facility:university of chicago

  • Explore the History of Cartography with University of Chicago’s Free Online Archive
    https://mymodernmet.com/history-of-cartography-university-of-chicago-press

    artography, or map-making, has a long history. From cave paintings to ancient Greek explorations, maps have always been used as a vital tool to help us visualize and navigate our way through the world. “Cartography was not born full-fledged as a science or even an art,” wrote map historian Lloyd Brown in 1949. “It evolved slowly and painfully from obscure origins.” Many creators of the earliest forms of maps did not try to illustrate exact geography, but rather abstract representations of real, or even fictitious, locations.

    Thanks to The University of Chicago Press, anyone can now explore a fascinating library of early maps. Titled The History of Cartography, the extensive six-volume, multi-author archive includes maps from prehistoric times up to the twentieth century. Each book in the series costs $200; however, the team recently made the first three volumes available online, to download as PDFs for free.

    #cartographie #cartographie_ancienne

  • The History of Cartography, the “Most Ambitious Overview of Map Making Ever,” Is Now Free Online | Open Culture
    http://www.openculture.com/2018/02/the-history-of-cartography-the-most-ambitious-overview-of-map-making-ev

    Worth a quick mention: The University of Chicago Press has made available online — at no cost — the first three volumes of The History of Cartography. Or what Edward Rothstein, of The New York Times, called “the most ambitious overview of map making ever undertaken.” He continues:

    People come to know the world the way they come to map it—through their perceptions of how its elements are connected and of how they should move among them. This is precisely what the series is attempting by situating the map at the heart of cultural life and revealing its relationship to society, science, and religion…. It is trying to define a new set of relationships between maps and the physical world that involve more than geometric correspondence. It is in essence a new map of human attempts to chart the world.

    #cartographie #histoire #histoire_de_la-cartographie

  • crFRST.io — Crypto trading platform
    https://hackernoon.com/frst-io-crypto-trading-platform-55189a2417ab?source=rss----3a8144eabfe3-

    FRST.io visualizationI got the chance to interview Karl Muth, CEO of FRST.io. They make enterprise grade, trading-desk-ready crypto software. Using their software, a trader can track large and subtle movements of crypto into various wallets and exchanges to get insight into which way the markets are moving. You can also tune your algorithms with their expansive data sets, which include annotated information back to block 1.Karl holds J.D. and M.B.A. degrees, the latter with a concentration in economics from the University of Chicago, as well an M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees from the London School of Economics. The founders of FRST brought him in as CEO earlier this year; prior to this, he was CEO of Chicago-based search engine startup Haystack, whose technology helps users find content on (...)

    #bitcoin #crypto-trading #crypto-trading-startup #crypto-trading-platform #cryptocurrency

  • Top Climate Scientist: Humans Will Go Extinct if We Don’t Fix Climate Change by 2023
    https://gritpost.com/humans-extinct-climate-change

    In a recent speech at the University of Chicago, James Anderson — a professor of atmospheric chemistry at Harvard University — warned that climate change is drastically pushing Earth back to the Eocene Epoch from 33 million BCE, when there was no ice on either pole. Anderson says current #pollution levels have already catastrophically depleted atmospheric #ozone levels, which absorb 98 percent of #ultraviolet rays, to levels not seen in 12 million years.

    Anderson’s assessment of humanity’s timeline for action is likely accurate, given that his diagnosis and discovery of Antarctica’s ozone holes led to the Montreal Protocol of 1987. Anderson’s research was recognized by the United Nations in September of 1997. He subsequently received the United Nations Vienna Convention Award for Protection of the Ozone Layer in 2005, and has been recognized by numerous universities and academic bodies for his research.

    #climat #extinction

    • The good news is there are a relatively small amount of culprits responsible for the vast majority of carbon emissions, meaning governments know who to focus on. As Grit Post reported in July of 2017, more than half of all carbon emissions between 1988 and 2016 can be traced back to just 25 fossil fuel giants around the world. 10 of those 25 top emitters are American companies, meaning the onus is largely on the United States to rein in major polluters like ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, Chevron, and Marathon Oil. Other offenders include Chinese companies extracting and burning coal, and Russian oil conglomerates like Rosneft, Gazprom, and Lukoil.

      However, the bad news for humanity is that as long as Donald Trump is President of the United States, swift action to combat climate change seems unlikely prior to 2020, given that Trump pulled out of the Paris Climate Accords and refuses to even acknowledge the threat of climate change despite warnings from U.S. government agencies like the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense.

  • ’You don’t sound American’, TV host tells Muslim blogger from Oklahoma | US news | The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/14/muslim-blogger-hoda-katebi-chicago-wgn-news

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNwzxPpRVoA&feature=youtu.be

    Invitée pour parler de son livre sur la mode vestimentaire à Téhéran, une fille musulmane est brusquement sommée de condamner l’Iran pour prouver son appartenance à « l’identité étasunienne ».

    Hoda Katebi, 23, was invited onto Chicago’s WGN News morning show to speak about her book, Tehran Streetstyle, but [...] one of the presenters made a sharp turn to geopolitics, and asked: “Let’s talk about nuclear weapons. Some of our viewers may say we cannot trust Iran. What are your thoughts?”

    Mais la réaction a été contraire,

    Katebi responded: “I don’t think we can trust this country [the US]. When we see the legacy of this country and the violence that it has not only created but also created the capacity for, a lot of these weapons in the Middle East are completely brought in by the Unites States.”

    This exchange prompted the presenter to tell Katebi: “A lot of Americans might take offence to that. You’re an American, you don’t sound like an American when you say [this] … you know what I mean.”

    [...]

    Katebi, who studied international relations and Middle Eastern politics at University of Chicago, shrugged off the comment with a laugh – which she told the Guardian was prompted by the “absurdity” of the question.

    “I don’t think I would have gotten the same question if I was white – despite being born and raised in this country,” she said.

    Katebi said she had sensed a shift in attitudes towards Muslims in the US since the election of Donald Trump. “ People now feel very confident in being able to voice Islamophobic opinions that might have kept to themselves before, ” she said.

    A WGN spokesperson said: “WGN-TV anchor Robin Baumgarten spoke with Hoda Katebi this morning. Robin apologized to Hoda and they had a constructive dialogue about micro-aggressions. WGN, Robin and Hoda will be working together to use this as a teachable moment to encourage education and a deeper understanding of race, religion and identity struggles.”

    #racisme_décomplexé

  • Apple Is the Most Valuable Public Company Ever. But How Much of a Record Is That ? - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/05/your-money/apple-market-share.html

    Remise en cause dnas une perspective d’un siècle de la domination de Apple... réelle, mais moins que IBM dans les années 80. Il y a plus de compagnies qui attirent les investisseurs. Mais dans tous les cas, ce sont les compagnies du numérique qui tiennent le heut du pavé des bourses américaines.

    Apple’s rising stock price briefly pushed its market value over $900 billion last month. That made Apple the most valuable publicly-traded company of all time, raising the question: Will it become the first company to be worth $1 trillion?

    We asked experts at the University of Chicago to help make sense of Apple’s enormous size, given the long history of the stock market. Apple’s numbers are still spectacular — but they don’t look as awesome when you take a long-term view.

    #Apple #Economie_numérique

  • Ingenious: Jack Gilbert - Issue 50: Emergence
    http://nautil.us/issue/50/emergence/ingenious-jack-gilbert

    When I ask Jack Gilbert about the future of medicine, he tells me what he recommends to his graduate students before they head into surgery, “When you go to cut someone open, you don’t just have one patient on the gurney. You have 40 trillion patients, and you have to think of how your actions are going to affect them.” Those trillions of patients are microorganisms, communities of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and in some unhappy cases—pathogens. But they’re not all free riders. A growing body of research is making the case that the microscopic creatures in our gut, ears, mouth, and on our skin—together called our microbiome—play an essential role in our wellbeing. And Gilbert, faculty director of the Microbiome Center at the University of Chicago, and his team are at the cutting edge of this (...)

  • The History of Cartography, the “Most Ambitious Overview of Map Making Ever,” Now Free Online | Open Culture
    http://www.openculture.com/2015/09/the-history-of-cartography-the-most-ambitious-overview-of-map-making-ev

    Worth a quick mention: The University of Chicago Press has made available online — at no cost — the first three volumes of The History of Cartography. Or what Edward Rothstein, of The New York Times, called “the most ambitious overview of map making ever undertaken.” He continues:

    People come to know the world the way they come to map it—through their perceptions of how its elements are connected and of how they should move among them. This is precisely what the series is attempting by situating the map at the heart of cultural life and revealing its relationship to society, science, and religion…. It is trying to define a new set of relationships between maps and the physical world that involve more than geometric correspondence. It is in essence a new map of human attempts to chart the world.

    #histoire-de_la_cartographie

  • Library of Congress | The Palestine Poster Project Archives

    http://palestineposterproject.org/special-collection/library-of-congress

    Déja sur les collines... J’avais raté ce site, sur lequel il y a des pépites.

    The Palestine Poster Project Archives
    The Liberation Graphics Collection of Palestine Posters - Nominated to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Program 2016-2017
    About the Palestine Poster Project Archives

    This website has been created to mark headway on my masters’ thesis project at Georgetown University. It is a work-in-progress.

    I first began collecting Palestine posters when I was a Peace Corps volunteer in Morocco in the mid-1970s. By 1980 I had acquired about 300 Palestine posters. A small grant awarded with the support of the late Dr. Edward Said allowed me to organize them into an educational slideshow to further the “third goal” of the Peace Corps: to promote a better understanding of other peoples on the part of Americans. Over the ensuing years, while running my design company, Liberation Graphics, the number of internationally published Palestine posters I acquired steadily grew. Today the Archives numbers some 5,000 Palestine posters from myriad sources making it what many library science specialists say is the largest such archives in the world.

    The Palestine poster genre dates back to around 1900 and, incredibly, more Palestine posters are designed, printed and distributed today than ever before. Unlike most of the political art genres of the twentieth century such as those of revolutionary Cuba and the former Soviet Union, which have either died off, been abandoned, or become mere artifacts, the Palestine poster genre continues to evolve. Moreover, the emergence of the Internet has exponentially expanded the genre’s network of creative contributors and amplified the public conversation about contemporary Palestine.

    My research has two major components: (1) the development of a curriculum using the Palestine poster as a key resource for teaching the formative history of the Palestinian-Zionist conflict in American high schools. This aspect of my work is viewable in my New Curriculum and; (2) the creation of a web-based archives that displays the broadest possible range of Palestine posters in a searchable format with each poster translated and interpreted.

    This library and teaching resource allows educators, students, scholars, and other parties interested in using the New Curriculum to incorporate Palestine posters into classroom learning activities. Titles included are from the Liberation Graphics collection, the Library of Congress, the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem, the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, Yale University, the University of Chicago and a host of other sources. To facilitate my research I have broken the genre of the Palestine poster into four sources, or wellsprings.

    These wellsprings are:

    1) Arab and Muslim artists and agencies

    2) International artists and agencies

    3) Palestinian nationalist artists and agencies

    4) Zionist and Israeli artists and agencies

    For the purpose of this research project, I have arbitrarily defined a “Palestine” poster as:

    1) Any poster with the word “Palestine” in it, in any language, from any source or time period;

    2) Any poster created or published by any artist or agency claiming Palestinian nationality or Palestinian participation;

    3) Any poster published in the geographical territory of historic Palestine, at any point in history, including contemporary Israel;

    4) Any poster published by any source which relates directly to the social, cultural, political, military or economic history of Palestine; and/or

    5) Any poster related to Zionism or anti-Zionism in any language, from any source, published after August 31, 1897.

    The majority of posters in this archives are printed on paper. However, an increasing number of new Palestine posters are “born digitally” and then printed and distributed locally, oftentimes in very small quantities. This localization represents a sea change in the way political poster art is produced and disseminated. Traditionally, political posters were printed in a single location and then distributed worldwide. The global reach of the internet combined with the rising costs of mass production is shifting production away from large centralized printing operations to a system controlled more by small end-users in myriad locations.

    Electronic, digitally created images included in this archives meet these requirements: they are capable of being downloaded and printed out at a size at least as large as 18” X 24” and they deal substantially with the subject of Palestine. Computer generated images will be identified as such. I am uploading posters in what may appear to be a haphazard order; actually the order is a reflection of the way(s) in which many of the posters were originally collected, stored, and digitized on CDs over the past fifteen years.

    As time and funds permit, I will be uploading the entire archives.

    I want to specifically thank the following people without whose assistance I would not have been able to even begin this research: Dr. Lena Jayyusi, for both her thorough critique of the New Curriculum as well as her steadfast moral support over many years; Dr. Rochelle Davis, my academic advisor at Georgetown who gave me the freedom to explore the questions of most interest to me and who encouraged me to look at the genre from visual anthropology and ethnographic perspectives; Catherine Baker, who has provided creative, editorial and moral support of incalculable value to me and to whom I am forever indebted; Dr. Eric Zakim, the director of the Joseph and Alma Gildenhorn Institute for Israel Studies at the University of Maryland at College Park whose translations of the Hebrew text in the Zionist/Israel poster wellspring and whose breadth of knowledge of Zionist history and iconography proved indispensable; Dr. Elana Shohamy of Tel Aviv University for opening up to me the worlds of Jewish language history, Israeli language policy and perhaps most importantly, the principles of language rights, and; Richard Reinhard whose early and complete review of the New Curriculum helped keep me on schedule and in focus.

    Special thanks are also due Jenna Beveridge, the Academic Program Coordinator at Georgetown’s Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, without whose guidance through the halls of academia I would have been hopelessly lost. There are, in addition, legions of people who over the years have encouraged me to persevere in this work. I will make it a point to thank them at regular intervals in the progress of this project.

    Dan Walsh Silver Spring, MD April 2009

  • A 1927 Map Reveals the Hide-Outs of Chicago’s Most Notorious Gangsters | Atlas Obscura

    http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/map-monday-chicago-gangland

    Découvert par Jean-Christophe Fichet @jcfichet - cette carte incroyable.

    In the 1920s, the streets of Chicago were home to hundreds of secret clubhouses and hideouts—home bases to thieving, violent gangsters. Between 1923 and 1926, one sociologist at the University of Chicago endeavored to track down and map the favorite haunts and hang-outs of more than 1,300 gangs for the project Chicago’s Gangland.

    “No less than 1,313 gangs have been discovered in Chicago and its environs!” Frederic Thrasher wrote at the time. “Their distribution as shown on the accompanying map makes it possible to visualize the typical areas of gangland and to indicate their place in the life and organization of Chicago.”

    #cartographie #précurseurs #histoire #cartoexperiment

  • Bias in Criminal Risk Scores Is Mathematically Inevitable, Researchers Say
    https://www.propublica.org/article/bias-in-criminal-risk-scores-is-mathematically-inevitable-researchers-sa

    The racial bias that ProPublica found in a formula used by courts and parole boards to forecast future criminal behavior arises inevitably from the test’s design, according to new research.

    The findings were described in scholarly papers published or circulated over the past several months. Taken together, they represent the most far-reaching critique to date of the fairness of algorithms that seek to provide an objective measure of the likelihood a defendant will commit further crimes.

    Increasingly, criminal justice officials are using similar risk prediction equations to inform their decisions about bail, sentencing and early release.

    The researchers found that the formula, and others like it, have been written in a way that guarantees black defendants will be inaccurately identified as future criminals more often than their white counterparts.

    • The problem, several said in interviews, arises from the characteristic that criminologists have used as the cornerstone for creating fair algorithms, which is that formula must generate equally accurate forecasts for all racial groups.

      The researchers found that an algorithm crafted to achieve that goal, known as “#predictive_parity,” inevitably leads to disparities in what sorts of people are incorrectly classified as high risk when two groups have different arrest rates.

      ’Predictive parity’ actually corresponds to ‘optimal discrimination,’” said Nathan Srebro, associate professor of computer science at the University of Chicago and the Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago. That’s because predictive parity results in a higher proportion of black defendants being wrongly rated as high-risk.

      #parité_prédictive

  • Advice from #Angela_Davis in the aftermath of the election | Bleader

    http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2016/11/17/advice-from-angela-davis-in-the-aftermath-of-the-election

    Some 1,600 people packed the University of Chicago’s Rockefeller Chapel Wednesday evening to hear a lecture by legendary radical feminist and academic Angela Davis. The one-time Black Panther leader urged the rapt audience to move beyond mourning and embrace grassroots political organizing in the face of the impending presidency of Donald Trump.

    Seventy-two-year-old Davis looked regal, her grey-gold Afro in a halo around her face, her gap-toothed smile and lilting voice as captivating as it was 50 years ago. She was depicted in the media as a dangerous terrorist then. In the early 70s she was placed on the FBI’s most wanted list, then tried and acquitted on charges of being an accomplice to the killing of a California judge (charges widely seen as then-governor Ronald Reagan’s retribution for her radical activism). Today, the University of California Santa Cruz professor emerita is still an icon, regularly publishing influential feminist and anti-capitalists treatises and lecturing widely around the country.

    #élections #états-unis #trump

  • Americans Blame Obesity on Willpower, Despite Evidence It’s Genetic - The New York Times
    http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/01/health/americans-obesity-willpower-genetics-study.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur

    Americans believe that obesity is tied with cancer as the biggest health threat in the nation today. But though scientific research shows that diet and exercise are insufficient solutions, a large majority say fat people should be able to summon the willpower to lose weight on their own.

    The findings are from a nationally representative survey of 1,509 adults released on Tuesday by NORC at the University of Chicago, an independent research institution. The study, funded by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, found that concerns about obesity have risen. Just a few years ago, in a more limited survey, cancer was seen as the most serious health threat.

    #santé #états-unis #obésité

  • Parasites Are Us - Issue 35: Boundaries
    http://nautil.us/issue/35/boundaries/parasites-are-us

    Jerry Coyne is an evolutionary biologist at the University of Chicago. His research on population and evolutionary genetics has been widely published in professional and trade journals and his 2009 book, Why Evolution Is True, established him as a leading force in the study of evolution. Jerry is also an internationally famous defender of evolution against proponents of creationism and intelligent design. He is a highly respected scientist. This, however, is a more personal story about Coyne. It goes back to 1973, when he was a mere 24-year-old graduate student at Harvard. As he moved through the program, Coyne was becoming well versed in the intellectual tools of his trade—genetics, evolutionary logic, research methods, and the like. But when it came to real-life contact with nature, (...)

  • Syria Comment » Archives Harakat al-Hawiya al-Arabiya al-Druziya: Defending Druze Identity in Suwayda’ - Syria Comment
    http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/harakat-al-hawiya-al-arabiya-al-druziya-defending-druze-identity-in-su

    By Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi

    Although the Druze originate from a sect within Shi’i Islam, the religious movement evolved over time such that the Druze identity is deemed separate from that of the Shi’a. The same has been true of the Alawites, though as is well known, a number of efforts have been made in the recent past to bring the Alawites into the fold of mainstream Shi’i Islam, such as Musa Sadr’s fatwa in 1974 that recognized the Alawites as Shi’a- a trend of identification strengthened by the post-1979 alliance between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Assad dynasty. More recently, extensive Iranian and pro-Iranian Shi’a militia involvement on the ground in the Syrian civil war has given rise to claims of further Shi’ification trends targeting the Alawite community in particular, such as the opening of husseiniyas (Shi’i centres) in the Damascus and Latakia areas.

    Less well known is that allegations of Shi’ification efforts also exist with respect to the Druze community in Syria. It seems that primarily in response to these developments has come the emergence of the Harakat al-Hawiya al-Arabiya al-Druziya (“The Arab Druze Identity Movement”), also known as the Harakat al-Difa’ ‘an al-Hawiya al-Druziya (“The Movement to Defend Druze Identity”), which first appears to have come on the scene in late 2015 (c. October 2015). Ethnically speaking, the ‘Arab’ aspect has long been a strong component of Druze identity.

    Unsurprisingly, given the context in which this movement has emerged, it is highly critical of the regime and those associated with it. However, it is also consistent in its opposition to attempts to alter Druze identity (real and perceived), and so has also drawn attention (approvingly quoting independent Druze opposition activist-in-exile Maher Sharf al-Din) to the treatment of the Druze in Jabal al-Summaq in Idlib at the hands of Jabhat al-Nusra, which has not only implemented forced conversions to Sunni Islam but has also confiscated property of those from the area who fled to/live in regime-held areas and are thought to work with the regime, while altering the demographics with an influx of Turkmen people. This contrasts with the reluctance of anti-regime Druze in Lebanon associated with Walid Jumblatt to admit these realities, playing up instead the false idea that some kind of agreement to protect the Druze was reached with Jabhat al-Nusra (a falsehood recently repeated by Fabrice Balanche).

    Syria Comment
    AUTHOR

    Joshua Landis
    Director: Center
    for Middle East Studies
    and Associate Professor,
    University of Oklahoma
    405-819-7955
    Email: Landis@ou.edu Follow @joshua_landis

    Co-Editor: Matthew Barber - University of Chicago
    Email: SCmoderation@mail.com
    Follow @Matthew__Barber

  • There’s no real link between immigration and terrorism, study finds

    The paper — “Does Immigration Induce Terrorism?” — was published this week in the University of Chicago’s Journal of Politics. As a precis of the study explains, the researchers gauged the level of risk using three decades worth of “data on migration inflows from the World Bank, weighted by the number of terrorist attacks in the country of origin of the immigrants.”

    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/02/17/theres-no-real-link-between-immigration-and-terrorism-study-finds
    #migrations #réfugiés #asile #terrorisme

  • The Original Natural Born Killers - Issue 31: Stress
    http://nautil.us/issue/31/stress/the-original-natural-born-killers-rp

    In May of 1924, the city of Chicago was shocked by a brutal murder. Two precocious University of Chicago graduate students, Richard Leopold, 18, and Nathan Loeb, 19, lured, abducted, and murdered Loeb’s 14-year-old cousin Bobby Franks by clubbing and asphyxiation. The duo fancied themselves as master criminals beyond the law—they planned to play a ransom game with the victim’s family, savor the newspaper reportage, and get away with murder. But the body was discovered before the ransom could be collected, and because Leopold lost his rare fashionable glasses at the crime scene, the police traced the two young men in no time. The Leopold and Loeb case, thoroughly analyzed by the criminology professor and historian Simon Baatz in his recent book For the Thrill of It, was unique in the (...)

  • Ingenious: Nicholas Epley - Issue 27: Dark Matter
    http://nautil.us/issue/27/dark-matter/ingenious-nicholas-epley

    As a behavioral scientist, Nicholas Epley is a bold explorer. For years he has plumbed the murky river of misunderstanding that runs between people. “There’s more blackness in the mind of another person than we think there is,” Epley says. In his 2014 book Mindwise, Epley demonstrates why our window into others is limited. “You can’t overcome your own experiences, beliefs, attitudes, emotions, knowledge, and visual perspective to recognize that others may view the world differently,” Epley writes in a Mindwise chapter, featured in Nautilus. I caught up with the outgoing Epley in his office at the University of Chicago, where he is the John Templeton Keller Professor of Behavioral Science. I was anxious to hear what his research can teach us about our obtuse ways. Epley mentions Lance (...)

  • The Real Housewives of Ancient Egypt Had 8-Foot-Long Prenups | Atlas Obscura
    http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-real-housewives-of-ancient-egypt-had-8-foot-long-prenups

    Eight feet long from edge to edge and brushed with beautiful calligraphy, the stretched-out scroll hanging on the walls of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago could easily be mistaken for a poem, or an ornate royal decree. It’s neither. It’s a prenup.

    The 2,480-year-old marital document, written in demotic script—demotic being derived from the hieratic writing system, a kind of shorthand for hieroglyphs—was made to ensure that if the union between the signers didn’t work out, the wife would be adequately provided for. Her compensation would include “1.2 pieces of silver and 36 bags of grain every year for the rest of her life,” says Dr. Emily Teeter, an Egyptologist at the Institute.

    “Most people have no idea that women in ancient Egypt had the same legal rights as men,” says Teeter. Egyptian women, no matter their marital status, could enter into contracts, sue and be sued, and serve on juries and as witnesses. They could acquire and own property (and fairly often, they did: a fragment of papyrus from 1147 B.C, denoting thousands of land holdings names women as the owners of about 10 percent of the properties listed).

    Married women could file for divorce, and they were even ensured alimony—provided they had a document like this one, which they could write up anytime before or during the relationship—at which point it would be more accurately described as a postnup.

    #historicisation #histoire #mariage #divorce

    • Of course, legal status does not translate directly to life experience. In ancient Egyptian social and political spheres, women were still often dependent on men. As Johnson explains, men fit into the social hierarchy based on what jobs they held; since many women didn’t work, they were instead ranked based on their husbands or fathers. One Egyptian Empire-era text, The Instructions of Any, put it thusly: “A woman is asked about her husband, a man is asked about his rank." This might explain why women used their legal power to do some things that seem surprising to us today, such as selling themselves into slavery in exchange for financial security.

      Egyptian women weren’t the only ones protected by surprisingly progressive legislation. Judging by another document in the Oriental Institute archives, Egypt was also the site of history’s first labor strike . The cursive hieratic inked onto the stone above describes how men tasked with building royal tombs walked away from the job and set their tools down, refusing to keep working until they were paid. ("They did a sit-in!" says Teeter.) Sadly, the story breaks off along with the stone—but the tombs were eventually built, so, Teeter says, “presumably they won the strike.”

      #grève

  • When We Were Fish - Issue 14 : Mutation
    http://nautil.us/issue/14/mutation/when-we-were-fish

    Neil Shubin has been going backward his whole life. “I teach anatomy but I want to understand why things look the way they do,” says the paleontologist and professor of organismal biology and anatomy at the University of Chicago. “And to understand the fundamental questions you have to go ever deeper into history. So I have gone backward from humans to fish to planets.” Shubin, 53, is referring to his two books, Your Inner Fish and The Universe Within, which detail the atoms and molecules, genes and cells, sculpted by evolution into the common bonds of life. In 2004, on Ellesmere Island in the Arctic, Shubin discovered one of the key links in animal evolution, the fish known as Tiktaalik, that, he writes, “was specialized for a rather extraordinary function: it was capable of doing (...)