naturalfeature:atlantic ocean

Antonio Cubillo: Activist who fought for the independence of the Canary Islands | The Independent
▻http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/antonio-cubillo-activist-who-fought-for-the-independence-of-the-canar

https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/article_large/public/thumbnails/image/2013/01/11/23/obit1.jpg

Antonio Cubillo was the founder and leader of the movement for the independence from Spain of the Canary Islands, the Atlantic Ocean archipelago much loved by tourists, 70 miles from Africa but 10 times as far from mainland Spain. A lawyer, he died of an aneurysm but had spent 34 years on crutches or in a wheelchair after being stabbed in the spine in 1978, during exile in Algiers, by two hitmen sent by the Spanish secret services.

▻https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cubillo

Antonio Cubillo travaillait sur la publication d’un projet de constitution de la République Fédérale des Canaries dans le journal Tenerife Canaria. Entre autres choses, il a appelé à l’officialisation de la langue Tamazight comme le castillan, rappelons que Cubillo était un ami intime de Mouloud Mammeri.

A digital archive of slave voyages details the largest forced migration in history

Between 1500 and 1866, slave traders forced 12.5 million Africans aboard transatlantic slave vessels. Before 1820, four enslaved Africans crossed the Atlantic for every European, making Africa the demographic wellspring for the repopulation of the Americas after Columbus’ voyages. The slave trade pulled virtually every port that faced the Atlantic Ocean – from Copenhagen to Cape Town and Boston to Buenos Aires – into its orbit.

https://cdn.theconversation.com/files/166122/width754/file-20170420-21495-62z61a.jpg

#migrations_forcées #migrations #esclavage #histoire #données #statistiques #chiffres #cartographie #visualisation
cc @reka

The Hidden Meanings of Maps (1/2) | Pick-Me-Up Tonic

▻https://pickmeuptonic.wordpress.com/2013/10/18/the-hidden-meanings-of-maps

Intéressante analyse, j’ai eu la surprise d’y trouver une de mes production de 1993 - 25 ans tout de même... - en exemple dans le corps du texte

https://pickmeuptonic.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/belgique-3.png?w=700&h=548 https://pickmeuptonic.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/falklands_campaign_distances_to_bases_1982.jpg?w=613&h=1024

2. Scale matters

Once you’ve picked up a projection, you have to choose what scale is the best to illustrate the trend or phenomena you want to show. More than a zoom level, picking up the right scale is a tricky & meaningful process similar to building a photograph composition.

The scale choice reveals the very interpretation the cartographer is making of the represented phenomena. People and places that do not appear on the map are considered not relevant to the topic. Then, the edges of the map define a time & space frame containing both the issue & its solution/explanation.

belgique-3

On this map from Le Monde Diplomatique, for instance, the political situation in Belgium is the topic. The map was illustrating an article about the 1993 agreement of Saint Michel that made Belgium a federal state by unifying the two main regions as well as smaller german regions under the same government. This is a very specific debate concerning Belgium and Belgium only, not depending on external forces. The issue (political unity of Belgium) contains its solution (its a national debate that no one else can solve but Belgians).

On the example below, a map illustrating the Falklands War of 1982 between United Kingdom and Argentina over Falklands Islands sovereignty, the playground is the Atlantic Ocean, North to South.

Falklands,Campaign,(Distances_to_bases)_1982

The map focuses on the two protagonists to show how & when they moved strategically to an actual open conflict over the Falklands. There is clearly no other country involved in this, nor other political influences. The map is focusing on strategy, events timeline and show very well the obvious handicap of distance United Kingdom had. That tells us a lot about how UK’s empire last bite was escaping from its yoke and how they desperately fought for it, more as a symbol than as an essential land possession.

Robots, chefs hope to bring invasive lion fish to restaurants near you | Reuters
▻http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-science-robots-lionfish-idUKKBN17M2V6

http://s1.reutersmedia.net/resources/r/?m=02&d=20170421&t=2&i=1181445843&w=644&fh=&fw=&ll=&pl=&sq=&r=LYNXMPED3J1QA#.jpg

As it turns out, some of the best cooks in the world think lionfish, a venomous predatory fish which is breeding out of control and destroying marine ecosystems in the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, is delicious.

The chefs gathered in Bermuda on Wednesday for a competition dubbed the “Lionfish Throwdown” where they challenged one another to come up with the tastiest solution to the problem of invasive lionfish.
[…]
Angle, who recently founded Robots In Service of the Environment (RSE), a nonprofit organisation set up to protect the oceans, built a machine named the Guardian specifically designed to hunt and capture lionfish.

“We basically drive the Guardian up to the fish, position it between two electrodes, apply a current and stun the fish, knocking the fish out,” said Angle.

“Then there is a motor at the back of the robot which creates a current into the robot and it sucks that fish into the robot.”

Opening Arctic for Drilling Is Trump Priority, Key Senator Says - Bloomberg
▻https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-10/opening-arctic-for-drilling-is-trump-priority-key-senator-says

Senator Lisa Murkowski said President Donald Trump is interested in opening up new coastal waters for oil and gas drilling and reversing Obama-era policies that restrict energy development in Alaska.

Both Trump and Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke are weighing ways to expand opportunities to drill in Arctic waters though the changes could take years to accomplish administratively, Murkowski said in an interview on the sidelines of the CERAWeek conference in Houston. 

“It’s fair to say we are looking at how we might be able to — how the administration might be able to — allow for opportunities within this important area, offshore Alaska,” Murkowski said.
[…]
Among her targets: making it easier to develop parcels in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, a 23-million-acre (9.3 million hectare) region set aside 94 years ago because of its oil and gas potential, and allowing the activity in part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
[…]
The Trump administration also is weighing how to undo an executive order that President Barack Obama used to withdraw almost all U.S. Arctic waters and underwater canyons in the Atlantic Ocean from future oil and gas leasing. Environmentalists say it would be unprecedented for any president to rescind such a designation, and the reversal would almost certainly be challenged in court.

U.S. Navy’s New High Tech Destroyer Suffers ’Engineering Casualty’ – gCaptain
▻http://gcaptain.com/u-s-navys-new-high-tech-destroyer-suffers-engineering-casualty

http://i1.wp.com/gcaptain.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/160421-N-YE579-005.jpg

The U.S. Navy’s new high tech destroyer has been sidelined for repairs after suffering a seawater leak in its propulsion system less than a month before its expected commissioning.

The U.S. Navy confirmed via a statement to USNI News that the future USS Zumwalt, the largest and most technologically advanced destroyer ever built for the Navy, suffered the engineering casualty that could take up to two weeks to repair.

The fault was discovered during at sea testing on September 19.

“The crew discovered the casualty after detecting a seawater leak in the propulsion motor drive lube oil auxiliary system for one of the ship’s shafts,” U.S. Naval Surface Forces said in a statement to USNI News. “The built-in redundancy of the ship’s propulsion plant allows this first-in-class ship to operate with multiple engine configurations. However, it was determined that the repairs should be completed in port prior to the ship transiting to sea.”

Littoral Combat Ship USS Freedom Suffers Engine Casualty – gCaptain
▻https://gcaptain.com/littoral-combat-ship-uss-freedom-suffers-engineering-casualty

The U.S. Navy is investigating a casualty to one of the main propulsion diesel engines (MPDE) on board the first littoral combat ship USS Freedom, which the Navy says will need to be removed and rebuilt or replaced altogether. 

The Navy said Monday that the casualty occurred July 11 and was caused by a leak from the attached seawater pump mechanical seal that resulted in seawater entering the engine lube oil system.
[…]
The casualty is the latest in the growing list of issues related to the Navy’s beleaguered Littoral Combat Ship program. Back in January, the USS Fort Worth (LCS 3) was sidelined in Singapore after suffering damage to the ship’s combining gears. The ship was expected to return San Diego under its own power this summer for an extensive repair period. Earlier in December 2015, the USS Milwaukee (LCS 5) had to be towed into port after losing propulsion during an Atlantic Ocean transit, just one month after being commissioned.

“Given the engineering casualties on USS Freedom and USS Fort Worth, I believe improvements in engineering oversight and training are necessary,” said Vice Adm. Tom Rowden, commander, Naval Surface Forces.

Ship Photos of the Day - Real Viking Ship Completes North Atlantic Crossing - gCaptain
▻https://gcaptain.com/ship-photos-of-the-day-real-viking-ship-completes-north-atlantic-crossing

https://i2.wp.com/gcaptain.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Draken_1-1.jpg

The world’s largest viking ship has arrived in North America after crossing the North Atlantic Ocean on a journey from its homeport in Haugesund, Norway.

The Viking ship, named Draken Harald Hårfagre, set sail from Norway with its approximately 32 crew members in late April and made stops in Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland, Canada, before making its way through the Saint Lawrence Seaway to Toronto for the Tall Ships Challenge Great Lakes 2016 festival this weekend.

Future stops for the Viking ship include Chicago, Green Bay and Duluth, before heading to U.S. east coast with stops in New York City and finally Mystic Seaport in Mystic, Connecticut in October.

Harald Belle Chevelure
▻https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Ier_de_Norvège

Trump, in Scotland, links Brexit vote to his campaign - The Washington Post
▻https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/trump-arrives-in-scotland-hails-british-exit-from-eu/2016/06/24/ef267f20-39f6-11e6-af02-1df55f0c77ff_story.html

Donald Trump, in a visit to Scotland on Friday, hailed Britain’s vote to leave the European Union, drawing parallels to the anger driving his own presidential campaign.

“I love to see people take their country back,” he told reporters at a news conference at one of his golf courses in Scotland. “And that’s really what’s happening in the United States” and other parts of the world.
[…]
“People want to see borders. They don’t necessarily want people pouring into their country that they don’t know who they are and where they come from,” Trump said.

Trump, whose visit to Scotland is his first international trip since sealing sufficient delegate support to be the GOP standardbearer this fall, also predicted that other nations will follow the United Kingdom’s lead.

“This will not be the last,” he said earlier at a ceremony to mark the reopening of a golf resort he owns on Scotland’s west coast. “They’re angry about many, many things.”
[…]
Trump’s reason for his trip to Europe wasn’t politics, but rather to check on a pair of championship-level golf resorts he owns in Scotland. Trump, who unlike previous presidential candidates did not schedule any political meetings while abroad, spent Friday morning marking the $200 million-plus rehabilitation of the famed Turnberry golf resort nestled on the rocky coast facing the North Atlantic Ocean.
[…]
Trump, whose mother was born in Scotland, has long emphasized his ties to the country, but he has waged several battles with those in his ancestral homeland. Earlier this year, he was stripped of an honorary degree from Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen.

Trump was initially welcomed by Scottish leaders. But relationships soured as arguments ensued over a nearby wind farm and the levels of investment promised. Trump feared the wind farm would block the view from his course. He claimed he had received assurances that it would not be built. Trump denounced a leading Scottish politician, Alex Salmond, as “an embarrassment to Scotland.”

SpaceX Launches Satellites, Narrowly Misses Rocket Landing at Sea
#rapid_unscheduled_disassembly

▻http://www.space.com/33172-spacex-misses-rocket-landing-after-satellite-launch.html

SpaceX successfully launched two satellites to orbit today (June 15) but couldn’t quite pull off its fourth consecutive rocket landing at sea in the process.

The first stage of the California-based company’s Falcon 9 rocket Falcon 9 rocket managed to hit its target — a robotic “droneship” stationed in the Atlantic Ocean, a few hundred miles off the Florida coast — but wasn’t able to stick the landing.

“Ascent phase & satellites look good, but booster rocket had a RUD on droneship,” SpaceX founder and CEO Elon Musk said via Twitter during the liftoff. ("RUD" is #Muskspeak for “rapid unscheduled disassembly.”)

The U.S. Navy Has Taken Delivery of Its Most Advanced Destroyer Ever - gCaptain
▻https://gcaptain.com/the-u-s-navy-has-taken-delivery-of-its-most-advanced-destroyer-ever

https://i1.wp.com/gcaptain.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/160421-N-YE579-005.jpg

The Navy on Friday accepted delivery of the future USS Zumwalt (DDG 1000), the lead ship of the Navy’s next-generation multi-mission surface destroyers.

https://i1.wp.com/gcaptain.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/160421-N-YE579-003.jpg?resize=635%2C862

Falcon 9 succeeds in middle-of-the-night launch and landing – Spaceflight Now
▻http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/05/06/falcon-9-succeeds-in-middle-of-the-night-launch

http://spaceflightnow.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/26751237322_22dc7de0f4_k.jpg

A Japanese communications rode a Falcon 9 rocket into space from Cape Canaveral early Friday, reaching an on-target orbit as the launcher’s first stage booster nailed a high-speed landing on a platform in the Atlantic Ocean, logging another achievement for SpaceX’s cost-cutting reuse initiative.

The successful satellite deployment marks the Falcon 9’s fifth consecutive flawless flight in less than five months, and the rocket’s 24th mission overall.

The rocket achieved its primary and secondary objective on Friday’s launch, placing the JCSAT 14 communications satellite into orbit, and returning its booster stage to a purely experimental landing on a specially-outfitted ship floating in the Atlantic Ocean.

The Strange Ecosystem in the Sea: Dead Whales - Facts So Romantic
▻http://nautil.us/blog/the-strange-ecosystem-in-the-sea-dead-whales

http://static.nautil.us/8846_bb96ff7f5c9505fd971126ecd171bec2.jpg

One April day in 2013, the submersible Shinkai 6500 descended to the base of the steep São Paulo Ridge, 13,000 feet under the Atlantic Ocean. “Hang on,” Paulo Sumida, a marine biologist, radioed to the submersible pilot from the support vessel on the ocean’s surface. “Those are whale bones.” In fact, they were frozen vertebrae of an Antarctic Minke whale. The creature had weighed several tons, and its skeletal remains had been there for possibly a decade. To Sumida and his colleagues, this “whale fall” was a rare find. It was only the eighth whale carcass to be studied in detail since the late 1980s, and the only such find in the Atlantic Ocean (most have been found in the Pacific). Yet whale falls are a relatively common occurrence, especially along migration routes. The distance between (...)

This is what happens when the Arctic warms twice as fast as the rest of the planet - The Washington Post

▻https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/12/15/this-is-what-happens-when-the-arctic-warms-twice-as-fast-as-the-rest-of-the-planet/?wpisrc=nl_draw2

http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2015/12/Arctic-ice.png

For a second straight year, the Arctic is warming faster than any other place in the world, and walrus populations in the area’s Pacific and Atlantic ocean regions are thinning along with the ice sheets that are critical for their survival, researchers reported Tuesday.

#climat #arctique

D’après la NASA la circulation thermohaline pourrait bien être en train de s’arrêter…

http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2015/10/201501-201509.gif

There has been growing concern, of late, that one predicted consequence of a changing climate — the slowing of the great “overturning” circulation in the Atlantic Ocean — is already starting to happen.

#changement_climatique #it_has_begun

Key differences between the 1997 and 2015 El Niños, and their impact on our hurricane season - The Washington Post

▻http://www.washingtonpost.com/rweb/wildcard/key-differences-
between-the-1997-and-2015-el-nios/2015/09/18/2b8dd185ba12d49d5b48c6082107977d_story.html

▻http://www.washingtonpost.com/rweb/api/imgs/?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftabletimages.washingtonpost.com%2Fprod%2Fd_tstmp_1

The 1997 and 2015 El Niño events are very similar in many ways — mainly in their stark intensity. But over the North Atlantic ocean, interesting differences emerge between the 1997 record-strong El Niño and its potential usurper.

Just past the halfway point, this Atlantic hurricane season has been relatively quiet. Hurricane activity is just 40 percent of normal for this time of year. El Niño, which is defined by the presences of warmer than normal ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific, is primarily responsible for the quiet hurricane season, through its influence on the upper-level wind patterns over the Atlantic Ocean

#climat #el_nino

Stowaways and Crimes Aboard a Scofflaw Ship

CHIOS, Greece — The rickety raft made of empty oil drums and a wooden tabletop rolled and pitched with the waves while tied to the side of the Dona Liberta, a 370-foot cargo ship anchored far from land in the Atlantic Ocean off West Africa.

http://graphics8.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2015/03/25/dona-liberta-article/5f2c6387076de933013b3a7c21a26938da7c3d00/stowaways-600px.jpg http://graphics8.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2015/03/25/dona-liberta-article/5f2c6387076de933013b3a7c21a26938da7c3d00/stranded-600px.jpg

Stowaways and Crimes Aboard a Scofflaw Ship - The New York Times
▻http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/19/world/stowaway-crime-scofflaw-ship.html?emc=edit_na_20150717&nlid=67621834&ref=he

http://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/07/13/nyregion/OCEANS-SHIP-01/OCEANS-SHIP-01-facebookJumbo-v2.jpg

CHIOS, Greece — The rickety raft made of empty oil drums and a wooden tabletop rolled and pitched with the waves while tied to the side of the Dona Liberta, a 370-foot cargo ship anchored far from land in the Atlantic Ocean off West Africa.

“Go down!” yelled a knife-wielding crew member, forcing two Tanzanian stowaways overboard and onto the raft. As angry clouds gathered on the horizon, he cut the line.

Gambling on a better life, the stowaways had run out of luck. They had already spent nine days at sea, most of the time hiding in the Dona Liberta’s engine room, crouched deep in oily water. But as they climbed down onto the slick raft, the men, neither of whom knew how to swim, nearly slid into the ocean before lashing themselves together to the raft with a rope.

As the Dona Liberta slowly disappeared, David George Mndolwa, one of the abandoned pair, recalled thinking: “This is the end.”

#transport_maritime #mer #piraterie_maritime

A line in the sand: Fighting 40 years of exile in the desert of Western Sahara By Nicole Crowder

In November 2014 photojournalist Tomaso Clavarino began documenting the Western Sahara military bases and cadets in the SPLA who are fighting for Sahrawi independence in what he describes as one of the “world’s least reported crises.”

“The Polisario Front is now ready to take up arms again as the international community and the #UN mission #MINURSO [the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara] have been unable to solve the crisis in 40 years,” Clavarino says. “Sahrawis have been in exile since 1975, when it was annexed by Morocco, and since 1991 MINURSO has been working in Western Sahara to organize a ‘negotiated political solution’ for the independence of this region.”

Brazil-to-Portugal #Cable Shapes Up as Anti-#NSA Case Study - Bloomberg
▻http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-30/brazil-to-portugal-cable-shapes-up-as-anti-nsa-case-study.html

Brazil is planning a $185 million project to lay fiber-optic cable across the Atlantic Ocean, which could entail buying gear from multiple vendors. What it won’t need: U.S.-made technology.

The cable is being overseen by state-owned telecommunications company Telecomunicacoes Brasileiras SA (TELB4), known as Telebras. Even though Telebras’s suppliers include U.S. companies such as Cisco Systems Inc. (CSCO), Telebras President Francisco Ziober Filho said in an interview that the cable project can be built without any U.S. companies.

The potential to exclude U.S. vendors illustrates the fallout that is starting to unfold from revelations last year that the U.S. National Security Agency spied on international leaders like Brazil’s Dilma Rousseff and Germany’s Angela Merkel to gather intelligence on terror suspects worldwide.

“The issue of data integrity and vulnerability is always a concern for any telecom company,” Ziober said. The NSA leaks last year from contractor Edward Snowden prompted Telebras to step up audits of all foreign-made equipment to check for security vulnerabilities and accelerated the country’s move toward technological self-reliance, he said.

http://www.bloomberg.com/image/irVuySp1r_PA.png

meanwhile…………… White House Opens Door to Exploring Atlantic for Oil - NYTimes.com
▻http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/19/us/white-house-opens-door-to-exploring-atlantic-for-oil.html?ref=us

The Obama administration approved guidelines on Friday for seismic searches for oil and gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean, handing the petroleum industry a significant victory in a bitter dispute with environmental groups over the searches’ impact on marine life.

#pétrole #mer

A Homemade Artist Train Runs on the Abandoned Rails of Mexico
▻http://hyperallergic.com/133636/a-homemade-artist-train-runs-on-the-abandoned-rails-of-mexico
#chemin_de_fer #voyage #ghost_rail

When much of a railway intended to connect Mexico City to the Atlantic Ocean was abandoned in 1995, communities were stranded and tracks were left to decay. From 2010 to 2012, Mexican artists and brothers Ivan Puig and Andrés Padilla Domene set out to ride those nearly 9,000 kilometers of rails in a retro-future exploratory vehicle called the SEFT-1.

http://hyperallergic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/seft1train1.jpg

Their journey also took them to abandoned passenger railways in Ecuador, collecting interviews with locals along the way (the whole trek is documented online). Christening themselves “Los Ferronautas,” they modeled the SEFT-1 after a mid-20th-century vision of a spaceship and positioned themselves as explorers of this isolated world.

http://hyperallergic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/seft1train5.jpg http://hyperallergic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/seft1train3.jpg

BBC News - Iranian warships ’to sail close to US maritime border’

▻http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26105749

Iranian warships in the Atlantic Ocean are to sail close to US maritime borders for the first time, a senior naval commander has said.

Iranian media quoted Adm Afshin Rezayee Haddad as saying the deployment was a response to US vessels in the Gulf.

http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/72853000/jpg/_72853282_72853281.jpg

The fleet consists of a destroyer and a helicopter-carrying supply ship.

It began its voyage last month and entered the Atlantic though South African waters, the IRNA news agency quoted the admiral as saying.

#iran #états-unis #risque_de_troisième_guerre_mondiale et tout ça pour 30 cadets iraniens #paranoïa des américains, présents sur tous les océans de la planète avec une armada capable de détruire la terre en 5 secondes et qui s’affolent pour 30 apprentis militaires qui passent le cap de bonne espérance :) Et ils s’étonnent après qu’on ne les prenne plus au sérieux.

Commercial Shipping Industry Looks North, toward the Arctic Ocean

▻http://millionairecorner.com/Content_Free/Commercial-Shippers-Look-North.aspx

A new playground is opening up for the international shipping industry, which previously has employed the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for its business uses for centuries.

http://millionairecorner.com/LibRepository/8b328a0b-7e6e-4960-85e8-b6fc133b8817.png

Due to climate change and global warming, the Arctic Ocean is now being considered for commercial shipping purposes. And not everybody thinks that is a good thing.

The Arctic Ocean sits on what is considered the top of the world, and is bordered by the United States (Alaska), Canada, Russia, Greenland, Iceland and the Nordic countries. Where previously it was nearly impassable for all sizable ships, today it is more clear of damaging ice, at least during the summer months. Because ships can use the Northwest Passage to travel along the shorter latitudes at the top of the world, trips from one part of the world to another take much less time. And time is money.

#arctique #transport_maritime #piraterie

New Trans-Arctic shipping routes navigable by midcentury

▻http://www.pnas.org/content/110/13/E1191/1.full

Record lows in observed Arctic sea ice extent, together with climate model predictions of even greater ice declines in the future, have fueled speculations about new trans-Arctic shipping routes linking the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. However, little is known about how the projected geophysical changes in sea ice will impact the viability of ship navigation through the region.

http://www.pnas.org/content/110/13/E1191/1/F3.medium.gif

To address this question, we applied numerical transportation analysis (1) to individual and ensemble-averaged datasets of projected sea ice thickness and concentration from seven respected general circulation models. This method allowed for an evaluation of peak-season (September) Arctic shipping potential for early- (2006–2015) and mid-21st century (2040–2059) and their comparison with past decades (1979–2005).

#arctic #transport #transport_maritime #climat