Instead of training it on text, they trained it on genetic sequences drawn from millions of animals, plants, microbes and #viruses. All told, #Evo scanned about nine trillion nucleotides.
Evo eventually recognized patterns common across the tree of life and used them to generate blueprints for new genes encoding proteins that could perform specific jobs. These results led the team to wonder if Evo could master not just single genes but also an entire genome.
As the A.I. would be able to handle only small genomes at first, the scientists decided to try to make viruses. While a human genome contains over three billion nucleotides, many viruses have genomes just a few thousand nucleotides long.
“It just felt like the obvious next step,” said Samuel King, a graduate student at Stanford University and an author of the new study. He and his colleagues gave Evo another round of training, this time on the 11 genes of Phi X-174 and about 15,000 of its closest relatives.
They made this choice in part because scientists know Phi X-174 intimately, having studied it for close to a century. And because it’s a bacteriophage that infects only E. coli, they knew that viruses similar to it would be safe.
Once Evo got familiar with the genomes of Phi X-174 and its kin, the researchers prompted the model to write new versions of its own. Evo generated 700,000 potential versions; the scientists pursued only the ones that looked as if they had the best odds of succeeding.
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The potential dangers were already on the minds of the researchers as they trained Evo. They did not provide the model with data about viruses that infect humans, and they excluded similar viruses that infect other animals, plants and fungi.
As a result, Evo can’t generate genomes of viruses that could threaten humans. “We just wanted to be extra careful,” said Brian Hie, a computational biologist at Stanford University and an author of the new study.
Dr. Hanke credited Dr. Hie and his colleagues for taking that precaution. “I think that’s quite commendable,” he said, “because they don’t get any guidance from anywhere on what they should be doing.”
