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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/03/2020
    1
    @mondes
    1
    @reka @albertocampiphoto @karine4

    Mirages de la carte

    Lorsque les troupes françaises débarquèrent à Alger en 1830, le territoire qui s’étendait devant eux leur était à peu près inconnu. Quelques récits de voyageurs, les traités des géographes antiques : le bagage était mince. La #conquête allait commencer, mais aucun Français ne savait ce qu’était l’Algérie. Quelles étaient ses limites, à l’est et à l’ouest, en direction de la Tunisie et du Maroc ? Fallait-il se contenter d’occuper une bande de terre côtière ou pénétrer en direction du mystérieux Sahara ? Comment établir des frontières, dans les confins traversés par des populations nomades ? Et, dans l’immédiat, sur quelles cartes s’appuyer pour assurer le contrôle du territoire, identifier les populations locales et nommer les régions occupées ?
    Mirages de la carte renouvelle en profondeur l’histoire de la conquête de l’Algérie, en suivant au plus près les travaux des géographes et des cartographes chargés d’arpenter ce territoire et d’en tracer les contours dans le sillage de l’#armée. Hélène Blais montre que la #géographie_coloniale sert à prendre #possession d’un territoire, aussi bien militairement que symboliquement, mais qu’elle ne se réduit pas à imposer une #domination. En nous conviant à l’#invention de l’#Algérie_coloniale, à la croisée des pratiques savantes et des ambitions impériales, ce livre original et novateur démontre brillamment comment l’#histoire_des_savoirs peut renouveler celle des #empires_coloniaux.

    https://www.fayard.fr/sites/default/files/styles/couv_livre/public/images/livres/couv/9782213677620-001-T.jpeg?itok=C218Z0x7#.jpg

    ▻https://www.fayard.fr/histoire/mirages-de-la-carte-9782213677620

    #livre #histoire #cartographie #France #Algérie #colonisation

    ping @reka @albertocampiphoto @karine4

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @cdb_77
      CDB_77 @cdb_77 6/03/2020

      Voyages au Grand Océan. Géographies du #Pacifique et colonisation, 1815-1845

      Pour avoir été dédiés à la #découverte et à la #science, les #grands_voyages de découverte autour du monde du XVIIIe siècle ont acquis un immense prestige. Au lendemain des guerres napoléoniennes, la #Marine_française tente de renouer avec cette tradition. De grands marins comme #Freycinet, #Dumont_d'Urville ou #Dupetit-Thouars partent alors sur les traces de Bougainville et de Lapérouse. Le monde a cependant changé. De 1815 à 1845, les ambitions coloniales renaissent. L’#océan_Pacifique, qui reste un réservoir de mythes et de rêves pour les Européens, devient simultanément un terrain de #convoitise. Il faut répondre à la fois aux normes modernes de précision et aux impératifs géostratégiques qui se modèlent dans cette partie du monde. En 1842, la mainmise française sur les archipels des #Marquises et de #Tahiti donne aux reconnaissances géographiques une orientation coloniale soudain explicite.
      C’est l’histoire encore méconnue de ces #voyages_océaniens, où les visées impérialistes se mêlent aux objectifs scientifiques, qui est ici racontée. Quels étaient les objectifs politiques et les visées scientifiques de ces #explorations ? Que faisaient au juste les voyageurs sur le terrain ? Quel nouveaux savoirs géographiques ont-ils élaboré ? Quel usage a-t-on fait des informations rapportées ?
      Hélène Blais montre comment la curiosité géographique et les ambitions coloniales s’articulent de façon inattendue et parfois ambiguë. Les marins comblent les blancs de la carte, donnant ainsi naissance à des géographies du Pacifique qui se distinguent pas leurs usages et leur réception. Mais au-delà, ces voyages au Grand Océan font apparaître, à travers le choix des échelles et les découpages internes, les différents facteurs qui président à l’invention d’un territoire dans un contexte d’#expansion_coloniale.

      http://cths.fr/_files/ed/cover/I_601.jpg

      ▻http://cths.fr/ed/edition.php?id=601
      #océans #mers #mer #océan

      CDB_77 @cdb_77
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  • @cdb_77
    CDB_77 @cdb_77 2/03/2020
    @reka

    The First Man to Reach the North Pole was an African American Desk Clerk the World Forgot

    “I think I’m the first man to sit on top of the world,” is not something many people can boast, especially if they lead perfectly normal lives, say, working a desk job in the city in relative anonymity. But for many years, that was the truth of #Matthew_Henson.

    In 1908, the unsung African American explorer was the first of a six-man team to reach the North Pole. He studied and spoke Inuktitut better than any other Westerner on the expedition, leading to successful trade and navigation relations with the local Inuit. He built Igloos, trained the dog sled crews, studied indigenous survival techniques, and mastered a lot of the painstaking, behind-the-scenes work that came with being the personal valet of a wealthy white explorer who had something to prove to the boys back home at the National Geographic Society. It’s easy to be floored by Henson’s accomplishments, which, aside from being achieved in -29 degree temperatures, show the breadth of what it takes to be an explorer. But it’s not so easy to understand how he spent decades following the expedition that should have changed his life forever, unrecognised and unrewarded. So as we conclude Black History Month, we’d like to raise a glass and share the story of our adventurer du jour…

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Henson-scaled-930x545.jpg

    Matthew Henson and the man who’s officially credited with reaching the North Pole first – Robert Peary – met in a gentlemen’s clothing store in 1887, where a 21 year-old Henson was working at the time in Washington, D.C. As he waited on Peary, a Navy engineer with grand ambitions, the two men from very different backgrounds began talking. Peary would learn that Henson was born into a family of free sharecroppers in Maryland, but had to flee the state after his parents were targeted by the Klu Klux Klan. By the age of twelve, he had gone to sea as a cabin boy and travelled to ports as far as China, Japan, Africa, and the Russian Arctic seas. The merchant ship’s captain had taken the young African American under his wing and taught him to read and write.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Henson_sledge600.jpg

    It’s safe to say that Henson had more experience than many of the aspiring explorers Robert Peary was used to meeting in the gentlemen’s lounge of the Nat Geo Society at the turn of the century. Peary (the guy pictured below on the far right with the walrus moustache) hired him on the spot.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The_Three_Polar_Stars_1913_8889621500-930x744.jpg

    From that point forward, Henson went on every expedition Peary embarked on; trekking through the jungles of Nicaragua and, later, covering thousands of miles of ice in dog sleds to the North Pole.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Expedition-930x652.jpeg

    On a side note, this would be a good time to mention that Robert Peary’s wife, Josephine, AKA the “First Lady of the Arctic” and one of history’s bravest, corset-wearing ice queen explorers, was also a notable party member of Peary’s expeditions. She actually gave birth to their baby by the North Pole, and wrote a best-selling book, The Snow Baby:

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DSC_5353_aa5f7c28-e7ea-4e91-a71b-4af7067cd6d1_1024x1024.jpeg

    In short, Commodore Peary was rolling with a very intimate but diverse crew that included “22 Inuit men, 17 Inuit women, 10 children, 246 dogs, 70 tons (64 metric tons) of whale meat from Labrador, the meat and blubber of 50 walruses, hunting equipment, and tons of coal”.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sledge-Donald-Baxter-MacMillan-George-Borup-Matthew-930x568.jpg https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2000.10.327_crop.jpg https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/henson_goggles_and_dogs-copy.jpg

    Henson was promoted to “first man” and field assistant. He was a skilled craftsman, often coming up with life-saving solutions for the team in the harshest of Arctic conditions. On the final stage of the journey toward the North Pole, it was just himself, Peary and four native Inuit assistants, Ootah, Egigingwah, Seegloo, and Ooqueah.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/inuits-scaled-930x508.jpg https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/henson2-930x629.jpg

    As they approached the “Farthest North” point of any Arctic expedition until 1909, Robert grew more and more weary, suffering from exhaustion and frozen toes, unable to leave their camp, set up five miles from the pole. Henson scouted ahead on Peary’s orders. “I was in the lead that had overshot the mark a couple of miles,” Henson later recalled, “We went back then and I could see that my footprints were the first at the spot.”

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/northpole1-scaled-930x509.jpg

    According to his account of their eighth attempt to reach the North Pole (which is now suspected to be off the mark by a wee bit, but who’s trimming inches), Henson revealed that it wasn’t Admiral Peary, the great explorer who would later receive many honours for leading the expedition, but he himself, who made it to the “top of the world” first.

    When Peary caught up with him, the sled-bound Admiral allegedly trudged up to plant the American flag in the ice – and yet, the only photograph of the historic moment shows a crew of faces that are distinctly not white.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/at_the_pole.jpg

    Was it Robert’s way of honouring the crew by allowing them to pose for the snap? Or was he still back at camp, unable to make it the last few miles, leaving his “first man” to plant the flag and take a self-portrait with the four Inuit team members? These may seem like minor details, but if it was you that had planted the first flag on the moon, wouldn’t you want history to know it?

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Matthew-Henson-e1519641218154.jpg

    Here’s what Henson wrote about the moment they reached the North Pole in his autobiographical account, A Negro Explorer at the North Pole (1912):

    “[The flag] snapped and crackled with the wind, I felt a savage joy and exultation […] Another world’s accomplishment was done and finished, and as in the past, from the beginning of history, wherever the world’s work was done by a white man, he had been accompanied by a colored man. From the building of the pyramids and the journey to the Cross, to the discovery of the new world and the discovery of the North Pole, the Negro had been the faithful and constant companion of the Caucasian, and I felt all that it was possible for me to feel, that it was I, a lowly member of my race, who had been chosen by fate to represent it, at this, almost the last of the world’s great work.”
    – Matthew Henson, A Negro in the North Pole (1912)

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/nationalgeographic-scaled-930x535.jpg

    Despite some doubts about the accuracy of the data as well as a competing claim, the National Geographic Society credited Peary with reaching the North Pole and was recognised by Congress, which awarded him the Thanks of Congress by a special act in 1911.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/henson4-scaled-930x540.jpg

    At the time, Henson’s contributions were largely ignored and, following the expedition, he returned to a very normal life, working as a clerk for 23 years on the 3rd floor of the U.S. Customs House in New York City, while Peary retired to Eagle Island. Without the reputation or financial backing to organise his own expeditions, Henson’s career as an explorer was over forever when Peary hung up his hat. In his books, Peary didn’t exactly give credit where credit was due.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Henson5-scaled-930x508.jpg

    “This position I have given him primarily because of his adaptability and fitness for the work and secondly on account of his loyalty,” wrote Peary. “He is a better dog driver and can handle a sledge better than any man living, except some of the best Esquimo hunters themselves.”

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/unnamed.jpg

    We can see in his own writing, that Henson struggled with the role of playing second fiddle to a man like Peary, which isn’t to say there’s not immense joy, and pride in his work with the Commodore – but there are major flashes of internalised racism in his self value. It’s complicated. It’s something I wish we talked about in high school World History classes.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Matthew_Henson_NYWTS-scaled-930x717.jpg

    Henson did later gain some recognition in his lifetime, and nearly 30 years after the expedition, in 1937, he became the first African American to be made a life member of The Explorers Club, one of the world’s most pre-eminent societies for trailblazers, with Neil Armstrong and the real life Indiana Jones counted amongst its members. With some irony, in 1944, Henson was awarded the Peary Polar Expedition Medal, which was received at the White House by Truman and Eisenhower.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/01matthewhenson.jpg

    Henson died in 1955 in the Bronx, NYC, and was transferred to Arlington National Cemetery to be buried beside Robert Peary in the 1980s. He had no children with his wife, but was survived in direct ancestry by an Inuit son, Anauakaq. Both Henson and Peary had children with Inuit women outside of marriage, and in the 1950s, a French explorer spending a year in Greenland was the first to report on their descendants. The explorers had never returned to see their children after 1908, but Henson actually has a great-great-grandaughter in actor Taraji Penda Henson, AKA Cookie Lyon from television’s Empire. It’s a small world after all.

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/matthew-henson-polar-explorer-historical-badass-adventure-journal-03-500x727-1.jpg

    Thanks to an African American Harvard professor, Samuel Allen Counter Jr., making some noise about Henson’s story again in the 1990s, the explorer was posthumously awarded the National Geographic Society’s highest honour, the Hubbard Medal, nearly a century after Peary had been given the same award for their expedition in 1908. African American history has systematically been deprived of its own heroic explorers, but isn’t it about time someone called Hollywood and got Idris Elba in for a screen test?

    https://static.messynessychic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The_negro_who_reached_the_Pole.jpg

    ▻https://www.messynessychic.com/2020/02/28/the-first-man-to-reach-the-north-pole-was-an-african-american-desk-c
    #invisibilisation #historicisation #Noirs #explorations #histoire #explorateurs #explorateurs_noirs #Pôle_nord #arctique

    ping @reka

    CDB_77 @cdb_77
    • @simplicissimus
      Simplicissimus @simplicissimus 2/03/2020

      Une excellente BD sur le sujet :

      Dans les glaces - Simon Schwartz - Babelio
      ▻https://www.babelio.com/livres/Schwartz-Dans-les-glaces/529900

      https://www.babelio.com/couv/cvt_Dans-les-glaces_1746.jpeg

      Dans le Grand Nord, à la fin du XIXe siècle, au point le plus froid du monde, vit Tahnusuk, il est Inuit. Sa vie va être chamboulée par l’arrivée de Robert Peary, explorateur impitoyable et fou. Peary est accompagné de son fidèle « assistant bénévole volontaire et zélé », Matthew Henson, il est noir, il est le vrai héros de cette histoire.

      Pas trace de l’ouvrage chez l’éditeur. On trouve bien une fiche pour l’auteur Simon Schwartz, où l’album est mentionné, mais sans lien vers une fiche de l’album ou une possibilité d’achat…

      Simon Schwartz – Éditions Sarbacane
      ▻https://editions-sarbacane.com/auteurs/simon-schwartz

      https://editions-sarbacane.com/media/pages/auteurs/simon-schwartz/-1304663557-1569834444/simon-schwartz-1200x630.jpg

      Simon Schwartz est né en 1982 à Erfurt, en RDA. Deux ans plus tard, il quitte le pays avec ses parents et la famille s’installe à Berlin-Ouest. En 2004, il part à Hambourg et commence des études d’illustrateur à l’École d’arts appliqués, d’où il sort diplômé cinq ans plus tard. Dans les glaces a reçu le prix Max et Moritz de la meilleure BD de l’année en Allemagne en 2012. Il vit et travaille à Hambourg.

      Simplicissimus @simplicissimus
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  • @mat_42
    mat.42 @mat_42 7/06/2018

    #VolcanoBot : la #Nasa envoie un #robot #explorer les #volcans
    ▻https://www.futura-sciences.com/tech/actualites/robotique-volcanobot-nasa-envoie-robot-explorer-volcans-56766

    https://fr.cdn.v5.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/mediumoriginal/f/d/9/fd98bb15fd_67529_volcanobots1and2.jpg

    #Territoires et #milieux très difficiles d’accès, les #volcans sont des #espaces qu’il convient d’explorer avec prudence. Aussi les #vulcanologues choisissent-ils avec précision à quelle période ils peuvent descendre dans le #cratère de ces géants de feu, au plus près de la #lave qui peut leur être mortelle.

    Pour cela, une équipe du #Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory (#JPL) a développé des robots motorisés capables de se glisser dans les #crevasses d’un volcan par lesquelles le #magma en #fusion remonte à la #surface.
    L’objectif des VolcanoBot est de créer une #cartographie #3D des crevasses d’un volcan.

    La #Nasa, dans l’optique d’utiliser plus tard cette #technologie pour explorer des volcans sur #Mars par exemple, a créé le #VolcanoBot, un #robot capable de résister aux conditions extrêmes près du volcan et de faire des #relevés précis de #topographie du géant de feu. L’exploration est donc aussi ici dans une certaine mesure #géographique.

    En attendant, la #Nasa prépare sa campagne. En mars prochain, une nouvelle version du #VolcanoBot, plus compacte (25 cm de long, des roues de 12 cm de diamètre), redescendra dans le volcan #Kilauea [à #Hawaï ] pour tenter de s’enfoncer plus profondément. Les résultats de ces #explorations devraient également contribuer à améliorer la précision des signes annonciateurs d’une #éruption et ainsi aider à une meilleure #évaluation des #risques.

    • #National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    mat.42 @mat_42
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  • @fil
    Fil @fil 30/09/2017
    3
    @simplicissimus
    @b_b
    @lluc
    3

    Observable - a new type of interactive notebook for data science
    ▻https://observablehq.com

    At Observable, we are building a new type of interactive notebook for data science. We believe that the expressiveness of code is essential as a medium for thought, but that just embracing JavaScript is not enough. We need a better way to code.

    après #d3.js le nouveau projet de Mike Bostock (déjà présenté sous le nom ►https://d3.express )

    #programmer #notebook #explorations_numériques

    (S’il y a des gens intéressés on peut organiser dans certaine grotte une ou deux journées de découverte du truc.)

    Fil @fil
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  • @lost_geographer
    Lost Geographer @lost_geographer 26/01/2014
    3
    @odilon
    @gastlag
    @fil
    3

    40 #cartes pour expliquer le monde sur le Washington Post. Il s’agit d’un article du 13 janvier, mais je ne l’a pas vu passer sur SeenThis...

    ►http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/01/13/40-more-maps-that-explain-the-world

    Rue 89 à repris en détail une carte réalisée par un artiste suédois (Nikolaj Cyon) qui représente les frontières du continent africain s’il n’avait pas été colonisé :

    ►http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/2014/01/24/lafrique-si-colonisation-navait-eu-lieu-249333

    #géopolitique #économie #migrations #transports #flux #explorations #murs #afrique #frontières #colonisation

    • #Washington Post
    Lost Geographer @lost_geographer
    • @monolecte
      M😷N😷LECTE 🤬 @monolecte CC BY-NC-SA 26/01/2014

      #cartographie

      M😷N😷LECTE 🤬 @monolecte CC BY-NC-SA
    • @supergeante
      Supergéante @supergeante 27/01/2014

      ▻http://seenthis.net/messages/221209

      Supergéante @supergeante
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  • @reka
    Reka @reka CC BY-NC-SA 15/04/2013

    Nicolás Wey Gómez, The Tropics of Empire: Why Columbus Sailed South to the Indies - Steinberg - 2009 - Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography - Wiley Online Library

    ►http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00377_1.x/abstract

    Nicolás Wey Gómez, The Tropics of Empire: Why Columbus Sailed South to the Indies

    Philip E. Steinberg

    Article first published online: 23 NOV 2009

    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00377_1.x

    © 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 Department of Geography, National University of Singapore and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd

    #bibliographie #livre #cartographie-historique #géographie-historique #empire #explorations #découvertes

    • #Columbus
    • #Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
    • #Singapore Journal
    • #National University of Singapore
    • #Wiley Online Library
    • #online library
    • #Indies
    • #Department of Geography
    • #National University of Singapore
    • #Nicolás Wey Gómez
    • #Philip E. Steinberg
    Reka @reka CC BY-NC-SA
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Thèmes liés

  • #cartographie
  • person: philip e. steinberg
  • #colonisation
  • naturalfeature: indies
  • organization: national university of singapore
  • industryterm: online library
  • city: columbus
  • company: singapore journal
  • organization: department of geography
  • facility: national university of singapore
  • person: nicolás wey gómez
  • company: blackwell publishing asia pty ltd
  • #livre
  • #histoire