• In Italia si torna in miniera? Lo scottante tema del titanio nel #Parco_del_Beigua

    In un’intervista il ministro parla dell’estrazione dei minerali in Italia.

    Minerali rari che provengono dalla terra, essenziali per costruire batterie e immagazzinare l’energia prodotta da fonti rinnovabili: così il ministro delle Imprese e del Made in Italy, #Adolfo_Urso, come riporta un’intervista rilasciata oggi a Il Foglio, ha aperto una serie di tavoli per discutere della bozza del regolamento presentato dall’Unione Europea con l’obiettivo di ridurre la dipendenza di materie prime da un singolo paese oltre il livello del 65 per cento. Come? Con l’estrazione e la produzione, lo smaltimento e il riciclo, utilizzando il Fondo europeo per gli investimenti strategici.

    Il ministro in sostanza spiega che l’Italia ha le carte per giocare una partita importante: insomma, le batterie nascono dalle miniere e - per non dover dipendere dalla Cina - la direzione è quella di tornare a scavare, anche sfidando i cosiddetti «Nimby» (not in my backyard). Sempre l’articolo riporta che delle 34 materie prime definite «critiche», l’Italia ne possiede 15, di cui 8 estraibili in pochi anni con le tecnologie moderne. È possibile già mappare una serie di regioni ricche di minerali interessanti: la Liguria ad esempio ha il rame, ma non solo. Come spiega anche Il Foglio e come più volte riportato anche da GenovaToday, sotto il terreno del Parco del Beigua è stimato che si trovi uno dei più grandi giacimenti di titanio a livello mondiale.

    Ed è un tema scottante anche se non riguarda propriamente la costruzione di batterie perché è dagli anni ’70 che si parla di questo territorio, da quando gli occhi delle compagnie estrattive si sono posate sul suo giacimento (qui la storia). Nonostante la ferma opposizione dei Comuni e dell’ente parco (riconosciuto Unesco Global Geopark), è da anni che la Cet, Compagnia Europea per il Titanio, chiede di poter scavare. Lo scorso maggio, il Tar ha confermato il divieto di effettuare ricerche minerarie nell’area ma la Cet ha presentato ricorso al Consiglio di Stato.

    E dunque ogni volta che si parla di materie prime e miniere, sindaci, cittadini e associazioni ambientaliste del territorio fanno un «salto sulla sedia» e cercano di tenere alta l’attenzione per non trasformare una vasta area naturale in una miniera con tutti i disagi che l’operazione comporterebbe dal punto di vista ambientale e turistico. Ma, nonostante il giacimento record, anche Il Foglio ribadisce che la zona è stata inserita in un parco nazionale protetto e l’idea di accedervi, dunque, è quanto meno irrealistica.

    https://www.genovatoday.it/green/miniera-titanio-parco-beigua.html

    #montagne #Ligurie #extractivisme #matières_premières #terres_rares #titane #Italie #Beigua #dépendance #Fonds_européen_pour_les_investissements_stratégiques #batteries #mines #matières_premières_critiques #résistance #Compagnia_Europea_per_il_Titanio (#CET)

    • Ricerca titanio del Beigua, Tar accoglie ricorso ambientalisti

      Vittoria delle associazioni ambientaliste (LAC, WWF, LIPU) costituite in giudizio contro Regione Liguria e la società Cet, per evitare il potenziale rischio di una devastante maxi-cava


      Nessuno andrà alla ricerca di titanio nel parco del Beigua.

      Lo ha deciso il Tribunale amministrativo regionale della Liguria accogliendo il ricorso degli ambientalisti. Con la sentenza, depositata venerdì 27 maggio, il tar ha dunque confermato il divieto di ricerche minerarie nell’area del monte Tarinè respingendo il ricorso della società Cet che voleva effettuare campionamento anche dentro l’area protetta del Parco.

      I giudici amministrativi inoltre hanno censurato la parte del decreto del dirigente regionale alle attività estrattive della Regione Liguria, emesso nel febbraio 2021, relativa al permesso di ricerca mineraria in aree esterne (Monte Antenna) del comprensorio del Parco Beigua, nei comuni di Urbe e Sassello, perché comunque facenti parte di una ZSC (zone speciale di conservazione) ricompresa nell’elenco comunitario delle cosiddette aree “Natura 2000”.

      Le associazioni ambientaliste Lac, Wwf e Lipu, patrocinate dallo studio legale Linzola di Milano, sottolineano come «la pretestuosa, ennesima campagna di pseudo ’ricerca’ pare avesse come unico obiettivo quello di perseverare nella vecchia richiesta di concessione mineraria che, quando in futuro ritenuta economicamente sostenibile, non potrebbe che sfociare che in una distruzione dell’area interessata, mediante utilizzo di esplosivi per estrarre in cava , macinare e separare con flottazione ed acidi un 6% di rutilo, con immense quantità di scarti e grandi necessità di prelievi idrici dal bacino del torrente Orba».

      «Schizofrenico - a detta degli ambientalisti - il comportamento della Regione Liguria che, al netto delle fasulle dichiarazioni di contrarietà dei partiti di maggioranza ad una cava di Rutilo sui monti Antenna e Tarinè, ha negato i permessi di ricerca dentro il parco regionale del Beigua, ma li ha consentiti in alcune aree adiacenti senza mai interpellare i proprietari dei terreni».

      Per le associazioni ambientaliste si è così evitata la devastatizione di centinaia di ettari di terreno da attività di cava a cielo aperto e in aree ad alto valore naturalistico e paesistico; salvaguardate anche lo spreco di grandi consumi di acqua e derivazioni dei torrenti Orba e Orbarina, e loro inquinamento ed indisponibilità di acqua potabile per i comuni piemontesi a valle; una mega discariche a cielo aperto per contenere oltre il 90% di rocce macinate di scarto, la cui lavorazione ne avrebbe aumentato il volume e reso i suoli instabili; transiti per decine di migliaia di passaggi di camion, a fronte di compensazioni economiche inesistenti, in quanto non previsti dalla legislazione mineraria; danni per la salute dei cittadini a causa della presenza nelle rocce di asbesto blu.

      https://www.genovatoday.it/cronaca/beigua-tar-titanio-ricorso-ambientalisti.html
      #justice #recours

    • Titanio nel parco Beigua, Grammatico (Legambiente): «Grande preoccupazione per salute e ambiente»

      «La Regione Liguria concede per tre anni alla Cet, la Compagnia Europea per il Titanio, il permesso di ricerca: la riteniamo una scelta sbagliata»

      «Legambiente Liguria esprime grande preoccupazione dopo avere appreso che con il decreto numero 1211-2021 la Regione Liguria concede per tre anni alla Cet, la Compagnia Europea per il Titanio, il permesso di ricerca, che ha la finalità di portare all’apertura della miniera nel comprensorio del Beigua»: così si esprime Legambiente Liguria in un comunicato.

      Torna dunque alla ribalta una questione annosa che da molto tempo sta facendo discutere, ovvero quella dell’estrazione del titanio nell’area del Parco del Beigua, uno dei più grandi giacimenti a livello mondiale. Si stima che, specie sotto il monte Tariné, si trovino 400 milioni di tonnellate di titanio, metallo prezioso su cui le compagnie estrattive hanno messo gli occhi da più di 40 anni, trovando la resistenza di cittadini e dell’ente parco (l’area è protetta ed è riconosciuta anche come Geoparco Unesco). Dall’altra parte, il Cet aveva proposto più volte alla Regione diritti di estrazione milionari.

      «Riteniamo questa una scelta sbagliata - dichiara Santo Grammatico, presidente di Legambiente Liguria, riferendosi al permesso di ricerca concesso alla Cet - anche se limitata ai 229 ettari (su 458 interessati complessivamente) che si trovano ai margini del confine del Parco del Beigua, perché è evidente che tutti gli impatti negativi dell’apertura di attività minerarie ricadrebbero nell’area Parco. Con la scusa della ricerca scientifica si verifica un precedente pericoloso, preludio ad una attività insostenibile per impatto ambientale e lontana dai desideri di sviluppo delle comunità locali che da anni si oppongono a qualsiasi ipotesi di apertura di attività estrattive. Legambiente è vicina ai cittadini che vivono e operano nel Parco del Beigua valutando anche le modalità e le sedi opportune per opporsi a questo decreto».
      L’unico parco ligure riconosciuto Unesco Global Geopark

      L’associazione ambientalista ricorda che il gruppo montuoso del Beigua, diventato Parco nel 1995, Geoparco europeo e mondiale nel 2005 e nel 2015 è stato riconosciuto Unesco Global Geopark ed è l’unico parco ligure a potersi fregiare di tale riconoscimento. «Inoltre in questi anni l’Ente Parco ha portato avanti un lavoro su un modello di sviluppo basato su agricoltura sostenibile, manutenzione dei boschi, turismo di qualità e consorzi sempre più attenti alla filiera corta - aggiunge Grammatico - anche per questo ribadiamo la nostra contrarietà al progetto che devasterebbe un’area protetta di inestimabile valore per biodiversità e valori ecologici e paesaggistici oltre che mettere a repentaglio la salute di chi vive nel territorio. Da un punto di vista sanitario, diversi studi hanno inoltre evidenziato come nel minerale grezzo nella composizione delle rocce del giacimento risulta la presenza di un anfibolo del gruppo degli asbesti in una percentuale pari a circa il 10/15% che ha tendenza a separarsi sotto forma di fibra e minutissimi aghi ed è notoriamente dannoso per la salute».
      Rossetti (Pd): «Chi tocca il Beigua se ne assume le responsabilità»

      In giornata arriva anche il commento del consigliere regionale Pippo Rossetti (Pd): «Sconcerto e preoccupazione per la delibera che consente alla Compagnia Europa del Titanio di perforare aree del Parco del Beigua allo scopo di aprire una miniera per la raccolta del titanio. Mi chiedo se l’assessore Scajola sa cosa succede. Tre mesi fa, a novembre, ai colleghi Candia e Pastorino ha risposto in Consiglio che non c’era alcuna richiesta e che comunque la Giunta sarebbe stata contraria. Dopo trenta anni di tentativi inutili da parte della Compagnia, la Giunta Toti da il suo consenso! Unico Geopark della Liguria vengono cosi contraddette tutte le politiche economico turistiche ambientali del territorio. Toti finge di non sapere che perforazioni ed estrazioni in quel luogo sono pericoli per la salute degli abitanti, perché in quelle rocce ci sono fibre che inducono all’asbestosi. Chiedo che Asl 2 , Arpal e Uffici Regionali vengano immediatamente a riferire in Commissione e l’assessore Scajola a spiegarci come mai in tre mesi la Giunta ha cambiato idea, sperando che non si nasconda dietro ai pareri tecnici degli uffici, alibi che vale come il due di picche. Chiedo che immediatamente tutti gli atti e il verbale della Conferenza dei Servizi vengano resi pubblici. Ognuno potrà assumersi le sue responsabilità».
      La Regione: «Nessuna autorizzazione ad attività estrattiva»

      «Non è stata fatta alcuna delibera di giunta autorizzativa per la raccolta del titanio nell’area del Beigua - replica l’assessore regionale Marco Scajola -. Il consigliere Rossetti confonde, strumentalizza e non sa di cosa parla. Gli uffici tecnici competenti hanno permesso, nel pieno rispetto delle norme, uno studio non invasivo che non interessa l’area del parco del Beigua. Non vi sarà alcuna attività di cava: lo studio verrà condotto senza alcun prelievo né alcun intervento sul territorio. Degli oltre 450 ettari richiesti ne sono stati concessi poco più di 200, escludendo l’area del parco naturale regionale del Beigua. Questo è stato fatto nonostante ci fossero pareri favorevoli ad autorizzare attività di studio in tutta l’area, anche del parco, da parte della Provincia di Savona, dell’Arpal e dell’Asl competente. Lo stesso Ministero dell’Ambiente ha confermato che l’attività di studio non dev’essere soggetta a VIA, proprio in virtù delle modalità non invasive che verranno impiegate. Nessuna autorizzazione quindi da parte della Giunta: chi afferma il contrario afferma il falso, senza conoscere minimamente l’argomento».

      https://www.genovatoday.it/attualita/titanio-parco-beigua-cosa-succede.html

    • Titanio nel Beigua, la Cet fa ricorso al Consiglio di Stato per effettuare le ricerche minerarie

      La questione dell’ipotetica miniera di titanio nell’area del Geoparco Unesco va avanti dagli anni ’70

      Era solo questione di tempo e a fine anno la Cet - Compagnia Europea per il Titanio - è tornata alla carica, presentando ricorso al Consiglio di Stato contro la sentenza del Tar Liguria dello scorso maggio, che di fatto ha confermato il divieto di effettuare ricerche minerarie nell’area del monte Tarinè.

      Siamo nel cuore del Parco del Beigua (unico parco ligure riconosciuto Unesco Global Geopark) che comprende un’area da anni finita nell’occhio del ciclone poiché cela uno dei più grandi giacimenti di titanio - elemento molto ricercato - a livello mondiale. Si stima che, specie sotto il monte Tariné, si trovino 400 milioni di tonnellate di titanio, metallo prezioso su cui le compagnie estrattive hanno messo gli occhi da più di 40 anni, trovando la resistenza di cittadini e dell’ente parco all’idea di aprire un’enorme miniera proprio nel verde. Dall’altra parte, la Cet aveva proposto più volte alla Regione diritti di estrazione milionari.
      La sentenza del Tar contestata

      La Cet ha presentato ricorso contro la sentenza del Tar del 27 maggio, chiedendo l’annullamento di diversi documenti. Tornando indietro nel tempo, nel 2015 la Cet aveva chiesto il rilaascio di un permesso di ricerca mineraria sul monte Tarinè per un periodo di tre anni. La Regione Liguria aveva dichiarato che l’istanza era inammissibile perché contrastante con il piano del Parco Naturale Regionale del Beigua che vieta di asportare rocce, minerali e fossili, fatti salvi i prelievi per ricerche scientifiche.

      Il ricorso proposto della Cet - interessata a svolgere ricerche sul giacimento di titanio - contro il provvedimento era già stato respinto dal Tar nel 2020 (con un’altra sentenza impugnata): “La sottoposizione dell’area sulla quale si dovrebbe svolgere la ricerca mineraria a molteplici vincoli sia paesaggistici che ambientali - avevano scritto i giudici - è di tale pervasività che non residua nessuno spazio per intraprendere un’attività di ricerca che non essendo compiuta da un istituto scientifico ma da un’azienda estrattiva avrebbe avuto, come fine ultimo, l’estrazione di minerali attività certamente vietata dalle norme a tutela del Parco Regionale del Beigua che costituisce, per circa il 50% l’area interessata alla concessione”.

      L’ente parco aveva successivamente approvato un regolamento che subordina le attività di ricerca al rilascio di un’autorizzazione dello stesso parco, stabilendo che comunque non sono ammesse le ricerche attinenti svolte da soggetti che non abbiano come scopo la promozione di attività di studio. Ritenendo che queste ultime previsioni fossero lesive dei suoi interessi, la Cet aveva impugnato il regolamento del Parco del Beigua, ma il Tar nel maggio 2022 aveva dichiarato il ricorso inammissibile. Adesso si andrà avanti con il Consiglio di Stato.
      Buschiazzo: «Vorremmo impiegare le nostre risorse per lo sviluppo del territorio, non per difenderci»

      La vicenda giudiziaria si trascina appunto dal 2015 e, come chiarisce il presidente del Parco del Beigua Daniele Buschiazzo, che ha divulgato la notizia del ricorso al Consiglio di Stato della Tar, la questione «continua a impegnare ingenti risorse del Parco del Beigua. Risorse che vorremmo impiegare per favorire lo sviluppo turistico del territorio, ma che dobbiamo invece usare per proteggerne l’elevata qualità ambientale dell’area e di conseguenza la qualità di vita delle persone che ci vivono. Non a caso qui insistono un’area protetta, la più grande della Liguria, un Geoparco riconosciuto dall’Unesco e diverse Zsc – zone speciali di conservazione».

      Sicuramente il ricorso al Consiglio di Stato non giunge inatteso: «Il Parco del Beigua e tutte le sue comunità - continua Buschiazzo - faranno valere le proprie ragioni come hanno sempre fatto. Ci aspettiamo che si costruisca anche la Regione Liguria assieme a noi».
      Un territorio sotto la spada di Damocle dal 1976

      Il territorio riconosciuto dall’Unesco è di fatto sotto la «spada di Damocle» dal 1976, da quando gli occhi delle compagnie si sono posate sul suo giacimento.

      «Sarebbe bene una volta per tutte mettere la parola fine su questa vicenda che ci fa disperdere risorse che potrebbero essere utili per il nostro territorio. Tanto più in un momento in cui la zona infetta dalla peste suina è estesa su tutto il parco da ormai un anno, creando notevoli problemi a tutte quelle attività che contribuiscono a mantenere il nostro territorio» conclude Buschiazzo.
      La preoccupazione di Legambiente

      «La Cet ribadisce, con questo ennesimo atto contro lo sviluppo sostenibile del territorio, la propria essenza - dichiara Santo Grammatico, presidente Legambiente Liguria -. Non ha alcun interesse nella ricerca scientifica ma lo ha solo di mero sfruttamento minerario per una delle zone geologicamente più pregevole della Liguria, tutelata da un parco regionale e riconosciuta dall’Unesco. Spiace constatare, a valle del ricorso dell’azienda al Consiglio di Stato, contro la sentenza del Tar Liguria che impedisce la ricerca nell’area Parco e nelle Zone Speciali di Conservazione, che non si sia definitivamente risolta la questione sul piano politico. La Regione Liguria con il Decreto 1211 del febbraio 2021 ha concesso alla Cet, per tre anni la possibilità di effettuare ricerche minerarie anche in zone limitrofe all’area tutelata, aprendo di fatto un conflitto sociale, economico e ambientale a danno degli enti e della comunità locale».

      «Saremo sempre insieme e al fianco delle Comunità e dei Parchi che si oppongono a uno sviluppo predatorio del nostro territorio» conclude il presidente dell’associazione ambientalista.

      https://www.genovatoday.it/cronaca/titanio-beigua-ricorso-cet-consiglio-stato.html

  • #Altamin

    MINING IN ITALY

    #Altamin_Limited is an ASX-listed mineral company focussed on base and battery metal exploration and brownfield mine development in Italy, with two 100% owned mineral projects and two under licence application.

    The Company’s #Gorno_Zinc_Project in the Lombardy region of northern Italy, is an advanced, historic mine with well-defined mineralisation. The #Gorno_Project benefits from strong local support, excellent metallurgy and established infrastructure. Up until 1980, the #Gorno underground #zinc was owned by #SAMIM (a state-owned company and part of #ENI) and then the unilateral decision was made to close all SAMIM owned metal mining in Italy to focus solely on oil and gas, despite there being defined mineral reserves remaining.

    The #Punta_Corna_Project in Piedmont, Italy, historically mined for cobalt, nickel, copper and silver, is an active exploration project with outcropping mineralisation, a historical bulk sample grading 0.6-0.7% Co, plus Ni, Cu, Ag and a drilling program outlined pending permit renewal Alta’s recent sampling has returned high-grade assays over >2km strike length from multiple sub-parallel veins, with good potential for further mineralised vein discovery and significant depth extension.

    In addition, Altamin has lodged applications over #Monte_Bianco and #Corchia, the two most significant copper, cobalt and manganese-rich historical mining districts in Italy.

    https://www.altamin.com.au
    #Australie #Italie #extractivisme #mine #cobalt #terres_rares #manganèse #cuivre

    –---

    Sur le projet d’exploitation du cobalt d’Altamin à #Balme (#Barmes) dans le #Piémont :
    Alla ricerca del cobalto sulle Alpi
    https://seenthis.net/messages/1013263

    –—

    ajouté à la métaliste sur l’#extraction de #terres_rares dans les #Alpes :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/1013289

  • #Matières_premières_critiques : garantir des #chaînes_d'approvisionnement sûres et durables pour l’avenir écologique et numérique de l’UE

    La Commission propose un ensemble complet de mesures afin de garantir l’accès de l’UE à un approvisionnement sûr, diversifié, abordable et durable en matières premières critiques. Les matières premières critiques sont indispensables pour un large éventail de secteurs stratégiques, notamment l’industrie « zéro net », l’industrie numérique, l’aérospatial et la défense.

    Alors que la demande de matières premières critiques devrait augmenter de manière drastique, l’Europe dépend fortement des importations, souvent en provenance de fournisseurs d’un pays tiers en situation de quasi-monopole. L’UE doit atténuer les risques pour les chaînes d’approvisionnement liées à ces dépendances stratégiques afin de renforcer sa résilience économique. Les pénuries constatées au lendemain de la pandémie de COVID-19 et la crise énergétique qui a suivi l’invasion de l’Ukraine par la Russie témoignent de ces dépendances et peuvent mettre en péril les efforts que l’UE déploie pour atteindre ses objectifs climatiques et numériques.

    Le règlement et la communication sur les matières premières critiques adoptés aujourd’hui tirent parti des atouts et des possibilités du marché unique et des partenariats extérieurs de l’UE pour diversifier les chaînes d’approvisionnement de l’UE en matières premières critiques et renforcer leur résilience. La législation sur les matières premières critiques améliore également la capacité de l’UE à surveiller les risques de perturbations et à les atténuer, et renforce la circularité et la durabilité.

    La présidente de la Commission européenne, Ursula von der Leyen, s’est exprimée en ces termes : « Cette législation nous rapprochera de nos ambitions en matière climatique. Elle améliorera significativement le raffinage, la transformation et le recyclage des matières premières ici en Europe. Les matières premières sont indispensables à la fabrication de technologies clés pour notre double transition, telles que la production d’énergie éolienne, le stockage de l’hydrogène ou les batteries. Nous renforçons notre coopération avec des partenaires commerciaux fiables à l’échelle mondiale afin de réduire les dépendances actuelles de l’UE à l’égard d’un seul ou de quelques pays. Il est dans notre intérêt mutuel d’augmenter la production de manière durable et, dans le même temps, de garantir le niveau le plus élevé de diversification des chaînes d’approvisionnement pour nos entreprises européennes. »

    Avec la réforme de l’organisation du marché de l’électricité et le règlement pour une industrie « zéro net », les mesures sur les matières premières critiques annoncées aujourd’hui créent un environnement réglementaire favorable aux industries « zéro net » et à la compétitivité de l’industrie européenne, comme annoncé dans le plan industriel du pacte vert.

    Mesures intérieures

    La législation sur les matières premières critiques dotera l’UE des outils permettant de lui garantir l’accès à un approvisionnement sûr et durable en matières premières critiques, principalement par les moyens suivants :

    Définir des priorités d’action claires : en plus de mettre à jour la liste des matières premières critiques, la législation dresse une liste de matières premières stratégiques, qui sont essentielles pour les technologies importantes pour les ambitions écologiques et numériques de l’Europe ainsi que pour les applications spatiales et de défense, mais dont l’approvisionnement futur n’est pas sûr. Le règlement intègre en même temps, dans le droit de l’UE, la liste des matières premières critiques et celle des matières premières stratégiques. Il fixe des valeurs de référence claires en ce qui concerne les capacités intérieures tout au long de la chaîne d’approvisionnement en matières premières stratégiques pour diversifier l’approvisionnement de l’UE à l’horizon 2030 :

    - l’extraction dans l’UE doit permettre de produire au moins 10 % de sa consommation annuelle,
    - la transformation opérée dans l’UE doit permettre de produire au moins 40 % de sa consommation annuelle,
    - le recyclage effectué dans l’UE doit permettre de produire au moins 15 % de sa consommation annuelle,
    - pas plus de 65 % de la consommation annuelle de l’Union de chaque matière première stratégique à n’importe quel stade de transformation pertinent ne doit provenir d’un seul pays tiers.

    Créer des chaînes d’approvisionnement européennes sûres et résilientes en matières premières critiques : la législation réduira la charge administrative et simplifiera les procédures d’autorisation pour les projets relatifs aux matières premières critiques dans l’UE. En outre, les projets stratégiques sélectionnés bénéficieront d’un soutien pour l’accès au financement et les délais d’autorisation seront raccourcis (24 mois pour les permis d’extraction et 12 mois pour les permis de traitement et de recyclage). Les États membres devront également élaborer des programmes nationaux d’exploration des ressources géologiques.

    Veiller à ce que l’UE soit en mesure d’atténuer les risques liés à l’approvisionnement : pour garantir la résilience des chaînes d’approvisionnement, la législation prévoit un suivi des chaînes d’approvisionnement en matières premières critiques et la coordination des stocks de matières premières stratégiques entre les États membres. Certaines grandes entreprises devront réaliser un audit de leurs chaînes d’approvisionnement en matières premières stratégiques, comportant un test de résistance à l’échelle de l’entreprise.

    Investir dans la recherche, l’innovation et les compétences : la Commission renforcera l’adoption et le déploiement de technologies de pointe dans le domaine des matières premières critiques. En outre, la mise en place d’un partenariat à grande échelle pour les compétences relatives aux matières premières critiques et d’une académie des matières premières promouvra les compétences pertinentes pour la main-d’œuvre travaillant dans les chaînes d’approvisionnement en matières premières critiques. Sur le plan extérieur, la stratégie « Global Gateway » servira de vecteur pour aider les pays partenaires à développer leurs compétences et leurs propres capacités d’extraction et de traitement.

    Protéger l’environnement en améliorant la circularité et la durabilité des matières premières critiques : l’amélioration de la sécurité et du caractère abordable de l’approvisionnement en matières premières critiques doit aller de pair avec l’intensification des efforts visant à atténuer toute incidence négative, tant au sein de l’UE que dans les pays tiers, en ce qui concerne les droits du travail, les droits humains et la protection de l’environnement. Les efforts visant à développer les chaînes de valeur des matières premières critiques de manière plus durable contribueront également à promouvoir le développement économique dans les pays tiers ainsi que la gouvernance en matière de durabilité, les droits humains, la résolution des conflits et la stabilité régionale.

    Les États membres devront adopter et mettre en œuvre des mesures nationales visant à améliorer la collecte des déchets riches en matières premières critiques et à garantir leur recyclage en matières premières critiques secondaires. Les États membres et les opérateurs privés devront étudier les possibilités de récupération des matières premières critiques provenant des déchets d’extraction des activités minières actuelles mais aussi des déchets provenant des anciens sites miniers. Les produits contenant des aimants permanents devront satisfaire aux exigences en matière de circularité et être accompagnés d’informations sur leur recyclabilité et leur teneur en matières recyclées.

    Engagement international

    Diversifier les importations de matières premières critiques dans l’Union : l’Union ne couvrira jamais ses propres besoins en matières premières et continuera de dépendre des importations pour la majeure partie de sa consommation. Le commerce international est donc essentiel pour soutenir la production mondiale et assurer la diversification de l’approvisionnement. L’UE devra renforcer son engagement mondial avec des partenaires fiables afin de mettre en place des investissements et de les diversifier, de promouvoir la stabilité du commerce international et de renforcer la sécurité juridique pour les investisseurs. Elle recherchera en particulier des partenariats mutuellement bénéfiques avec les marchés émergents et les économies en développement, notamment dans le cadre de sa stratégie « Global Gateway ».

    Elle intensifiera ses actions commerciales, notamment en créant un club des matières premières critiques pour tous les pays partageant les mêmes valeurs et désireux d’améliorer les chaînes d’approvisionnement mondiales, en renforçant l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), en élargissant son réseau d’accords de facilitation des investissements durables et d’accords de libre-échange et en insistant davantage sur l’application de la législation afin de lutter contre les pratiques commerciales déloyales.

    L’UE poursuivra le développement des partenariats stratégiques : elle collaborera avec des partenaires fiables pour favoriser leur propre développement économique de manière durable par la création de chaînes de valeur dans leur propre pays, tout en promouvant des chaînes de valeur sûres, résilientes, abordables et suffisamment diversifiées pour l’UE.

    Prochaines étapes

    Le règlement proposé sera examiné et approuvé par le Parlement européen et le Conseil de l’Union européenne avant son adoption et son entrée en vigueur.

    Contexte

    Cette initiative se compose d’un règlement et d’une communication. Le règlement établit un cadre réglementaire pour soutenir le développement des capacités intérieures et renforcer la durabilité et la circularité des chaînes d’approvisionnement en matières premières critiques dans l’Union. La communication propose des mesures visant à soutenir la diversification des chaînes d’approvisionnement grâce à de nouveaux partenariats internationaux qui se renforcent mutuellement. L’accent est également mis sur la maximisation de la contribution des accords commerciaux de l’UE, en pleine complémentarité avec la stratégie « Global Gateway ».

    La législation sur les matières premières critiques a été annoncée par la présidente von der Leyen lors de son discours sur l’état de l’Union de 2022, dans lequel elle a appelé à s’attaquer à la dépendance de l’UE à l’égard des importations de matières premières critiques, en sécurisant un approvisionnement intérieur diversifié et durable en ce qui concerne ces matières. Elle fait suite à la déclaration de Versailles de 2022 adoptée par le Conseil européen, qui soulignait l’importance stratégique des matières premières critiques pour garantir l’autonomie stratégique de l’Union et la souveraineté européenne. Elle répond également aux conclusions de la conférence sur l’avenir de l’Europe et à la résolution du Parlement européen de novembre 2021 sur une stratégie européenne pour les matières premières critiques.

    Les mesures sont appuyées sur l’évaluation de la criticité de 2023, le rapport de prospective axé sur les technologies stratégiques et les actions lancées dans le cadre du plan d’action de 2020 sur les matières premières critiques. La proposition présentée aujourd’hui s’appuie sur les travaux scientifiques du Centre commun de recherche (JRC) de la Commission. Parallèlement à son rapport de prospective, le JRC a remanié le système d’information sur les matières premières, qui apporte des connaissances sur les matières premières tant primaires (extraites/récoltées) que secondaires (par exemple issues du recyclage). L’outil fournit des informations sur des matériaux et des pays spécifiques ainsi que sur différents secteurs et technologies, et comprend des analyses de l’offre et de la demande actuelles et futures.

    La législation sur les matières premières critiques est présentée parallèlement à celle pour une industrie « zéro net », qui vise à accroître la production européenne de technologies clés neutres en carbone ou « zéro net », afin de garantir des chaînes d’approvisionnement sûres, durables et compétitives en matière d’énergie propre en vue d’atteindre les ambitions climatiques et énergétiques de l’UE.

    https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/fr/ip_23_1661
    #matières_premières #apprivoisement #UE #EU #Union_européenne #relocalisation #diversification #zéro_net #dépendance #alternative #risque #pénurie #ici_en_Europe #batteries #raffinage #transformation #recyclage #plan_industriel_du_pacte_vert #matières_premières_stratégiques #extraction #extractivisme #règlement #déclaration_de_Versailles #Critical_Raw_Materials #European_Critical_Raw_Materials_Act

    –—

    ajouté à la métaliste sur l’#extraction de #terres_rares dans les #Alpes :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/1013289

  • Alla ricerca del cobalto sulle Alpi

    È un elemento importante per la realizzazione delle batterie delle auto elettriche. Il cobalto viene estratto però soprattutto nella Repubblica Democratica del Congo, una realtà travolta dalla corruzione e instabile dal punto di vista militare e politico. Per “aggirare” la possibile penuria della fornitura di un componente essenziale dello sviluppo di una economia realizzata con fonti rinnovabili, le nazioni post-industriali e industrializzate cercano il Cobalto altrove, in territori guidati da governi più stabili e dove è più solida la certezza del diritto.

    Vecchie miniere di cobalto dismesse perché poco remunerative tornano improvvisamente interessanti. Una di queste è situata tra Torino e il confine con la Francia, ancora in territorio piemontese.

    Tra la necessità di tutelare l’ambiente e l’opportunità economica offerta, istituzioni e popolazione si interrogano sul presente e il futuro del territorio interessato dal possibile nuovo sviluppo minerario.

    https://www.rsi.ch/rete-due/programmi/cultura/laser/Alla-ricerca-del-cobalto-sulle-Alpi-16169557.html?f=podcast-shows

    #extractivisme #Alpes #cobalt #Piémont #Italie #terres_rares #Balme #Altamin #Barmes #Punta_Corna #Valli_di_Lanzo #mines #exploitation #peur #résistance #Berceto #Sestri_Levante #lithium #souveraineté_extractive #green-washing #green_mining #extraction_verte #transition_énergétique #NIMBY #Usseglio #Ussel

    Le chercheur #Alberto_Valz_Gris (https://www.polito.it/en/staff?p=alberto.valzgris) parle de la stratégie de l’Union européenne pour les #matières_premières_critiques :
    #Matières_premières_critiques : garantir des #chaînes_d'approvisionnement sûres et durables pour l’avenir écologique et numérique de l’UE
    https://seenthis.net/messages/1013265

    –—

    ajouté à la métaliste sur l’#extraction de #terres_rares dans les #Alpes :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/1013289

    • Caccia al cobalto sulle Alpi piemontesi

      Viaggio in provincia di Torino dove una multinazionale ha nel mirino la creazione di una miniera destinata ad alimentare le nuove batterie per i veicoli elettrici.

      Il boom delle auto elettriche trascina la ricerca mineraria in Europa. Noi siamo stati in Piemonte dove una società australiana spera di aprire una miniera di cobalto, uno dei metalli indispensabili per produrre le più moderne batterie. Il progetto è ancora in una fase preliminare. Non si vede nulla di concreto, per ora. Ma se siamo qui è perché quanto sta accadendo in questa terra alpina apre tutta una serie d’interrogativi su quella che – non senza contraddizioni – è stata definita “transizione ecologica”.

      Balme, alta #Val_d’Ala, Piemonte. Attorno a noi i boschi sono colorati dall’autunno mentre, più in alto, le tonalità del grigio tratteggiano le cime che si estendono fino in Francia. Un luogo magico, non toccato dal turismo di massa, ma apprezzato dagli appassionati di montagna. Tutto potrebbe però cambiare. Nelle viscere di queste rocce si nasconde un tesoro che potrebbe scombussolare questa bellezza: il cobalto. La società australiana Altamin vuole procedere a delle esplorazioni minerarie sui due versanti della Punta Corna. Obiettivo: sondare il sottosuolo in vista di aprire una miniera da cui estrarre questa materia prima sempre più strategica. Il cobalto è infatti un minerale indispensabile per la fabbricazione delle batterie destinate alle auto elettriche o ad immagazzinare l’energia prodotta da fonti rinnovabili. Tecnologie dette verdi, ma che hanno un lato grigio: l’estrazione mineraria.

      Oggi, circa il 70% del cobalto mondiale proviene dalla Repubblica democratica del Congo (Rdc), dove la corsa a questo metallo, guidata dalla Cina, alimenta la corruzione e genera grossi problemi sociali e ambientali. Di recente, un po’ in tutta Europa, si sta sempre più sondando il terreno in cerca di nuovi filoni che potrebbero ridurre la dipendenza dall’estero di questo ed altri minerali classificati dall’Ue come “critici”. Ecco quindi che queste valli piemontesi sono diventate terreno di caccia di imprese che hanno fiutato il nuovo business. Siamo così partiti anche noi in questa regione. Alla ricerca del cobalto e all’ascolto delle voci da un territorio che – suo malgrado – si trova oggi al centro della nuova corsa mondiale all’accaparramento delle risorse.

      Balme dice no

      «Siamo totalmente contrari. In primis perché non siamo stati coinvolti in nessun tipo di dialogo. Siamo poi convinti che l’estrazione di minerali non sia l’attività adatta per lo sviluppo del nostro territorio». #Gianni_Castagneri è il sindaco di Balme, 110 abitanti, uno dei comuni su cui pende una domanda di ricerca da parte di Altamin. Il primo cittadino ci accoglie nella piccola casa comunale adiacente alla chiesa. È un appassionato di cultura e storia locale e autore di diversi libri. Con dovizia di particolari, ci spiega che anticamente queste erano terre di miniera: «Un po’ tutti i paesi della zona sono sorti grazie allo sfruttamento del ferro. Già nel Settecento, però, veniva estratto del cobalto, il cui pigmento blu era utilizzato per la colorazione di tessuti e ceramiche».

      Dopo quasi un secolo in cui l’attività mineraria è stata abbandonata, qualche anno fa è sbarcata Altamin che ha chiesto e ottenuto i permessi di esplorazione. Secondo le stime della società i giacimenti a ridosso della Punta Corna sarebbero comparabili a quello di Bou Azzer, in Marocco, uno dei più ricchi al mondo di cobalto. «Andando in porto l’intero progetto di Punta Corna si avrà una miniera europea senza precedenti» ha dichiarato un dirigente della società. Affermazione che, qui a Balme, ha suscitato molta preoccupazione.

      Siamo in un piccolo comune alpino, la cui unica attività industriale è l’imbottigliamento d’acqua minerale e un birrificio. Al nostro incontro si aggiungono anche i consiglieri comunali Guido Rocci e Tessiore Umbro. Entrambi sono uomini di montagna, attivi nel turismo. Entrambi sono preoccupati: «Siamo colti alla sprovvista, cerchiamo “cobalto” su Internet ed escono solo cose negative, ma abbiamo come l’impressione che la nostra voce non conti proprio nulla».

      Sul tavolo compare una delibera con cui il Comune ha dichiarato la propria contrarietà «a qualsiasi pratica di ricerca e coltivazione mineraria». Le amministrazioni degli ultimi anni hanno orientato lo sviluppo della valle soprattutto verso un turismo sostenibile, vietando ad esempio le attività di eliski: «Noi pensiamo ad un turismo lento – conclude il sindaco – la montagna che proponiamo è aspra, poco adatta allo sfruttamento sciistico in senso moderno. Questa nostra visione ha contribuito in positivo all’economia del villaggio e alla sua preservazione. Ci sembra anacronistico tornare al Medioevo con lo sfruttamento minerario delle nostre montagne».

      Australiani alla conquista

      «Lo sviluppo della mobilità elettrica ha spinto le richieste di permessi di ricerca in Piemonte» ci spiega al telefono un funzionario del settore Polizia mineraria, Cave e Miniere della regione Piemonte. Si tratta dell’ente che, a livello regionale, rilascia le prime autorizzazioni. L’uomo, che preferisce non essere citato, ci dice che per il momento è troppo presto per «creare allarmismi o entusiasmi», ma conferma che, in Piemonte, sono state richieste altre autorizzazioni: «Oltre a Punta Corna, si fanno ricerche in Valsesia e verso la Val d’Ossola» conclude il funzionario. Proprio in Valsesia un’altra società australiana, del gruppo Alligator Energy, ha comunicato di recente di avere iniziato i lavori per un nuovo sondaggio. La zona è definita dall’azienda «ad alto potenziale».

      L’argomento principale delle società minerarie è uno: la necessità di creare una catena di valore delle batterie in Europa: «Punta Corna è centrale per la strategia di Altamin […] e beneficerà della spinta dell’Ue per garantire fonti pulite e locali di metalli nonché degli investimenti industriali europei negli impianti di produzione di veicoli elettrici e batterie» si legge in un recente documento destinato agli azionisti. Altamin ricorda come, in prospettiva, l’operazione genererebbe una sinergia produttiva col progetto Italvolt dell’imprenditore svedese Lars Calstrom. L’uomo vuole costruire una nuova grande fabbrica di batterie ad alta capacità presso gli ex stabilimenti Olivetti nella vicina Ivrea.

      Altamin, così come altre società attive nel ramo, non è un gigante minerario. Si tratta di una giovane società capitalizzata alla borsa di Sidney che ha puntato sull’Italia per tentare il colpaccio. Ossia trovare un filone minerario potenzialmente sfruttabile e redditizio, considerato anche l’aumento dei prezzi delle materie prime, soprattutto dei metalli da batteria. Oltre al progetto piemontese, l’azienda è attiva in altre zone d’Italia: in Lombardia ha un progetto di estrazione di zinco, mentre ha presentato domande anche in Liguria, Emilia-Romagna e Lazio. Qui, nell’antica caldera vulcanica del Lago di Bracciano, Altamin e un’altra società australiana, #Vulcan_Energy_Resources, hanno ottenuto delle licenze per cercare del litio, un altro metallo strategico. «L’idea che si sta portando avanti è quella di rivedere vecchi siti minerari anche alla luce delle nuove tecnologie e della risalita del prezzo dei metalli» spiegano da Altamin. Il tutto in uno scenario internazionale, in particolar modo europeo, in cui si cerca di ridurre la dipendenza delle importazioni dall’estero. Questo a loro dire avrebbe molti vantaggi: «Estrarre cobalto qui ridurrebbe al minimo i problemi etici e logistici che si riscontrano attualmente con la maggior parte delle forniture provenienti dalla Rdc». Ma non tutti la pensano così.

      Lo sguardo del geografo

      A Torino, il Politecnico ha sede presso il Castello del Valentino, antica residenza sabauda situata sulla riva del Po. Qui incontriamo il geografo e assegnista di ricerca Alberto Valz Gris che di recente ha messo in luce diverse ombre del progetto Punta Corna e, in generale, dell’impatto della corsa ai minerali critici sulle comunità locali. Per la sua tesi di dottorato, Valz Gris ha studiato le conseguenze socio-ambientali causate dall’estrazione del litio nella regione di Atacama tra Argentina e Cile. Rientrato dal Sudamerica, lo studioso è venuto a conoscenza del progetto minerario a Punta Corna, a due passi da casa, nel “giardino dei torinesi”. Il ricercatore ha così deciso di mettere in evidenza alcune contraddizioni di questa tanto decantata transizione ecologica: «Il cobalto o il litio sono associati a una retorica di sostenibilità in quanto indispensabili alle batterie. In realtà, per come è stata organizzata, questa transizione ecologica, continua a implicare un’estrazione massiva di risorse naturali non rinnovabili e, quindi, il moltiplicarsi di siti estrattivi altamente inquinanti. Ciò non mi sembra molto ecologico».

      In questo senso il ritorno dell’estrazione mineraria su grande scala in Europa non è proprio una buona notizia: «L’estrattivismo non ha mai portato sviluppo e la materialità di questa dinamica investirà in particolare le aree di montagna. Per cui ho forti dubbi sulle promesse su cui si fondano tutti i progetti come quello di Punta Corna, e cioè che accettare il danno ecologico e paesaggistico portato dall’estrazione mineraria si traduca in sviluppo sociale ed economico per chi abita quei territori». Per Alberto Valz Gris, però, opporsi alle miniere europee non significa giustificare l’appropriazione di risorse in altri posti del mondo: «Dobbiamo immaginare alternative tecniche ed economiche che siano realmente al servizio dell’emergenza climatica, per esempio investendo nel riciclo delle risorse già in circolo nel sistema industriale in modo da ridurre al minimo la pressione antropica sugli ecosistemi». Il problema ruota attorno al fatto che «estrarre nuove materie prime dalle viscere della Terra è ad oggi molto meno costoso che non impegnarsi effettivamente nel riciclare quelle già in circolo»; questo vantaggio economico che «impedisce lo sviluppo di una vera economia circolare» è falsato poiché «non vengono mai calcolati i costi sociali e ambientali legati all’estrazione delle materie prime».

      Gli “sherpa” di Altamin

      Usseglio, alta Valle di Viù, Piemonte. Siamo di nuovo in quota, questa volta sul versante Sud della Punta Corna. Anche qui il territorio vive perlopiù di turismo e può contare su una centrale idroelettrica che capta l’acqua dal bacino artificiale più alto d’Europa. Su queste montagne, oltre i 2.500 metri, Altamin ha ottenuto di recente la possibilità di estendere i carotaggi in profondità. I lavori dovrebbero iniziare la primavera prossima. Ciò che non sembra preoccupare il sindaco Pier Mario Grosso: «Pare che ci sia una vena molto interessante, ma per capire se si potrà sfruttarla occorrono altri sondaggi».

      Il primo cittadino ci accoglie nel suo ufficio e ci mostra una cartina appesa alle pareti su cui si legge “miniere di cobalto”: «Erano le vecchie miniere poi abbandonate e su cui ora Altamin vuole fare delle ricerche perché il cobalto è il metallo del futuro». A Usseglio, l’approccio del comune è diverso rispetto a Balme. #Pier_Mario_Grosso è un imprenditore che vende tende e verande in piano. Per lui il progetto di Altamin potrebbe creare sviluppo in valle: «Questa attività porterà senz’altro benefici alla popolazione e aiuterà a combattere lo spopolamento. Sono quindi tendenzialmente favorevole al progetto, a patto che crei posti di lavoro e non sia dannoso per l’ambiente».

      Salutiamo il sindaco e saliamo fino alla frazione di #Margone dove abbiamo appuntamento per visitare un piccolo museo dei minerali. Qui incontriamo #Domenico_Bertino e #Claudio_Balagna, due appassionati mineralogisti che gestiscono questa bella realtà museale. Nelle bacheche scopriamo alcune perle delle #Alpi_Graie, come gli epidoti e la #Lavoisierite, un minerale unico al mondo scovato nella zona. Appese ai muri ci sono delle splendide mappe minerarie dell’800 trovate negli archivi di Stato di Torino. E poi c’è lui, il cobalto. Finalmente lo abbiamo trovato: «È in questa pietra che si chiama #Skutterudite e il cobalto sono questi triangolini di colore metallico, anche se in molti pensano che sia blu» ci spiegano i due ricercatori. Eccolo qui, il minerale strategico tanto agognato che oggi vale circa 52.000 dollari la tonnellata.

      Possiamo osservarlo nei minimi dettagli su un grande schermo collegato ad uno stereoscopio. Sul muro a lato un cartello sovrasta la nuova strumentazione: «Donazione da parte di Altamin». Tra il museo e la società vi è infatti un legame. Più volte, Domenico e Claudio hanno accompagnato in quota i geologi di Altamin a cercare gli ingressi delle vecchie miniere. Sherpa locali di una società che altrimenti non saprebbe muoversi tra gli alti valloni di queste montagne poco frequentate. Non c’è timore nell’ammetterlo e i due, uomini di roccia e legati nell’intimo a questo territorio, non sembrano allarmati: «Noi siamo una sorta di guardiani. Abbiamo ricevuto delle rassicurazioni e l’estrazione, se mai ci sarà, avverrà in galleria e sarà sottoposta a dei controlli. In passato abbiamo avuto le dighe che hanno portato lavoro, ma ora qui non c’è più nessuno e la miniera potrebbe essere una speranza di riportare vita in valle».

      Usseglio fuori stagione è affascinante, ma desolatamente vuota. Le poche persone che abbiamo incontrato in giro erano a un funerale. Il terzo nelle ultime settimane, il che ha fatto scendere il numero di abitanti sotto i duecento. Ma siamo sicuri che una miniera risolverà tutti i problemi di questa realtà montana? E se l’estrattivismo industriale farà planare anche qui la “maledizione delle risorse”? Torniamo a casa pieni di interrogativi a cui non riusciamo ancora a dare risposta. Nel 2023, dopo lo scioglimento delle nevi (sempre se nevicherà) Altamin inizierà i carotaggi in quota. Scopriremo allora se l’operazione Punta Corna avrà un seguito o se franerà nell’oblio. La certezza è che in Piemonte, come del resto in Europa e nel mondo, la caccia grossa a questi nuovi metalli critici continuerà.

      https://www.areaonline.ch/Caccia-al-cobalto-sulle-Alpi-piemontesi-2654a100

  • Mini-#histoire d’une minuscule île au milieu du Pacifique : Nauru

    L’île de #Nauru a exploité jusqu’à l’épuisement le #guano - excréments d’oiseaux séchés -, disponible en grande quantité sur l’île et ressource stratégique, car utilisée comme fertilisant pendant une bonne partie du 20ème siècle.

    Le guano a permis à l’île de Nauru de devenir richissime... mais une fois cette ressource épuisée... les caisses étaient vides. Alors voilà la « solution », le deal de l’Australie (la fameuse « #Pacific_Solution ») : contre une belle somme d’argent, Nauru a décidé de prendre de « accueillir » des demandeurs d’asile intercepté·es au large de l’Australie. Le « modèle australien » (qui aujourd’hui fait des émules notamment au Royaume-Uni) est né.

    Mais l’argent n’étant probablement pas suffisante par rapport aux gains financiers avec les réfugiés, voilà que Nauru a une autre magnifique idée : exploiter ses #fonds_marins à la recherche de terres rares...

    –—

    Comment Nauru, État confetti du Pacifique, peut faire basculer le monde vers l’exploitation des fonds marins

    Les grands fonds marins seront-ils exploités bientôt par des compagnies minières ? Un tout petit État du Pacifique pousse pour... et cela risque de changer le visage de nos océans.

    Nauru, c’est un État minuscule, un confetti dans le Pacifique : une vingtaine de kilomètres carrés seulement, moins de 10 000 habitants. Cette île, situé à près de 5 000 kilomètres des côtes australiennes, s’y connaît bien en exploitation minière. En 1906, un gisement de phosphate, gigantesque, est découvert. Ce sont les colons allemands puis australiens qui lancent les chantiers. En 1968, Nauru accède à l’indépendance et devient, grâce au phosphate exporté à l’étranger, immensément riche.

    n 1974, son PIB dépasse même celui des États-Unis. Mais à force de creuser, forcément, la ressource s’épuise. Et aujourd’hui, Nauru lorgne sur l’Océan. Le micro-État a passé un accord avec un géant canadien, The Metals Compagny, pour aller fouiller sous l’eau.
    Les grands fonds marins classés « patrimoine commun de l’humanité »

    Pour exploiter les fonds marins, à plusieurs centaines de mètres, voire plusieurs kilomètres de fonds, Nauru a besoin d’une autorisation. Aujourd’hui, les grands fonds marins sont classés « patrimoine commun de l’humanité ». L’exploration y est déjà possible, mais pas l’exploitation. C’est l’Autorité Internationale des Fonds Marins qui est chargée de les protéger, mais aussi, et c’est paradoxal, de mettre en place un code minier : des règles avant d’aller chercher peut-être à l’avenir du nickel, du cobalt ou du cuivre.

    Des discussions sont en cours depuis dix ans. Mais en 2021, Nauru est venu bousculer cette autorité, en lui donnant deux ans pour boucler le dossier. C’est technique, mais c’est possible. Et on y est : depuis dimanche 9 juillet, il est possible de lancer une demande d’exploitation. Nous sommes dans une « période de flou juridique » avec un risque de « désastre écologique » alertent plusieurs ONG.
    Nauru, en quête désespérée de survie économique

    Si Nauru s’est transformée en fer de lance de l’exploitation des océans, c’est pour l’argent.
    Parce qu’après une phase de grande richesse, Nauru s’est effondré dans les années 1990. Comment se relever quand sa terre a été dévastée à près de 80% ? Quand l’agriculture est donc limitée ? Et le tourisme aussi ? En 2011, le taux de chômage atteint les 90%. Le pays a alors lancé plusieurs pistes, pas toujours légales d’ailleurs. Parmi elles, la vente de passeports ou le blanchiment d’argent sale.
    Depuis 2012, aussi, Nauru se fait payer pour placer dans des camps sordides sur son sol, les migrants clandestins que l’Australie ne veut pas accueillir. Des camps décrits par Médecins sans frontières « comme des lieux de désespoir infini », avec des suicides d’enfants qui, parfois, s’aspergent d’essence pour en finir.

    Le dernier réfugié est parti il y a quelques jours. Et l’île, dans une course effrénée à la survie, se tourne vers l’Océan. Rien n’est joué encore. L’Autorité internationale des fonds marins se réunit à partir du lundi 10 juillet, en Jamaïque pour plusieurs semaines de négociations. Et une petite vingtaine de pays, dont la France, réclament un moratoire, « une pause de précaution ».

    https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-monde-est-a-nous/comment-nauru-etat-confetti-du-pacifique-peut-faire-basculer-le-monde-v

    #exploitation #extractivisme #migrations #réfugiés #asile #deep_sea_mining

  • Piemonte, corsa alle nuove miniere : da #Usseglio al Pinerolese si cercano nichel, cobalto, grafite e litio

    Scatta la corsa alle terre rare: la Regione deve vagliare le richieste delle multinazionali su una decina di siti

    Nei prossimi anni il Piemonte potrebbe trasformarsi in una grande miniera per soddisfare le esigenze legate alla costruzione degli apparecchi digitali e all’automotive elettrico. È un futuro fatto di cobalto, titanio, litio, nichel, platino e associati. E non mancano nemmeno oro e argento. Un grande business, infatti oggi si parla di «forti interessi» di aziende estrattive nazionali e straniere. Anche perché la Commissione Europea ha stabilito che «almeno il 10% del consumo di materie prime strategiche fondamentali per la transizione green e per le nuove tecnologie dovrebbe essere estratto nell’Ue, il 15% del consumo annuo di ciascuna materia prima critica dovrebbe provenire dal riciclaggio e almeno il 40% dovrebbe essere raffinato in Europa». In questo contesto il Piemonte è considerato un territorio strategico. Anche perché l’anno scorso il mondo ha estratto 280mila tonnellate di terre rare, circa 32 volte di più rispetto alla metà degli anni 50. E la domanda non farà che aumentare: entro il 2040, stimano gli esperti, avremo bisogno di sette volte più terre rare rispetto a oggi. Quindi potrebbero essere necessarie più di 300 nuove miniere nel prossimo decennio per soddisfare la domanda di veicoli elettrici e batterie di accumulo di energia, secondo lo studio condotto da Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.

    «Al momento abbiamo nove permessi di ricerca in corso, ma si tratta di campionature in superficie o all’interno di galleria già esistenti, come è avvenuto a Punta Corna, sulle montagne di Usseglio – analizza Edoardo Guerrini, il responsabile del settore polizia mineraria, cave e miniere della Regione -. C’è poi in istruttoria di via al ministero dell’Ambiente un permesso per la ricerca di grafite nella zona della Val Chisone». Si tratta di un’area immensa di quasi 6500 ettari si estende sui comuni di Perrero, Pomaretto, San Germano Chisone, Perosa Argentina, Pinasca, Villar Perosa, Pramollo, Roure e Inverso Pinasca che interessa all’australiana Energia Minerals (ramo della multinazionale Altamin). E un’altra società creata da Altamin, la Strategic Minerals Italia, nella primavera prossima, sulle montagne di Usseglio, se non ci saranno intoppi, potrà partire con le operazioni per 32 carotaggi nel Vallone del Servin con una profondità variabile da 150 a 250 metri. Altri 25 sondaggi verranno invece effettuati nel sito di Santa Barbara, ma saranno meno profondi. E, ovviamente, ambientalisti e amanti della montagna, hanno già espresso tutti i loro timori perché temono uno stravolgimento del territorio. «Nelle settimane scorse ho anche ricevuto i rappresentati di una società svedese interessati ad avviare degli studi di valutazione in tutto il Piemonte con l’obiettivo di estrarre minerali – continua Guerrini – anche perché l’Unione Europea spinge per la ricerca di materie prime indispensabili per la conversione ecologica e quindi l’autosufficienza energetica».

    È la storia che ritorna anche perché il Piemonte è stata sempre una terra di estrazione. Basti pensare che, solo nel Torinese, la cavi attive «normali» sono 66. E ora, a parte Usseglio e il Pinerolese, ci sono richieste per cercare nichel in Valle Anzasca, rame, platino e affini nel Verbano Cusio Ossola, dove esiste ancora una concessione non utilizzata per cercare oro a Ceppo Morelli nella Val d’Ossola (anche se il giacimento più sfruttato per l’oro è sempre stato quello del massiccio del Rosa) e la richiesta di poter coltivare il boro nella zona di Ormea. E pensare che, dal 2013 al 2022, le aziende che si occupano di estrazione di minerali da cave e miniere in Piemonte sono scese da 265 a 195. «Il settore estrattivo continua a essere fonte di occupazione – riflette l’assessore regionale Andrea Tronzano -. Con il piano regionale in via di definizione vogliamo dare certezze agli imprenditori e migliorare l’attuale regolamentazione in modo che ci siano certezze ambientali e più facilità nel lavorare. Le miniere su materie prime critiche sono oggetto di grande attenzione e noi vorremmo riattivare le nostre potenzialità come ci chiede la Ue. Ci stiamo lavorando con rispetto per tutti, anche perché qui non siamo nè in Cina nè in Congo. Vedremo le aziende che hanno chiesto di fare i carotaggi che cosa decideranno. Noi le ascolteremo».

    https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2023/08/06/news/piemonte_nuove_miniere_usseglio_nichel_cobalto-12984408

    #extractivisme #Italie #mines #nickel #cobalt #graphite #lithium #Alpes #montagnes #Piémont #Pinerolo #terres_rares #multinationales #transition_énergétique #Punta_Corna #Val_Chisone #Energia_Minerals #Altamin #Strategic_Minerals_Italia #Vallone_del_Servin #Santa_Barbara #Valle_Anzasca #Verbano_Cusio_Ossola #cuivre #platine #Ceppo_Morelli #Val_d'Ossola #or #Ormea

    –—

    ajouté à la métaliste sur l’#extraction de #terres_rares dans les #Alpes :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/1013289

  • Ariège : le futur Schéma régional des carrières d’Occitanie menace l’eau potable de Toulouse et de sa métropole

    C’est une menace jusqu’ici passée inapercue, dévoilée à la faveur d’une l’enquête publique conduite en catimini en plein été. C’est en effet le 7 aout prochain que sera clôturée ladite enquête publique, qui vise à autoriser l’enfouissement de 30% supplémentaires de déchets du BTP dans les nappes pluviales ou alluviales des la Basse Ariège pour combler les trous où sont prélevés les granulats de cette nappe. Or l’eau que consomment les populations de Toulouse et de sa Métropole provient des eaux de surface prélevées à la confluence de l’Ariège et de la Garonne. Un exemple achevé de l’incohérence des politiques de l’eau et de celles de l’aménagement du territoire. Qui suscite un rejet unanime de l’ensemble des collectivités locales consultées dans le cadre de l’enquête publique…

    Lire la suite :

    https://www.eauxglacees.com/Ariege-le-futur-Schema-regional-des-carrieres-d-Occitanie-menace-l-eau-

    • En effet le volume d’eau que consomment les populations de Toulouse et de la Métropole provient pour 80% du total (chiffres cités dans le cadre du SAGE) des eaux de surfaces prélevées dans l’Ariège.

      Le schéma directeur des #carrières prévoit que le département de l’Ariège verra sa production de #graviers alluvionnaires, concentrée sur le secteur de la Basse Ariège, augmenter considérablement, de près de 30 %. Or lorsque le gravier a été extrait sur des hauteurs/profondeurs de l’ordre de 16 à 20 mètre et que la nappe est atteinte, l’apparition de véritables lacs donne lieu à un très puissante évaporation.

      Un rapport du BRGM datant de 2014 dans une période où l’urgence climatique n’était pas avérée soulignant que l’évaporation des nappes des gravières correspond à une moyenne de 150 litres /an et /habitant soit la consommation annuelle d’#eau_potable de tous les habitants de l’Ariège…

      Parallèlement l’enfouissement des #déchets du BTP dans les nappes pluviales ou alluviales de la Basse #Ariège pour combler (partiellement) les trous où sont prélevés les granulats de la nappe, pratiqué depuis plusieurs années, n’est pas remis en cause dans le cadre du nouveau Schéma directeur.

      Or d’une part les déchets du bâtiment (notamment goudron, caoutchouc etc.. ) ne sont pas inertes, ...

      #extraction #eau #béton #pollution #agriculture #climat #macroner

  • Une énorme nappe souterraine pour le groupe #Source_Alma ?

    L’affaire serait ubuesque si elle ne dévoilait pas à quels points certains élu.e.s sont bêtes !

    Alors que la commune de #Montagnac dans l’#Hérault, possédait un #terrain avec un #forage pouvant alimenter les habitants en #eau_potable, le maire décide de vendre pour une bouchée de pain cette installation précieuse à la #Compagnie_générale_d’eaux_de_source, filiale de Source Alma, qui commercialise, entre autres, Saint-Yorre, Vichy, Cristaline, Thonon…

    Une eau chaude à 1500m de profondeur, issue d’une grande nappe que le minéralier devra refroidir pour la mettre en bouteille !

    La ressource en eau ne semble pas préoccuper le conseil municipal qui vient de se voir refuser par le préfet, un projet de golf… pour des problèmes d’approvisionnement en eau !

    Le préfet va-t-il de même manière et pour des questions de sécheresse et de déficit hydrique interdire l’exploitation du forage ?

    Pas de souci avec la #sécheresse a déclaré un responsable du groupe qui s’est invité à une réunion publique organisée par les opposants « "C’est un ouvrage qui fait 1500 mètres de profondeur, isolé de tout impact de sécheresse. C’est une masse d’eau énorme et de qualité ». Ben oui !! c’est bien ce que les habitants ont envie de garder !!

    Côté mairie, toujours les mêmes arguments : les taxes et les emplois ; côté population : on s’organise en association pour lutter contre. Car l’exploitation de l’eau pour la mettre en bouteille (plastique bien sûr !) c’est un chantier énorme, artificialisant les sols pour y implanter une usine d’embouteillage sur 15 000 m2 .

    Adieu la biodiversité sur ce vallon où poussent des vignes de l’AOP Picpoul de Pinet : "Nous faisons tous les efforts possibles en tant que vignerons pour maintenir ce milieu naturel et on nous parle d’y construire une zone industrielle. C’est déplorable" dit en colère Christophe Savary de Beauregard, président de l’association Veille Eau Grain. D’autant que l’industriel confirme bien la monstruosité du projet avec 1,6 millions de bouteilles et 160 rotations de camion par jour.

    Cerise sur le gâteau, si Source Alma n’exploite pas la nappe, le forage sera obstrué aux frais de la municipalité pour un coût de 300 000 € !

    https://www.envieabeziers.info/environnement/une-enorme-nappe-souterraine-pour-le-groupe-source-alma
    #eau #nappe_souterraine #nappe_phréatique #privatisation #eau_en_bouteille #extractivisme #résistance

  • Gagnants et perdants de la course aux énergies « vertes » : une perspective (...) - Centre tricontinental
    https://www.cetri.be/Gagnants-et-perdants-de-la-course

    Promesse d’un monde décarboné, la transition énergétique n’est ni juste ni durable. Matériellement intensive, elle repousse les frontières de l’extractivisme, déplace le coût du verdissement des économies riches sur les pays en développement et tend à reproduire un rapport de type colonial. Une juste transition devra corriger les asymétries Nord-Sud et questionner le productivisme et le consumérisme à l’origine des déséquilibres mondiaux.

    « Au quotidien, nous dépendons des métaux et des minéraux pour alimenter nos iPhones et acheminer notre électricité. Les technologies numériques nous donnent l’impression de vivre dans une économie éthérée, détachée du monde matériel. En fait, nous extrayons plus de minéraux qu’à aucun autre moment de notre histoire (...). En dépit des discours sur l’intelligence artificielle, les objets interconnectés et la prise de contrôle imminente par les robots, nos sociétés n’ont, à bien des égards, pas évolué par rapport aux pratiques du passé, lorsque la soif de pétrole a poussé les Européens à se partager le Moyen-Orient » (Sanderson, 2022).

    #transition_énergétique #décarbonation #extractivisme #colonialisme #grenntechs #greenwashing

    Et à propos du #syndrome_hollandais (ou #dutch_desease) :
    https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_hollandaise

  • L’ivresse des profondeurs - Regarder le documentaire complet | ARTE
    https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/093654-000-A/l-ivresse-des-profondeurs

    Ça c’est le résumé officiel :

    L’expédition « Gombessa V », détaillée dans le documentaire qui précède, a marqué en juillet 2019 une étape qui fera date dans l’histoire de la plongée. C’est en effet la première fois que des hommes parviennent à évoluer à leur guise, à de telles profondeurs et durant une si longue période : vingt-quatre jours, suivis de quatre jours de décompression progressive, avec de nombreuses heures d’exploration quotidiennes. Le documentaire de François de Riberolles retrace l’histoire de cette conquête « bathyale » (qualificatif de la zone située au-delà de 200 mètres de profondeur), qui pour avoir été plus discrète que la course à l’espace, a dépendu elle aussi d’une succession d’innovations techno-scientifiques et du courage mêlé d’obstination de quelques pionniers.

    Maintenant, en regardant le truc j’ai plutôt envie de dire que c’est l’histoire de l’#extractivisme des profondeurs.

    Le doc montre très bien que toute la recherche en matière d’acclimatation de l’être humain aux profondeur a toujours été guidé par l’objectif d’exploiter les ressources sous-marines (à 31’26 en particulier, il y a un speech hallucinant de Scott Carpenter (astronaute américain qu ia participé aux expériences de vie en grande profondeur initiées par les états-unis).

    #exploration_sous_marine

  • De l’hydrogène blanc dans le bassin houiller lorrain
    https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/de-l-hydrogene-blanc-dans-le-bassin-houiller-lorrain.N2139617

    Une équipe de chercheurs a mis au jour une réserve inattendue d’hydrogène blanc dans le bassin houiller lorrain, qui pourrait représenter plus de la moitié de la production annuelle mondiale actuelle, si cette ressource est validée à l’échelle du bassin lorrain.

    Environ 46 millions de tonnes d’hydrogène naturel, soit plus de la moitié de la production mondiale d’hydrogène actuelle : c’est le trésor inattendu que pourrait renfermer le sous-sol du bassin houiller lorrain. La découverte a été faite par Philippe de Donato et Jacques Pironon, chercheurs et directeurs de recherche au CNRS (laboratoire GeoRessources - Université de Lorraine/CNRS), accompagnés de leurs collègues. Initialement, il était question de recherches sur le méthane. « Nous pilotons un programme de recherche qui s’appelle Regalor (REssources GAzières de LORraine), commencé en 2018 sur une demande initiale de la région Lorraine. Elle s’appuyait sur des analyses réalisées en 2012 par l’Ifpen (Institut Français du Pétrole et des Énergies Nouvelles) à partir de forages réalisés dans le bassin houiller lorrain, qui avaient montré qu’il y avait du méthane dans les veines de charbon », raconte Philippe de Donato. Les projections à l’ensemble du bassin donnaient le tournis : 370 milliards de mètres cubes, soit 8 années de consommation annuelle française.

    #hydrogène_blanc #décarbonation
    Mais a-t-on vraiment étudié le potentiel effet de serre de la vapeur d’eau ?
    Autre point discutable : cet hydrogène même blanc m’a tout l’air d’être une source pas vraiment renouvelable.
    Mais bon, il faut que l’accumulation de capitaux puisse se poursuivre « business as usual ».
    The show (le chaud ?) must go on...

    • Commentaires obtenus sur un autre rézo (Source : https://piaille.fr/@LaFoulqueDuVexin)

      C’est petit et hyper réactif 2 proton avec leur orbital atomique. Ce qu’on peut faire avec des protons c’est soit les laisser là, soit mettre de la plomberie qui va fuiter et relâcher ces protons dans l’atmosphère où ils vont de par leur poids et la force centrifuge aller voyager dans l’espace.

      On pourrait l’utiliser comme combustible et re-apprécier son caractère explosif, volatil, dur à transporter, dispendieux à liquéfier.

      H2/H+ c’est la base (lol) de l’oxydo réduction.

      L’hydrogène est archi connu jusqu’à sa structure atomique, c’est le plus étudié des éléments atomique en science physique et chimique.

      Si il n’a pas été proposé de l’exploiter en masse, c’est que pour une utilisation fiable, il y a un énorme, coûteux long chantier de conception logistique et de sécurisation des équipements qui n’a jamais été justifié par une utilisation non substituable par d’autres éléments plus sûrs, plus denses en énergie, plus pratique.

      Je précise : transporter de l’Hydrogène c’est redévelopper tout un réseau nouveau de conduites métalliques. On teste l’absence de fuite dans les trucs métalliques avec l’He2 qui est 2 x plus gros. Comment faire pour H2 ?
      L’H2 est hyper corrosif pour le métal, son nombre de Reynolds différent du GNL/H20

      Rien que le bilan métal pour un réseau de pipelines et pompes dédiées à l’hydrogène nécessaire à son industrialisation nous fait sortir des clous en CO2.

      C’est une aberration.

  • Norway seeks to open vast ocean area to deep-sea mining
    https://www.ft.com/content/44855d32-82c2-4f4c-b77c-1c21d3c1279f

    Norway’s government is readying plans to open an area of ocean nearly the size of Germany to #deep-sea_mining as it seeks to become the first country to extract battery metals from its sea floor.

    [...] Volcanic springs up to 4,000m deep that surge from the Earth’s crust on faultlines between tectonic plates in the proposed area contain an estimated 38mn tonnes of copper, more than is mined around the world each year.

    [...] The fluid that emerges from hydrothermal vents such as those in Norway’s waters also contains other metals used in electric car batteries, including #cobalt. Metallic seabed crusts can meanwhile be mined for rare earth metals such as neodymium and dysprosium. These are used to make the magnets in wind turbines and in the engines of electric vehicles, but their supply chain is largely controlled by China.

    [...] Of the region earmarked for potential mining, the most contentious part would be the area close to #Svalbard. The Svalbard Treaty, which gives Norway sovereignty over the islands, also gives other countries the right to mine on land and in the territorial waters around the archipelago. Russia, the EU and the UK are at odds with Norway over how large an area of water this treaty covers.

    Fishing operations are meanwhile concerned that pollution from the mining may taint their catch. Jane Sandell, chief executive of UK Fisheries — whose super trawler Kirkella is one of the last UK fishing vessels to operate so far north — said she was “deeply concerned” about the possibility of toxic heavy metal particles being released.

    #Norvège #extractivisme #cuivre #métaux #terres_rares

  • China begins drilling one of world’s deepest holes in hunt for discoveries deep inside the Earth
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/06/china-begins-drilling-one-of-worlds-deepest-holes-in-hunt-for-discoveri

    The project is part of the country’s efforts to explore new frontiers in space and below the Earth’s surface. In 2021, the Chinese president urged the country’s leading scientists to break new barriers in different areas, including deep Earth exploration.

    Separately, Xi Jinping has also stressed the need to boost domestic energy supply, pushing Chinese energy giants to look for natural resources.

    The Xinjiang region, in particular, is known to be rich in mineral deposits and oil. Only last month, Sinopec, China’s largest refining company, found sizable oil and gas flows in an exploration well in the Tarim basin at a depth of more than 8,500 metres below the surface.

    With a depth of 12,262 metres, the Kola Superdeep Borehole in north-west Russia is the world’s deepest human-made hole.

    #chine #trou #extractivisme

  • Les feux de forêt en juin 2023 au Québec, en cartes et en chiffres | Le Devoir
    https://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/792384/les-feux-de-forets-au-quebec-en-cartes-et-en-chiffres


    Worldview NASA Les brasiers du Québec génèrent des panaches de fumée visibles depuis l’espace. [au sol, les habitants de Montréal, Toronto et N-Y vivent dans la fumées]

    La saison des feux de forêt débute à toute allure au Québec. La superficie atteinte est trente fois plus grande en date de mercredi que la moyenne annuelle des dix dernières années. La fumée se propage sur l’est de l’Amérique du Nord et dégrade la qualité de l’air. Survol de la situation en cartes et en graphique.

     
    Au Québec, le début de la saison des feux de forêt est véritablement exceptionnel. En date de mercredi, plus de 500 000 hectares avaient été « affectés » par les feux de forêt au sud du 51e parallèle, selon la Société de protection des forêts contre le feu (SOPFEU). À pareille date, dans la dernière décennie, on rapportait en moyenne moins de 250 hectares atteints.

    En fait, la saison part sur de tels chapeaux de roue que, déjà, le bilan de la jeune année est trente fois plus élevé que la moyenne de la superficie atteinte pendant les saisons entières de 2013 à 2022 (15 815 hectares). Il faut souligner que la moyenne annuelle des superficies atteintes varie énormément au fil des ans (95 000 hectares par année entre 1999 et 2008 ; 34 000 hectares par année entre 2008 et 2017).

    Environ 150 feux de forêt faisaient rage au sud du 51e parallèle du Québec, mercredi après-midi. Depuis le début de la saison 2023, ce sont plus de 440 incendies qui ont été répertoriés dans la province : deux fois plus que le bilan moyen des dix dernières années à pareille date. Avec les changements climatiques, le nombre de grands feux de forêt va considérablement augmenter au pays. Les conditions plus chaudes et plus sèches vont notamment allonger la saison propice aux feux.

    #forêts #réchauffement_climatique #incendies

  • Colonial Extractivism and Epistemic Geologies in the #Congo

    Whether for its rubber, its copper, its uranium, its coltan, or its lithium, the Congo has seen and continues to see its earth continuously looted by European colonial powers. For the last 16 years, #Sammy_Baloji has been dedicating his artistic practice to the literal and historic stratas his research has led him to excavate. Caroline Honorien and Léopold Lambert talked with him about what decolonization would signify in this context.


    https://thefunambulist.net/magazine/decolonial-ecologies/colonial-extractivism-and-epistemic-geologies-in-the-congo

    #extractivisme_colonial #colonialisme #extractivisme #décolonisation #mines #caoutchouc #uranium #coltan #lithium #cuivre

  • Nagorno Karabakh, è crisi idrica
    https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Nagorno-Karabakh/Nagorno-Karabakh-e-crisi-idrica-225180

    Il Nagorno Karabakh e un parte di Azerbaijan dipendono dall’approvvigionamento idrico del bacino di Sarsang, il primo per l’energia elettrica, il secondo per l’irrigazione dei campi agricoli. La siccità di questo periodo ma soprattutto il blocco del corridoio di Lachin hanno causato uno sfruttamento intensivo del bacino idrico

  • Au #Guatemala, le pétrolier franco-britannique Perenco fait sa loi
    https://reporterre.net/Au-Guatemala-le-petrolier-Perenco-fait-sa-loi

    Le projet de loi propose aussi de permettre une suspension des paiements à l’État et une « reconnaissance de dette d’une échéance pouvant aller jusqu’à vingt-quatre mois ». Il prévoit aussi que la loi s’applique à tout contrat en vigueur lors de son entrée en application. « Cela entre en conflit avec le principe de non-rétroactivité et de sécurité juridique de la Constitution et de la loi de l’Organisme judiciaire », dit à Reporterre Ligia Hernández Gómez, députée du parti écolo Semilla. En outre, ce texte « permet une prorogation des contrats sans processus d’appel d’offres, contrairement à ce que prévoit la loi sur les #hydrocarbures ».

    Le parcours même du projet de loi a été inhabituellement court : présenté le 19 janvier 2022 en séance plénière, voté en première et deuxième lectures les 6 et 7 décembre, il sera soumis à une dernière lecture avant le terme de la législature, les élections ayant lieu le 25 juin 2023. Alors que #Perenco exploite le pétrole dans une zone protégée et que tout contrat d’exploitation exige la validation par le ministère de l’#Environnement et une étude d’impact environnemental, ce n’est pas la commission de l’environnement du Congrès qui a examiné le texte mais celle des finances publiques. Il est vrai que la première est dominée par des partis d’opposition... et la seconde par une majorité d’alliés du gouvernement. « La commission a donné un avis favorable en un temps record sans véritable étude », précise Mme Gómez.

    #extractivisme

  • UK signs contract with US startup to identify migrants in small-boat crossings

    The UK government has turned a US-based startup specialized in artificial intelligence as part of its pledge to stop small-boat crossings. Experts have already pointed out the legal and logistical challenges of the plan.

    In a new effort to address the high number of Channel crossings, the UK Home Office is working with the US defense startup #Anduril, specialized in the use of artificial intelligence (AI).

    A surveillance tower has already been installed at Dover, and other technologies might be rolled out with the onset of warmer temperatures and renewed attempts by migrants to reach the UK. Some experts already point out the risks and practical loopholes involved in using AI to identify migrants.

    “This is obviously the next step of the illegal migration bill,” said Olivier Cahn, a researcher specialized in penal law.

    “The goal is to retrieve images that were taken at sea and use AI to show they entered UK territory illegally even if people vanish into thin air upon arrival in the UK.”

    The “illegal migration bill” was passed by the UK last month barring anyone from entering the country irregularly from filing an asylum claim and imposing a “legal duty” to remove them to a third country.
    Who is behind Anduril?

    Founded in 2017 by its CEO #Palmer_Luckey, Anduril is backed by #Peter_Thiel, a Silicon Valley investor and supporter of Donald Trump. The company has supplied autonomous surveillance technology to the US Department of Defense (DOD) to detect and track migrants trying to cross the US-Mexico border.

    In 2021, the UK Ministry of Defence awarded Anduril with a £3.8-million contract to trial an advanced base defence system. Anduril eventually opened a branch in London where it states its mission: “combining the latest in artificial intelligence with commercial-of-the-shelf sensor technology (EO, IR, Radar, Lidar, UGS, sUAS) to enhance national security through automated detection, identification and tracking of objects of interest.”

    According to Cahn, the advantage of Brexit is that the UK government is no longer required to submit to the General Data Protection Regulation (RGPDP), a component of data protection that also addresses the transfer of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas.

    “Even so, the UK has data protection laws of its own which the government cannot breach. Where will the servers with the incoming data be kept? What are the rights of appeal for UK citizens whose data is being processed by the servers?”, he asked.

    ’Smugglers will provide migrants with balaclavas for an extra 15 euros’

    Cahn also pointed out the technical difficulties of identifying migrants at sea. “The weather conditions are often not ideal, and many small-boat crossings happen at night. How will facial recognition technology operate in this context?”

    The ability of migrants and smugglers to adapt is yet another factor. “People are going to cover their faces, and anyone would think the smugglers will respond by providing migrants with balaclavas for an extra 15 euros.”

    If the UK has solicited the services of a US startup to detect and identify migrants, the reason may lie in AI’s principle of self-learning. “A machine accumulates data and recognizes what it has already seen. The US is a country with a significantly more racially and ethnically diverse population than the UK. Its artificial intelligence might contain data from populations which are more ethnically comparable to the populations that are crossing the Channel, like Somalia for example, thus facilitating the process of facial recognition.”

    For Cahn, it is not capturing the images which will be the most difficult but the legal challenges that will arise out of their usage. “People are going to be identified and there are going to be errors. If a file exists, there needs to be the possibility for individuals to appear before justice and have access to a judge.”

    A societal uproar

    In a research paper titled “Refugee protection in the artificial intelligence Era”, Chatham House notes “the most common ethical and legal challenges associated with the use of AI in asylum and related border and immigration systems involve issues of opacity and unpredictability, the potential for bias and unlawful discrimination, and how such factors affect the ability of individuals to obtain a remedy in the event of erroneous or unfair decisions.”

    For Cahn, the UK government’s usage of AI can only be used to justify and reinforce its hardline position against migrants. “For a government that doesn’t respect the Geneva Convention [whose core principle is non-refoulement, editor’s note] and which passed an illegal migration law, it is out of the question that migrants have entered the territory legally.”

    Identifying migrants crossing the Channel is not going to be the hardest part for the UK government. Cahn imagines a societal backlash with, “the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom being solicited, refugees seeking remedies to legal decisions through lawyers and associations attacking”.

    He added there would be due process concerning the storage of the data, with judges issuing disclosure orders. “There is going to be a whole series of questions which the government will have to elucidate. The rights of refugees are often used as a laboratory. If these technologies are ’successful’, they will soon be applied to the rest of the population."

    https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/48326/uk-signs-contract-with-us-startup-to-identify-migrants-in-smallboat-cr

    #UK #Angleterre #migrations #asile #réfugiés #militarisation_des_frontières #frontières #start-up #complexe_militaro-industriel #IA #intelligence_artificielle #surveillance #technologie #channel #Manche

    –—

    ajouté à la métaliste sur la Bibby Stockholm:
    https://seenthis.net/messages/1016683

    • Huge barge set to house 500 asylum seekers arrives in the UK

      The #Bibby_Stockholm is being refitted in #Falmouth to increase its capacity from 222 to 506 people.

      A barge set to house 500 asylum seekers has arrived in the UK as the government struggles with efforts to move migrants out of hotels.

      The Independent understands that people will not be transferred onto the Bibby Stockholm until July, following refurbishment to increase its capacity and safety checks.

      The barge has been towed from its former berth in Italy to the port of Falmouth, in Cornwall.

      It will remain there while works are carried out, before being moved onto its final destination in #Portland, Dorset.

      The private operators of the port struck an agreement to host the barge with the Home Office without formal public consultation, angering the local council and residents.

      Conservative MP Richard Drax previously told The Independent legal action was still being considered to stop the government’s plans for what he labelled a “quasi-prison”.

      He accused ministers and Home Office officials of being “unable to answer” practical questions on how the barge will operate, such as how asylum seekers will be able to come and go safely through the port, what activities they will be provided with and how sufficient healthcare will be ensured.

      “The question is how do we cope?” Mr Drax said. “Every organisation has its own raft of questions: ‘Where’s the money coming from? Who’s going to do what if this all happens?’ There are not sufficient answers, which is very worrying.”

      The Independent previously revealed that asylum seekers will have less living space than an average parking bay on the Bibby Stockholm, which saw at least one person die and reports of rape and abuse on board when it was used by the Dutch government to detain migrants in the 2000s.

      An official brochure released by owner Bibby Marine shows there are only 222 “single en-suite bedrooms” on board, meaning that at least two people must be crammed into every cabin for the government to achieve its aim of holding 500 people.

      Dorset Council has said it still had “serious reservations about the appropriateness of Portland Port in this scenario and remains opposed to the proposals”.

      The Conservative police and crime commissioner for Dorset is demanding extra government funding for the local force to “meet the extra policing needs that this project will entail”.

      A multi-agency forum including representatives from national, regional and local public sector agencies has been looking at plans for the provision of health services, the safety and security of both asylum seekers and local residents and charity involvement.

      Portland Port said it had been working with the Home Office and local agencies to ensure the safe arrival and operation of the Bibby Stockholm, and to minimise its impact locally.

      The barge is part of a wider government push to move migrants out of hotels, which are currently housing more than 47,000 asylum seekers at a cost of £6m a day.

      But the use of ships as accommodation was previously ruled out on cost grounds by the Treasury, when Rishi Sunak was chancellor, and the government has not confirmed how much it will be spending on the scheme.

      Ministers have also identified several former military and government sites, including two defunct airbases and an empty prison, that they want to transform into asylum accommodation.

      But a court battle with Braintree District Council over former RAF Wethersfield is ongoing, and legal action has also been threatened over similar plans for RAF Scampton in Lancashire.

      Last month, a barrister representing home secretary Suella Braverman told the High Court that 56,000 people were expected to arrive on small boats in 2023 and that some could be made homeless if hotel places are not found.

      A record backlog of asylum applications, driven by the increase in Channel crossings and a collapse in Home Office decision-making, mean the government is having to provide accommodation for longer while claims are considered.

      https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/barge-falmouth-cornwall-migrants-bibby-b2333313.html
      #barge #bateau

    • ‘Performative cruelty’ : the hostile architecture of the UK government’s migrant barge

      The arrival of the Bibby Stockholm barge at Portland Port, in Dorset, on July 18 2023, marks a new low in the UK government’s hostile immigration environment. The vessel is set to accommodate over 500 asylum seekers. This, the Home Office argues, will benefit British taxpayers and local residents.

      The barge, however, was immediately rejected by the local population and Dorset council. Several British charities and church groups have condemned the barge, and the illegal migration bill it accompanies, as “an affront to human dignity”.

      Anti-immigration groups have also protested against the barge, with some adopting offensive language, referring to the asylum seekers who will be hosted there as “bargies”. Conservative MP for South Dorset Richard Drax has claimed that hosting migrants at sea would exacerbate tenfold the issues that have arisen in hotels to date, namely sexual assaults, children disappearing and local residents protesting.

      My research shows that facilities built to house irregular migrants in Europe and beyond create a temporary infrastructure designed to be hostile. Governments thereby effectively make asylum seekers more displaceable while ignoring their everyday spatial and social needs.
      Precarious space

      The official brochure plans for the Bibby Stockholm show 222 single bedrooms over three stories, built around two small internal courtyards. It has now been retrofitted with bunk beds to host more than 500 single men – more than double the number it was designed to host.

      Journalists Lizzie Dearden and Martha McHardy have shown this means the asylum seekers housed there – for up to nine months – will have “less living space than an average parking bay”. This stands in contravention of international standards of a minimum 4.5m² of covered living space per person in cold climates, where more time is spent indoors.

      In an open letter, dated June 15 2023 and addressed to home secretary Suella Braverman, over 700 people and nearly 100 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) voiced concerns that this will only add to the trauma migrants have already experienced:

      Housing people on a sea barge – which we argue is equal to a floating prison – is morally indefensible, and threatens to retraumatise a group of already vulnerable people.

      Locals are concerned already overstretched services in Portland, including GP practices, will not be able to cope with further pressure. West Dorset MP Chris Lode has questioned whether the barge itself is safe “to cope with double the weight that it was designed to bear”. A caller to the LBC radio station, meanwhile, has voiced concerns over the vessel’s very narrow and low fire escape routes, saying: “What they [the government] are effectively doing here is creating a potential Grenfell on water, a floating coffin.”

      Such fears are not unfounded. There have been several cases of fires destroying migrant camps in Europe, from the Grand-Synthe camp near Dunkirk in France, in 2017, to the 2020 fire at the Moria camp in Greece. The difficulty of escaping a vessel at sea could turn it into a death trap.

      Performative hostility

      Research on migrant accommodation shows that being able to inhabit a place – even temporarily – and develop feelings of attachment and belonging, is crucial to a person’s wellbeing. Even amid ever tighter border controls, migrants in Europe, who can be described as “stuck on the move”, nonetheless still attempt to inhabit their temporary spaces and form such connections.

      However, designs can hamper such efforts when they concentrate asylum seekers in inhospitable, cut-off spaces. In 2015, Berlin officials began temporarily housing refugees in the former Tempelhof airport, a noisy, alienating industrial space, lacking in privacy and disconnected from the city. Many people ended up staying there for the better part of a year.

      French authorities, meanwhile, opened the Centre Humanitaire Paris-Nord in Paris in 2016, temporary migrant housing in a disused train depot. Nicknamed la Bulle (the bubble) for its bulbous inflatable covering, this facility was noisy and claustrophobic, lacking in basic comforts.

      Like the barge in Portland Port, these facilities, placed in industrial sites, sit uncomfortably between hospitality and hostility. The barge will be fenced off, since the port is a secured zone, and access will be heavily restricted and controlled. The Home Office insists that the barge is not a floating prison, yet it is an unmistakably hostile space.

      Infrastructure for water and electricity will physically link the barge to shore. However, Dorset council has no jurisdiction at sea.

      The commercial agreement on the barge was signed between the Home Office and Portland Port, not the council. Since the vessel is positioned below the mean low water mark, it did not require planning permission.

      This makes the barge an island of sorts, where other rules apply, much like those islands in the Aegean sea and in the Pacific, on which Greece and Australia have respectively housed migrants.

      I have shown how facilities are often designed in this way not to give displaced people any agency, but, on the contrary, to objectify them. They heighten the instability migrants face, keeping them detached from local communities and constantly on the move.

      The government has presented the barge as a cheaper solution than the £6.8 million it is currently spending, daily, on housing asylum seekers in hotels. A recent report by two NGOs, Reclaim the Seas and One Life to Live, concludes, however, that it will save less than £10 a person a day. It could even prove more expensive than the hotel model.

      Sarah Teather, director of the Jesuit Refugee Service UK charity, has described the illegal migration bill as “performative cruelty”. Images of the barge which have flooded the news certainly meet that description too.

      However threatening these images might be, though, they will not stop desperate people from attempting to come to the UK to seek safety. Rather than deterring asylum seekers, the Bibby Stockholm is potentially creating another hazard to them and to their hosting communities.

      https://theconversation.com/performative-cruelty-the-hostile-architecture-of-the-uk-governments

      –---

      Point intéressant, lié à l’aménagement du territoire :

      “Since the vessel is positioned below the mean low water mark, it did not require planning permission”

      C’est un peu comme les #zones_frontalières qui ont été créées un peu partout en Europe (et pas que) pour que les Etats se débarassent des règles en vigueur (notamment le principe du non-refoulement). Voir cette métaliste, à laquelle j’ajoute aussi cet exemple :
      https://seenthis.net/messages/795053

      voir aussi :

      The circumstances at Portland Port are very different because where the barge is to be positioned is below the mean low water mark. This means that the barge is outside of our planning control and there is no requirement for planning permission from the council.

      https://news.dorsetcouncil.gov.uk/2023/07/18/leaders-comments-on-the-home-office-barge

      #hostile_architecture #architecture_hostile #dignité #espace #Portland #hostilité #hostilité_performative #île #infrastructure #extraterritorialité #extra-territorialité #prix #coût

    • Sur l’#histoire (notamment liées au commerce d’ #esclaves) de la Bibby Stockholm :

      Bibby Line, shipowners

      Information
      From Guide to the Records of Merseyside Maritime Museum, volume 1: Bibby Line. In 1807 John Bibby and John Highfield, Liverpool shipbrokers, began taking shares in ships, mainly Parkgate Dublin packets. By 1821 (the end of the partnership) they had vessels sailing to the Mediterranean and South America. In 1850 they expanded their Mediterranean and Black Sea interests by buying two steamers and by 1865 their fleet had increased to twenty three. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 severely affected their business and Frederick Leyland, their general manager, failed to persuade the family partners to diversify onto the Atlantic. Eventually, he bought them out in 1873. In 1889 the Bibby family revived its shipowning interests with a successful passenger cargo service to Burma. From 1893 it also began to carry British troops to overseas postings which remained a Bibby staple until 1962. The Burma service ended in 1971 and the company moved to new areas of shipowning including bulkers, gas tankers and accommodation barges. It still has its head office in Liverpool where most management records are held. The museum holds models of the Staffordshire (1929) and Oxfordshire (1955). For further details see the attached catalogue or contact The Archives Centre for a copy of the catalogue.

      The earliest records within the collection, the ships’ logs at B/BIBBY/1/1/1 - 1/1/3 show company vessels travelling between Europe and South America carrying cargoes that would have been produced on plantations using the labour of enslaved peoples or used within plantation and slave based economies. For example the vessel Thomas (B/BIBBY/1/1/1) carries a cargo of iron hoops for barrels to Brazil in 1812. The Mary Bibby on a voyage in 1825-1826 loads a cargo of sugar in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to carry to Rotterdam. The log (B/BIBBY/1/1/3) records the use of ’negroes’ to work with the ship’s carpenter while the vessel is in port.

      In September 1980 the latest Bibby vessel to hold the name Derbyshire was lost with all hands in the South China Sea. This collection does not include records relating to that vessel or its sinking, apart from a copy ’Motor vessel ’Derbyshire’, 1976-80: in memoriam’ at reference B/BIBBY/3/2/1 (a copy is also available in The Archives Centre library collection at 340.DER). Information about the sinking and subsequent campaigning by the victims’ family can be found on the NML website and in the Life On Board gallery. The Archives Centre holds papers of Captain David Ramwell who assisted the Derbyshire Family Association at D/RAM and other smaller collections of related documents within the DX collection.

      https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/artifact/bibby-line-shipowners

      –—
      An Open Letter to #Bibby_Marine

      Links between your parent company #Bibby_Line_Group (#BLG) and the slave trade have repeatedly been made. If true, we appeal to you to consider what actions you might take in recompense.

      Bibby Marine’s modern slavery statement says that one of the company’s values is to “do the right thing”, and that you “strongly support the eradication of slavery, as well as the eradication of servitude, forced or compulsory labour and human trafficking”. These are admirable words.

      Meanwhile, your parent company’s website says that it is “family owned with a rich history”. Please will you clarify whether this rich history includes slaving voyages where ships were owned, and cargoes transported, by BLG’s founder John Bibby, six generations ago. The BLG website says that in 1807 (which is when slavery was abolished in Britain), “John Bibby began trading as a shipowner in Liverpool with his partner John Highfield”. John Bibby is listed as co-owner of three slaving ships, of which John Highfield co-owned two:

      In 1805, the Harmonie (co-owned by #John_Bibby and three others, including John Highfield) left Liverpool for a voyage which carried 250 captives purchased in West Central Africa and St Helena, delivering them to Cumingsberg in 1806 (see the SlaveVoyages database using Voyage ID 81732).
      In 1806, the Sally (co-owned by John Bibby and two others) left Liverpool for a voyage which transported 250 captives purchased in Bassa and delivered them to Barbados (see the SlaveVoyages database using Voyage ID 83481).
      In 1806, the Eagle (co-owned by John Bibby and four others, including John Highfield) left Liverpool for a voyage which transported 237 captives purchased in Cameroon and delivered them to Kingston in 1807 (see the SlaveVoyages database using Voyage ID 81106).

      The same and related claims were recently mentioned by Private Eye. They also appear in the story of Liverpool’s Calderstones Park [PDF] and on the website of National Museums Liverpool and in this blog post “Shenanigans in Shipping” (a detailed history of the BLG). They are also mentioned by Laurence Westgaph, a TV presenter specialising in Black British history and slavery and the author of Read The Signs: Street Names with a Connection to the Transatlantic Slave Trade and Abolition in Liverpool [PDF], published with the support of English Heritage, The City of Liverpool, Northwest Regional Development Agency, National Museums Liverpool and Liverpool Vision.

      While of course your public pledges on slavery underline that there is no possibility of there being any link between the activities of John Bibby and John Highfield in the early 1800s and your activities in 2023, we do believe that it is in the public interest to raise this connection, and to ask for a public expression of your categorical renunciation of the reported slave trade activities of Mr Bibby and Mr Highfield.

      https://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/latest/news/an-open-letter-to-bibby-marine

      –-

      Très peu d’info sur John Bibby sur wikipedia :

      John Bibby (19 February 1775 – 17 July 1840) was the founder of the British Bibby Line shipping company. He was born in Eccleston, near Ormskirk, Lancashire. He was murdered on 17 July 1840 on his way home from dinner at a friend’s house in Kirkdale.[1]


      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bibby_(businessman)

    • ‘Floating Prisons’: The 200-year-old family #business behind the Bibby Stockholm

      #Bibby_Line_Group_Limited is a UK company offering financial, marine and construction services to clients in at least 16 countries around the world. It recently made headlines after the government announced one of the firm’s vessels, Bibby Stockholm, would be used to accommodate asylum seekers on the Dorset coast.

      In tandem with plans to house migrants at surplus military sites, the move was heralded by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Home Secretary Suella Braverman as a way of mitigating the £6m-a-day cost of hotel accommodation amid the massive ongoing backlog of asylum claims, as well as deterring refugees from making the dangerous channel crossing to the UK. Several protests have been organised against the project already, while over ninety migrants’ rights groups and hundreds of individual campaigners have signed an open letter to the Home Secretary calling for the plans to be scrapped, describing the barge as a “floating prison.”

      Corporate Watch has researched into the Bibby Line Group’s operations and financial interests. We found that:

      - The Bibby Stockholm vessel was previously used as a floating detention centre in the Netherlands, where undercover reporting revealed violence, sexual exploitation and poor sanitation.

      – Bibby Line Group is more than 90% owned by members of the Bibby family, primarily through trusts. Its pre-tax profits for 2021 stood at almost £31m, which they upped to £35.5m by claiming generous tax credits and deferring a fair amount to the following year.

      - Management aboard the vessel will be overseen by an Australian business travel services company, Corporate Travel Management, who have previously had aspersions cast over the financial health of their operations and the integrity of their business practices.

      - Another beneficiary of the initiative is Langham Industries, a maritime and engineering company whose owners, the Langham family, have longstanding ties to right wing parties.

      Key Issues

      According to the Home Office, the Bibby Stockholm barge will be operational for at least 18 months, housing approximately 500 single adult men while their claims are processed, with “24/7 security in place on board, to minimise the disruption to local communities.” These measures appear to have been to dissuade opposition from the local Conservative council, who pushed for background checks on detainees and were reportedly even weighing legal action out of concern for a perceived threat of physical attacks from those housed onboard, as well as potential attacks from the far right against migrants held there.

      Local campaigners have taken aim at the initiative, noting in the open letter:

      “For many people seeking asylum arriving in the UK, the sea represents a site of significant trauma as they have been forced to cross it on one or more occasions. Housing people on a sea barge – which we argue is equal to a floating prison – is morally indefensible, and threatens to re-traumatise a group of already vulnerable people.”

      Technically, migrants on the barge will be able to leave the site. However, in reality they will be under significant levels of surveillance and cordoned off behind fences in the high security port area.

      If they leave, there is an expectation they will return by 11pm, and departure will be controlled by the authorities. According to the Home Office:

      “In order to ensure that migrants come and go in an orderly manner with as little impact as possible, buses will be provided to take those accommodated on the vessel from the port to local drop off points”.

      These drop off points are to be determined by the government, while being sited off the coast of Dorset means they will be isolated from centres of support and solidarity.

      Meanwhile, the government’s new Illegal Migration Bill is designed to provide a legal justification for the automatic detention of refugees crossing the Channel. If it passes, there’s a chance this might set the stage for a change in regime on the Bibby Stockholm – from that of an “accommodation centre” to a full-blown migrant prison.

      An initial release from the Home Office suggested the local voluntary sector would be engaged “to organise activities that keep occupied those being accommodated, potentially involved in local volunteering activity,” though they seemed to have changed the wording after critics said this would mean detainees could be effectively exploited for unpaid labour. It’s also been reported the vessel required modifications in order to increase capacity to the needed level, raising further concerns over cramped living conditions and a lack of privacy.

      Bibby Line Group has prior form in border profiteering. From 1994 to 1998, the Bibby Stockholm was used to house the homeless, some of whom were asylum seekers, in Hamburg, Germany. In 2005, it was used to detain asylum seekers in the Netherlands, which proved a cause of controversy at the time. Undercover reporting revealed a number of cases abuse on board, such as beatings and sexual exploitation, as well suicide attempts, routine strip searches, scabies and the death of an Algerian man who failed to receive timely medical care for a deteriorating heart condition. As the undercover security guard wrote:

      “The longer I work on the Bibby Stockholm, the more I worry about safety on the boat. Between exclusion and containment I encounter so many defects and feel so much tension among the prisoners that it no longer seems to be a question of whether things will get completely out of hand here, but when.”

      He went on:

      “I couldn’t stand the way prisoners were treated […] The staff become like that, because the whole culture there is like that. Inhuman. They do not see the residents as people with a history, but as numbers.”

      Discussions were also held in August 2017 over the possibility of using the vessel as accommodation for some 400 students in Galway, Ireland, amid the country’s housing crisis. Though the idea was eventually dropped for lack of mooring space and planning permission requirements, local students had voiced safety concerns over the “bizarre” and “unconventional” solution to a lack of rental opportunities.
      Corporate Travel Management & Langham Industries

      Although leased from Bibby Line Group, management aboard the Bibby Stockholm itself will be handled by #Corporate_Travel_Management (#CTM), a global travel company specialising in business travel services. The Australian-headquartered company also recently received a £100m contract for the provision of accommodation, travel, venue and ancillary booking services for the housing of Ukrainian refugees at local hotels and aboard cruise ships M/S Victoria and M/S Ambition. The British Red Cross warned earlier in May against continuing to house refugees on ships with “isolated” and “windowless” cabins, and said the scheme had left many “living in limbo.”

      Founded by CEO #Jamie_Pherous, CTM was targeted in 2018 by #VGI_Partners, a group of short-sellers, who identified more than 20 red flags concerning the company’s business interests. Most strikingly, the short-sellers said they’d attended CTM’s offices in Glasgow, Paris, Amsterdam, Stockholm and Switzerland. Finding no signs of business activity there, they said it was possible the firm had significantly overstated the scale of its operations. VGI Partners also claimed CTM’s cash flows didn’t seem to add up when set against the company’s reported growth, and that CTM hadn’t fully disclosed revisions they’d made to their annual revenue figures.

      Two years later, the short-sellers released a follow-up report, questioning how CTM had managed to report a drop in rewards granted for high sales numbers to travel agencies, when in fact their transaction turnover had grown during the same period. They also accused CTM of dressing up their debt balance to make their accounts look healthier.

      CTM denied VGI Partners’ allegations. In their response, they paraphrased a report by auditors EY, supposedly confirming there were no question marks over their business practices, though the report itself was never actually made public. They further claim VGI Partners, as short-sellers, had only released the reports in the hope of benefitting from uncertainty over CTM’s operations.

      Despite these troubles, CTM’s market standing improved drastically earlier this year, when it was announced the firm had secured contracts for the provision of travel services to the UK Home Office worth in excess of $3bn AUD (£1.6bn). These have been accompanied by further tenders with, among others, the National Audit Office, HS2, Cafcass, Serious Fraud Office, Office of National Statistics, HM Revenue & Customs, National Health Service, Ministry of Justice, Department of Education, Foreign Office, and the Equality and Human Rights Commission.

      The Home Office has not released any figures on the cost of either leasing or management services aboard Bibby Stockholm, though press reports have put the estimated price tag at more than £20,000 a day for charter and berthing alone. If accurate, this would put the overall expenditure for the 18-month period in which the vessel will operate as a detention centre at almost £11m, exclusive of actual detention centre management costs such as security, food and healthcare.

      Another beneficiary of the project are Portland Port’s owners, #Langham_Industries, a maritime and engineering company owned by the #Langham family. The family has long-running ties to right-wing parties. Langham Industries donated over £70,000 to the UK Independence Party from 2003 up until the 2016 Brexit referendum. In 2014, Langham Industries donated money to support the re-election campaign of former Clacton MP for UKIP Douglas Carswell, shortly after his defection from the Conservatives. #Catherine_Langham, a Tory parish councillor for Hilton in Dorset, has described herself as a Langham Industries director (although she is not listed on Companies House). In 2016 she was actively involved in local efforts to support the campaign to leave the European Union. The family holds a large estate in Dorset which it uses for its other line of business, winemaking.

      At present, there is no publicly available information on who will be providing security services aboard the Bibby Stockholm.

      Business Basics

      Bibby Line Group describes itself as “one of the UK’s oldest family owned businesses,” operating in “multiple countries, employing around 1,300 colleagues, and managing over £1 billion of funds.” Its head office is registered in Liverpool, with other headquarters in Scotland, Hong Kong, India, Singapore, Malaysia, France, Slovakia, Czechia, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland and Nigeria (see the appendix for more). The company’s primary sectors correspond to its three main UK subsidiaries:

      #Bibby_Financial_Services. A global provider of financial services. The firm provides loans to small- and medium-sized businesses engaged in business services, construction, manufacturing, transportation, export, recruitment and wholesale markets. This includes invoice financing, export and trade finance, and foreign exchanges. Overall, the subsidiary manages more than £6bn each year on behalf of some 9,000 clients across 300 different industry sectors, and in 2021 it brought in more than 50% of the group’s annual turnover.

      - #Bibby_Marine_Limited. Owner and operator of the Bibby WaveMaster fleet, a group of vessels specialising in the transport and accommodation of workers employed at remote locations, such as offshore oil and gas sites in the North Sea. Sometimes, as in the case of Chevron’s Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) project in Nigeria, the vessels are used as an alternative to hotels owing to a “a volatile project environment.” The fleet consists of 40 accommodation vessels similar in size to the Bibby Stockholm and a smaller number of service vessels, though the share of annual turnover pales compared to the group’s financial services operations, standing at just under 10% for 2021.

      - #Garic Ltd. Confined to construction, quarrying, airport, agriculture and transport sectors in the UK, the firm designs, manufactures and purchases plant equipment and machinery for sale or hire. Garic brought in around 14% of Bibby Line Group’s turnover in 2021.

      Prior to February 2021, Bibby Line Group also owned #Costcutter_Supermarkets_Group, before it was sold to #Bestway_Wholesale to maintain liquidity amid the Covid-19 pandemic. In their report for that year, the company’s directors also suggested grant funding from #MarRI-UK, an organisation facilitating innovation in maritime technologies and systems, had been important in preserving the firm’s position during the crisis.
      History

      The Bibby Line Group’s story begins in 1807, when Lancashire-born shipowner John Bibby began trading out of Liverpool with partner John Highfield. By the time of his death in 1840, murdered while returning home from dinner with a friend in Kirkdale, Bibby had struck out on his own and come to manage a fleet of more than 18 ships. The mysterious case of his death has never been solved, and the business was left to his sons John and James.

      Between 1891 and 1989, the company operated under the name #Bibby_Line_Limited. Its ships served as hospital and transport vessels during the First World War, as well as merchant cruisers, and the company’s entire fleet of 11 ships was requisitioned by the state in 1939.

      By 1970, the company had tripled its overseas earnings, branching into ‘factoring’, or invoice financing (converting unpaid invoices into cash for immediate use via short-term loans) in the early 1980s, before this aspect of the business was eventually spun off into Bibby Financial Services. The group acquired Garic Ltd in 2008, which currently operates four sites across the UK.

      People

      #Jonathan_Lewis has served as Bibby Line Group’s Managing and Executive Director since January 2021, prior to which he acted as the company’s Chief Financial and Strategy Officer since joining in 2019. Previously, Lewis worked as CFO for Imagination Technologies, a tech company specialising in semiconductors, and as head of supermarket Tesco’s mergers and acquisitions team. He was also a member of McKinsey’s European corporate finance practice, as well as an investment banker at Lazard. During his first year at the helm of Bibby’s operations, he was paid £748,000. Assuming his role at the head of the group’s operations, he replaced Paul Drescher, CBE, then a board member of the UK International Chamber of Commerce and a former president of the Confederation of British Industry.

      Bibby Line Group’s board also includes two immediate members of the Bibby family, Sir #Michael_James_Bibby, 3rd Bt. and his younger brother #Geoffrey_Bibby. Michael has acted as company chairman since 2020, before which he had occupied senior management roles in the company for 20 years. He also has external experience, including time at Unilever’s acquisitions, disposals and joint venture divisions, and now acts as president of the UK Chamber of Shipping, chairman of the Charities Trust, and chairman of the Institute of Family Business Research Foundation.

      Geoffrey has served as a non-executive director of the company since 2015, having previously worked as a managing director of Vast Visibility Ltd, a digital marketing and technology company. In 2021, the Bibby brothers received salaries of £125,000 and £56,000 respectively.

      The final member of the firm’s board is #David_Anderson, who has acted as non-executive director since 2012. A financier with 35 years experience in investment banking, he’s founder and CEO of EPL Advisory – which advises company boards on requirements and disclosure obligations of public markets – and chair of Creative Education Trust, a multi-academy trust comprising 17 schools. Anderson is also chairman at multinational ship broker Howe Robinson Partners, which recently auctioned off a superyacht seized from Dmitry Pumpyansky, after the sanctioned Russian businessman reneged on a €20.5m loan from JP Morgan. In 2021, Anderson’s salary stood at £55,000.

      Ownership

      Bibby Line Group’s annual report and accounts for 2021 state that more than 90% of the company is owned by members of the Bibby family, primarily through family trusts. These ownership structures, effectively entities allowing people to benefit from assets without being their registered legal owners, have long attracted staunch criticism from transparency advocates given the obscurity they afford means they often feature extensively in corruption, money laundering and tax abuse schemes.

      According to Companies House, the UK corporate registry, between 50% and 75% of Bibby Line Group’s shares and voting rights are owned by #Bibby_Family_Company_Limited, which also retains the right to appoint and remove members of the board. Directors of Bibby Family Company Limited include both the Bibby brothers, as well as a third sibling, #Peter_John_Bibby, who’s formally listed as the firm’s ‘ultimate beneficial owner’ (i.e. the person who ultimately profits from the company’s assets).

      Other people with comparable shares in Bibby Family Company Limited are #Mark_Rupert_Feeny, #Philip_Charles_Okell, and Lady #Christine_Maud_Bibby. Feeny’s occupation is listed as solicitor, with other interests in real estate management and a position on the board of the University of Liverpool Pension Fund Trustees Limited. Okell meanwhile appears as director of Okell Money Management Limited, a wealth management firm, while Lady Bibby, Michael and Geoffrey’s mother, appears as “retired playground supervisor.”

      Key Relationships

      Bibby Line Group runs an internal ‘Donate a Day’ volunteer program, enabling employees to take paid leave in order to “help causes they care about.” Specific charities colleagues have volunteered with, listed in the company’s Annual Review for 2021 to 2022, include:

      - The Hive Youth Zone. An award-winning charity for young people with disabilities, based in the Wirral.

      – The Whitechapel Centre. A leading homeless and housing charity in the Liverpool region, working with people sleeping rough, living in hostels, or struggling with their accommodation.

      - Let’s Play Project. Another charity specialising in after-school and holiday activities for young people with additional needs in the Banbury area.

      - Whitdale House. A care home for the elderly, based in Whitburn, West Lothian and run by the local council.

      – DEBRA. An Irish charity set up in 1988 for individuals living with a rare, painful skin condition called epidermolysis bullosa, as well as their families.

      – Reaching Out Homeless Outreach. A non-profit providing resources and support to the homeless in Ireland.

      Various senior executives and associated actors at Bibby Line Group and its subsidiaries also have current and former ties to the following organisations:

      - UK Chamber of Shipping

      - Charities Trust

      - Institute of Family Business Research Foundation

      - Indefatigable Old Boys Association

      - Howe Robinson Partners

      - hibu Ltd

      - EPL Advisory

      - Creative Education Trust

      - Capita Health and Wellbeing Limited

      - The Ambassador Theatre Group Limited

      – Pilkington Plc

      – UK International Chamber of Commerce

      – Confederation of British Industry

      – Arkley Finance Limited (Weatherby’s Banking Group)

      – FastMarkets Ltd, Multiple Sclerosis Society

      – Early Music as Education

      – Liverpool Pension Fund Trustees Limited

      – Okell Money Management Limited

      Finances

      For the period ending 2021, Bibby Line Group’s total turnover stood at just under £260m, with a pre-tax profit of almost £31m – fairly healthy for a company providing maritime services during a global pandemic. Their post-tax profits in fact stood at £35.5m, an increase they would appear to have secured by claiming generous tax credits (£4.6m) and deferring a fair amount (£8.4m) to the following year.

      Judging by their last available statement on the firm’s profitability, Bibby’s directors seem fairly confident the company has adequate financing and resources to continue operations for the foreseeable future. They stress their February 2021 sale of Costcutter was an important step in securing this, given it provided additional liquidity during the pandemic, as well as the funding secured for R&D on fuel consumption by Bibby Marine’s fleet.
      Scandal Sheet

      Bibby Line Group and its subsidiaries have featured in a number of UK legal proceedings over the years, sometimes as defendants. One notable case is Godfrey v Bibby Line, a lawsuit brought against the company in 2019 after one of their former employees died as the result of an asbestos-related disease.

      In their claim, the executors of Alan Peter Godfrey’s estate maintained that between 1965 and 1972, he was repeatedly exposed to large amounts of asbestos while working on board various Bibby vessels. Although the link between the material and fatal lung conditions was established as early as 1930, they claimed that Bibby Line, among other things:

      “Failed to warn the deceased of the risk of contracting asbestos related disease or of the precautions to be taken in relation thereto;

      “Failed to heed or act upon the expert evidence available to them as to the best means of protecting their workers from danger from asbestos dust; [and]

      “Failed to take all reasonably practicable measures, either by securing adequate ventilation or by the provision and use of suitable respirators or otherwise, to prevent inhalation of dust.”

      The lawsuit, which claimed “unlimited damage”’ against the group, also stated that Mr Godfrey’s “condition deteriorated rapidly with worsening pain and debility,” and that he was “completely dependent upon others for his needs by the last weeks of his life.” There is no publicly available information on how the matter was concluded.

      In 2017, Bibby Line Limited also featured in a leak of more than 13.4 million financial records known as the Paradise Papers, specifically as a client of Appleby, which provided “offshore corporate services” such as legal and accountancy work. According to the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, a global network of investigative media outlets, leaked Appleby documents revealed, among other things, “the ties between Russia and [Trump’s] billionaire commerce secretary, the secret dealings of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s chief fundraiser and the offshore interests of the Queen of England and more than 120 politicians around the world.”

      This would not appear to be the Bibby group’s only link to the shady world of offshore finance. Michael Bibby pops up as a treasurer for two shell companies registered in Panama, Minimar Transport S.A. and Vista Equities Inc.
      Looking Forward

      Much about the Bibby Stockholm saga remains to be seen. The exact cost of the initiative and who will be providing security services on board, are open questions. What’s clear however is that activists will continue to oppose the plans, with efforts to prevent the vessel sailing from Falmouth to its final docking in Portland scheduled to take place on 30th June.

      Appendix: Company Addresses

      HQ and general inquiries: 3rd Floor Walker House, Exchange Flags, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L2 3YL

      Tel: +44 (0) 151 708 8000

      Other offices, as of 2021:

      6, Shenton Way, #18-08A Oue Downtown 068809, Singapore

      1/1, The Exchange Building, 142 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow, G2 5LA, United Kingdom

      4th Floor Heather House, Heather Road, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland

      Unit 2302, 23/F Jubilee Centre, 18 Fenwick Street, Wanchai, Hong Kong

      Unit 508, Fifth Floor, Metropolis Mall, MG Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122002 India

      Suite 7E, Level 7, Menara Ansar, 65 Jalan Trus, 8000 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

      160 Avenue Jean Jaures, CS 90404, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France

      Prievozská 4D, Block E, 13th Floor, Bratislava 821 09, Slovak Republic

      Hlinky 118, Brno, 603 00, Czech Republic

      Laan Van Diepenvoorde 5, 5582 LA, Waalre, Netherlands

      Hansaallee 249, 40549 Düsseldorf, Germany

      Poland Eurocentrum, Al. Jerozolimskie 134, 02-305 Warsaw, Poland

      1/2 Atarbekova str, 350062, Krasnodar, Krasnodar

      1 St Peter’s Square, Manchester, M2 3AE, United Kingdom

      25 Adeyemo Alakija Street, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria

      10 Anson Road, #09-17 International Plaza, 079903 Singapore

      https://corporatewatch.org/floating-prisons-the-200-year-old-family-business-behind-the-bibby-s

      signalé ici aussi par @rezo:
      https://seenthis.net/messages/1010504

    • The Langham family seem quite happy to support right-wing political parties that are against immigration, while at the same time profiting handsomely from the misery of refugees who are forced to claim sanctuary here.


      https://twitter.com/PositiveActionH/status/1687817910364884992

      –---

      Family firm ’profiteering from misery’ by providing migrant barges donated £70k to #UKIP

      The Langham family, owners of Langham Industries, is now set to profit from an 18-month contract with the Home Office to let the Bibby Stockholm berth at Portland, Dorset

      A family firm that donated more than £70,000 to UKIP is “profiteering from misery” by hosting the Government’s controversial migrant barge. Langham Industries owns Portland Port, where the Bibby Stockholm is docked in a deal reported to be worth some £2.5million.

      The Langham family owns luxurious properties and has links to high-profile politicians, including Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Deputy Prime Minister Oliver Dowden. And we can reveal that their business made 19 donations to pro-Brexit party UKIP between 2003 and 2016.

      Late founder John Langham was described as an “avid supporter” of UKIP in an obituary in 2017. Now his children, John, Jill and Justin – all directors of the family firm – are set to profit from an 18-month contract with the Home Office to let the Bibby Stockholm berth at Portland, Dorset.

      While Portland Port refuses to reveal how much the Home Office is paying, its website cites berthing fees for a ship the size of the Bibby Stockholm at more than £4,000 a day. In 2011, Portland Port chairman John, 71, invested £3.7million in Grade II* listed country pile Steeple Manor at Wareham, Dorset. Dating to around 1600, it has a pond, tennis court and extensive gardens designed by the landscape architect Brenda Colvin.

      The arrangement to host the “prison-like” barge for housing migrants has led some locals to blast the Langhams, who have owned the port since 1997. Portland mayor Carralyn Parkes, 61, said: “I don’t know how John Langham will sleep at night in his luxurious home, with his tennis court and his fluffy bed, when asylum seekers are sleeping in tiny beds on the barge.

      “I went on the boat and measured the rooms with a tape measure. On average they are about 10ft by 12ft. The bunk bed mattresses are about 6ft long. If you’re taller than 6ft you’re stuffed. The Langham family need to have more humanity. They are only interested in making money. It’s shocking.”

      (#paywall)
      https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/family-firm-profiteering-misery-providing-30584405.amp

      #UK_Independence_Party

    • ‘This is a prison’: men tell of distressing conditions on Bibby Stockholm

      Asylum seekers share fears about Dorset barge becoming even more crowded, saying they already ‘despair and wish for death’

      Asylum seekers brought back to the Bibby Stockholm barge in Portland, Dorset, have said they are being treated in such a way that “we despair and wish for death”.

      The Guardian spoke to two men in their first interview since their return to the barge on 19 October after the vessel lay empty for more than two months. The presence of deadly legionella bacteria was confirmed on board on 7 August, the same day the first group of asylum seekers arrived. The barge was evacuated four days later.

      The new warning comes after it emerged that one asylum seeker attempted to kill himself and is in hospital after finding out he is due to be taken to the barge on Tuesday.

      A man currently on the barge told the Guardian: “Government decisions are turning healthy and normal refugees into mental patients whom they then hand over to society. Here, many people were healthy and coping with OK spirits, but as a result of the dysfunctional strategies of the government, they have suffered – and continue to suffer – from various forms of serious mental distress. We are treated in such a way that we despair and wish for death.”

      He said that although the asylum seekers were not detained on the barge and could leave to visit the nearby town, in practice, doing so was not easy.

      He added: “In the barge, we have exactly the feeling of being in prison. It is true that they say that this is not a prison and you can go outside at any time, but you can only go to specific stops at certain times by bus, and this does not give me a good feeling.

      “Even to use the fresh air, you have to go through the inspection every time and go to the small yard with high fences and go through the X-ray machine again. And this is not good for our health.

      “In short, this is a prison whose prisoners are not criminals, they are people who have fled their country just to save their lives and have taken shelter here to live.”

      The asylum seekers raised concerns about what conditions on the barge would be like if the Home Office did fill it with about 500 asylum seekers, as officials say is the plan. Those on board said it already felt quite full with about 70 people living there.

      The second asylum seeker said: “The space inside the barge is very small. It feels crowded in the dining hall and the small entertainment room. It is absolutely clear to me that there will be chaos here soon.

      “According to my estimate, as I look at the spaces around us, the capacity of this barge is maximum 120 people, including personnel and crew. The strategy of ​​transferring refugees from hotels to barges or ships or military installations is bound to fail.

      “The situation here on the barge is getting worse. Does the government have a plan for shipwrecked residents? Everyone here is going mad with anxiety. It is not just the barge that floats on the water, but the plans of the government that are radically adrift.”

      Maddie Harris of the NGO Humans For Rights Network, which supports asylum seekers in hotels, said: “Home Office policies directly contribute to the significant deterioration of the wellbeing and mental health of so many asylum seekers in their ‘care’, with a dehumanising environment, violent anti-migrant rhetoric and isolated accommodations away from community and lacking in support.”

      A Home Office spokesperson said: “The Bibby Stockholm is part of the government’s pledge to reduce the use of expensive hotels and bring forward alternative accommodation options which provide a more cost-effective, sustainable and manageable system for the UK taxpayer and local communities.

      “The health and welfare of asylum seekers remains the utmost priority. We work continually to ensure the needs and vulnerabilities of those residing in asylum accommodation are identified and considered, including those related to mental health and trauma.”

      Nadia Whittome and Lloyd Russell-Moyle, the Labour MPs for Nottingham East and Brighton Kemptown respectively, will travel to Portland on Monday to meet asylum seekers accommodated on the Bibby Stockholm barge and local community members.

      The visit follows the home secretary, Suella Braverman, not approving a visit from the MPs to assess living conditions as they requested through parliamentary channels.

      https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/oct/29/this-is-a-prison-men-tell-of-distressing-conditions-on-bibby-stockholm
      #prison #conditions_de_vie

  • Autre temps autre ambiance ? Hum…

    Pourtant tout au long, les violences policières restent de mise. Sous la férule du ministre de l’Intérieur Raymond Marcellin - qui prévoit que « tous ces jeunes gauchistes finiront dans la peau de députés ou de journalistes modérés » - puis de ses successeurs, la répression fait rage jusqu’à la fin des années 1970. En 1973-1974 contre les derniers combattants du maoïsme ultra. En juillet 1977 contre la marche des militants antinucléaire à Creys-Malville. En 1979 contre les rebelles anarchistes et les derniers autonomes irréductibles, que policiers et éditorialistes (notamment à L’Humanité) traitent en dangereux « vandales ». En mai 1980 encore, avec l’évacuation brutale de toutes les radios libres qui fleurissaient depuis deux ou trans ans. Et finalement contre tous, jeunes, enseignants ou chômeurs, à mesure que le régime giscardien finissant accumule les lois répressives qui divisent jusqu’à sa propre majorité : critère de « dangerosité sociale » appliqué aux chercheurs et professeurs qui militent, loi Bonnet qui met les immigrés à la merci du ministère de l’Intérieur sans accès à la justice, projet de loi Peyrefitte pour rendre « facultative » l’instruction d’une enquête pénale, etc.
    – François Cusset, La décennie, Le grand cauchemar des années 80

    #François_Cusset #livre #extrait #politique #histoire #années_80 #années_70 #droite #et_ça_continue_encore_et_encore

  • Noires souffrances

    Le village de #Keyenberg n’est plus que son propre fantôme. La faute à l’exploitation de la #lignite, pourtant stoppée de justesse par les habitant·es. Reportage aux confins de la #mine de #Garzweiler_II.

    Dehors, la grisaille et les maisons en brique rouge à l’abandon invitent au répit. Mais, entre les murs de la ferme centenaire que l’on distingue du bout de la rue, l’angoisse s’est trouvée une place de choix. Ce matin-là, Norbert a le cœur lourd. « Je me suis réveillé brusquement à 5 heures et je me suis demandé : qu’est-ce qu’on doit faire ? Est-ce qu’on devrait partir et tout vendre ? Ou rester ? » Il soupire. Cet habitant viscéralement attaché à son village devenu fantôme de Keyenberg a l’esprit qui se brouille quand l’avenir se pose.

    Aujourd’hui vidé de la majorité de ses habitants, Keyenberg est l’un des cinq villages miraculés de la gigantesque trouée noire voisine, en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, dans l’ouest de l’Allemagne. La mine de lignite – un #charbon de faible qualité – de Garzweiler II a déjà avalé 11 400 hectares en quarante ans. Voués à être dévorés par les crocs des excavatrices géantes de la multinationale allemande #RWE, comme quinze villages avant eux, ils ont été sauvés grâce à la lutte acharnée depuis 2016 de dizaines d’habitant·es et d’activistes du climat réuni·es, notamment, au sein du collectif #Alle_Dörfer_bleiben (« Tous les villages restent »). Celui-ci a obtenu que la nouvelle coalition du gouvernement fédéral officialise à l’automne 2022 le sauvetage des cinq villages dans le cadre de la sortie du pays du charbon en 2030.

    La destruction de #Lützerath, village symbole de la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique et de l’exploitation du charbon, n’a pu, elle, être évitée. Le bourg a été rasé en janvier malgré le combat long de deux ans de la #ZAD et une manifestation ayant réuni 35 000 personnes. L’Allemagne a en parallèle décidé de relancer vingt-sept centrales à charbon en raison de la crise énergétique liée notamment à la guerre en Ukraine.

    Déjà expulsés une fois

    Depuis 1983, l’entreprise RWE, longtemps l’une des plus grandes émettrices de CO2 en Europe, a exproprié des dizaines de milliers de propriétaires pour alimenter en énergie le pays. Norbert et les siens étaient les suivants sur la liste. « Mon père et mon grand-père s’étaient installés ici il y a une soixantaine d’années car ils pensaient, comme leur avait dit l’entreprise, qu’il n’y avait pas de charbon ici, à 20 km de leur village de Königshofen qui, déjà, allait être avalé par la mine », raconte Norbert. Aujourd’hui, l’immense crevasse de 200 mètres de profondeur toque au portail de son jardin, à moins de 400 mètres. Elle s’est arrêtée là.

    Depuis 2016, début des #expropriations à Keyenberg, #Oberwestrich, #Unterwestrich, #Kuckum et #Berverath, qui font tous partie de la commune d’#Erkelenz, les maisons se sont vidées les unes après les autres pour aller se reconstruire dans les nouveaux lotissements sans âme à 7 kilomètres de là. Date butoir initiale (avant le revirement) : 2023. « Sur ceux qui ne voulaient pas partir, RWE exerçait une pression constante avec des courriers réguliers du type : ‘Vous savez que 50% de vos voisins seront partis l’année prochaine ? Puis 60%, 70%…’ et là je sentais la pression monter. Qu’est-ce que je fais ? » se souvient Norbert, assis dans sa cuisine récemment rénovée.

    « Ne le dites à personne »

    Cet homme jovial a mené la lutte avec Alle Dörfer bleiben. Lui et sa famille sont restés, avec environ 80 voisin·es. Sur les 1500 habitant·es des cinq villages, il en subsiste à peine 200. Mais si les rues se sont vidées, les murs des maisons, eux, se sont emplis de souffrance. Un peu partout, les mêmes histoires se font écho. Comme l’arrivée discrète de RWE bien en amont, « envoyant ses employés dans les manifestations » ou finançant des événements locaux. « Déjà, à ce moment-là, il y avait ceux dans le village qui disaient ‘oh, ils ne sont pas si mauvais en fait, on va prendre l’argent’ et les autres qui disaient ‘c’est le diable, ne leur parlez pas’. Soudain, des voisins ou des amis de toujours, des membres d’une même famille ne se sont plus parlé », déplore Norbert.

    Dans ces terres agricoles et conservatrices, la plupart des gens, souvent âgés, ont toujours habité là depuis plusieurs générations. « Ils n’ont jamais acheté ou vendu une maison, ne connaissent pas la valeur de la leur, alors que pour RWE, c’est une tâche quotidienne. » Selon les habitant·es rencontré·es, une clause de confidentialité a été signée, chose que dément l’entreprise qui évoque « une grande transparence dans les paiements d’indemnisation ». « Ils nous ont dit : on vous donne 3000 m² – le terrain de la famille de Norbert est de 8000 m² – c’est notre dernière offre, personne n’obtiendra un tel terrain, mais vous ne devez le dire à personne », raconte celui que RWE a conduit en justice face à son refus de vendre son terrain, après, notamment, que « l’entreprise a installé illégalement une pompe hydraulique et des pipelines dans mon champs ».

    « Chacun demandait au voisin : ‘Et vous, vous avez reçu combien ? Comment vous avez fait pour négocier ?’ Mais personne ne pouvait parler. C’était terrible ! » raconte, sur le pas de sa porte, Yann Mülders, un trentenaire qui habite avec sa sœur, son neveu, sa mère et sa grand-mère à l’entrée du village depuis vingt-deux ans. « Ils ont semé la zizanie pour que tout le monde cède et s’en aille », croit savoir ce bonhomme placide, attristé de constater « que la vie est morte ici ».
    Bisbilles et tristesse à Neu Keyenberg

    Mais le nouveau village n’est pas épargné. Outre la bataille pour les meilleurs terrains, l’argent a créé divisions et envies. « Ici, il y a de nombreuses histoires de jalousies, de voisins qui comparent leurs situations et la taille de leurs maisons », raconte, affligé, Julius, 26 ans, « déplacé » du charbon dans le nouveau Keyenberg où les maisons en travaux se bousculent.

    Pour beaucoup, bien que conscient·es depuis trente ans de leur expropriation prochaine, le déracinement a été dévastateur. Pour les plus âgé·es, surtout. « Ma grand-mère, qui avait 85 ans, est décédée l’année dernière, un an après notre déménagement qu’elle a très mal vécu, elle était très triste de devoir quitter sa maison », raconte, ému, André. Une bâtisse qui avait vu passer quatre générations.

    Ingo a lui aussi terriblement souffert de l’expropriation (lire ci-dessous). Habitant de toujours de Keyenberg, il a perdu ses deux parents successivement, avant la date butoir. Avant de mourir, son père a dit : « Je ne veux plus déménager. »

    « L’expropriation a brisé le cœur de nombreuses personnes, et certaines sont mortes à cause de ça », témoigne René Wagner, journaliste déplacé qui tente de recréer une communauté villageoise dans la nouvelle localité. « Il y a même des gens qui veulent que leur ancienne maison soit détruite, car pour eux le pire serait que quelqu’un habite chez eux », raconte Christopher, président du collectif Alle Dörfer bleiben. Les histoires tragiques se bousculent.

    Plusieurs personnes rencontrées évoquent aussi des #suicides dans les anciens villages. « Ce sont des histoires cachées, beaucoup de gens le savent, mais n’en parlent pas », dit, comme d’autres, Julius. « Si je n’habitais pas ici, je ne pourrais pas croire tout ce qui y est arrivé », disent d’une seule voix Norbert et André, respectivement habitant de l’ancien et du nouveau Keyenberg.

    https://lecourrier.ch/2023/04/20/noires-souffrances

    #extractivisme #Allemagne #expulsions

  • Deserts Are Not Empty

    Colonial and imperial powers have often portrayed arid lands as “empty” spaces ready to be occupied, exploited, extracted, and polluted. Despite the undeniable presence of human and nonhuman lives and forces in desert territories, the “#regime_of_emptiness” has inhabited, and is still inhabiting, many imaginaries. Deserts Are Not Empty challenges this colonial tendency, questions its roots and ramifications, and remaps the representations, theories, histories, and stories of arid lands—which comprise approximately one-third of the Earth’s land surface. The volume brings together poems in original languages, conversations with collectives, and essays by scholars and professionals from the fields of architecture, architectural history and theory, curatorial studies, comparative literature, film studies, landscape architecture, and photography. These different approaches and diverse voices draw on a framework of decoloniality to unsettle and unlearn the desert, opening up possibilities to see, think, imagine it otherwise.

    https://cup.columbia.edu/book/deserts-are-not-empty/9781941332740

    #livre #géographie_du_plein #géographie_du_vide #ressources_pédagogiques #désert #colonialisme #vide #exploitation #occupation #extractivisme #pollution

    ping @reka

  • People’s Declaration: Building the Just Transition from Below through advancing the Right to Say No! - AIDC | Alternative Information & Development Centre

    On Human Rights Day, 21 March 2023, over 70 activists from mining communities across the country gathered in Xolobeni, Eastern Cape to commemorate the life of fallen human rights defenders including Sikhosiphi Bazooka Rhadebe, Chairperson of the Amadiba Crisis Committee who was assassinated on 22 March 2016 for leading those opposing titanium mining in the area. In this gathering, they reaffirmed their commitment to struggle for the Right to Say No. This commitment has been collectively expressed through a People’s Declaration to advance the Right to Say No.

    #Extractivisme #Afrique_du_Sud

  • Bonjour à vous, qui luttez pour des terres paysannes et contre l’agro-industrie.

    Notre dernière émission « Du pain et des parpaings », en ligne depuis ce matin, est consacrée à l’accaparement des terres par les sociétés financiarisées et à des manières de se réapproprier le terrain :
    https://hearthis.at/radiopikez/set/du-pain-et-des-parpaings

    On y entend Bastien, de la Confédération paysanne, Aurélie, paysanne, et Amélie, de Terres de Lien.

    C’est 1 heure de discussion, d’accordéon électronique, de détermination et de constats, sans parler des sons de grenade et des ressources nourricières.

    Merci pour votre écoute, le relais et vos éventuels retours.

    A bientôt,

    L’équipe de Du pain et des parpaings (Radio Pikez - Brest)

    Du pain et des parpaings, une série d’émissions mensuelles sur les luttes contre l’accaparement des terres, la gentrification, l’agro-industrie, le capitalisme vert, le pourrissement des écosystèmes, le colonialisme, l’extractivisme des corps et des matières, le tout principalement en Bretagne mais pas que. Parce que les luttes ne sont pas que locales, elles s’insèrent le plus souvent dans un système économique et politique global, délétère et injuste.