eldridge, “Avocado Production: Water Footprint and Socio-economic Implications,” EuroChoices 20(2), 13 December 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12289.
      [6] See George Munene, “Chinese traders plan on increasing Kenyan avocado imports,” Farmbiz Africa, 1 August 2022, https://farmbizafrica.com/market/3792-chinese-traders-plan-on-increasing-kenyan-avocado-imports; Tanzania Invest, “Tanzania sign 15 strategic agreements with China, including avocado exports,” 5 November 2022, https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/economy/trade/strategic-agreements-with-china-samia.
      [7] USDA, "China: 2022 Fresh Avocado Report, 14 November 2022, https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/china-2022-fresh-avocado-report.
      [8] Global AgInvesting, “US-based Mission Produce is developing its first domestic avocado farm in China,” 8 June 2018, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/28223-us-based-mission-produce-is-developing-its-first-domestic-avocad.
      [9] Wageningen University & Research, “Improved mango and avocado chain helps small farmers in Haiti,” 2022, https://www.wur.nl/en/project/improved-mango-and-avocado-chain-helps-small-farmers-in-haiti-1.htm.
      [10] See Grand View Research, “Avocado market size, share & trends analysis report by form (fresh, processed), by distribution channel (B2B, B2C), by region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Central & South America, MEA), and segment forecasts, 2022–2030,” 2022, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/fresh-avocado-market-report; Straits Research, “Fresh avocado market,” 2022, https://straitsresearch.com/report/fresh-avocado-market.
      [11] Mission Produce, “Mission Produce announces fiscal 2021 fourth quarter financial results,” 22 December 2021, https://investors.missionproduce.com/news-releases/news-release-details/mission-produce-announces-fiscal-2021-fourth-quarter-finan.
      [12] Sources: Capital IQ and United States Securities and Exchange Commission, “Mission Produce: Form 10-K,” 22 December 2022, https://investors.missionproduce.com/financial-information/sec-filings?items_per_page=10&page=.
      [13] The company reports that it has had avocado plantations since 2011 on three Peruvian farms covering 3900 ha, in addition to producing blueberries on 400 hectares (including greenhouses) as part of a joint venture called Moruga. See Mission Produce, “Investor relations,” December 2022, https://investors.missionproduce.com; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, “Mission Produce: Form 10-K,” 22 December 2022, https://investors.missionproduce.com/financial-information/sec-filings?items_per_page=10&page=1, and https://missionproduce.com/peru.
      [14] Sources: https://ir.calavo.com; Calavo Growers, “Calavo Growers, Inc. announces fourth quarter and fiscal 2021 financial results,” 20 December 2021, https://ir.calavo.com/news-releases/news-release-details/calavo-growers-inc-announces-fourth-quarter-and-fiscal-2021
      [15] Its main subsidiaries in Mexico are Calavo de México and Avocados de Jalisco; see Calavo Growers, Calavo Growers, Inc. Investor Presentation, 12 December 2022, https://ir.calavo.com/static-files/f4ee2e5a-0221-4b48-9b82-7aad7ca69ea7; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Calavo Growers, Inc. form 10-K, December 2022, https://ir.calavo.com/static-files/9c13da31-3239-4843-8d91-6cff65c6bbf7.
      [16] Among its main US clients are Kroger (15% of 2022 total sales), Trader Joe’s (11%), and Wal-Mart (10%) Source: Capital IQ. See also “Calavo quiere exportar aguacate mexicano a Europa y Asia,” El Financiero, 8 January 2021, https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/opinion/de-jefes/calavo-quiere-exportar-aguacate-mexicano-a-europa-y-asia.
      [17] See IDC, “Westfalia grows an empire,” 2018, https://www.idc.co.za/westfalia-grows-an-empire; IFC, Creating Markets in Mozambique, June 2021, https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/a7accfa5-f36b-4e24-9999-63cffa96df4d/CPSD-Mozambique-v2.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=nMNH.3E; https://www.westfaliafruit.com/about-us/our-operations/westfalia-fruto-mocambique; “Agricom y Westfalia Fruit concretan asociación en Latinoamérica,” Agraria.pe, 9 January 2018, https://agraria.pe/noticias/agricom-y-westfalia-fruit-concretan-asociacion-en-latinoamer-15664.
      [18] Marta del Moral Arroyo, “Prevemos crecer este año un 20% en nuestras exportaciones de palta a Asia y Estados Unidos,” Fresh Plaza, 27 May 2022, https://www.freshplaza.es/article/9431020/prevemos-crecer-este-ano-un-20-en-nuestras-exportaciones-de-palta-a-asia-.
      [19] See https://opencorporates.com/companies?jurisdiction_code=&q=westfalia+fruit&utf8=%E2%9C%93.
      [20] For example, in the case of Calavo Growers, BlackRock controls 16%, Vanguard Group 8%, and five other investment 20%; see Capital IQ, “Nuance Investments increases position in Calavo Growers (CVGW),” Nasdaq, 8 February 2023, https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/nuance-investments-increases-position-in-calavo-growers-cvgw; “Vanguard Group increases position in Calavo Growers (CVGW),” Nasdaq, 9 February 2023, https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/vanguard-group-increases-position-in-calavo-growers-cvgw.
      [21] Liam O’Callaghan, “Mission announces South African expansion,” Eurofruit, 8 February 2023, https://www.fruitnet.com/eurofruit/mission-announces-south-african-expansion/248273.article. Criterion Africa Partners invests with funds from the African Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, and the Dutch Entrepreneurial Development Bank (FMO) (Source: Preqin).
      [22] Harvard Management Company subsequently spun out its holdings in Westfalia to the private equity fund Solum Partners; see Lynda Kiernan, “HMC investment in Westfalia Fruit International to drive global expansion for avocados,” Global AgInvesting, 17 January 2020, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/29422-hmc-investment-in-westfalia-fruit-international-to-drive-global-; Michael McDonald, “Harvard spins off natural resources team, to remain partner,” Bloomberg, 8 October 2020, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/29894-harvard-spins-off-natural-resources-team-to-remain-partner.
      [23] See “Ontario Teachers’ acquires Australian avocado grower Jasper Farms,” OTPP, 19 December 2017, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/27774-ontario-teachers-acquires-australian-avocado-grower-jasper-farms; “Canadian pension fund invests in ex-plantation privatizing Hawaii’s water,” The Breach, 23 February 2022, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/30782-canadian-pension-fund-invests-in-ex-plantation-privatizing-hawai.
      [24] See https://disclosures.ifc.org/enterprise-search-results-home/42280; https://disclosures.ifc.org/project-detail/SII/40091/westfalia-intl. Westfalia is a subsidiary of the South African logging company Hans Merensky Holdings (HMH), whose main shareholders are the Hans Merensky Foundation (40%), IDC (30%), and CFI (20%) (see https://disclosures.ifc.org/project-detail/SII/42280/westfalia-moz-ii).
      [25] Amanda Landon, “Domestication and significance of Persea americana, the avocado, in Mesoamerica,” Nebraska Anthropologist, 47 (2009), https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1046&context=nebanthro.
      [26] Ibid., 70.
      [27] Jeff Miller, Avocado: A Global History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020), https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/A/bo50552476.html.
      [28] Maria Popova, “A ghost of evolution: The curious case of the avocado, which should be extinct but still exists,” The Marginalian, https://www.themarginalian.org/2013/12/04/avocado-ghosts-of-evolution/?mc_cid=ca28345b4d&mc_eid=469e833a4d, citing Connie Barlow, The Ghosts of Evolution: Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms, https://books.google.com.mx/books/about/The_Ghosts_Of_Evolution.html?id=TnU4DgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y.
      [29] Patricia Lazicki, Daniel Geisseler, and Willliam R. Horwath, “Avocado production in California,” UC Davis, 2016, https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Avocado_Production_CA.pdf.
      [30] Flavia Echánove Huacuja, “Abriendo fronteras: el auge exportador del aguacate mexicano a United States,” Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense, 2008, Vol. 28, N° 1, https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/aguc/article/download/aguc0808110009a/30850.
      [31] Calavo Growers, Calavo Growers, Inc. Investor Presentation, 12 December 2022, https://ir.calavo.com/static-files/f4ee2e5a-0221-4b48-9b82-7aad7ca69ea7.
      [32] Flavia Echánove Huacuja, op cit., the evolution of these companies in the sector was different. Chiquita withdrew from the avocado industry in 2012, while for Del Monte, this fruit accounts for a steadily declining share of its sales, reaching 8% ($320 million) in 2021 (see https://seekingalpha.com/article/1489692-chiquita-brands-restructuring-for-value; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Fresh Del Monte Produce Inc. Form 10-K, 2022; Del Monte Quality, A Brighter World Tomorrow, https://freshdelmonte.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/FDM_2021_SustainabilityReportFINAL.pdf. )
      [33] Source: SIAP (http://infosiap.siap.gob.mx/gobmx/datosAbiertos_a.php) [viewed 27 November 2022].
      [34] María Adelina Toribio Morales, César Adrián Ramírez Miranda, and Miriam Aidé Núñez Vera, “Expansión del agronegocio aguacatero sobre los territorios campesinos en Michoacán, México,” Eutopía, Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial, no. 16, December 2019, pp. 51–72, https://revistas.flacsoandes.edu.ec/eutopia/article/download/4117/3311?inline=1.
      [35] Enrique Espinosa Gasca states: “The Ministry of the Environment, Natural Resources, and Climate Change (Semadet) in Michoacán acknowledged in March 2019 that in the first twenty years of the millennium, Michoacán has lost a million hectares of its forests, some due to clandestine logging and some due to forest fires set for purposes of land conversion”; “Berries, frutos rojos, puntos rojos,” in Colectivo por la Autonomía and GRAIN, eds, Invernaderos: Controvertido modelo de agroexportación (Ceccam, 2021).
      [36] Gobierno de México, SIACON (2020), https://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/siacon-ng-161430; idem, Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera (SIAP), http://infosiap.siap.gob.mx/gobmx/datosAbiertos_a.php.
      [37] “Se triplica cosecha de agave, berries y aguacate en Jalisco,” El Informador, 23 December 2021, https://www.informador.mx/Se-triplica-cosecha-de-agave-berries-y-aguacate-en-Jalisco-l202112230001..
      [38] María Ramírez Blanco, “Agave, berries y aguacate encarece precio de la tierra en Jalisco, roba terreno al maíz y al ganado,” UDG TV, 31 January 2023, https://udgtv.com/noticias/agave-berries-aguacate-encarece-precio-tierra-jalisco-roba-maiz.
      [39] Agustín del Castillo, Territorio Reportaje, part 8, “Negocio, ecocidio y crimen,” Canal 44tv, Universidad de Guadalajara, October 2022, https://youtu.be/WfH3M22rrK8

      .
      [40] Agustín del Castillo, Territorio Reportaje, part 7, “La huella criminal en el fruto más valioso del mundo: la palta, el avocado, el aguacate,” Canal 44tv, Universidad de Guadalajara, September 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSz8xihdsTI
      .
      [41] Gobierno de México, Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, “Productores de pequeña escala, los principales exportadores de aguacate a Estados Unidos: Agricultura,” 29 January 2020, https://www.gob.mx/agricultura/prensa/productores-de-pequena-escala-los-principales-exportadores-de-aguacate-a-estados.
      [42] Our results and arguments coincide with those found in Alexander Curry, “Violencia y capitalismo aguacatero en Michoacán,” in Jayson Maurice Porter and Alexander Aviña, eds, Land, Markets and Power in Rural Mexico, Noria Research. Curry is skeptical of analyses in which violence can be understood in terms of its results, such as the coercive control of a market square or highway. “Such analyses forget that violence is part of a social process, with its own temporal framework,” he writes. It is therefore necessary to frame the process within a broader field of relations of inequality of all kinds, in which the paradox is that legal and illegal actors intermingle at the local, national, and international levels, but in spheres that rarely intersect. The avocado industry cannot be explained by the cartels but by the tangled web of international capitalism.
      [43] See https://www.netafim.com.mx/cultivos/aguacate and https://es.rivulis.com/crop/aguacates.
      [44] Jennifer Kite-Powell, “Using Drip Irrigation To Make New Sustainable Growing Regions For Avocados”, Forbes, 29 March 2022: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2022/03/29/using-drip-irrigation-to-make-new-sustainable-growing-regions-for-avocados .
      [45] See Pat Mooney, La Insostenible Agricultura 4.0: Digitalización y Poder Corporativo en la Cadena Alimentaria, ETC Group, 2019, https://www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/files/la_insostenible_agricultura_4.0_web26oct.pdf. See also Colectivo por la Autonomía and GRAIN, eds, Invernaderos: controvertido modelo de agroexportación.
      [46] Colectivo por la Autonomía, Evangelina Robles, José Godoy, and Eduardo Villalpando, “Nocividad del metabolismo agroindustrial en el Occidente de México,” in Eduardo Enrique Aguilar, ed., Agroecología y Organización Social: Estudios Críticos sobre Prácticas y Saberes (Monterrey: Universidad de Monterrey, Editorial Ítaca, 2022), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365173284_Agroecologia_y_organizacion_social_Estudios_criticos_sobre_p.
      [47] Metapolítica, “La guerra por el aguacate: deforestación y contaminación imparables,” BiodiversidadLA, 24 June 2019, https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/La-guerra-por-el-Aguacate-deforestacion-y-contaminacion-imparables.
      [48] Chloe Sutcliffe and Tim Hess, “The global avocado crisis and resilience in the UK’s fresh fruit and vegetable supply system,” Global Food Security, 19 June 2017, https://www.foodsecurity.ac.uk/blog/global-avocado-crisis-resilience-uks-fresh-fruit-vegetable-supply-sy.
      [49] Nathanael Johnson, “Are avocados toast? California farmers bet on what we’ll be eating in 2050,” The Guardian, 30 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/30/avocado-california-climate-change-affecting-crops-2050.
      [50] GRAIN, “The well is running dry on irrigated agriculture,” 20 February 2023, https://grain.org/en/article/6958-the-well-is-running-dry-on-irrigated-agriculture.
      [51] Danwatch, “Paltas y agua robada,” 2017, http://old.danwatch.dk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Paltas-y-agua-robada.pdf.
      [52] Fresh Fruit Portal, “Steve Barnard, founder and CEO of Mission Produce: We now import more to Chile than we export,” 23 August 2021, https://www.freshfruitportal.com/news/2021/08/23/steve-barnard-founder-and-ceo-of-mission-produce-we-now-import-mor.
      [53] Sacrifice zones are “places with high levels of environmental contamination and degradation, where profits have been given priority over people, causing human rights abuses or violations”: Elizabeth Bravo, “Zonas de sacrificio y violación de derechos,” Naturaleza con Derechos, Boletín 26, 1 September 2021, https://www.naturalezaconderechos.org/2021/09/01/boletin-26-zonas-de-sacrificio-y-violacion-de-derechos.
      [54] See Catalina Wallace, “La obra de ingeniería que cambió el desierto peruano,” Visión, March 2022, https://www.visionfruticola.com/2022/03/la-obra-de-ingenieria-que-cambio-el-desierto-peruano; “Proyecto de irrigación Olmos,” Landmatrix, 2012, https://landmatrix.org/media/uploads/embajadadelperucloficinacomercialimagesstoriesproyectoirrigacionolmos201. The costly project was part of the Odebrecht corruption case fought in the context of the “Lava Jato” operation: Jacqueline Fowks, “El ‘caso Odebrecht’ acorrala a cuatro expresidentes peruanos,” El País, 17 April 2019, https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/04/16/america/1555435510_660612.html.
      [55] Liga contra el Silencio, “Los aguacates de AngloGold dividen a Cajamarca,” 30 October 2020, https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Documentos/Los-aguacates-de-AngloGold-dividen-a-Cajamarca.
      [56] “Colombia: Los aguacates de AngloGold dividen a Cajamarca,” La Cola de Rata,16 October 2020, https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/29921-colombia-los-aguacates-de-anglogold-dividen-a-cajamarca.
      [57] See Las luchas de Cherán desde la memoria de los jóvenes (Cherán Ireteri Juramukua, Cherán K’eri, 2021); Daniela Tico Straffon and Edgars Martínez Navarrete, Las raíces del despojo, U-Tópicas, https://www.u-topicas.com/libro/las-raices-del-despojo_15988; Mark Stevenson, “Mexican town protects forest from avocado growers and drug cartels,” Los Angeles Times, https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-01-31/mexican-town-protects-forest-from-avocado-growers-cartels; Monica Pellicia, “Indigenous agroforestry dying of thirst amid a sea of avocados in Mexico,” https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/indigenous-agroforestry-dying-of-thirst-amid-a-sea-of-avocados-in-mex
      [58] The Grapes of Wrath, op. cit.
      [59] USDA, “Imports play dominant role as U.S. demand for avocados climbs,” 2 May 2022, https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=103810.

      https://grain.org/e/6985#_edn36

      #rapport #Grain #land_grabbing #accaparement_des_terres

  • 🌍 Qui sont les vrais terroristes de l’environnement ? - Basta !

    Gérald Darmanin accuse les Soulèvements de la Terre d’« écoterrorisme » et veut créer une cellule anti-Zad. Mais les terroristes de l’environnement ne seraient-ils pas plutôt ceux qui détruisent ce que les activistes veulent protéger ? (...)

    🛑 💧💦🌳🔥🌍 #écologie #anticapitalisme #environnement #eau #SainteSoline #mégabassine #inondation #sécheresse #FeuxDeForet #climat #déforestation #pollution #productivisme #consumérisme #croissancisme #dérèglementclimatique #canicule... #ViolencesPolicières

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    ▶️ https://basta.media/qui-sont-les-veritables-terroristes-de-l-environnement-ecoterroristes-Darma

  • ★ Ni bassine, ni terreur : No Darmanan ! – 🔴 Info Libertaire

    La violence d’État a atteint un paroxysme depuis quelques semaines : répression démesurée des manifestations contre la réforme des retraites, quasiment des attaques guerrières à Sainte-Soline, un discours outrancier du premier flic de France. Et tout cela pour un trou vide… de vie, d’herbe, d’eau ! (...)

    🛑 💧💦🌳🔥🌍 #écologie #anticapitalisme #environnement #eau #SainteSoline #mégabassine #inondation #sécheresse #FeuxDeForet #climat #déforestation #pollution #productivisme #consumérisme #croissancisme #dérèglementclimatique #canicule... #ViolencesPolicières

    ★ via Le Monde Libertaire
    https://monde-libertaire.net

    ⏩ Lire l’article complet…

    ▶️ https://www.infolibertaire.net/ni-bassine-ni-terreur-no-darmanan

  • ★ Mégabassines : l’État entre en guerre pour privatiser l’eau – 🔴 Info Libertaire

    Le samedi 25 mars dernier à Sainte-Soline dans les Deux-Sèvres, la mobilisation contre les réservoirs de substitution -les mégabassines – a atteint des sommets, par le nombre de manifestant·es, leur détermination, mais aussi par l’intensité de la répression déployée contre les « éco-terroristes » fantasmés par Darmanin (...)

    ★ via l’Organisation Communiste Libertaire (OCL)

    💧💦☀️ 🌳🌍 #écologie #environnement #eau #SainteSoline #mégabassine #inondation #sécheresse #climat #déforestation #pollution #productivisme #consumérisme #croissancisme #dérèglementclimatique #canicule... #ViolencesPolicières
    #Anticapitalisme #antiproductivisme #décroissance #anarchisme

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    ▶️ https://www.infolibertaire.net/megabassines-letat-entre-en-guerre-pour-privatiser-leau

  • 🛑 Sainte-Soline : la grenade GM2L, l’arme de guerre qui déchire les corps...

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    Après la répression massive de la manifestation à Sainte-Soline (Deux-Sèvres) contre les mégabassines, la polémique enfle sur les armes des forces de police. Les grenades tirées au cours de la journée du 25 mars ont gravement mutilé des dizaines de personnes. Les organisateurs estiment à 200 le nombre total de blessés. Au-delà de Serge, cet homme de 32 ans toujours dans le coma, touché par une grenade lacrymogène, les GM2L ont causé bien d’autres mutilations.
    Huit ans après la mort de Rémi Fraisse à Sivens par la grenade d’un gendarme, et malgré l’interdiction de certains types de projectiles, l’histoire se répète. Sans que les autorités ne se remettent en cause.

    💧💦☀️ 🌳🌍 #écologie #environnement #eau #SainteSoline #mégabassine #inondation #sécheresse #climat #déforestation #pollution #productivisme #consumérisme #croissancisme #dérèglementclimatique #canicule... #ViolencesPolicières
    #Anticapitalisme #antiproductivisme #décroissance #anarchisme

    ⏩ Lire le texte complet…

    ▶️ https://reporterre.net/Sainte-Soline-la-grenade-GM2L-l-arme-de-guerre-qui-dechire-les-corps