industryterm:final product

  • Mathematicians Discover the Perfect Way to Multiply | Quanta Magazine
    https://www.quantamagazine.org/mathematicians-discover-the-perfect-way-to-multiply-20190411

    Four thousand years ago, the Babylonians invented multiplication. Last month, mathematicians perfected it.

    On March 18, two researchers described the fastest method ever discovered for multiplying two very large numbers. The paper marks the culmination of a long-running search to find the most efficient procedure for performing one of the most basic operations in math.

    “Everybody thinks basically that the method you learn in school is the best one, but in fact it’s an active area of research,” said Joris van der Hoeven, a mathematician at the French National Center for Scientific Research and one of the co-authors.

    The complexity of many computational problems, from calculating new digits of pi to finding large prime numbers, boils down to the speed of multiplication. Van der Hoeven describes their result as setting a kind of mathematical speed limit for how fast many other kinds of problems can be solved.

    “In physics you have important constants like the speed of light which allow you to describe all kinds of phenomena,” van der Hoeven said. “If you want to know how fast computers can solve certain mathematical problems, then integer multiplication pops up as some kind of basic building brick with respect to which you can express those kinds of speeds.”

    Most everyone learns to multiply the same way. We stack two numbers, multiply every digit in the bottom number by every digit in the top number, and do addition at the end. If you’re multiplying two two-digit numbers, you end up performing four smaller multiplications to produce a final product.

    The grade school or “carrying” method requires about n2 steps, where n is the number of digits of each of the numbers you’re multiplying. So three-digit numbers require nine multiplications, while 100-digit numbers require 10,000 multiplications.

    The carrying method works well for numbers with just a few digits, but it bogs down when we’re multiplying numbers with millions or billions of digits (which is what computers do to accurately calculate pi or as part of the worldwide search for large primes). To multiply two numbers with 1 billion digits requires 1 billion squared, or 1018, multiplications, which would take a modern computer roughly 30 years.

    For millennia it was widely assumed that there was no faster way to multiply. Then in 1960, the 23-year-old Russian mathematician Anatoly Karatsuba took a seminar led by Andrey Kolmogorov, one of the great mathematicians of the 20th century. Kolmogorov asserted that there was no general procedure for doing multiplication that required fewer than n2 steps. Karatsuba thought there was — and after a week of searching, he found it.

    Karatsuba’s method involves breaking up the digits of a number and recombining them in a novel way that allows you to substitute a small number of additions and subtractions for a large number of multiplications. The method saves time because addition takes only 2n steps, as opposed to n2 steps.

    “With addition, you do it a year earlier in school because it’s much easier, you can do it in linear time, almost as fast as reading the numbers from right to left,” said Martin Fürer, a mathematician at Pennsylvania State University who in 2007 created what was at the time the fastest multiplication algorithm.

    When dealing with large numbers, you can repeat the Karatsuba procedure, splitting the original number into almost as many parts as it has digits. And with each splitting, you replace multiplications that require many steps to compute with additions and subtractions that require far fewer.

    “You can turn some of the multiplications into additions, and the idea is additions will be faster for computers,” said David Harvey, a mathematician at the University of New South Wales and a co-author on the new paper.

    Karatsuba’s method made it possible to multiply numbers using only n1.58 single-digit multiplications. Then in 1971 Arnold Schönhage and Volker Strassen published a method capable of multiplying large numbers in n × log n × log(log n) multiplicative steps, where log n is the logarithm of n. For two 1-billion-digit numbers, Karatsuba’s method would require about 165 trillion additional steps.

    Schönhage and Strassen’s method, which is how computers multiply huge numbers, had two other important long-term consequences. First, it introduced the use of a technique from the field of signal processing called a fast Fourier transform. The technique has been the basis for every fast multiplication algorithm since.

    Second, in that same paper Schönhage and Strassen conjectured that there should be an even faster algorithm than the one they found — a method that needs only n × log n single-digit operations — and that such an algorithm would be the fastest possible. Their conjecture was based on a hunch that an operation as fundamental as multiplication must have a limit more elegant than n × log n × log(log n).

    “It was kind of a general consensus that multiplication is such an important basic operation that, just from an aesthetic point of view, such an important operation requires a nice complexity bound,” Fürer said. “From general experience the mathematics of basic things at the end always turns out to be elegant.”

    Schönhage and Strassen’s ungainly n × log n × log(log n) method held on for 36 years. In 2007 Fürer beat it and the floodgates opened. Over the past decade, mathematicians have found successively faster multiplication algorithms, each of which has inched closer to n × log n, without quite reaching it. Then last month, Harvey and van der Hoeven got there.

    Their method is a refinement of the major work that came before them. It splits up digits, uses an improved version of the fast Fourier transform, and takes advantage of other advances made over the past forty years. “We use [the fast Fourier transform] in a much more violent way, use it several times instead of a single time, and replace even more multiplications with additions and subtractions,” van der Hoeven said.

    Harvey and van der Hoeven’s algorithm proves that multiplication can be done in n × log n steps. However, it doesn’t prove that there’s no faster way to do it. Establishing that this is the best possible approach is much more difficult. At the end of February, a team of computer scientists at Aarhus University posted a paper arguing that if another unproven conjecture is also true, this is indeed the fastest way multiplication can be done.

    And while the new algorithm is important theoretically, in practice it won’t change much, since it’s only marginally better than the algorithms already being used. “The best we can hope for is we’re three times faster,” van der Hoeven said. “It won’t be spectacular.”

    In addition, the design of computer hardware has changed. Two decades ago, computers performed addition much faster than multiplication. The speed gap between multiplication and addition has narrowed considerably over the past 20 years to the point where multiplication can be even faster than addition in some chip architectures. With some hardware, “you could actually do addition faster by telling the computer to do a multiplication problem, which is just insane,” Harvey said.

    Hardware changes with the times, but best-in-class algorithms are eternal. Regardless of what computers look like in the future, Harvey and van der Hoeven’s algorithm will still be the most efficient way to multiply.

    #mathematiques #multiplication

  • Uzbekistan offers 20,000 hectare land to farmers, firms

    Farmers, agro processing biz units and others will soon come together in a conglomerate of sorts as part of an MoU signed between #Gujarat_Agro_Industries_Corporation (#GAIC) and the Republic of Uzbekistan. As part of the #MoU, the Uzbek government has also offered around 20,000 ha of land for farming, as well as for agro industries in the Central Asian Country.

    The MoU calls for formation of various agencies under GAIC to provide training for capacity building and facilitate technology transfer between both the countries, said a government official.

    “We are looking at farm to fork solutions and the Uzbek government has offered 20,000 ha of land. This means even farmers from Gujarat will be able to make use of the opportunity,” said Sanjay Prasad additional chief secretary, department of Agriculture at the inaugural session on sustainable technology driven agriculture for new India at the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2019 on Sunday.

    KS Randhawa, Managing Director, GAIC said that it will provide the opportunity for formation of agro processing clusters. “Several players can come together to make use of the opportunity provided by the MoU. The Uzbek government was very keen on the project and we plan to create a conglomerate of sorts that will deal with various aspects of agro processing under the leadership of GAIC,” said Randhawa. He said they are looking at farm to fork solutions. “So what we are saying is that we can look at the opportunity to not only produce something but also get into value addition and provide the final product too,” said Randhawa. He said as part of the MoU the Uzbek government has not only offered land but also the technology. "This transfer of technology will also also enable our farmers and businessmen to use it in Gujarat. This is a win-win-deal,"s aid Randhawa.

    It should be noted that in all 28360 MoUs were signed during the three days of the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2019 of which 408 were in the agro food processing sector.


    https://www.farmlandgrab.org/28689
    #Ouzbékistan #terres #agriculture #land_grabbing #accaparement_des_terres
    ping @odilon

  • The Google #design Sprint in Action
    https://hackernoon.com/the-google-design-sprint-in-action-c798b8b920ec?source=rss----3a8144eabf

    The Fanbase DesignFanbase, is a Decentralized App (dApp) running on the Lightstreams #blockchain protocol to bring rewards to music fans and content control to musicians, was validated this month with the renowned Google Ventures Design Sprint that allowed our team to create a design for the best user experience possible.The Design Sprint creates a shortcut to learning, a team does not have to launch and find they’ve forgotten important parts of a successful product. By using a Design Sprint to validate Fanbase, we asked ourselves important questions, worked across teams to make sure we weren’t building biases into our dApp, and eventually tested the final product. I took part along with Executive Board Member Andrew Zapella, John Bettiol, Technical Engineer Gabriel Garrido, designer Edi (...)

    #design-sprint #ico #technology

  • Cooking a Deliveroo clone with Next.js (React), GraphQL, #strapi and Stripe
    https://hackernoon.com/cooking-a-deliveroo-clone-with-next-js-react-graphql-strapi-and-stripe-3

    This tutorial is an adaptation of Pierre’s Nuxt and Strapi Deliveroo clone here.This tutorial will be adapted to use Next.js (React) over Nuxt (Vue) on the front end, complete with GraphQL, Stripe, Strapi and #react Context.Get ready to develop a Deliveroo clone, using amazing technologies: Next.js (React), GraphQL, Stripe and Strapi! From signup to order, you are going to let users discover restaurants, dishes and select their happy meal.The demo of the final result should make you hungry:Note: the source code is available on GitHub: https://github.com/strapi/strapi-examples/tree/master/nextjs-react-strapi-deliveroo-clone-tutorial.Screenshots of final product:Strapi:Strapi is the most advanced open-source Node.js Headless Content Management System used to build scalable, secure, production (...)

    #nodejs #api

  • AMBIENT REVOLTS – BG Annual Conference 2018 | November 8-10 | ZK/U – Center for Arts and Urbanistics | Siemensstrasse 27 | 10551 Berlin
    https://projekte.berlinergazette.de/ambient-revolts

    How can we rethink political agency in an AI-driven world?

    The growing interconnectedness of everyone and everything is transforming our world into an unprecedented techno-social environment. The boundaries between atmosphere and politics are being suspended; already, tiny ruptures can cause cascade-like repercussions – think of cyber-attacks or stock market crashes, right-wing resentment or hashtag-based protest. Such ambient revolts are increasingly driven by artificial intelligence (AI) – involving human interaction but seemingly beyond human oversight. Set against this backdrop, the conference poses the questions: What are the techno-social logics of both regressive and repressive tendencies? What are emancipatory movements up against? What potential do micro-political acts have in day-to-day life? What regulations of automated systems at the macro level will enable democracy to emerge in the age of AI? The Berliner Gazette conference will explore these questions in the context of performances, lectures and workshops.

    About - ZK/U Berlin
    https://www.zku-berlin.org/about

    ZK/U seeks to develop projects, co-produce knowledge and share values created through exchanges. ZK/U does not offer a fixed set of ideas and principles for its fellows. Rather, individual projects and needs shape what could be described as a continuous formation. Instead of letting the ‘final product’ constrain the possible routes that a practice might take, ZK/U focuses on the processes that come from, and feed into, the particular contexts of the fellows’ practice, whether they be locally-defined situations or international discourses.

    Zentrum für Kunst und Urbanistik

    KUNSTrePUBLIK e.V.
    Siemensstr. 27
    10551 Berlin

    Tel.: +49 30 39885840
    Fax.: +49 30 39885841
    zku(at)kunstrepublik.de

    #Berlin #art #technologie #politique #conférence

  • #blockchain in Supply and #logistics
    https://hackernoon.com/blockchain-in-supply-and-logistics-2a240e69c522?source=rss----3a8144eabf

    Supply chains are riven with inefficiencies and problems. Blockchain can help — and the first applications are already being trialled.With the increasing globalisation and complexity of manufacturing processes, supply chains have also become correspondingly more complicated. The average electronics product you buy at a retail outlet, for example, is the result of many, many different steps that have taken place at different locations across the world as raw materials are sourced, processed, and made into components that are themselves sold and shipped to provide the basic parts for more intricate items. The failure of any one of the stages in the supply chain — or perhaps ‘supply tree’ might be a more apt description — means costly delays for the final product. Conventional systems aren’t good (...)

    #supply-chain

  • New Book: Bulldozer Politics – The Palestinian Ruin as an Israeli Architectural Project | THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE

    http://thefunambulist.net/2016/04/18/new-book-bulldozer-politics-the-palestinian-ruin-as-an-israeli-archi

    The Palestinian Ruin as an Israeli Architectural Project ///

    In his book The Drone Easts with Me: Diaries from a City under Fire, Palestinian author Atef Abu Saif recounts the punctuation of his daily life by the systematic bombings of the Gaza Strip by the Israeli army during the dreadful siege of the 2014 summer that killed 2,220 Palestinians and displaced more than 500,000.[1] Abu Saif describes how he and his relatives could not bring themselves to tell his 19-months old daughter, Jaffa, that the loud noises she was keeping hearing were, in fact, deadly bombs. Instead, they told her that the loud noises she could hear was her big brother Naem slamming the door, hence her scream each time an explosion occurs nearby: “the doooooooor!” In a city under siege, sound becomes the predominant relation to the outside reality. Abu Saif recounts how everyone in Gaza can now make the difference between the noise of a missile launched from a tank, a ship, a drone, an aircraft, or a helicopter. To the noise of the bombs, we need to add the voluntarily terrorizing noise of F16 aircrafts reaching the wall of sound, as well as the continuous droning of the Zannate (drones) and, of course, there is the sound of buildings collapsing, dreadfully crushing the totality of its objects and bodies that they contain.

    The 51 days of war undertaken by the Israeli army against Gaza and its inhabitants in July and August 2014 constitute one of the most recent occurrences of a process of ruination of the Palestinian conditions of life that started in the late 1940s. This text is a fragment of a broader research about this historical process of ruination of Palestinian homes understood in a paradoxical constructivist architectural manner. By constructivist, I mean that we should distinguish a precise order behind the chaos of the ruins’ rubbles, an architectural process in which the ruin is understood as the final product of a cautiously design strategy.

    #israël #palestine #démolition #architecture #occupation #colonisation

  • Have Infographics and Data Visualizations Ruined Good Map Design? | GISuser.com

    http://gisuser.com/2015/01/have-infographics-and-data-visualizations-ruined-good-map-design

    Cartographers take pride in their work, typically applying all the rules and principles of good cartographic design to their work, all in an effort to make people want to look at and appreciate their work (See Esri, Make Maps People Want to Look at). However, in this new era of social sharing it seems that the map has been replaced by the Infographic and the data visualization – a mashup of data, graphics, and maps presented in an effort to tell a story. Now us geographers are well aware of story telling via the map, however, to this new breed of data visualists the focus has sadly been on quantity rather than quality. Bloggers, publishers, newspapers, etc… run to the web, download data and mashup the results in creative and not so creative ways, the end result is often a map but sadly, the final product is also something your GEOG 101 Prof would likely slap you for if you called it a map!

    #cartographie #art #visualisation #google

  • The role of #Oil and gas in the Syrian conflict
    http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/role-oil-and-gas-syrian-conflict

    A picture taken on April 15, 2013 shows a Syrian man in the Al Raqqa countryside, who until three months ago was a farmer, pouring crude oil brought from Deir Ezzor province into a pit where it will be distilled as part of the refining process to produce fuel. Final products such as benzine and diesel are then sold to locals. (Photo: AFP-Alice Martins) A picture taken on April 15, 2013 shows a Syrian man in the Al Raqqa countryside, who until three months ago was a farmer, pouring crude oil brought from Deir Ezzor province into a pit where it will be distilled as part of the refining process to produce fuel. Final products such as benzine and diesel are then sold to locals. (Photo: AFP-Alice Martins)

    With the Islamic (...)

    #Economy #Adnan_Mustafa #Articles #Asalouyeh #Baghdad #Caucasus #Damascus #Europe #Iran #Iraq #Lebanon #syria #Tartous #Tehran #turkey

  • Today the US government shocked nearly everyone... - James Love
    https://www.facebook.com/james.p.love/posts/10200723072293500

    Today the US government shocked nearly everyone by proposing a WHO meeting to examine the feasibility of de-linking R&D costs from drug prices, and expressing openness to moving up the date for discussing the R&D treaty. When their original proposal was criticized (by France and others) for excluding NGOs but not industry, the US said, no problem, NGOs too. And, then the EU intervened to make sure the meeting looked at delinkage of R&D costs from prices for final products, not just upstream R&D. East/West, North South, member states were endorsing de-linkage, and all non-industry NGOs did as well.

    #pharma #recherche #santé

    http://www.keionline.org/node/1730

  • My eBook build process and some #PDF, #EPUB and #MOBI tips - Pat Shaughnessy
    http://patshaughnessy.net/2012/11/27/my-ebook-build-process-and-some-pdf-epub-and-mobi-tips

    plein de conseils techniques pour faire des #ebooks — et cette conclusion :

    producing an eBook myself was far more tedious and difficult than I had ever thought it would be. I can imagine that partnering with a publishing company would make this all a lot easier – probably you would be able to work within an established, proven technical publishing pipeline. But one of the joys of self-publishing is being able to have full control over the final product

    #princexml