#gulf

La Malédiction du #pétrole

https://www.editions-delcourt.fr/sites/default/files/styles/image_list/public/product/9782756083858-001-X.jpeg?itok=YbqnZoir#.jpg

Le pétrole est devenu indispensable à l’économie mondiale, c’est sa plus grande richesse, mais aussi sa plus grande malédiction. Retraçant l’histoire de ce paradoxe les auteurs se penchent avec acuité sur le sujet.
Depuis près d’un siècle et demi, l’or noir a été le moteur de la croissance et la source des plus grands malheurs. Combien de temps cet état va-t-il durer alors que même la catastrophe écologique du réchauffement climatique ne semble pas peser dans la décision de s’en passer ? Mais à quand remonte cette course à l’abîme ? C’est ce que les auteurs entreprennent de raconter.

▻https://www.editions-delcourt.fr/bd/series/serie-la-malediction-du-petrole/album-malediction-du-petrole

#BD #bande_dessinée #livre

#Caucase #Russie #Frères_Nobel #raffinerie #Branobel #Bakou #pipeline #steam-tanker #marée_noire #Rotschild #puits_de_pétrole #mer_Noire #Batoumi #Bnito #puits_de_Bibi-Heybat #histoire #compagnie_pétrolière #Mer_Caspienne #industrie_pétrolière #Pennsylvanie #Edwin_Drake #potion_Drake #Oil_Creek #Pithole #Devil_Bill #John_Davison_Rockfeller #Rockfeller #Standard_Oil_Company #7_soeurs #John_Rockfeller #Cleveland #raffinage #Massacre_de_Cleveland #Sumatra #Staline #Koba #grèves #Royal_Dutch_Shell #industrie_automobile #OPEP #moteur_à_explosion #Jamais_contente #Henry_Ford #Ford #Ford_Motor_Company #moteur_électrique #General_Motors #Ford_T #Detroit #USA #Etats-Unis #Indonésie #colonialisme #essence #énergie #progrès #Esso #Stocony #Socal #Gulf_oil #Texaco #Anglo-persian_oil #William_Knox_d'Arey #Perse #Plaine_du_Naphte #guerre #comité_des_vaisseaux_terrestres #tank #Irak #Compagnie_française_des_pétroles (#CFP) #Total #accords_Sykes-Picot #Moyen-Orient #simple_ligne_de_sable #désert_arabique #Rub_al-khali #Standard_oil_of_California #Ras_Tanura #Harry_St_John_Bridger_Philby #Sheikh_Abdullah #Quart_vide #Kim_Philby #Philby #Arabie_Saoudite #Saoud #WWI #WWII #première_guerre_mondiale #seconde_guerre_mondiale #Canal_de_Suez #Red_Bell_Express #Pacte_de_Quincy #Algérie #Sahara_algérien #extractivisme #CIA #Saddam_Hussein #Arabian_American_oil_company (#ARAMCO) #Ghawar #combine_en_or #Venezuela #optimisation_fiscale #Iran #ENI #Libye #Italie #Pier_Paolo_Pasolini #Enrico_Mattei #guerre_du_Kippour #choc_pétrolier #Conférence_de_Bagdad (1960) #Juan_Pablo_Pérez_Alfonzo #Abdullah_al-Tariki #King_Hubbert #Trente_Glorieuses #premier_choc_pétrolier #Exxon_Mobile #BP-Amoco #pétrole_de_schiste #plateformes_offshore #groupe_Carlyle #Carlyle #schiste #fisc

#pétrole #BD #malédiction

In the Atlantic Ocean, Subtle Shifts Hint at Dramatic Dangers - The New York Times
▻https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/03/02/climate/atlantic-ocean-climate-change.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur

https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/climate/gulf-stream-promo/gulf-stream-promo-facebookJumbo.jpg

In the Atlantic Ocean, Subtle Shifts Hint at Dramatic Dangers

The warming atmosphere is causing an arm of the powerful Gulf Stream to weaken, some scientists fear.

Sur la perte de puissance du Gulf Stream

https://dl.dropbox.com/s/792tfzsuhm7lgfj/golfstream.JPG?dl=0

[...]

Nun ist es also amtlich: Der Golfstrom verliert an Kraft. Nie zuvor in den letzten 1.600 Jahren war die sogenannte Atlantische Meridionale Umwälzströmung (Amoc) so schwach wie derzeit. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt eine Studie, die Forscherinnen und Forscher aus Irland, Großbritannien und Deutschland jetzt im Fachblatt Nature Geoscience veröffentlicht haben. Stefan Rahmstorf, einer der Autoren, spricht von einer „beispiellosen Entschleunigung des Golfstromsystems“, die von den Forschern nachgewiesen wurde.

[...]

Das Stromsystem ist dafür verantwortlich, dass in Mittel- und Nord-Europa ein milderes Klima herrscht als in vergleichbaren Breiten Nordamerikas. Die Region um Hannover liegt beispielsweise auf dem 52. Breitengrad, genau wie St. John‘s auf Neufundland, wo die Winter lang und eiskalt sind und 20 Grad im Sommer Spitzentemperatur darstellt.

„Das Golfstrom-System funktioniert wie ein riesiges Förderband, es bewegt fast 20 Millionen Kubikmeter Wasser pro Sekunde, etwa das Hundertfache des Amazonasstroms“, erklärt Rahmstorf, Forscher am Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung (Pik) und Professor für das Fach Physik der Ozeane an der Universität Potsdam.

Die Wärme, die diese Wassermassen nach Europa führen, entspricht der Leistung von rund einer Million größerer Atomreaktoren. Ohne diese Energie wäre es bei uns im Schnitt um fünf bis zehn Grad kälter.

Wasser wird dichter, im Süden wird es kälter

Angetrieben wird das System durch Winde, durch die Sonne, die Erdrotation, vor allem aber durch kaltes, salziges Wasser, was in der Labradorsee und dem arktischen Ozean in die Tiefe fällt. Auf dem Weg Richtung Europa steigt der Salzgehalt, weil die Sonne ständig Wasser verdunstet, zudem kühlt sich der Strom ab je weiter seine Reise führt. Dadurch steigt die Dichte des Wassers, es wird schwerer, sinkt in die Tiefe und zieht so aus dem Süden warmes Wasser nach.

Ein System, das bis zum späten 19. Jahrhundert relativ stabil war, wie die Forscher nun herausfanden: Sie nutzten sogenannte Proxy-Daten, also Baumringe, Eisbohrkerne, Korallen oder Ozeansedimente, die stellvertretend Informationen über das Klima seiner Zeit liefern.

Eine direkte Messung der Golfstromkraft gibt es erst seit 2004, aber aus der Kombination der Messergebnisse mit solchen Proxy-Daten lassen sich Temperatur und Strömungsgeschwindigkeit in der Vergangenheit rekonstruieren.

Der Weltklimarat IPCC hatte 2019 in seinem Sondergutachten bereits mit mittlerer Sicherheit festgehalten, dass der Golfstrom im Vergleich zum Zeitraum 1850 bis 1900 schwächer geworden ist. „Unsere Studie liefert weitere unabhängige Belege für diese Schlussfolgerung“, sagt Stefan Rahmstorf.

Zwar fehle noch ein Beleg dafür, dass die Abschwächung durch den menschgemachten Klimawandel hervorgerufen wird. Allerdings sprechen alle Fakten und vor allem die Physik dafür: Die Arktis wird immer wärmer, die Meereisbedeckung immer geringer, es strömt immer mehr Schmelzwasser in den arktischen Ozean, weshalb sich dessen Zusammensetzung ändert und ein „Nach-Unten-Fallen“ von kaltem, salzhaltigen Wasser erschwert.

▻https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Der-Golfstrom-verliert-Kraft-5066574.html

#Gulf_Stream #réchauffement_climatique

#Climat : le #Gulf_Stream est en train de lâcher l’#Europe par Claude-Marie Vadrot | Politis
▻https://www.politis.fr/articles/2018/04/climat-le-gulf-stream-est-en-train-de-lacher-leurope-38690
#air_frais vs. #ere_glaciaire #anthropocene #ca_va_cailler

UP Magazine - Le Gulf Stream se dérègle à toute vitesse. C’est une très mauvaise nouvelle.
▻http://up-magazine.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7684:le-gulf-stream-se-de

http://up-magazine.info/images/0418/ocean.jpg

On s’en doutait depuis plusieurs années mais aujourd’hui les scientifiques sont formels et c’est une première. Deux études viennent en effet d’être publiées simultanément dans la revue Nature. Elles constatent un dérèglement alarmant de la circulation des courants océaniques dans l’Atlantique, ceux qui contribuent à la régulation du climat mondial. Si nous avons un climat tempéré en Europe occidentale c’est grâce au Gulf Stream. Si sa circulation ralentit ou s’interrompt, les scientifiques n’osent en imaginer les conséquences. C’est pourtant ce qui est en train de se passer.

http://up-magazine.info/images/0418/amoc.jpg

#Climat #Gulf_stream

Avoid Gulf stream disruption at all costs, scientists warn | Environment | The Guardian

►https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/13/avoid-at-all-costs-gulf-streams-record-weakening-prompts-warnings-globa

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Serious disruption to the Gulf Stream ocean currents that are crucial in controlling global climate must be avoided “at all costs”, senior scientists have warned. The alert follows the revelation this week that the system is at its weakest ever recorded.

Past collapses of the giant network have seen some of the most extreme impacts in climate history, with western Europe particularly vulnerable to a descent into freezing winters. A significantly weakened system is also likely to cause more severe storms in Europe, faster sea level rise on the east coast of the US and increasing drought in the Sahel in Africa.

#climat #conveyor_belt #océan

#Gulf_Stream shutdown is a nightmare scenario that has been speculated about for a while. It is taking shape.

Atlantic’s circulation is weakest in 1600 years
▻https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/slow-motion-ocean-atlantics-circulation-is-weakest-in-1-600-year #climate #climat #courants #environnement

▻https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation

Gulf Stream current at its weakest in 1,600 years, studies show | Environment | The Guardian

▻https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/11/critical-gulf-stream-current-weakest-for-1600-years-research-finds

https://dl.dropbox.com/s/jrjxv1fdeotn9tv/conveyor%20belt.jpg?dl=0

The warm Atlantic current linked to severe and abrupt changes in the climate in the past is now at its weakest in at least 1,600 years, new research shows. The findings, based on multiple lines of scientific evidence, throw into question previous predictions that a catastrophic collapse of the Gulf Stream would take centuries to occur.

Such a collapse would see western Europe suffer far more extreme winters, sea levels rise fast on the eastern seaboard of the US and would disrupt vital tropical rains. The new research shows the current is now 15% weaker than around 400AD, an exceptionally large deviation, and that human-caused global warming is responsible for at least a significant part of the weakening.

#climate #conveyor_belt #gulf_stream #ipcc #giec #visualisation

#Total Reinforces Its Position In Deepwater #Gulf_Of_Mexico By Entering The Anchor Discovery | total.com
▻https://www.total.com/en/media/news/press-releases/Total-Reinforces-Its-Position-In-Deepwater-Gulf-Of-Mexico-By-Entering-The-Anc

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Total has signed an agreement with Samson in order to acquire Samson Offshore Anchor, LLC, which holds a 12.5% interest in four blocks covering the Anchor discovery, one of the most significant recent discoveries in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), USA. The deal also includes a 12.5% interest in the nearby exploration block Green Canyon 761, where Total already has a 25% interest.
 
“The entry in the Anchor discovery further increases Total’s footprint in deepwater Gulf of Mexico. It follows our entry in seven exploration prospects located in the promising Wilcox (Central GoM) and Norphlet (Eastern GoM) plays thanks to an agreement signed with Chevron last September, and in the Jack field where the Group will acquire a 25% interest as part of the Maersk Oil deal”, stated Arnaud Breuillac, President Exploration & Production at Total. 
 
Discovered in the Wilcox play in 2014, Anchor is located approximately 225 kilometers off the coast of Louisiana in more than 1,500 meters of water. Additional prospective resources have been identified in the Anchor vicinity, strengthening the potential of the asset.
 
Anchor is operated by Chevron (55%) alongside Cobalt (20%), and Venari (12.5%).
 
Total Exploration & Production in the United States
 
Total has been active in Exploration & Production in the United States since 1957.
 
In the Gulf of Mexico, Total focuses on the deepwater domain with participations in two producing fields, Tahiti with 17%, operated by Chevron, and Chinook with 33.33%, operated by Petrobras, as well as in the discovery of North Platte with 40%, operated by Cobalt International Energy. As part of the acquisition of Maersk Oil company, Total will become a 25% partner in the Chevron operated Jack field. Total also holds participations in over 160 exploration leases.
 
Onshore, Total operates about 100,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day (shale gas production) in the Barnett play and is a 25% participant in a JV operated by Chesapeake in the Utica shale play.

https://thes.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/gulfmap1.jpg

pour mémoire…

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New Release - #Energy #Transitions in the #Gulf: Key Questions on #Nuclear Power - Book Edited by Ali Ahmad
▻http://aub.bmetrack.com/c/v?e=C42219&c=33CE3&t=0&l=1181D762&email=SPojvuYjb%2FC2RIrz0o8eBqgp9yWU

Despite being among the world’s top oil producers, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the Gulf’s largest economies, have ambitious plans to invest in nuclear power. As the interest in nuclear energy in the region grows, the need to better understand the underlying economic and security issues becomes a necessity.

In our new edited volume, “Energy Transitions in the Gulf: Key Questions on Nuclear Power” we examine the challenges and opportunities of nuclear power deployment in the Gulf and the wider Middle East region. The book is a result of a workshop held as part of the 2016 Gulf Research Meeting at the University of Cambridge, UK, under the auspices of the Gulf Research Center.

Content:
Introduction by Ali Ahmad
Download Introduction

Chapter 1: Economic Determinants of Nuclear Power in the Gulf by Omer Akkaya
Download Chapter 1

Chapter 2: Economics of Nuclear and Solar Desalination for the Middle East by Rami W. Bitar and Ali Ahmad
Download Chapter 2

Chapter 3: Requirements for High Solar Penetration in Electricity Production in Saudi Arabia by Philippe Chite and Ali Ahmad
Download Chapter 3

Chapter 4: Nuclear Energy for the Middle East: Technology Choices and Considerations by Abdalla Abou Jaoude and Anna Erickson
Download Chapter 4

Chapter 5: Iran, Uranium, and Future Proliferation Dynamics in the Middle East by Ryan Snyder
Download Chapter 5

Chapter 6: Confidence Today, Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone in the Middle East Tomorrow by Marianne Nari Fisher
Download Chapter 6
Download Entire Book ▻http://aub.bmetrack.com/c/l?u=785E5A1&e=C42219&c=33CE3&t=0&l=1181D762&email=SPojvuYjb%2FC2RIrz0o

Atlantique Nord : le risque d’un refroidissement rapide au XXIe siècle revu à la hausse

▻http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/communique/4883.htm?theme1=6

La possibilité d’un changement important du climat autour de l’Atlantique est connue depuis longtemps, comme symbolisée par la fiction hollywoodienne « Le jour d’après ». Pour en évaluer le risque, des chercheurs du laboratoire Environnements et paléoenvironnements océaniques et continentaux (CNRS/Université de Bordeaux) et de l’Université de Southampton ont développé un nouvel algorithme pour analyser les 40 projections climatiques prises en compte dans le dernier rapport du GIEC1. Cette nouvelle étude fait grimper la probabilité d’un refroidissement rapide de l’Atlantique Nord au cours du XXIe siècle à près de 50 %. La revue Nature Communications publie ces résultats, le 15 février 2017.

http://www2.cnrs.fr/sites/communique/image/labrador_1.jpg

Dans le cadre du projet européen EMBRACE, une équipe d’océanographes a réexaminé ces 40 projections climatiques en se focalisant sur un point névralgique au nord-ouest de l’Atlantique Nord : la mer du Labrador. Cette mer est le siège d’un phénomène de convection, qui nourrit à plus grande échelle la circulation océanique de retournement. Ses eaux de surface se refroidissent fortement en hiver, deviennent plus denses que les eaux de profondeur et plongent vers le fond. La chaleur des eaux profondes est transférée vers la surface et empêche la formation de banquise. Choisissant d’étudier ce phénomène de convection en détail, les chercheurs ont développé un algorithme capable de repérer les variations rapides des températures à la surface de l’océan. Cette « moulinette statistique » a révélé que 7 des 40 modèles climatiques étudiés projetaient un arrêt complet de la convection engendrant des refroidissements abrupts – 2 ou 3 degrés en moins de dix ans – de la mer du Labrador, induisant de fortes baisses des températures dans les régions côtières de l’Atlantique Nord.

What’s going on in the North Atlantic? « RealClimate
►http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2015/03/whats-going-on-in-the-north-atlantic

http://www.realclimate.org/images//Atlantic-Conveyor-rc.jpg

The North Atlantic between Newfoundland and Ireland is practically the only region of the world that has defied global warming and even cooled. Last winter there even was the coldest on record – while globally it was the hottest on record. Our recent study (Rahmstorf et al. 2015) attributes this to a weakening of the Gulf Stream System, which is apparently unique in the last thousand years.

The whole world is warming. The whole world? No! A region in the subpolar Atlantic has cooled over the past century – unique in the world for an area with reasonable data coverage. So what’s so special about this region between Newfoundland and Ireland?
...

http://www.realclimate.org/images//Winter15NOAA.jpg

...
What are the impacts of a slowdown?

http://www.realclimate.org/images//Greenland09-59.jpg

Meltwater on the Greenland ice sheet.

The consequences of a large reduction in ocean overturning would look nothing like the Hollywood film The Day After Tomorrow. But they would not be harmless either – e.g. for sea level (Levermann et al. 2005) particularly along the US east coast (Yin et al. 2009), marine ecosystems, fisheries and possibly even storminess in Europe (Woollings et al. 2012). We have studied these consequences some years ago in an interdisciplinary project with colleagues from Bremerhaven, Hamburg and Norway – the results are summarized in Kuhlbrodt et al. 2009.

If our analysis is correct, then this indicates that climate models underestimate the weakening of the Atlantic circulation in response to global warming – probably because the flow in these models is too stable (see Hofmann and Rahmstorf 2009). Although these models predict a significant weakening for the future, they do not suggest this as early as the observations show it (see Fig. 2 of our paper). That the real flow may be more unstable than previously thought would be bad news for the future.

If the circulation weakens too much it can even completely break down – the AMOC has a well-known “tipping point” (Lenton et al., 2008).

▻https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3niR_-Kv4SM

#climat #gulf-stream

Middle East: geography of chaos
►http://visionscarto.net/middle-east-geography-of-chaos

Title: Middle East: geography of chaos Keywords: #Middle_East #Near_East #Syria #Iraq #Gulf #Israel #Palestine #Yemen #East_Africa #Horn #Conflicts #War Appearance: Various monthly revues. Map presented at the planetary Security Conference at The Hague, 2-3 November 2015. Author: Philippe Rekacewicz Date: 2009 updated in 2010, 2013 and 2015.

#Collection_cartographique

#France: the #Gulf monarchies’ new best friend
▻http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/france-gulf-monarchies-new-best-friend-678058374 #Golfe
#Francois_Hollande #Saudi_Arabia #Arabie_Saoudite #Yemen #USA #Armes #commerce

#Piketty on the Middle East
▻http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/22/we-need-a-wealth-tax-thomas-piketty-2014s-most-influential-thinker

Cracking bits from this interesting interview with Owen Jones:

The other influence is perhaps more surprising: the first #Gulf war that followed Ba’athist #Iraq’s invasion of #Kuwait in 1990, which shocked him and his colleagues at the école. “It was a very strong event, because sometimes we say that governments cannot do much against tax havens, they’re too powerful. And suddenly we’re able to send 1 million troops 1,000km away from home to give back the oil to the emir of Kuwait. I was not sure this was the right redistribution of wealth.”

The west’s general relationship with the #Middle_East – “the most unequal region in the world”, he says – is one that troubles him, not least because it exposes grotesque inequalities. “Take #Egypt: the total budget for education for 100 million people is 100 times less than the oil revenue for a few dozen people in #Qatar. And then in London and in Paris we are happy to have these people buying football clubs and buying apartments, and then we are surprised that the youths in the Middle East don’t take very seriously our democracy and social justice.”

“In #Libya, as in #Syria today, Western intervention was supposedly in support of #democracy, but was conducted in alliance with the Sunni absolute monarchies of the #Gulf who had no such aims”
▻http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/the-west-is-silent-as-libya-falls-into-the-abyss-9833489.html #monarchy

Saudi-US Relations: Between Tension and Profit
►http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/saudi-us-relations-between-tension-and-profit

http://english.al-akhbar.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/4cols/leading_images/055302-01-08.jpg

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (L) talks to #Saudi_Arabia's Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal prior to peace talks in Montreux on January 22, 2014. (Photo: AFP - Arnd Wiegmann) U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (L) talks to Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal prior to peace talks in Montreux on January 22, 2014. (Photo: AFP - Arnd Wiegmann)

As the media continues to focus its spotlight on the recent Saudi-American political disputes, analysts believe that on a more fundamental level, the military and economic ties are likely to endure as the money continues to flow.

Yazan al-Saadi

read (...)

#Mideast_&_North_Africa #Afghanistan #arms #arms_deal #Articles #GCC #Gulf #Iran #Iraq #obama #Oil #Saudi_monarchy #syria #US

Israeli minister attends #UAE energy summit
▻http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/israeli-minister-attends-uae-energy-summit

Israeli Energy Minister Silvan Shalom attended a meeting Saturday of the International Renewable Energy Agency in the United Arab Emirates, which has no diplomatic relations with the occupying force. It is the first time #Israel has sent a minister to a meeting of IRENA since its foundation in 2009. “Shalom is representing Israel, which is taking part in the meeting like all the other member states of this international agency,” a member of the Israeli delegation told AFP. He declined to comment on whether Shalom hoped to hold any contacts on the sidelines with Gulf Arab officials. read more

#Gulf_States #Normalization #Top_News

Despite #Iran deal, #US defense chief says Pentagon to keep strong #Gulf presence
▻http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/despite-iran-deal-us-defense-chief-says-pentagon-will-maintain-st

http://english.al-akhbar.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/4cols/leading_images/785052-01-08.jpg

US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel speaks during the 9th International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Regional Security Summit in the Bahraini capital Manama on December 7, 2013. (Photo: AFP - Mohammed al-Shaikh)

Diplomacy with Iran must be backed up by US military might, Pentagon chief Chuck Hagel said Saturday in a speech addressed to Gulf allies anxious over a nuclear deal with Tehran. Hagel promised the United States would maintain a 35,000-strong force in the Gulf region, as well as an armada of ships and warplanes, despite the recent deal with Tehran. Speaking at a security conference in Bahrain, he said the interim deal with Iran to roll back its nuclear program was a risk worth taking but that Western diplomacy should not be “misinterpreted.” (...)

#Top_News

Arab ministers applaud for #Israel's president in secret meeting
▻http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/arab-ministers-applaud-israels-president-secret-meeting

http://english.al-akhbar.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/4cols/leading_images/745924-01-08.jpg

Israeli President Shimon Peres received a warm reception from Arab and Muslim foreign ministers during a secret meeting two weeks ago. (Photo: AFP - Hector Guerrero)

Israel’s president Shimon Peres secretly addressed 29 foreign ministers from Arab and Muslim countries during a Gulf security summit in Abu Dhabi two weeks ago, an Israeli daily revealed Monday, drawing a round of applause from the audience. Peres, reportedly speaking via video link from an office in Jerusalem with an Israeli flag behind him, discussed issues related to #Iran, radical Islam and “his vision for world peace,” according to Yedioth Ahronoth. read (...)

#Gulf_States #Top_News

#Lebanon: #Gulf Tourist Drought Reveals Tourism Crisis
▻http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/lebanon-gulf-tourist-drought-reveals-tourism-crisis

http://english.al-akhbar.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/4cols/leading_images/JS02_LEBANON-_0404_11-%281%29.jpg

Women from Saudi Arabia play with snow at a ski resort in Faraya, Mount Lebanon 4 April 2012. (Photo: Reuters - Jamal Saidi) Women from Saudi Arabia play with snow at a ski resort in Faraya, Mount Lebanon 4 April 2012. (Photo: Reuters - Jamal Saidi)

Lebanon’s tourism sector is undergoing major transformations as more than three years have passed without Gulf tourists. This decline in tourists by 9.6 percent indicates that (...)

#Economy #Articles