organization:cornell university

  • Saison IV - N°30 - Les entreprises surveillent nos vagins, ceci n’est pas un exercice | Les Glorieuses, via @mona
    https://lesglorieuses.fr/regles

    « Ovia Health » est une société de production de trois applications, Ovia fertility, Ovia pregnancy et Ovia parenting, qui « aide les femmes et les familles à naviguer dans leurs moments les plus importants avec des solutions personnalisées et fondées sur les données pour la fertilité, la grossesse et la parentalité. » Ovia Health, fondé par trois hommes et une femme, est une des applications médicales les plus téléchargées aux États-Unis aujourd’hui. Son modèle économique est en partie fondé sur la vente des données personnelles des utilisatrices à leurs entreprises. Ainsi, une entreprise peut avoir accès à votre cycle menstruel, votre suivi de grossesse, ou encore à la santé de votre enfant. « Quelle pourrait être la raison la plus optimiste et la plus sincère pour un employeur de savoir combien de grossesses à haut risque ont ses employés ? Pour qu’ils puissent mettre plus de brochures dans la salle de repos ? », s’interroge dans l’enquête du Washington Post Karen Levy, professeure assistante à la Cornell University, qui a effectué des recherches sur la surveillance de la famille et des lieux de travail.

  • A Database of Fugitive Slave Ads Reveals Thousands of Untold Resistance Stories

    https://hyperallergic.com/435183/freedom-on-the-move

    Readers of the May 24, 1796 Pennsylvania Gazette found an advertisement offering ten dollars to any person who would apprehend Oney Judge, an enslaved woman who had fled from President George Washington’s Virginia plantation, Mount Vernon. The notice described her in detail as a “light mulatto girl, much freckled, with very black eyes and bushy black hair,” as well as her skills at mending clothes, and that she “may attempt to escape by water … it is probable she will attempt to pass as a free woman, and has, it is said, wherewithal to pay her passage.” She did indeed board a ship called the Nancy and made it to New Hampshire, where she later married a free black sailor, although she was herself never freed by the Washingtons and remained a fugitive.

    The advertisement is one of thousands that were printed in newspapers during colonial and pre-Civil War slavery in the United States. The Freedom on the Move (FOTM) public database project, now being developed at Cornell University, is the first major digital database to organize together North American fugitive slave ads from regional, state, and other collections. FOTM recently received its second of its two National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) digital humanities grants.

    #esclavage

  • A Database of Fugitive Slave Ads Reveals Thousands of Untold Resistance Stories
    https://hyperallergic.com/435183/freedom-on-the-move

    Readers of the May 24, 1796 Pennsylvania Gazette found an advertisement offering ten dollars to any person who would apprehend Oney Judge, an enslaved woman who had fled from President George Washington’s Virginia plantation, Mount Vernon. The notice described her in detail as a “light mulatto girl, much freckled, with very black eyes and bushy black hair,” as well as her skills at mending clothes, and that she “may attempt to escape by water … it is probable she will attempt to pass as a free woman, and has, it is said, wherewithal to pay her passage.” She did indeed board a ship called the Nancy and made it to New Hampshire, where she later married a free black sailor, although she was herself never freed by the Washingtons and remained a fugitive.

    The advertisement is one of thousands that were printed in newspapers during colonial and pre-Civil War slavery in the United States. The Freedom on the Move (FOTM) public database project, now being developed at Cornell University, is the first major digital database to organize together North American fugitive slave ads from regional, state, and other collections. FOTM recently received its second of its two National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) digital humanities grants.

    Runaway Slaves in Britain :: Home
    https://www.runaways.gla.ac.uk

  • Cornell professor resigns after review questions his food studies | syracuse.com
    http://www.syracuse.com/state/index.ssf/2018/09/cornell_professor_resigns_food_research.html

    A Cornell professor whose attention-getting food studies made him a media darling has submitted his resignation, the school said Thursday, a dramatic fall for a scholar whose work increasingly came under question in recent years.

    The university said in a statement that a year-long review found that Brian Wansink “committed academic misconduct in his research and scholarship, including misreporting of research data, problematic statistical techniques, failure to properly document and preserve research results, and inappropriate authorship.”

    #autorité #expert #air_du_temps

  • Instead of a Conclusion — Plots Against Russia
    http://plotsagainstrussia.org/eb7nyuedu/2017/6/15/instead-of-a-conclusion

    This is the last post in the Plots against Russia blog, a project that went on line one year and eight months ago. Obviously, the book is not yet finished, but, with two exceptions, I have completed the first draft. The first exception is the Ukraine chapter, which does not conclude so much as stop. The second is, of course, the Conclusion. In each case, I decided that it would make more sense to do this writing once I have thoroughly revised the rest of the manuscript.

    So that is what I am now going to do. My hope is to give the completed MS to Cornell University Press for review by the end of this calendar year. Should that process go well, when the book is published, I will take down most of the content of this blog (by agreement with the press). But I’ll still use this site for updates and announcements.
    ...

    With best wishes from all my Illuminati friends,

    #Russie #politique

  • Libéralisme : l’heure de payer l’addition Alternatives Economiques - Christian Chavagneux - 15 Mars 2018
    https://www.alternatives-economiques.fr/christian-chavagneux/liberalisme-lheure-de-payer-laddition/00083626

    Un sondage ne fait pas un pays mais celui d’OpinionWay pour le Printemps de l’économie 2018 surprend par la violence qu’il exprime du rejet de la mondialisation par les Français. Avec pour conséquence une forte demande de protectionnisme et un pessimisme qui n’augurent rien de bon. En prônant l’ouverture à tout crin et en refusant d’en traiter les effets anti-redistributifs, le libéralisme économique finit par produire sa propre remise en cause.

    Un rejet généralisé
    Premier résultat : 60 % des Français ont une mauvaise opinion de la mondialisation. En termes d’âge, on trouve les plus récalcitrants chez les 50 ans et plus. Mais la moitié des moins de 35 ans déclarent également leur méfiance : terrible constat d’une jeunesse pour moitié repliée sur elle-même ! Et le discours sur la différence entre des élites bien formées mondialisées et des ouvriers peu formés nationalistes ne fonctionne pas : 58 % des CSP+ ont une mauvaise opinion de la mondialisation.

    Sur quoi se fonde ce rejet ? Plusieurs points saillants émergent : ce sont les multinationales qui font majoritairement la loi, l’Asie et les Etats-Unis sont les gagnants et l’Europe est parmi les perdants. La mondialisation est perçue comme poussant à l’innovation technologique mais dégrade l’environnement, ne réduit pas la pauvreté et va à l’encontre de l’égalité entre hommes et femmes. De plus, quasiment la moitié des Français pensent qu’elle a des effets négatifs sur la croissance, 58 % qu’elle réduit leur pouvoir d’achat, 64 % qu’elle a des effets négatifs sur l’emploi et 65 % sur les salaires.

    Un sentiment pessimiste
    A partir de ce constat, nulle surprise sur les solutions : le protectionnisme commercial est plébiscité. 66 % des Français souhaitent l’imposition de normes plus strictes sur les produits entrants et sortants.
    L’avenir n’est pas rose : les trois-quarts des sondés pensent que la mondialisation économique va continuer à s’étendre, 60 % que c’est incompatible avec la lutte contre le changement climatique et 54 % cela se traduira par encore plus d’uniformisation culturelle.
    Les débats entre économistes sur le ralentissement de la mondialisation et le fait qu’elle ait atteint un plateau n’ont donc pas d’effets sur l’opinion française, pas plus que le travail des anthropologues du politique soulignant combien face à un capitalisme mondialisé chaque territoire se l’approprie de manière différente, loin de toute uniformisation.
    Du fait de la mondialisation, 71 % des Français sont inquiets pour leurs enfants, 67 % pour l’avenir de la France, 65 % pour l’avenir du monde et 63 % pour leur propre avenir. Un tableau noir.

    Le prix d’un trop fort libéralisme
    Ce sondage ne fait que confirmer ce que le Brexit, l’élection de Donald Trump et la montée des partis nationalistes nous clament plus fortement : faute d’avoir reconnu les #coûts_sociaux qu’il engendre et accepté de les traiter, le #libéralisme_économique fait désormais l’objet d’un rejet croissant.
    Les libéraux vantent les effets positifs de la mondialisation commerciale sur le pouvoir d’achat puisque l’on achète des produits moins chers ailleurs. Mais un pays peut également y perdre des emplois ou connaître une pression à la baisse sur les salaires. Quel effet l’emporte ? La seule étude récente sur le sujet a été proposée à l’été 2017 par la Banque d’Angleterre sur le secteur textile britannique. Résultat : d’un côté, un gain de pouvoir d’achat cumulé grâce à l’ouverture de 3 %, de l’autre, une perte de 1,25 %.
    Au niveau macroéconomique, les gains s’avèrent donc supérieurs aux pertes. Généralement, les libéraux s’arrêtent là. Sauf que les gains bénéficient à tous les consommateurs tandis que les pertes sont concentrées sur quelques territoires. L’étude regarde alors de près les marchés du travail : les régions qui concentraient une plus grande part d’industrie textile au début des années 1980 ont connu une plus faible croissance de l’emploi que les autres et un retrait plus marqué des personnes du marché du travail. Un effet qui se fait toujours sentir…

    Les coûts locaux de la mondialisation

    Une étude récente de la Banque de France s’interroge, elle, sur le coût local des importations chinoises en France. Résultat : sur la période 2001-2007, une perte d’environ 90 000 emplois dans le secteur manufacturier, soit 13 % du déclin sur la période... mais aussi 190 000 en dehors de ce secteur. L’explication ? La baisse de l’emploi manufacturier induit une baisse de la demande locale, qui fait largement sentir ses effets sur les secteurs a priori protégés de la concurrence internationale.
    Enfin, une récente recherche du Fonds monétaire international aboutit à trois résultats importants. Tout d’abord, participer à la mondialisation accroît la richesse d’un pays. Ensuite, plus le niveau d’intégration internationale d’un pays est élevé, plus les gains qu’il tire d’une poursuite de l’intégration diminue. Enfin, les gains de la mondialisation profitent aux plus riches et accroissent les #inégalités. La France se situe clairement dans la catégorie des pays mondialisés qui ne profitent plus d’une ouverture supplémentaire, la mondialisation étant l’un des facteurs expliquant la montée des inégalités.

    Bref, la #mondialisation fait des gagnants mais aussi des #perdants. Les #politiques suivies ces dernières décennies n’ont pas suffisamment cherché à aider ceux qui sont tombés du mauvais côté. Aujourd’hui, ils répondent. Si cela conduit finalement à une mondialisation raisonnable et à un capitalisme moins libéral et moins inégalitaire, on s’en sortira bien. Mais la probabilité d’une montée des #guerres_commerciales n’est pas exclue. Ni même qu’au-delà du seul libéralisme économique débridé, la démocratie soit aussi emportée par le flux.

    • L’intérêt de cet article est dans le chiffrage du rejet de la mondialisation par les français.
      En tant qu’ économiste et éditorialiste , Christian Chavagneux essaye de justifier à tous prix la #mondialisation_heureuse.
      Il ne doit pas souvent aller dans la rue ce monsieur, il est vrai qu’il écrit avant tout pour ses lecteurs.

      Article tiré de la revue de presse du site Les Crises, ( Olivier Berruyer ) mis à l’index par le décodex du nomde.
      https://www.les-crises.fr/revue-de-presse-du-17032018

    • Article tiré de la revue de presse du site Les Crises, ( Olivier Berruyer ) mis à l’index par le décodex du nomde.

      Du « nomde » ? mais de quoi l’Immonde est-il le nom ?

      Sinon, c’est bien de mettre l’intégralité des articles munis d’un « paywall » à retardement.

    • Un sondage d’OpinionWay vient d’être réalisé sur la « mondialisation » et ses résultats sont sans appels[1]. Les français rejettent dans leur grande majorité cette « mondialisation » et se prononcent même, à près de 66%, pour une forme de retour au protectionnisme. Certains vont se lamenter sur le « manque de culture économique » des français. D’autres feront remarquer, et cela est vrai, que ce sondage n’est qu’un sondage. Mais, ce sondage a été réalisé pour le « Printemps de l’Economie », une manifestation soutenue par la Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations[2].
      Ce sondage survient après l’interruption du processus du TAFTA mais après, aussi, l’approbation du CETA par l’Union européenne[3]. Il a donc valeur de témoignage. Il a été réalisé par des personnes et pour des personnes qui sont en réalités favorables à la mondialisation. Le fait qu’il donne des résultats aussi contraires à leurs attentes est, de ce point de vue, hautement symbolique.

      Un rejet général
      La première chose qu’il convient de retenir de ce sondage, c’est qu’il exprime un rejet quasi-général de la « mondialisation ». Pas moins de 60% des personnes interrogées ont une opinion négative de la mondialisation. En fait, seul 3% des personnes interrogées ont une « très bonne » opinion de la mondialisation alors que 14% en ont une « très mauvaise ». Le clivage est net.


      Source : sondage OpinionWay, réalisé au mois de mars 2018 pour le Printemps des économistes
      Par ailleurs, quand on regarde la répartition de ces opinions, on constate que le taux le plus élevé de « mauvaise opinion » est situé dans la tranche d’âge qui va de 50-64 ans, autrement dit les personnes les plus vulnérables au risque prolongé de chômage. Il est ici important de noter que l’appartenance aux catégories socio-professionnelles les plus élevées (CSP+) n’a pratiquement pas d’impact sur les mauvaises opinions quant à la mondialisation. Les CSP+ ont une mauvaise opinion à 58% et les CSP- à 60%.

      Cela signifie qu’une majorité absolue de nos concitoyens n’adhère plus à la doxa libérale qui veut que le libre-échange et la mondialisation soient de bonnes choses pour tous. C’est, ici, un changement important de l’opinion. Il n’est pas étonnant car cette même doxa ne s’appuyait pas sur des faits mais sur une forme de présentation de l’histoire économique et sociale hautement tendancieuse.

      On a pu avoir en effet l’impression, et peut-être l’illusion, que c’était par l’abolition des barrières aux échanges que l’on avait obtenu la croissance très forte. Des travaux, parmi lesquels on doit inclure ceux de Dollar, en 1992[4], de Ben-David, en 1993[5], de Sachs et Warner, en 1995[6], et de Edwards en 1998[7], ont cherché à établir ce fait.

      Mais, de manière générale, les tests statistiques et économétriques pratiqués donnent des résultats qui sont pour le moins très ambigus. On peut en déduire que, pour certains pays, l’ouverture a eu des résultats positifs, mais non pour d’autres. Cependant, on peut aussi en déduire que si une politique qui associe l’ouverture à de bonnes mesures macroéconomiques est meilleure qu’une politique associant le protectionnisme à des mauvaises mesures macroéconomiques, ceci tient bien plus à la qualité des dites mesures macroéconomiques qu’à celle de l’ouverture[8]. De fait, les pays qui ont associé des politiques protectionnistes à des bonnes politiques macroéconomiques connaissent des taux de croissance qui sont largement supérieurs à ceux des pays plus ouverts, ce qui invalide le résultat précédent sur l’ouverture[9]. Ceci nous ramène à la problématique du développement, qui s’avère être autrement plus complexe que ce que les partisans d’un libre-échange généralisé veulent bien dire. Les travaux d’Alice Amsden[10], Robert Wade[11] ou ceux regroupés par Helleiner[12] montrent que dans le cas des pays en voie de développement le choix du protectionnisme, s’il est associé à de réelles politiques nationales de développement et d’industrialisation[13], fournit des taux de croissance qui sont très au-dessus de ceux des pays qui ne font pas le même choix. Le fait que les pays d’Asie qui connaissent la plus forte croissance ont systématiquement violé les règles de la globalisation établies et codifiées par la Banque mondiale et le FMI est souligné par Dani Rodrik[14].

      En fait, le protectionnisme s’avère bien souvent une voie plus sure et plus rapide vers la croissance que le libre-échange et, ce point est d’ailleurs régulièrement oublié par les thuriféraires du libre-échange, c’est la croissance dans chaque pays qui porte le développement des échanges internationaux et non l’inverse.

      L’opinion des personnes interrogées dans le cadre du sondage OpinionWay réalisé pour Le Printemps des Economistes met d’ailleurs bien en lumière que pour plus de 56% des personnes interrogées, les règles du commerce international sont conçues pour et par les multinationales.

      Les raisons de ce rejet
      Il est alors important de regarder quelles sont les raisons pour lesquelles les personnes interrogées rejettent la « mondialisation ». La raison majeure est l’opinion très négative des conséquences de la mondialisation sur l’environnement. Pour 70% des personnes interrogées, la mondialisation a des effets négatifs ou n’améliore pas vraiment la situation. Puis, viennent les questions liées à la santé, à la pauvreté et aux inégalités. C’est dire à quel point la « mondialisation » est mal perçue par les français.

      Si l’on pose aux personnes interrogées des questions concernant la situation en France, on voit alors surgir la question des salaires et de l’emploi (plus de 64% des personnes pensent que la mondialisation est mauvaise sur ces points), mais aussi les questions de l’environnement, du pouvoir d’achat et de la croissance. C’est donc un bilan très négatifs que tirent les français de la « mondialisation ».

      De fait, le passage progressif à la globalisation marchande a permis de faire passer, dans le discours tenus par les principaux pays européens, les mesures destinées à faire baisser la part des salaires et surtout les salaires d’ouvriers pour une évidence, une sorte de « loi de la nature ». Il n’y avait pourtant rien de « naturel » à cela. Les transformations du cadre d’insertion international sont bien le produit de politiques. Mais, par l’illusion d’une « contrainte extérieure » s’appliquant hors de toute politique, ce discours a produit un mécanisme progressif d’acceptation des mesures qui étaient ainsi préconisées. On constate alors, pour presque tous les pays[15], un accroissement du coefficient, et donc des inégalités qui se creusent entre le milieu des années 1980 et le milieu des années 1990, au moment où l’on procède aux grandes déréglementations dans le domaine du commerce international.

      Le phénomène de pression à la baisse sur les salaires engendré par le libre-échange et la « mondialisation » est évident pour les pays les plus développés. On le constate aux Etats-Unis par exemple[16]. Pour mesurer l’impact de la déflation salariale importée, il faut commencer par établir l’écart entre les gains de productivité et ceux de l’ensemble des salaires nets à l’image de ce qui s’est passé dans d’autres pays[17]. On rappelle que l’on avait fait ce calcul dans l’ouvrage de 2011 « La Démondialisation »[18], ouvrage que l’on peut considérer comme largement validé par ce sondage de 2018. L’évolution des rémunérations salariales a ainsi été très désavantageuse pour les salariés à bas revenus à partir de 1983. Ce phénomène s’est amplifié au tournant des années 1999-2002. On peut donc bien parler d’une contre-révolution conservatrice qui s’est jouée en deux temps. La déflation salariale est donc indiscutable et c’est elle qui explique le phénomène de ralentissement de l’inflation générale à la fois directement, par la modération des salaires et donc par des coûts à profit égal et même croissants, et indirectement, par le biais de la pression qu’exercent les chômeurs. Cette déflation salariale a été le résultat de la mise en concurrence des travailleurs français avec les travailleurs d’autres pays dont le niveau de salaires était incomparablement plus bas.

      La phase dans laquelle nous sommes toujours plongés, a vu les salaires évoluer sous la contrainte des importations de produits issus des pays à faibles coûts salariaux. C’est le résultat de la politique d’ouverture qui a été menée dans la période précédente. Ici, on peut mesurer directement les effets de la globalisation marchande sur l’économie française. Celle-ci se traduit non seulement par un accroissement plus faible que celui de la productivité pour la moyenne des salaires (ce phénomène étant particulièrement sensible dans l’industrie manufacturière), mais aussi par une augmentation des inégalités au sein du salariat et, en particulier, la stagnation du salaire médian par comparaison à la faible – mais constante – hausse du salaire moyen. Dans cette phase, la loi sur les 35 heures a bien joué un rôle correctif, contrairement à ce qui avait été affirmé avant et après qu’elle soit votée. Mais le rôle de cette dernière a été des plus limités. Dès les années 2000-2002, les effets du passage aux 35 heures semblent s’épuiser.

      La globalisation peut donc être tenue responsable d’une très large part de ce processus qui a abouti à un retard salarial important dans notre pays. Ce retard a aussi engendré un déficit de croissance, qui est venu lui-même renforcer les effets de la globalisation marchande par la montée du chômage et la pression que ce dernier exerce sur les rémunérations des personnes les plus exposées.

      Un retour vers le protectionnisme ?
      Ce sondage OpinionWay valide aussi l’idée d’un retour vers des formes de protectionnisme. Il montre que 66% des personnes interrogées sont en faveur de normes plus strictes sur les produits entrants ou sortants.

      Il faut ici revenir sur l’impact de la globalisation sur l’économie française, tout en précisant que des conclusions analogues pourraient être tirées pour la plupart des grands pays développés. Les conséquences sur l’économie française ont été importantes. Elles tendent à se diviser en un effet de délocalisation[19] (direct et indirect) et un effet sur la formation et répartition des revenus[20].

      Il ne fait donc aucun doute que la pression concurrentielle issue des pays à faibles coûts salariaux, mais où la productivité tend, dans certaines branches, à se rapprocher des pays développés, est aujourd’hui extrêmement forte. Le problème semble particulièrement grave à l’intérieur de l’Union européenne puisque l’on constate un très fort avantage compétitif des « nouveaux entrants », qui couvre désormais une très grande gamme de produits. L’idée de compenser l’écart abusif des coûts salariaux unitaires entre les différents pays par des taxes touchant les produits pour lesquels ces coûts sont les plus dissemblables, a donc fait son chemin. Par rapport aux protections qui ont été mises en place antérieurement, il faut ici signaler que ces taxes devraient être calculées à la fois par pays et par branche d’activité. En effet, l’une des caractéristiques de la situation actuelle est que le niveau de productivité des pays susceptibles d’être visés par un tel système varie de manière tout à fait considérable d’une branche à l’autre. Il est ici clair qu’un seul niveau de taxe serait inopérant.

      L’heure est venue de revenir à des politiques nationales coordonnées, qui sont seules capables d’assurer à la fois le développement et la justice sociale. Ces politiques sont déjà à l’œuvre dans un certain nombre de pays. À cet égard, le retard qui a été pris sur le continent européen est particulièrement tragique. Sous prétexte de construction d’une « Europe » dont l’évanescence politique se combine à l’incapacité de mettre en œuvre de réelles politiques industrielles et sociale, nous avons abandonné l’horizon de ces politiques. Mais, comme le rappelle Dani Rodrik, le problème n’est plus le pourquoi de telles politiques mais il doit désormais en être le comment[21]. De telles politiques se doivent d’être globales et d’inclure la question du taux de change et celle de l’éducation et du développement des infrastructures. Il faut aujourd’hui constater que sur la plupart de ces points l’Union européenne, telle qu’elle fonctionne, s’avère être un redoutable obstacle. C’est en effet à l’Union Européenne que l’on doit les politiques d’ouverture qui ont accéléré la crise structurelle de nos industries depuis les années 1990. C’est toujours à l’Union européenne que l’on doit la détérioration croissante du système d’infrastructures dans le domaine de l’énergie et du transport qui fit pendant longtemps la force de notre pays. Il est possible de changer ces politiques. Mais, si les résistances devaient apparaître comme trop fortes, il faudrait se résoudre à renationaliser notre politique économique. Une action concertée avec d’autres pays européens est certainement celle qui nous offrirait le plus de possibilités, mais on ne doit nullement exclure une action au niveau national si un accord se révélait temporairement impossible avec nos partenaires.

      Pour la démondialisation
      Tels sont les enseignements de ce sondage. La mondialisation a été porteuse de bien des passions contradictoires. Elle a été adulée par les uns, vilipendée par les autres. Elle a eu ses thuriféraires comme ses opposants acharnés. Aujourd’hui qu’elle recule, certains y verront une régression alors que d’autres applaudiront un progrès.

      Pourtant, il ne devrait pas y avoir de problèmes à penser ce phénomène de la démondialisation. Le monde a connu en effet bien des épisodes de flux et de reflux. Mais il est vrai que cette démondialisation survient dans le sillage d’une crise majeure. Alors se réveillent de vieilles peurs. Et si cette démondialisation annonçait le retour au temps des guerres ? Mais ces peurs ne sont que l’autre face d’un mensonge qui fut propagé par ignorance, pour les uns, et par intérêts, pour les autres. Non, la globalisation ou la mondialisation ne fut pas, ne fut jamais « heureuse ». Le mythe du « doux commerce » venant se substituer aux conflits guerriers a été trop propagé pour ne pas laisser quelques traces… Mais, à la vérité, ce n’est qu’un mythe. Toujours, le navire de guerre a précédé le navire marchand. Que l’on se souvienne ainsi des « Guerres de l’Opium » qui vit la Grande-Bretagne alors triomphante imposer à la Chine l’ouverture de ses frontières au poison de la drogue. Les puissances dominantes ont en permanence usé de leur force pour s’ouvrir des marchés et modifier comme il leur convenait les termes de l’échange.

      La mondialisation que nous avons connue depuis près de quarante ans a résulté de la combinaison de la globalisation financière, qui s’est mise en place avec le détricotage du système hérité des accords de Bretton Woods en 1973, et de la globalisation marchande, qui s’est incarnée dans le libre-échange. À chacune de leurs étapes, ces dernières ont imposé leurs lots de violences et de guerres. Nous en voyons aujourd’hui le résultat : une marche généralisée à la régression, tant économique que sociale, qui frappe d’abord les pays dits « riches » mais aussi ceux que l’on désigne comme des pays « émergents ». Elle a conduit à une surexploitation des ressources naturelles plongeant plus d’un milliard et demi d’êtres humains dans des crises écologiques qui vont chaque jour empirant. Elle a provoqué la destruction du lien social dans un grand nombre de pays et confronté là aussi des masses innombrables au spectre de la guerre de tous contre tous, au choc d’un individualisme forcené qui laisse présager d’autres régressions, bien pires encore[22].

      De cette mondialisation, on a fait un mythe. Elle est apparue sous la plume de ses thuriféraires comme un être doté de conscience et d’omniscience, capable de réaliser le bonheur de tous. On nous a fait oublier que, produit de l’action humaine, elle était condamnée à connaître le sort des autres produits de l’action humaine, et donc à disparaître. On a voulu la comparer à une force transcendante pour mieux masquer les intérêts qu’elle a servis. En ceci, il faut voir une capitulation de la pensée. Dans ce fétichisme de la mondialisation, il y eut donc beaucoup de calculs, et donc beaucoup de mensonges. Ce livre a, entre autres, la volonté de rétablir quelques vérités sur la nature réelle du phénomène.

      Le tournant qui s’amorce sous nos yeux nous confronte à nos responsabilités. La démondialisation qui se met aujourd’hui en route à travers l’amorce d’une dé-globalisation, tant financière que marchande, ne se fera pas sans nous et sans notre action. Il est de notre pouvoir de construire l’avenir.

      [1] https://www.opinion-way.com/fr/component/edocman/opinionway-pour-le-printemps-de-l-economie-les-francais-et-la-mondialisation-mars-2018/viewdocument.html?Itemid=0
      [2] http://www.printempsdeleco.fr
      [3] http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/text-texte/toc-tdm.aspx?lang=fra
      [4] D. Dollar, « Outward-Oriented Developeng Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly : Evidence From 95 LDC, 1976-1985 », Economic Developemnt and Cultural Change, 1992, p. 523-554.
      [5] D. Ben-David, « Equalizing Exchange : Trade Liberalization and Income Convergenge », Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 108, n° 3, 1993.
      [6] J. Sachs, A. Warner, « Economic Reform and The Process of Global Integration », Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, n° 1, 1995, p. 1-118.
      [7] S. Edwards, « Opennes, Productivity and Growth : What We Do Really Know ? », Economic Journal, vol. 108, mars 1998, p. 383-398.
      [8] Voir D. Ben-David, « Equalizing Exchange : Trade Liberalization and Income Convergenge », op. cit.
      [9] Voir H.-J. Chang, « The Economic Theory of the Developmental State » in M. Woo-Cumings (dir.), The Developmental State, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1999 ; Kicking away the Ladder : Policies and Institutions for Development in Historical Perspective, Londres, Anthem Press, 2002.
      [10] A. Amsden, Asia’s Next Giant, New York, Oxford University Press, 1989.
      [11] R. Wade, Governing the Market, Princeton (N. J.), Princeton University Press, 1990.
      [12] G. K. Helleiner (dir.), Trade Policy and Industrialization in Turbulent Times, Londres, Routledge, 1994.
      [13] Voir C.-C. Lai, « Development Strategies and Growth with Equality. Re-evaluation of Taiwan’s Experience », Rivista Internazionale de Scienze Economiche e Commerciali, vol. 36, n° 2, 1989, p. 177-191.
      [14] D. Rodrik, « What Produces Economic Success ? » in R. Ffrench-Davis (dir.), Economic Growth with Equity : Challenges for Latin America, Londres, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Voir aussi, du même auteur, « After Neoliberalism, What ? », Project Syndicate, 2002 (www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/rodrik7).
      [15] L’exception étant la Grèce dont le coeeficient passe de 0,330 à 0,321. Pour la Suède, l’accroissement est important dans les années 1990 mais est compensé par une baisse dans les années 2000.
      [16] Voir A. Aaron-Dine, I. Shapiro, « Share of National Income Going to Wages and Salaries at Record Low in 2006 », Center of Budget and Policies Priorities, Washington (D. C.), 29 mars 2007 ; U. S. Department of Commerce, « Historical Income Tables – Income Inequality, Table IE-1 », Washington (D. C.), 13 mai 2005.
      [17] Voir J. Bernstein, E. McNichol, A. Nicholas, Pulling Apart. A State-by-State Analysis of Income Trends, Washington (D. C.), Center of Budget and Policy Priorities et Economic Policy Institute, avril 2008 ; J. Bivens, « Globalization, American Wages and Inequality », Economic Policy Institute Working Paper, Washington (D. C.), 6 septembre 2007.
      [18] Sapir J., La Démondialisation, Paris, Le Seuil, 2011.
      [19] Voir P. Artus « Pourquoi l’ouverture aux échanges semble être défavorables dans certains cas ? », Flash-IXIS, n° 2004-53, 17 février 2004.
      [20] Voir P. Artus, « Quels risques pèsent sur les salariés européens ? », Flash-IXIS, n° 2006-153, 11 avril 2006.
      [21] D. Rodrik, « Industrial Policy : Don’t Ask Why, Ask How », Middle East Development Journal, 2008, p. 1-29.
      [22] Voir J. Généreux, La Grande Régression, Seuil, 2010.

      Source : [RussEurope-en-Exil] France : le rejet massif de la mondialisation, par Jacques Sapir
      https://www.les-crises.fr/russeurope-en-exil-france-le-rejet-massif-de-la-mondialisation-par-jacque

  • What Does a Smartphone Mean to a Refugee ? | NDTV Gadgets360.com
    https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/features/what-does-a-smartphone-mean-to-a-refugee-1798259

    In an increasingly digital world, after food and shelter, the next necessity that people have is an Internet connected smartphone, says Mark Latonero, PhD, Lead Researcher at the Data and Society Research Institute in New York. Latonero’s work focuses on the implication of new technologies in the human rights space and speaking at the Cornell Tech Law Colloquium last month at Cornell University, he discussed the tensions between emerging technologies and the law, in particular the inadvertent ways in which tech companies have made interventions in the refugee crisis.

    “There are challenges and opportunities and technology can make a positive impact,” said Latonero. “It’s complicated. How can you think about technology, not as a thing in and of itself, but an intrical part social context. Digital infrastructures are facilitating the movement of people on a mass scale, but also serve as a mechanism for social control.”

    Like the rest of us reading this at home, the refugee populations also turned to Facebook and other social media, often to keep track of their friends and family.

    “So in the same way that we use Facebook or WhatsApp to coordinate with our friends or loved ones, to find directions, those kinds of uses are also for people where - finding people, or finding directions, could be a matter of life or death,” Latonero explained. “But there’s also a negative impact - while Facebook can be used to connect - it is also being used to exploit. So, the advertising of human trafficking and human smuggling is also being done through social media.”

    One of the questions that the survey wanted to clear up was where people get their information from. “Normally, a lot of the information you receive comes from talking to people, even here [in Cornell] where you’re all pretty digitally connected,” said Latonero. “But the mobile Internet - through free Wi-Fi, or with a data plan - accounted for 75 percent of news and information for the refugees. And 40 percent of the people told us that they use it to keep track of their friends and family, to stay connected to people who are left behind, and 24 percent of the people also said they used social media to track down people who had gone missing.”

    Beyond that, the research also found that 95 percent of men owned phones, while only 67 percent of women had a smartphone. This is in some ways in line with what you see in rural India, where in many cases, there is one phone for the family, held by the man of the house. “The ownership issue became quite significant,” said Latonero. “Imagine if you’re an NGO that wanted to get information to women who faced domestic violence. Your idea was to use mobile phones to send information etcetera, but then you realise that less women own phones than men, then it would change how you would design your intervention.”

    Another example he gives is that the vast majority of the refugees surveyed used WhatsApp (95 percent) while only 10 percent had Skype on their phones. As a result, many official interventions, and even private interventions, such as Coursera and Skype having educational courses for refugees, would not be accessed.

    “Essentially we need to really think about how to responsibly innovate in these very complex issues,” Latonero said, ending the chat, “A straight-up tech solutionist approach doesn’t really seem like it would work, given all we know about the challenges with technology itself.”

    #Mobile #Migrants #Culture_numérique

  • Are You Downplaying Luck’s Role in Your Life? - Facts So Romantic
    http://nautil.us/blog/are-you-downplaying-lucks-role-in-your-life

    We’re self-promoters, even to ourselves.Photograph by Alex de Haas / FlickrWhen we succeed, we often take that success, in retrospect, to be the result of suffering that liquid trinity of blood, sweat, and tears. Perhaps fortune favored you here and there but, by and large, it was your effort and talent—not contingency—that won the day. Nonsense, says Robert Frank, a professor of economics at Cornell University and the author, most recently, of Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy. Just consider the case of the actor Bryan Cranston, a “vivid example,” he says, of the importance of luck’s invisible hand. Cranston got to play Walter White, the school-teacher-turned-meth-dealer in Breaking Bad, because two talented actors, John Cusack and Matthew Broderick, refused the (...)

  • Is the staggeringly profitable #business of scientific publishing bad for #science? | Science | The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science

    The core of Elsevier’s operation is in scientific journals, the weekly or monthly publications in which scientists share their results. Despite the narrow audience, scientific publishing is a remarkably big business. With total global revenues of more than £19bn, it weighs in somewhere between the recording and the film industries in size, but it is far more profitable. In 2010, Elsevier’s scientific publishing arm reported profits of £724m on just over £2bn in revenue. It was a 36% margin – higher than Apple, Google, or Amazon posted that year.

    [...]

    It is difficult to overstate how much power a journal editor now had to shape a scientist’s career and the direction of science itself. “Young people tell me all the time, ‘If I don’t publish in CNS [a common acronym for Cell/Nature/Science, the most prestigious journals in biology], I won’t get a job,” says Schekman. He compared the pursuit of high-impact #publications to an incentive system as rotten as banking bonuses. “They have a very big #influence on where science goes,” he said.

    And so science became a strange co-production between scientists and journal editors, with the former increasingly pursuing discoveries that would impress the latter. These days, given a choice of projects, a scientist will almost always reject both the prosaic work of confirming or disproving past studies, and the decades-long pursuit of a risky “moonshot”, in favour of a middle ground: a topic that is popular with editors and likely to yield regular publications. “Academics are incentivised to produce research that caters to these demands,” said the biologist and Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner in a 2014 interview, calling the system “corrupt.”

    • #Robert_Maxwell #Reed-Elsevier #Elsevier #multinationales #business #Pergamon

      With total global revenues of more than £19bn, it weighs in somewhere between the recording and the film industries in size, but it is far more profitable. In 2010, Elsevier’s scientific publishing arm reported profits of £724m on just over £2bn in revenue. It was a 36% margin – higher than Apple, Google, or Amazon posted that year.

      #profit

      In order to make money, a traditional publisher – say, a magazine – first has to cover a multitude of costs: it pays writers for the articles; it employs editors to commission, shape and check the articles; and it pays to distribute the finished product to subscribers and retailers. All of this is expensive, and successful magazines typically make profits of around 12-15%.

      The way to make money from a scientific article looks very similar, except that scientific publishers manage to duck most of the actual costs. Scientists create work under their own direction – funded largely by governments – and give it to publishers for free; the publisher pays scientific editors who judge whether the work is worth publishing and check its grammar, but the bulk of the editorial burden – checking the scientific validity and evaluating the experiments, a process known as peer review – is done by working scientists on a volunteer basis. The publishers then sell the product back to government-funded institutional and university libraries, to be read by scientists – who, in a collective sense, created the product in the first place.

      A 2005 Deutsche Bank report referred to it as a “bizarre” “triple-pay” system, in which “the state funds most research, pays the salaries of most of those checking the quality of research, and then buys most of the published product”.

      Many scientists also believe that the publishing industry exerts too much influence over what scientists choose to study, which is ultimately bad for science itself. Journals prize new and spectacular results – after all, they are in the business of selling subscriptions – and scientists, knowing exactly what kind of work gets published, align their submissions accordingly. This produces a steady stream of papers, the importance of which is immediately apparent. But it also means that scientists do not have an accurate map of their field of inquiry. Researchers may end up inadvertently exploring dead ends that their fellow scientists have already run up against, solely because the information about previous failures has never been given space in the pages of the relevant scientific publications

      It is hard to believe that what is essentially a for-profit oligopoly functioning within an otherwise heavily regulated, government-funded enterprise can avoid extinction in the long run. But publishing has been deeply enmeshed in the science profession for decades. Today, every scientist knows that their career depends on being published, and professional success is especially determined by getting work into the most prestigious journals. The long, slow, nearly directionless work pursued by some of the most influential scientists of the 20th century is no longer a viable career option. Under today’s system, the father of genetic sequencing, Fred Sanger, who published very little in the two decades between his 1958 and 1980 Nobel prizes, may well have found himself out of a job.

      Improbable as it might sound, few people in the last century have done more to shape the way science is conducted today than Maxwell.

      Scientific articles are about unique discoveries: one article cannot substitute for another. If a serious new journal appeared, scientists would simply request that their university library subscribe to that one as well. If Maxwell was creating three times as many journals as his competition, he would make three times more money.

      “At the start of my career, nobody took much notice of where you published, and then everything changed in 1974 with Cell,” Randy Schekman, the Berkeley molecular biologist and Nobel prize winner, told me. #Cell (now owned by Elsevier) was a journal started by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to showcase the newly ascendant field of molecular biology. It was edited by a young biologist named #Ben_Lewin, who approached his work with an intense, almost literary bent. Lewin prized long, rigorous papers that answered big questions – often representing years of research that would have yielded multiple papers in other venues – and, breaking with the idea that journals were passive instruments to communicate science, he rejected far more papers than he published.

      Suddenly, where you published became immensely important. Other editors took a similarly activist approach in the hopes of replicating Cell’s success. Publishers also adopted a metric called “#impact_factor,” invented in the 1960s by #Eugene_Garfield, a librarian and linguist, as a rough calculation of how often papers in a given journal are cited in other papers. For publishers, it became a way to rank and advertise the scientific reach of their products. The new-look journals, with their emphasis on big results, shot to the top of these new rankings, and scientists who published in “high-impact” journals were rewarded with jobs and funding. Almost overnight, a new currency of prestige had been created in the scientific world. (Garfield later referred to his creation as “like nuclear energy … a mixed blessing”.)

      And so science became a strange co-production between scientists and journal editors, with the former increasingly pursuing discoveries that would impress the latter. These days, given a choice of projects, a scientist will almost always reject both the prosaic work of confirming or disproving past studies, and the decades-long pursuit of a risky “moonshot”, in favour of a middle ground: a topic that is popular with editors and likely to yield regular publications. “Academics are incentivised to produce research that caters to these demands,” said the biologist and Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner in a 2014 interview, calling the system “corrupt.”

      As Maxwell had predicted, competition didn’t drive down prices. Between 1975 and 1985, the average price of a journal doubled. The New York Times reported that in 1984 it cost $2,500 to subscribe to the journal Brain Research; in 1988, it cost more than $5,000. That same year, Harvard Library overran its research journal budget by half a million dollars.

      Scientists occasionally questioned the fairness of this hugely profitable business to which they supplied their work for free, but it was university librarians who first realised the trap in the market Maxwell had created. The librarians used university funds to buy journals on behalf of scientists. Maxwell was well aware of this. “Scientists are not as price-conscious as other professionals, mainly because they are not spending their own money,” he told his publication Global Business in a 1988 interview. And since there was no way to swap one journal for another, cheaper one, the result was, Maxwell continued, “a perpetual financing machine”. Librarians were locked into a series of thousands of tiny monopolies. There were now more than a million scientific articles being published a year, and they had to buy all of them at whatever price the publishers wanted.

      With the purchase of Pergamon’s 400-strong catalogue, Elsevier now controlled more than 1,000 scientific journals, making it by far the largest scientific publisher in the world.

      At the time of the merger, Charkin, the former Macmillan CEO, recalls advising Pierre Vinken, the CEO of Elsevier, that Pergamon was a mature business, and that Elsevier had overpaid for it. But Vinken had no doubts, Charkin recalled: “He said, ‘You have no idea how profitable these journals are once you stop doing anything. When you’re building a journal, you spend time getting good editorial boards, you treat them well, you give them dinners. Then you market the thing and your salespeople go out there to sell subscriptions, which is slow and tough, and you try to make the journal as good as possible. That’s what happened at Pergamon. And then we buy it and we stop doing all that stuff and then the cash just pours out and you wouldn’t believe how wonderful it is.’ He was right and I was wrong.”

      By 1994, three years after acquiring Pergamon, Elsevier had raised its prices by 50%. Universities complained that their budgets were stretched to breaking point – the US-based Publishers Weekly reported librarians referring to a “doomsday machine” in their industry – and, for the first time, they began cancelling subscriptions to less popular journals.

      In 1998, Elsevier rolled out its plan for the internet age, which would come to be called “The Big Deal”. It offered electronic access to bundles of hundreds of journals at a time: a university would pay a set fee each year – according to a report based on freedom of information requests, Cornell University’s 2009 tab was just short of $2m – and any student or professor could download any journal they wanted through Elsevier’s website. Universities signed up en masse.

      Those predicting Elsevier’s downfall had assumed scientists experimenting with sharing their work for free online could slowly outcompete Elsevier’s titles by replacing them one at a time. In response, Elsevier created a switch that fused Maxwell’s thousands of tiny monopolies into one so large that, like a basic resource – say water, or power – it was impossible for universities to do without. Pay, and the scientific lights stayed on, but refuse, and up to a quarter of the scientific literature would go dark at any one institution. It concentrated immense power in the hands of the largest publishers, and Elsevier’s profits began another steep rise that would lead them into the billions by the 2010s. In 2015, a Financial Times article anointed Elsevier “the business the internet could not kill”.

      Publishers are now wound so tightly around the various organs of the scientific body that no single effort has been able to dislodge them. In a 2015 report, an information scientist from the University of Montreal, Vincent Larivière, showed that Elsevier owned 24% of the scientific journal market, while Maxwell’s old partners Springer, and his crosstown rivals Wiley-Blackwell, controlled about another 12% each. These three companies accounted for half the market. (An Elsevier representative familiar with the report told me that by their own estimate they publish only 16% of the scientific literature.)

      Elsevier says its primary goal is to facilitate the work of scientists and other researchers. An Elsevier rep noted that the company received 1.5m article submissions last year, and published 420,000; 14 million scientists entrust Elsevier to publish their results, and 800,000 scientists donate their time to help them with editing and peer-review.

      In a sense, it is not any one publisher’s fault that the scientific world seems to bend to the industry’s gravitational pull. When governments including those of China and Mexico offer financial bonuses for publishing in high-impact journals, they are not responding to a demand by any specific publisher, but following the rewards of an enormously complex system that has to accommodate the utopian ideals of science with the commercial goals of the publishers that dominate it. (“We scientists have not given a lot of thought to the water we’re swimming in,” Neal Young told me.)

      Since the early 2000s, scientists have championed an alternative to subscription publishing called “open access”. This solves the difficulty of balancing scientific and commercial imperatives by simply removing the commercial element. In practice, this usually takes the form of online journals, to which scientists pay an upfront free to cover editing costs, which then ensure the work is available free to access for anyone in perpetuity. But despite the backing of some of the biggest funding agencies in the world, including the Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, only about a quarter of scientific papers are made freely available at the time of their publication.

      The idea that scientific research should be freely available for anyone to use is a sharp departure, even a threat, to the current system – which relies on publishers’ ability to restrict access to the scientific literature in order to maintain its immense profitability. In recent years, the most radical opposition to the status quo has coalesced around a controversial website called Sci-Hub – a sort of Napster for science that allows anyone to download scientific papers for free. Its creator, Alexandra Elbakyan, a Kazhakstani, is in hiding, facing charges of hacking and copyright infringement in the US. Elsevier recently obtained a $15m injunction (the maximum allowable amount) against her.

      Elbakyan is an unabashed utopian. “Science should belong to scientists and not the publishers,” she told me in an email. In a letter to the court, she cited Article 27 of the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights, asserting the right “to share in scientific advancement and its benefits”.

      Whatever the fate of Sci-Hub, it seems that frustration with the current system is growing. But history shows that betting against science publishers is a risky move. After all, back in 1988, Maxwell predicted that in the future there would only be a handful of immensely powerful publishing companies left, and that they would ply their trade in an electronic age with no printing costs, leading to almost “pure profit”. That sounds a lot like the world we live in now.

      https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science
      #Butterworths #Springer #Paul_Rosbaud #histoire #Genève #Pergamon #Oxford_United #Derby_County_FC #monopole #open_access #Sci-Hub #Alexandra_Elbakyan

    • Publish and be praised (article de 2003)

      It should be a public scandal that the results of publicly-funded scientific research are not available to members of the public who are interested in, or could benefit from, such access. Furthermore, many commercial publishers have exploited the effective monopoly they are given on the distribution rights to individual works and charge absurdly high rates for some of their titles, forcing libraries with limited budgets to cancel journal subscriptions and deny their researchers access to potentially critical information. The system is obsolete and broken and needs to change.

      https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/oct/09/research.highereducation

  • Persuasive Cartography: How Maps are Used to Shape Our Beliefs - Geolounge
    https://www.geolounge.com/persuasive-cartography

    Propaganda has long been a tool of government and corporations. The use of geography is no exception. Even map projections and emphasizing where places are have been used as a way to influence our ideas. For the last few hundred years, for instance, map projections and maps had often emphasized the Western world (more: Cartographic Anomalies: How Map Projections Have Shaped Our Perceptions of the World). More recently, the Gall-Peters projection, among others, has attempted to rectify this, at least in general textbooks and maps depicting the world. In this case, the correct size of areas, such as along in Africa and the middle latitudes, are shown more correctly. In effect it is a type of equal-area projection.[1]
    What is Persuasive Cartography?

    Historically, persuasive cartography has attempted to depict a worldview as believed by ruling powers or the image they attempted to project. Some universities and data repositories have now focused on documenting and collecting historical maps that were used for giving subtle messages about specific concerns. Cornell University Library, for instance, has a repository for such maps. They define persuasive cartography as maps that attempt to influence our beliefs. While it can be argued that no map is completely objective, the range of influence and shaping of our opinions that maps give does have a lot of variety and can cover a range of emotions and beliefs.[2]

    #cartographie #cartoexperiment #cartographie_persuasive

  • Maybe We Haven’t Seen Any Aliens Because They’re All Dead - Facts So Romantic
    http://nautil.us/blog/maybe-we-havent-seen-any-aliens-because-theyre-all-dead

    If astronomers fail to detect any other civilizations, whether extant or extinct, they may be forced to conclude that we are alone.Photograph by U.S. Department of Energy / WikicommonsThe aliens may have found their grave. As we sweep the radio frequencies, we hear only noise; as we slew our telescopes, we see barren pixel after pixel. Is that because our fellow inhabitants of the galaxy have done themselves in, reducing their home planets to cinders? Is the night sky a charnel house hidden under a veil of tranquility?Last year Jack O’Malley-James, an astrobiologist at Cornell University, and his colleagues Adam Stevens and Duncan Forgan published their analysis of this macabre possibility. Just as astrobiologists have started to look for possible biosignatures—evidence of life, such as (...)

  • Those Timeless Tunes of the 1940s, ’60s, and ’80s – Pacific Standard
    https://psmag.com/those-timeless-tunes-of-the-1940s-60s-and-80s-72358a991aaa

    When was the “golden age” of pop music? Opinions vary widely, in part because the tunes that made up the soundtrack of our adolescence tend to exert a primal pull.

    But new research finds that, after setting this bias aside, younger Americans generally prefer songs that topped the charts during three decades: the 1940s, 1960s, and 1980s.

    “Music of these decades produced the strongest emotional responses, and the most frequent and specific personal memories,” Cornell University psychologist Carol Lynne Krumhansl writes in the journal Frontiers in Psychology.

    (bon, il y a des bêtises dans l’article sur la chronologie des inventions de support musicaux...)

    #musique

  • Ingenious: Robert H. Frank - Issue 44: Luck
    http://nautil.us/issue/44/luck/ingenious-robert-h-frank

    Economist Robert H. Frank chose a prescient epigraph for his latest book, Success and Luck. It’s from a dandy 1940s essay by E.B. White that opens a social club door on the American ego. “Luck is not something you can mention in the presence of self-made men.” It was prescient because Frank’s book, an incisive look at how luck steers human achievement, brought out the dudgeon in the Horatio Algers among us. How dare Frank, a professor of economics at Cornell University, and former columnist for The New York Times, say meritocracy is a myth and the road to success is dotted by chance. In the wake of a Nautilus interview with Frank last week, one Internet commenter wrote that Frank was pushing a neo-Marxist “war on self-determination.” In this video interview, Frank responds to his critics (...)

  • What Counts as Science? - Issue 41: Selection
    http://nautil.us/issue/41/selection/what-counts-as-science

    xxx.lanl.gov. The address was cryptic, with a tantalizing whiff of government secrets, or worse. The server itself was exactly the opposite. Government, yes—it was hosted by Los Alamos National Laboratory—but openly accessible in a way that, in those early Internet days of the 1990s, was totally new, and is still game changing today. The site, known as arXiv (pronounced “archive,” and long since decamped to the more wholesome address “arXiv.org” and to the stewardship of the Cornell University Library), is a vast repository of scientific preprints, articles that haven’t yet gone through the peer-review process or aren’t intended for publication in refereed journals. (Papers can also appear, often in revised form, after they have been published elsewhere.) As of July 2016, there were more than (...)

  • Beyond Sexual Orientation - Issue 41: Selection
    http://nautil.us/issue/41/selection/beyond-sexual-orientation

    Lisa Diamond’s seventh interview is the one that she remembers best. She had recruited “subject 007” at Cornell University, where she was studying how women who express attraction to other women come to understand their sexual identity. One early evening in 1995, in a conference room on the university campus, she settled down to ask the first question of her subject. How did 007 currently identify herself on the spectrum of sexual identities? The woman answered that she didn’t know. She told Diamond that she had been heterosexual all her life until just that last week, when she suddenly found herself falling in love with her best friend—a woman. They had had sex a couple of times, something she described as very satisfying. Part of Diamond’s work was to categorize her subjects based on how (...)

  • A Water World Would Be the Ultimate Surfing Spot - Facts So Romantic
    http://nautil.us/blog/a-water-world-would-be-the-ultimate-surfing-spot

    Now that we’re nearly into the second week of our “Currents” issue, I thought it’d be fitting to recall our interview with Lisa Kaltenegger, an astronomer at Cornell University and the director of its Carl Sagan Institute. Before Christopher Nolan’s Interstellar came out, in 2014, Kaltenegger sat down with Nautilus to discuss her work, and she rhapsodized about the physics and waves of a water world like Miller’s planet—the first planet the Endurance crew, in the film, touch down on after traveling through a wormhole to another galaxy.The ocean of a water world, she says, would give rise to a level of pressure, near the bottom, that would produce a layer of ice, even under relatively warm conditions. “So you go down, down, down, and there’s this ice layer before you’d get to the solid, rocky core (...)

  • Why Is Hawaii Evolving So Many Species of This Wingless Beetle? - Facts So Romantic
    http://nautil.us/blog/why-is-hawaii-evolving-so-many-species-of-this-wingless-beetle

    Two Mecyclothorax beetles abandon their relatives on the forest floor to climb up a tree. They settle into a moss home, eat, mate, and die. A couple hundred years or so pass until one of the original beetles’ offspring walks back down. But all the close relatives it once had there are already gone. There’s nothing but strangers. This may sound like a philosopher’s origin story for the diversification of beetles, but this hypothetical example of evolution on overdrive has actually happened. It’s called rapid speciation, a phenomenon Cornell University entomologist Jim Liebherr has been unraveling for the past two decades of his career. In the volcanic jungles of Hawaii, he’s captured hundreds of specimens of Mecyclothorax beetles. They belong to the carabid beetle genus (more commonly (...)

  • Watch: Armor-Piercing Bullet Turned to Dust When Fired at Composite Metal Foam - Breitbart
    http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2016/04/21/watch-armor-piercing-bullet-turned-to-dust-when-fired-at-composite-metal-

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWmFu-_54fI

    Essentially a metal sponge consisting of hollow metal beads within solid metal, #composite_metal_foam (CMF) generally retains some physical properties of its base materials. While its defining characteristic is ultra-high porosity, CMF boasts 5 to 6 times greater strength as well as over 7 times higher energy absorption than previously developed metal foams. Typically created by melting aluminum around hollow metal spheres, it is impressively 70% lighter than sheet metal and 80 times more energy absorbent than steel. (...)

    “If tomorrow I can reach out to an investor in car companies and they want to put it behind the bumpers of cars, I’d be more than happy with that,” she says. “Or, if someone wanted to put it in body armor or vehicle armor, I would sure be delighted to help that happen. Any of these applications can save lives.”

    Professor Afsaneh Rabiei first developed metal foam for transportation and military use. Curious about the potential for nuclear or space application, Rabiei and her colleagues began researching the material further. In 2015, the team discovered CMF to be highly radiation-resistant.

    (...) Another metal foam developed at Cornell University is able to be transformed from one shape to another, and even has the potential to be used within biological systems — such as artificial knees, for example.

    #matériaux #recherche

  • Persuasive Maps

    https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu

    #Persuasive_Maps

    Cornell University Library | Division of Rare & Manuscript Collections

    This is a collection of “persuasive” cartography: maps intended primarily to influence opinions or beliefs — to send a message — rather than to communicate geographic information. The collection reflects a variety of persuasive tools: allegorical, satirical and pictorial mapping; selective inclusion or exclusion; unusual use of projections, color, graphics and text; and intentional deception. Maps in the collection address a wide range of messages: religious, political, military, commercial, moral and social. Images and descriptions of some 300 maps from the collection are available here at this time, and we hope to add more soon.

    #cartographie_persuasive ! #cartographie #carte_anciennes #cartographie_historique #manipulation #propagande

  • Benedict Anderson · Frameworks of Comparison · LRB 21 January 2016

    http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n02/benedict-anderson/frameworks-of-comparison

    http://cdn.lrb.co.uk/assets/covers/q/cov3802.jpg?1452347183

    Benedict Anderson reflects on his intellectual formation

    In my early days at Cornell, use of the concept of ‘comparison’ was still somewhat limited. I don’t mean that comparisons were never made: they were made all the time, both consciously and (more often) unconsciously, but invariably in a practical way and on a small scale. Even today, in the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences, only one department (Comparative Literature) uses the term in its title, and this department did not exist in the early 1960s when I left for Indonesia to undertake fieldwork. Historians, anthropologists, economists and sociologists rarely thought systematically about comparison. The Political Science department was a partial exception, since it had a subsection called Comparative Government, to which I belonged. But the comparisons my classmates and I studied were focused on Western Europe. This was understandable. European countries had for centuries interacted with one another, learned from one another and competed with each other. They also believed that they shared a common civilisation based on antiquity and different Christianities. Comparisons seemed both simple and relevant.

    #Benedict_Anderson

    • Le fondateur du groupe suédois Ikea, Ingvar Kamprad toujours aussi jeune : Ses cabanes pour migrants inflammables, comme dans les camps

      Les autorités zurichoises et argoviennes (#Suisse) ont renoncé vendredi à utiliser ces installations d’urgence pour les requérants d’asile.
      La #Fondation_Ikea a défendu samedi la sécurité de ses cabanes pour #migrants après la décision de la ville de Zurich d’y renoncer en affirmant qu’elles sont inflammables.

      Zurich a dévoilé vendredi des tests montrant que ces cabanes conçues par le géant suédois de l’ameublement prêt-à-monter étaient « facilement inflammables ».
      Les autorités ont donc décidé d’annuler l’accueil de migrants dans 62 de ces petites maisons à partir de janvier. Le canton d’Argovie, qui envisageait lui aussi d’acquérir ces maisonnettes pour accueillir 300 demandeurs d’asile, a annoncé qu’il recherchait d’autres solutions.

      Niveau de sécurité supérieur

      « Nous ne pouvons faire aucun commentaire avant d’avoir reçu la traduction du rapport sur les résultats et la méthode utilisée pour conduire ces tests d’incendie », a indiqué la responsable de la communication du projet « Better Shelter », fruit d’une collaboration entre la Fondation Ikea et le Haut Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (#HCR).

      Les cabanes Ikea, dont la réaction au feu a été testée selon les normes européennes, présentent un niveau de sécurité supérieur à ce qui se fait ailleurs en matière d’hébergement d’urgence, a souligné la responsable, Märta Terne. « Les tests réalisés sur les murs et les panneaux de
      couverture ont montré que le matériau dépasse les niveaux requis de sécurité pour ces logements provisoires ».

      http://www.lematin.ch/suisse/ikea-defend-cabanes-face-critiques-suisses/story/13419837

    • Dans le même temps que se développent des habitats-containers dont se félicitent certains designers et urbanistes, ces logements précaires pour les migrants d’aujourd’hui seront le standard de tous les pauvres de demain. Pour ce faire on insistera bien sur l’aspect bon marché et recyclage de la chose, et on fera des reportages cool et fun montrant des étudiants, pour mieux masquer la #paupérisation généralisée et la baisse des standards de vie que cette évolution entraîne.
      Bientôt on n’en sera plus à exiger un logement digne pour tous, on en sera à se satisfaire de caissons en tôle avec 3 gadgets marketing, pendant que la bourgeoisie rira dans ses villas.
      Comme le dit un type que je n’aime pas mais qui sur ce point a raison :

      Rien de ce que décident les capitalistes n’est bon pour toi. Même si de prime abord ça a l’air sympa.
      Surtout si ça a l’air sympa.

    • Dans le #film / #documentaire « Bienvenue au #Réfugistan », une critique de l’#innovation en matière de #réfugiés :
      http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/060822-000-A/bienvenue-au-refugistan

      Citation tirée du film :
      Alexander BETTS : « Ce qui inquiète dans le débat actuel autour de l’innovation c’est qu’il renforce avant tout les logiques d’une réponse humanitaire imposée par le haut. Il y a de la part des unités chargées de l’innovation une réticence à aborder frontalement ces questions, à poser les vrais problèmes, à confronter les gouvernements des pays hôtes, les gouvernement des pays donateurs et à remettre en question le cadre légal. Il faudrait remettre en cause ces logiques de #gouvernance_totalitaire imposée par le haut que vous trouvez dans les camps. Il faudrait se battre contre cette culture de la #surveillance et apporter des solutions qui transformeraient beaucoup plus en profondeur la manière dont nous concevons les défis des réfugiés aujourd’hui ».

    • IKEA Foundation and UNHCR put ‘Better Shelters’ to the test in the #Diffa region

      In the region of Diffa, UNHCR have been providing emergency shelter assistance to vulnerable refugees and displaced persons since the first refugees crossed the border fleeing Boko Haram violence in Northern Nigeria in 2013. In 2016 alone, over 65,000 people in the Diffa region benefitted from UNHCR emergency shelters.

      http://unhcrniger.tumblr.com/post/157015341304/ikea-foundation-and-unhcr-put-better-shelters-to

    • Ikea donerà mobili per arredare la #Casa_Valdese di Vittoria e due casa di #Lampedusa

      Ikea Italia arrederà la Casa Valdese di Vittoria, il centro destinato alla prima accoglienza di donne migranti minorenni, non accompagnate, che formalizzeranno richiesta d’asilo. C’è il patrocinio della Prefettura di Ragusa. Si tratta di un’iniziativa di solidarietà Ikea con tre progetti in collaborazione con Unicef, a sostegno dei bambini migranti in fuga dalle guerre e dalla povertà. Interessato anche il Comune di Lampedusa dove saranno arredati due appartamenti di proprietà dell’ente civico che ospiteranno i minori non accompagnati.

      http://www.radiortm.it/2017/03/16/ikea-donera-mobili-per-arredare-la-casa-valdese-di-vittoria-e-due-casa-di-l
      #Italie

    • Why IKEA’s Award-Winning Refugee Shelters Need A Redesign

      Fire safety concerns halted the rollout of Better Shelter and the IKEA Foundation’s portable, flat-pack refugee shelters to camps. The Swedish social enterprise is working on a redesign to launch later this year. We speak to their director about the lessons learned.


      https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2017/05/19/why-ikeas-award-winning-refugee-shelters-need-a-redesign

    • Dossier : un monde de camps — Les réfugiés, une bonne affaire, par Nicolas Autheman (@mdiplo, mai 2017) https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2017/05/AUTHEMAN/57444

      Pour faire des économies, l’agence a créé en 2012 une branche intitulée « Laboratoire Innovation », destinée à lancer de nouveaux partenariats : Ikea pour l’habitat, la société de livraison américaine United Parcel Service (UPS) pour la logistique d’urgence, et bientôt Google pour l’apprentissage scolaire. Interrogé sur le risque de voir ces sociétés prendre une place croissante dans les processus de décision, le HCR répond invariablement que leur participation financière reste encore marginale comparée à celle des États. Pour autant, les partenariats conçus à l’origine comme de simples donations prennent de nouvelles formes. Selon M. Parker, l’agence a mis le doigt dans un engrenage dont il devient difficile de sortir : « La Fondation Ikea a promis des dizaines de millions de dollars au HCR. Et, maintenant, elle a envoyé quelqu’un en Suisse pour voir ce qu’il advient de son argent. Au début, je crois que le HCR imaginait pouvoir simplement recevoir du personnel bénévole et des dons. Il est en train d’apprendre que ce n’est pas vraiment comme cela que fonctionne le secteur privé. (...) Les entreprises ne viendront pas sans contreparties. Que dire si Ikea, par exemple, décide de tester du matériel dans les camps de réfugiés ? » Et comment réagir lorsque des parlementaires européens révèlent, comme cela s’est produit en février 2016, qu’Ikea est impliqué dans un vaste scandale d’évasion fiscale, échappant à l’impôt dans des États qui financent le HCR (La Tribune, 13 février 2016) ? L’agence de l’ONU n’en a jamais entendu parler...

    • A Slightly Better Shelter?

      The Shelter

      On January 26, 2017, the IKEA refugee shelter was declared the worldwide Design of the Year in a unanimous decision.[1] When I interviewed one of the jurors about the process I was told that they’d chosen the “obvious winner”: the IKEA shelter was high profile, it had featured widely in the media, it was a positive story with a clear social purpose, and it offered a practical solution to the so-called “refugee crisis,” one of the most significant issues of the previous twelve months.[2] The London Design Museum has been awarding the “Design of the Year” for a decade now, celebrating examples that “promote or deliver change, enable access, extend design practice, or capture the spirit of the year” (Beazley 2017). The IKEA refugee shelter seemed to match all of these aims, claiming to be modular, sustainable, long lasting, recyclable, easily assembled, affordable, and scalable. It was installed on the Greek islands to shelter newly arrived refugees in 2015, and it came with the backing of the United Nations (UN) Refugee Agency, who purchased 15,000 units for distribution around the world.

      The juror I spoke to explained that the shelter won because it “tackles one of the defining issues of the moment: providing shelter in an exceptional situation whether caused by violence and disaster…. [It] provides not only a design but secure manufacture as well as distribution.” A statement described the project as “relevant and even optimistic,” concluding, “it shows the power of design to respond to the conditions we are in and transform them” (Beazley 2017; personal interview, April 25, 2017, Design Museum, London).

      It is easy to understand why this shelter has generated so much interest since it was first announced in 2013. It has received funding from IKEA, a company that has shaped so much of everyday life in the Global North and whose minimalist modernism has populated so many domestic environments. As Keith Murphy points out, there is a social democratic spirit underpinning so much of Swedish design, a combination of simplicity, affordability, and universality that both reflects and promotes a more egalitarian social order (Murphy 2015; see also Garvey 2017). When applied to refugee housing, this has all the makings of positive story. The media are given something their readers can relate to—the experience of unpacking and constructing IKEA flat-pack furniture—and can connect it to a problem that concerns us all: how to house the millions of refugees we see on the news. The IKEA refugee shelter, the story goes, can be assembled in four to six hours with a basic manual and no specialist tools. Everything comes in two compact boxes, much like those that contain your new bed and table from the IKEA store. More attractively, the design arrives with a number of innovative little tricks, including a photovoltaic panel that provides sufficient electricity to power a small light and mobile phone charger. It seems like a heartwarming example of philanthro-capitalism, good design, and humanitarian innovation (Scott-Smith 2016). What’s not to like?

      For anyone who has actually seen the shelter up close, it looks rather mundane after this hyperbolic description. It has a rectangular floor plan, vertical walls, and a pitched roof. The shelter is fairly small, covering an area of 17.5 square meters, and it is designed to house a family of up to five people. When inside, you can look up and see the entire structure laid bare: a standalone steel frame with imposing horizontal beams, onto which foam panels are clipped. These panels are made from polyolefin, a light, flexible plastic, and they have the feeling and texture of swimming floats. They have been attached to the frame with hand-tightened bolts and brackets, and the shelter has four small ‘window’ openings, ventilation slots, and a lockable door. The main designer described its chunky, basic appearance as the kind of house “a 5-year-old would draw” (personal interview, May 18, 2017, Stockholm). It is, indeed, visually uninspiring, but this is because it is meant to be basic. Like much of IKEA’s product line, it is mass-produced, economical modernism. It is meant to offer a shelter that is immediate, quick, affordable, and easily transportable, staying as close as possible to the price and weight of the main alternative: the tent.

      Tents have been the go-to shelter for humanitarian organizations for more than 50 years. The UN Refugee Agency distributes tens of thousands of them annually, and they are still valued for their lightweight, inexpensive simplicity. To be taken seriously as a humanitarian product, therefore, the IKEA shelter needs to be comparable to the tent in terms of price and weight while making some crucial improvements. There are four, in particular, that can be found in this design. First, the IKEA shelter provides increased security through a lockable door. Second, it provides greater privacy through firmer and more opaque walls. Third, it provides improved communication with a mobile phone-charging station. And fourth, it lasts considerably longer: up to four years rather than just one. These improvements encapsulate the basic requirements for dignified living according to the designers, combining security, privacy, durability, and connection to the outside world. These features, the narrative goes, are particularly important given the protracted nature of so many contemporary refugee situations and the likelihood of a lengthy exile.[3]

      When I spoke to the designers about dignity, they came back again and again to the same material expressions, which were fascinating in their tangibility and their conception of refugee social worlds. Dignity meant being able to stand up in the IKEA shelter, which is impossible in a tent. Dignity meant having walls that were “knocky”: firmer, more secure, more resonant when tapped, which distinguished the materials from tarpaulin. Dignity meant privacy: whereas silhouettes can cause a problem in tents, the IKEA shelter does not reveal activity inside when the lights are on at night; its material is more opaque and disperses the shadows. Such improvements, however small, allow the design team to mobilize a more expansive, idealistic rhetoric. In its publicity materials, the shelter has become a “safer, more dignified home away from home for millions of displaced people across the world.” It has channeled “smart design, innovation and modern technology” to offer “a sense of peace, identity and dignity.” It is “universally welcoming”, a “home away from home” that balances “the needs of millions of people living in different cultures, climates and regions with a rational production—a single solution” (Better Shelter 2015; personal interview, May 19, 2017, Stockholm, Sweden). Far from being a better tent, this shelter has some revolutionary ambitions. But is it a better tent? Does it live up to its aims of producing a compact, cheap, lightweight product for meeting a basic human need?
      The Reaction

      The day after the announcement of the prize I sensed a collective sigh of despair among my colleagues working on refugee issues, which was tangible in personal conversations, snarky asides, and exasperated emails. The failures of the shelter were, for many of them, far too obvious. It was meager, limited, with no proper floor, no insulation, no natural light, and with a structure that let in drafts and dust. It had been oversold, under-ordered, and was described as sustainable when in fact it involved flying piles of metal and plastic around the world. It ignored established practice in the humanitarian shelter sector, which advocates the use of local materials and abundant local labor, and, above all, it was accompanied by an insistent triumphalism, with media reports pushing the narrative that an intractable problem had been solved. It had not. Managing refugee arrivals is a complex political issue that requires sustained political engagement, legal reform, and advocacy in host states to ensure investment in welfare and protection. Although these were not the aims of the IKEA refugee shelter, such lavish praise and attention, my informants felt, were a distraction. Many such “innovative designs” have become a fetish, creating a mistaken reassurance that circumstances can be controlled while obscuring a series of more serious, structural issues that remain unaddressed (Scott-Smith 2013).
      The most tangible criticisms of the IKEA shelter, I soon realized, came from two opposing directions. On the one hand, there were those who argued the shelter did too little. It was a mean little space, they suggested, that looked like a garden shed or, due to its plastic panels, a chemical toilet. This line of critique usually came from architects, who filed the object contemptuously under “product design” and declared that it involved no architectural thinking at all. Architecture, they pointed out, should respond to the site and local environment, not mass-produce a universal design with no adaptability or control. Architecture should create sensitive and carefully planned responses to specific problems, not ignore basic elements such as insulation, proper flooring, and natural light. Architecture should also be pleasing to the eye. If you took the Vitruvian triad of architectural virtues, the IKEA shelter seemed to fail on every count. Firmitas, utilitas, and venustas was the aim, but the shelter was flimsy rather than firm, flawed rather than useful, ugly rather than beautiful.[4] It was particularly galling for this group of critics that the shelter won not just Design of the Year, but that it won the architectural category as well.

      The other type of criticism came from humanitarians. They argued not that the shelter did too little, but that it did too much. It provided a fully integrated, flat-pack solution when this was rarely required or appropriate. It flew in a prefabricated house when there were better opportunities to work from the bottom up. It lionized designers when design was rarely a priority. Unlike architects, humanitarians were working in a context of limited time and limited resources. They worked with the mantra that “shelter is a process not a product,” a slogan that derives from the work of Ian Davis (1978), one of the founding thinkers of the humanitarian shelter sector, who argued that humanitarians needed to focus on the way people shelter themselves. Davis said that disaster-affected communities had their own techniques for finding and building shelter, suggesting that humanitarian shelter should mean discouraging designers and other outside “experts.” The priority should be to provide materials such as wood, nails, tarpaulin, and tape that help people build their own homes. These could be used and reused as people expanded their accommodation. The crucial task, in other words, was not to provide finished shelters, but to support people in their own process of sheltering.[5]
      The Tension

      In the middle of May 2017, I took a trip to Stockholm to meet the IKEA shelter’s design team and see how they navigated these two very different criticisms. I arrived at their headquarters on the 11th floor of the old Ericsson building in a southern suburb of the city, and spent some days learning about their brief, their aims, and their ways of thinking. The first thing that became clear was that this was not, in fact, an “IKEA shelter.” It was a designed by a group of independent Swedish industrial designers who had met at college and developed the basic idea in discussion with humanitarians in Geneva. They later received substantial financial support from the IKEA Foundation, which allowed them to refine, test, and iterate the idea, eventually leading to a commitment from the UN Refugee Agency to purchase a large number of units.

      As I learned more about the project, it soon became clear that the story of the shelter seemed to be constantly swinging like a pendulum. It was caught between the expansive utopian idealism that so often underpins the announcement of new humanitarian designs and the restricted, mundane implications of their actual implementation. Both types of criticism, in other words, were basically correct: the IKEA shelter is both ‘too much’ and ‘too little’. It is clearly a product rather than a process, so it ends up being overwrought, top-down, and “too much” for aid workers who are skeptical of universal solutions. At the same time, it has been designed to be cheap and lightweight, so it will always be “too little” for those with bigger ideas about what design can achieve (especially as it lacks many of the basic elements that are crucial to architecture, such as proper flooring, insulation, light, strength, and beauty). The formal name for the shelter seems to encapsulate this tension. It is properly called the “Better Shelter”, and I was reprimanded in Stockholm for using the name “IKEA shelter,” which remains in common parlance but has never been formally adopted.[6] This name emphasizes the restricted horizon of improvement. The product aspires to be better, but it is no more than shelter. It idealistically attempts to improve the world, but pursues this by providing basic shelter rather than engaging with a more expansive terrain of housing.

      The problem of doing too much and too little was powerfully illustrated in December 2015, when the Swiss city of Zurich conducted a fire safety test on the IKEA shelter. The video of the test was screened on the news and subsequently circulated online: it featured a series of terrifying images in which a small fire, illuminating first the translucent sides of the shelter, suddenly engulfed the scene in an explosion of flames and molten plastic. The media picked up on the story, Zurich cancelled its intended use of the shelters for new migrant arrivals, and distribution of the shelter began to slow. This was perhaps the biggest challenge the design had faced since its inception, and the fire test led to more than a year of additional work as the team made changes to the shelter’s design – mostly adjustments to the panel material. During this process, however, the design team found no clear code to work. Fire retardancy standards and testing procedures could not be found in the usual humanitarian handbooks, and so the team felt hostage to unrealistic criteria. The Swiss tests had compared the shelter with a permanent residential building, which seemed unfair (as a tent, which was the closest equivalent, would fare no better), yet it seemed impossible to object when the Swiss fire tests were released. The shelter was meant to be “better,” and the whiff of double standards would drift over the scene very quickly if they argued this was a shelter for a different population. The idea that refugee accommodation should be held to lower standards would not be good publicity for a product so concerned with the promoting dignity.

      The fire tests raised a number of questions. Is this a “slightly” Better Shelter? Or is it “sometimes” a better shelter, depending on location and context? And when, exactly, is it a better shelter – in which times and places? One thing is clear: most people would not choose to live in one of these structures because of its obvious limitations. It has no floor or insulation, barely any natural light, and a tiny living space, even if its three or four tangible improvements certainly make it better than a tent. But then again, it should be better, as it costs a good deal more than a tent: currently twice the price of a UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) standard family model. Is this a problem? Don’t we expect a better shelter to be a more expensive shelter? Yet how much is too much? What if twice the price means aiding half as many people? Is this a “better” result?

      As the IKEA shelter becomes more widely used in different locations, a clear lesson has begun to emerge: that the whole product is deeply dependent on context. It is only “better” in some times and places. It may be “better” when compared with a tent, but not when compared with a Swiss apartment building. It may be “better” in a Middle Eastern refugee camp, but not in a Western European reception facility. It may be “better” when funds are plentiful and refugee numbers limited, but not when refugees are plentiful and funds limited. It might be “better” when there is an urgent need for emergency shelters, but not when there is scope for people to build a home of their own.

      The Lagom Shelter

      Perhaps this, in the end, defines the wider world of little development devices and humanitarian goods: they are simultaneously too much and too little. They are vulnerable to the charge of being too limited as well as the charge of being too expansive. They fail to tackle fundamental global injustices, but they still make numerous ideological assumptions about human life and human dignity beneath their search for modest improvements. The little development device oscillates between its grand visions of human improvement and its modest engineering in a tiny frame. The humanitarian good balances a philanthro-capitalist utopia with the minimalist aim of saving lives. All of this is encapsulated in the slightly Better Shelter. When I discussed these thoughts with the team in Stockholm, they basically agreed, and reached for the Swedish word lagom to describe their aims. It is tricky to translate, but means something like “the right amount,” “neither too little nor too much.” The Better Shelter is lagom because it has to be viable as well as adding value. It has to negotiate with the critics who claim it is “too much” as well as those who say it does “too little.” The shelter could never please architectural critics because it was only designed as a cheap, short-term home, and it would never please bottom-up humanitarian practitioners because it was too top-down and complete. Lagom captures the search for balance while reflecting a wider ethos of democratic Swedish design.[7]

      Yet aspiring to be lagom does not make the central tension disappear. Just like being “better,” being lagom depends on context. What counts as “just enough” depends on where you are, who you are, and what you are doing. Something lagom in Sweden may not be lagom elsewhere. This became apparent just before the Better Shelter was launched, when a handful of units were shipped to Lebanon for a practical test with refugees. On their arrival in the Bekaa Valley, a group of armed and angry Lebanese neighbors appeared. The shelters, in their view, were too permanent. It did not matter that they had no foundations. It did not matter that they could be removed in less than a day. It did not matter that the walls and roof would degrade in just a few years. The structures were too solid, and the authorities agreed.[8] The Better Shelter had become “too much” for the Lebanese political context, just as in Switzerland it had become “too little.” The same features that made it insufficient in one country made it extravagant in another.

      So although the Better Shelter tries to be better everywhere, it can never hope to adapt to the infinite complexity of refugee crises and its scales became disrupted when butting up against hard political realities. Since 2013, the designers have been working assiduously in Stockholm to optimize every component: changing the clips and panel material, redesigning the bolts and vents, refining the door and frame. They think an improved product can overcome both the Swiss fire tests and the Lebanese resistance. But what is “better” will always change with context. The Lagom Shelter can only be truly Lagom on the 11th floor of the old Ericcson building in Stockholm. As soon as it moves, the balance changes. Lagom cannot be built into any universal form.

      https://limn.it/articles/a-slightly-better-shelter

      Avec cette bibliographie :

      Bibliography

      Beazley. 2017. “Flat-packed refugee shelter named best design of 2016”. Beazley Design of the Year Press Release, 26.01.2017. Available at link: https://www.beazley.com/news/2017/winners_beazley_designs_of_the_year.html

      Better Shelter. 2015. Better Shelter: A Home Away From Home. Better Shelter Promotional Leaflet. Available at link: http://www.bettershelter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/About_Better-Shelter.pdf

      Davis, I. 1978. Shelter After Disaster. Oxford, UK: Oxford Polytechnic Press.

      Garvey, P. 2017. Unpacking Ikea Cultures: Swedish Design for the Purchasing Masses. London, UK: Routledge.

      Murphy, K. 2015. Swedish Design: An Ethnography. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

      Scott-Smith, T. 2013. “The Fetishism of Humanitarian Objects and the Management of Malnutrition in Emergencies.” Third World Quarterly 34(5): 913-28.

      ———. 2016. “Humanitarian Neophilia: The Innovation Turn and Its Implications.” Third World Quarterly 37(12): 2229–2251.

      ———. 2017. “The Humanitarian-Architect Divide.” Forced Migration Review 55:67-8.

      Sewell, Abby, and Charlotte Alfred. 2017. “Evicted Refugees in Lebanon Have Nowhere Left to Run.” Refugees Deeply, September 28. Available at link: https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2017/09/28/nowhere-left-to-run-refugee-evictions-in-lebanon-in-shadow-of-return

  • Candy, Soda, and Fast Food are Not Driving the Rising Obesity Trend in the US | Food and Brand Lab
    http://foodpsychology.cornell.edu/OP/fast_food_science

    Soda, candy, and fast food are often painted as the prime culprits in the national discussion of obesity in the United States. While a diet of chocolate bars and cheese burgers washed down with a Coke is inadvisable from a nutritional standpoint, these foods are not likely to be a leading cause of obesity in the United States according to a new Cornell University Food and Brand Lab study conducted by the Lab co-directors David Just, PhD, and Brian Wansink, PhD. The study, published in Obesity Science & Practice, finds that intake of these foods is not related to Body Mass Index in the average adult.

  • Les marchands de doute, de Naomi Oreskes et Erick Conway

    http://www.les-crises.fr/les-marchands-de-doute

    La physique nous dit que si le Soleil était la cause du réchauffement global – ce que certains sceptiques continuent de croire –, la stratosphère et la troposphère verraient toutes deux leur température augmenter car la chaleur arrive par le haut. Mais si les gaz à effet de serre émis par la surface et piégés pour l’essentiel dans la basse atmosphère sont la cause du réchauffement, alors on s’attend à ce que la troposphère se réchauffe et que la stratosphère se refroidisse.
    Santer et ses collègues ont montré qu’il en est bien ainsi : la troposphère se réchauffe et la stratosphère se refroidit.

    Depuis que des scientifiques ont commencé à expliquer que le climat se réchauffe – et que les activités humaines en sont probablement la cause –, des gens ont mis en doute les données et les preuves, et ont attaqué les scientifiques qui les collectent et les interprètent. Et personne n’a été plus violemment attaqué que Ben Santer, et de façon aussi déloyale.

    QUELQUES ANNÉES PLUS TARD, en lisant son journal du matin, Santer tomba sur un article qui relatait la façon dont des scientifiques avaient participé à une opération organisée par l’industrie du tabac dans le but de discréditer tout élément scientifi que reliant le tabac au cancer. L’idée, expliquait l’article, était de « maintenir la controverse active ». Tant qu’il y avait un doute sur le lien causal, l’industrie du tabac pourrait éviter d’être poursuivie en justice et échapper à toute régulation.

    Santer trouva que cette histoire ressemblait étrangement à la sienne. Il avait raison. Mais il y avait plus. Non seulement la tactique était la même, mais les gens aussi étaient les mêmes . Les attaques les plus virulentes contre lui avaient été menées par deux physiciens en retraite, deux Fred : Frederick Seitz et S. (Siegfried) Fred Singer.

    Tous deux étaient des « faucons » extrémistes, profondément persuadés de la gravité de la menace soviétique et de la nécessité de défendre les États-Unis par le déploiement d’armes de haute technologie. Tous deux participaient à un think tank conservateur de Washington, l’Institut George C. Marshall, fondé pour promouvoir l’Initiative de défense stratégique de Ronald Reagan (SDI, ou « Guerre des étoiles »). Et tous deux avaient naguère travaillé pour l’industrie du tabac, l’aidant à instiller le doute quant aux risques mortels du tabagisme.

  • Universalizing Settler Liberty | Jacobin
    https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/08/the-legacies-of-settler-empire

    Rana, an associate professor of law at Cornell University, argues that the American experience is best understood as one of “settler empire.” English colonists, along with their descendants, viewed society as grounded in an ideal of freedom that emphasized continuous popular mobilization and direct economic decision-making.

    However, this ideal was politically bound to territorial conquest and to the dispossession and control of marginalized groups. These practices of liberty and subordination were not separate currents, but rather two sides of the same coin. Even today, he argues, the legacies of settler empire shape and sustain the twin dynamics of racial exclusion and economic exploitation.

  • http://www.pnas.org/content/111/24/8788.full

    En janvier 2012, Facebook a mené une expérience de psychologie sur plusieurs centaines de milliers d’utilisateurs.

    We show, via a massive (N = 689,003) experiment on Facebook, that emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. We provide experimental evidence that emotional contagion occurs without direct interaction between people (exposure to a friend expressing an emotion is sufficient), and in the complete absence of nonverbal cues.

    via @karlpro

    Franchement, je suis étonné que ce genre de trucs ne soit pas sorti avant. Et l’étude en elle même n’a pas l’air très bien.

    #psychologie #facebook