organization:human rights

  • Beyond the Hype of Lab-Grown Diamonds
    https://earther.gizmodo.com/beyond-the-hype-of-lab-grown-diamonds-1834890351

    Billions of years ago when the world was still young, treasure began forming deep underground. As the edges of Earth’s tectonic plates plunged down into the upper mantle, bits of carbon, some likely hailing from long-dead life forms were melted and compressed into rigid lattices. Over millions of years, those lattices grew into the most durable, dazzling gems the planet had ever cooked up. And every so often, for reasons scientists still don’t fully understand, an eruption would send a stash of these stones rocketing to the surface inside a bubbly magma known as kimberlite.

    There, the diamonds would remain, nestled in the kimberlite volcanoes that delivered them from their fiery home, until humans evolved, learned of their existence, and began to dig them up.

    The epic origin of Earth’s diamonds has helped fuel a powerful marketing mythology around them: that they are objects of otherworldly strength and beauty; fitting symbols of eternal love. But while “diamonds are forever” may be the catchiest advertising slogan ever to bear some geologic truth, the supply of these stones in the Earth’s crust, in places we can readily reach them, is far from everlasting. And the scars we’ve inflicted on the land and ourselves in order to mine diamonds has cast a shadow that still lingers over the industry.

    Some diamond seekers, however, say we don’t need to scour the Earth any longer, because science now offers an alternative: diamonds grown in labs. These gems aren’t simulants or synthetic substitutes; they are optically, chemically, and physically identical to their Earth-mined counterparts. They’re also cheaper, and in theory, limitless. The arrival of lab-grown diamonds has rocked the jewelry world to its core and prompted fierce pushback from diamond miners. Claims abound on both sides.

    Growers often say that their diamonds are sustainable and ethical; miners and their industry allies counter that only gems plucked from the Earth can be considered “real” or “precious.” Some of these assertions are subjective, others are supported only by sparse, self-reported, or industry-backed data. But that’s not stopping everyone from making them.

    This is a fight over image, and when it comes to diamonds, image is everything.
    A variety of cut, polished Ada Diamonds created in a lab, including smaller melee stones and large center stones. 22.94 carats total. (2.60 ct. pear, 2.01 ct. asscher, 2.23 ct. cushion, 3.01 ct. radiant, 1.74 ct. princess, 2.11 ct. emerald, 3.11 ct. heart, 3.00 ct. oval, 3.13 ct. round.)
    Image: Sam Cannon (Earther)
    Same, but different

    The dream of lab-grown diamond dates back over a century. In 1911, science fiction author H.G. Wells described what would essentially become one of the key methods for making diamond—recreating the conditions inside Earth’s mantle on its surface—in his short story The Diamond Maker. As the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) notes, there were a handful of dubious attempts to create diamonds in labs in the late 19th and early 20th century, but the first commercial diamond production wouldn’t emerge until the mid-1950s, when scientists with General Electric worked out a method for creating small, brown stones. Others, including De Beers, soon developed their own methods for synthesizing the gems, and use of the lab-created diamond in industrial applications, from cutting tools to high power electronics, took off.

    According to the GIA’s James Shigley, the first experimental production of gem-quality diamond occurred in 1970. Yet by the early 2000s, gem-quality stones were still small, and often tinted yellow with impurities. It was only in the last five or so years that methods for growing diamonds advanced to the point that producers began churning out large, colorless stones consistently. That’s when the jewelry sector began to take a real interest.

    Today, that sector is taking off. The International Grown Diamond Association (IGDA), a trade group formed in 2016 by a dozen lab diamond growers and sellers, now has about 50 members, according to IGDA secretary general Dick Garard. When the IGDA first formed, lab-grown diamonds were estimated to represent about 1 percent of a $14 billion rough diamond market. This year, industry analyst Paul Zimnisky estimates they account for 2-3 percent of the market.

    He expects that share will only continue to grow as factories in China that already produce millions of carats a year for industrial purposes start to see an opportunity in jewelry.
    “I have a real problem with people claiming one is ethical and another is not.”

    “This year some [factories] will come up from 100,000 gem-quality diamonds to one to two million,” Zimnisky said. “They already have the infrastructure and equipment in place” and are in the process of upgrading it. (About 150 million carats of diamonds were mined last year, according to a global analysis of the industry conducted by Bain & Company.)

    Production ramp-up aside, 2018 saw some other major developments across the industry. In the summer, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) reversed decades of guidance when it expanded the definition of a diamond to include those created in labs and dropped ‘synthetic’ as a recommended descriptor for lab-grown stones. The decision came on the heels of the world’s top diamond producer, De Beers, announcing the launch of its own lab-grown diamond line, Lightbox, after having once vowed never to sell man-made stones as jewelry.

    “I would say shock,” Lightbox Chief Marketing Officer Sally Morrison told Earther when asked how the jewelry world responded to the company’s launch.

    While the majority of lab-grown diamonds on the market today are what’s known as melee (less than 0.18 carats), the tech for producing the biggest, most dazzling diamonds continues to improve. In 2016, lab-grown diamond company MiaDonna announced its partners had grown a 6.28 carat gem-quality diamond, claimed to be the largest created in the U.S. to that point. In 2017, a lab in Augsburg University, Germany that grows diamonds for industrial and scientific research applications produced what is thought to be the largest lab-grown diamond ever—a 155 carat behemoth that stretches nearly 4 inches across. Not gem quality, perhaps, but still impressive.

    “If you compare it with the Queen’s diamond, hers is four times heavier, it’s clearer” physicist Matthias Schreck, who leads the group that grew that beast of a jewel, told me. “But in area, our diamond is bigger. We were very proud of this.”

    Diamonds can be created in one of two ways: Similar to how they form inside the Earth, or similar to how scientists speculate they might form in outer space.

    The older, Earth-inspired method is known as “high temperature high pressure” (HPHT), and that’s exactly what it sounds like. A carbon source, like graphite, is placed in a giant, mechanical press where, in the presence of a catalyst, it’s subjected to temperatures of around 1,600 degrees Celsius and pressures of 5-6 Gigapascals in order to form diamond. (If you’re curious what that sort of pressure feels like, the GIA describes it as similar to the force exerted if you tried to balance a commercial jet on your fingertip.)

    The newer method, called chemical vapor deposition (CVD), is more akin to how diamonds might form in interstellar gas clouds (for which we have indirect, spectroscopic evidence, according to Shigley). A hydrocarbon gas, like methane, is pumped into a low-pressure reactor vessel alongside hydrogen. While maintaining near-vacuum conditions, the gases are heated very hot—typically 3,000 to 4,000 degrees Celsius, according to Lightbox CEO Steve Coe—causing carbon atoms to break free of their molecular bonds. Under the right conditions, those liberated bits of carbon will settle out onto a substrate—typically a flat, square plate of a synthetic diamond produced with the HPHT method—forming layer upon layer of diamond.

    “It’s like snow falling on a table on your back porch,” Jason Payne, the founder and CEO of lab-grown diamond jewelry company Ada Diamonds, told me.

    Scientists have been forging gem-quality diamonds with HPHT for longer, but today, CVD has become the method of choice for those selling larger bridal stones. That’s in part because it’s easier to control impurities and make diamonds with very high clarity, according to Coe. Still, each method has its advantages—Payne said that HPHT is faster and the diamonds typically have better color (which is to say, less of it)—and some companies, like Ada, purchase stones grown in both ways.

    However they’re made, lab-grown diamonds have the same exceptional hardness, stiffness, and thermal conductivity as their Earth-mined counterparts. Cut, they can dazzle with the same brilliance and fire—a technical term to describe how well the diamond scatters light like a prism. The GIA even grades them according to the same 4Cs—cut, clarity, color, and carat—that gemologists use to assess diamonds formed in the Earth, although it uses a slightly different terminology to report the color and clarity grades for lab-grown stones.

    They’re so similar, in fact, that lab-grown diamond entering the larger diamond supply without any disclosures has become a major concern across the jewelry industry, particularly when it comes to melee stones from Asia. It’s something major retailers are now investing thousands of dollars in sophisticated detection equipment to suss out by searching for minute differences in, say, their crystal shape or for impurities like nitrogen (much less common in lab-grown diamond, according to Shigley).

    Those differences may be a lifeline for retailers hoping to weed out lab-grown diamonds, but for companies focused on them, they can become another selling point. The lack of nitrogen in diamonds produced with the CVD method, for instance, gives them an exceptional chemical purity that allows them to be classified as type IIa; a rare and coveted breed that accounts for just 2 percent of those found in nature. Meanwhile, the ability to control everything about the growth process allows companies like Lightbox to adjust the formula and produce incredibly rare blue and pink diamonds as part of their standard product line. (In fact, these colored gemstones have made up over half of the company’s sales since launch, according to Coe.)

    And while lab-grown diamonds boast the same sparkle as their Earthly counterparts, they do so at a significant discount. Zimnisky said that today, your typical one carat, medium quality diamond grown in a lab will sell for about $3,600, compared with $6,100 for its Earth-mined counterpart—a discount of about 40 percent. Two years ago, that discount was only 18 percent. And while the price drop has “slightly tapered off” as Zimnisky put it, he expects it will fall further thanks in part to the aforementioned ramp up in Chinese production, as well as technological improvements. (The market is also shifting in response to Lightbox, which De Beers is using to position lab-grown diamonds as mass produced items for fashion jewelry, and which is selling its stones, ungraded, at the controversial low price of $800 per carat—a discount of nearly 90 percent.)

    Zimnisky said that if the price falls too fast, it could devalue lab-grown diamonds in the eyes of consumers. But for now, at least, paying less seems to be a selling point. A 2018 consumer research survey by MVI Marketing found that most of those polled would choose a larger lab-grown diamond over a smaller mined diamond of the same price.

    “The thing [consumers] seem most compelled by is the ability to trade up in size and quality at the same price,” Garard of IGDA said.

    Still, for buyers and sellers alike, price is only part of the story. Many in the lab-grown diamond world market their product as an ethical or eco-friendly alternative to mined diamonds.

    But those sales pitches aren’t without controversy.
    A variety of lab-grown diamond products arrayed on a desk at Ada Diamonds showroom in Manhattan. The stone in the upper left gets its blue color from boron. Diamonds tinted yellow (top center) usually get their color from small amounts of nitrogen.
    Photo: Sam Cannon (Earther)
    Dazzling promises

    As Anna-Mieke Anderson tells it, she didn’t enter the diamond world to become a corporate tycoon. She did it to try and fix a mistake.

    In 1999, Anderson purchased herself a diamond. Some years later, in 2005, her father asked her where it came from. Nonplussed, she told him it came from the jewelry store. But that wasn’t what he was asking: He wanted to know where it really came from.

    “I actually had no idea,” Anderson told Earther. “That led me to do a mountain of research.”

    That research eventually led Anderson to conclude that she had likely bought a diamond mined under horrific conditions. She couldn’t be sure, because the certificate of purchase included no place of origin. But around the time of her purchase, civil wars funded by diamond mining were raging across Angola, Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Liberia, fueling “widespread devastation” as Global Witness put it in 2006. At the height of the diamond wars in the late ‘90s, the watchdog group estimates that as many as 15 percent of diamonds entering the market were conflict diamonds. Even those that weren’t actively fueling a war were often being mined in dirty, hazardous conditions; sometimes by children.

    “I couldn’t believe I’d bought into this,” Anderson said.

    To try and set things right, Anderson began sponsoring a boy living in a Liberian community impacted by the blood diamond trade. The experience was so eye-opening, she says, that she eventually felt compelled to sponsor more children. Selling conflict-free jewelry seemed like a fitting way to raise money to do so, but after a great deal more research, Anderson decided she couldn’t in good faith consider any diamond pulled from the Earth to be truly conflict-free in either the humanitarian or environmental sense. While diamond miners were, by the early 2000s, getting their gems certified “conflict free” according to the UN-backed Kimberley Process, the certification scheme’s definition of a conflict diamond—one sold by rebel groups to finance armed conflicts against governments—felt far too narrow.

    “That [conflict definition] eliminates anything to do with the environment, or eliminates a child mining it, or someone who was a slave, or beaten, or raped,” Anderson said.

    And so she started looking into science, and in 2007, launching MiaDonna as one of the world’s first lab-grown diamond jewelry companies. The business has been activism-oriented from the get-go, with at least five percent of its annual earnings—and more than 20 percent for the last three years—going into The Greener Diamond, Anderson’s charity foundation which has funded a wide range of projects, from training former child soldiers in Sierra Leone to grow food to sponsoring kids orphaned by the West African Ebola outbreak.

    MiaDonna isn’t the only company that positions itself as an ethical alternative to the traditional diamond industry. Brilliant Earth, which sells what it says are carefully-sourced mined and lab-created diamonds, also donates a small portion of its profits to supporting mining communities. Other lab-grown diamond companies market themselves as “ethical,” “conflict-free,” or “world positive.” Payne of Ada Diamonds sees, in lab-grown diamonds, not just shiny baubles, but a potential to improve medicine, clean up pollution, and advance society in countless other ways—and he thinks the growing interest in lab-grown diamond jewelry will help propel us toward that future.

    Others, however, say black-and-white characterizations when it comes to social impact of mined diamonds versus lab-grown stones are unfair. “I have a real problem with people claiming one is ethical and another is not,” Estelle Levin-Nally, founder and CEO of Levin Sources, which advocates for better governance in the mining sector, told Earther. “I think it’s always about your politics. And ethics are subjective.”

    Saleem Ali, an environmental researcher at the University of Delaware who serves on the board of the Diamonds and Development Initiative, agrees. He says the mining industry has, on the whole, worked hard to turn itself around since the height of the diamond wars and that governance is “much better today” than it used to be. Human rights watchdog Global Witness also says that “significant progress” has been made to curb the conflict diamond trade, although as Alice Harle, Senior Campaigner with Global Witness told Earther via email, diamonds do still fuel conflict, particularly in the Central African Republic and Zimbabwe.

    Most industry observers seems to agree that the Kimberley Process is outdated and inadequate, and that more work is needed to stamp out other abuses, including child labor and forced labor, in the artisanal and small-scale diamond mining sector. Today, large-scale mining operations don’t tend to see these kinds of problems, according to Julianne Kippenberg, associate director for children’s rights at Human Rights Watch, but she notes that there may be other community impacts surrounding land rights and forced resettlement.

    The flip side, Ali and Levin-Nally say, is that well-regulated mining operations can be an important source of economic development and livelihood. Ali cites Botswana and Russia as prime examples of places where large-scale mining operations have become “major contributors to the economy.” Dmitry Amelkin, head of strategic projects and analytics for Russian diamond mining giant Alrosa, echoed that sentiment in an email to Earther, noting that diamonds transformed Botswana “from one of the poorest [countries] in the world to a middle-income country” with revenues from mining representing almost a third of its GDP.

    In May, a report commissioned by the Diamond Producers Association (DPA), a trade organization representing the world’s largest diamond mining companies, estimated that worldwide, its members generate nearly $4 billion in direct revenue for employees and contractors, along with another $6.8 billion in benefits via “local procurement of goods and services.” DPA CEO Jean-Marc Lieberherr said this was a story diamond miners need to do a better job telling.

    “The industry has undergone such changes since the Blood Diamond movie,” he said, referring to the blockbuster 2006 film starring Leonardo DiCaprio that drew global attention to the problem of conflict diamonds. “And yet people’s’ perceptions haven’t evolved. I think the main reason is we have not had a voice, we haven’t communicated.”

    But conflict and human rights abuses aren’t the only issues that have plagued the diamond industry. There’s also the lasting environmental impact of the mining itself. In the case of large-scale commercial mines, this typically entails using heavy machinery and explosives to bore deep into those kimberlite tubes in search of precious stones.

    Some, like Maya Koplyova, a geologist at the University of British Columbia who studies diamonds and the rocks they’re found in, see this as far better than many other forms of mining. “The environmental footprint is the fThere’s also the question of just how representative the report’s energy consumption estimates for lab-grown diamonds are. While he wouldn’t offer a specific number, Coe said that De Beers’ Group diamond manufacturer Element Six—arguably the most advanced laboratory-grown diamond company in the world—has “substantially lower” per carat energy requirements than the headline figures found inside the new report. When asked why this was not included, Rick Lord, ESG analyst at Trucost, the S&P global group that conducted the analysis, said it chose to focus on energy estimates in the public record, but that after private consultation with Element Six it did not believe their data would “materially alter” the emissions estimates in the study.

    Finally, it’s important to consider the source of the carbon emissions. While the new report states that about 40 percent of the emissions associated with mining a diamond come from fossil fuel-powered vehicles and equipment, emissions associated with growing a diamond come mainly from electric power. Today, about 68 percent of lab-grown diamonds hail from China, Singapore, and India combined according to Zimnisky, where the power is drawn from largely fossil fuel-powered grids. But there is, at least, an opportunity to switch to renewables and drive that carbon footprint way down.
    “The reality is both mining and manufacturing consume energy and probably the best thing we could do is focus on reducing energy consumption.”

    And some companies do seem to be trying to do that. Anderson of MiaDonna says the company only sources its diamonds from facilities in the U.S., and that it’s increasingly trying to work with producers that use renewable energy. Lab-grown diamond company Diamond Foundry grows its stones inside plasma reactors running “as hot as the outer layer of the sun,” per its website, and while it wouldn’t offer any specific numbers, that presumably uses more energy than your typical operation running at lower temperatures. However, company spokesperson Ye-Hui Goldenson said its Washington State ‘megacarat factory’ was cited near a well-maintained hydropower source so that the diamonds could be produced with renewable energy. The company offsets other fossil fuel-driven parts of its operation by purchasing carbon credits.

    Lightbox’s diamonds currently come from Element Six’s UK-based facilities. The company is, however, building a $94-million facility near Portland, Oregon, that’s expected to come online by 2020. Coe said he estimates about 45 percent of its power will come from renewable sources.

    “The reality is both mining and manufacturing consume energy and probably the best thing we could do is focus on reducing energy consumption,” Coe said. “That’s something we’re focused on in Lightbox.”

    In spite of that, Lightbox is somewhat notable among lab-grown diamond jewelry brands in that, in the words of Morrison, it is “not claiming this to be an eco-friendly product.”

    “While it is true that we don’t dig holes in the ground, the energy consumption is not insignificant,” Morrison told Earther. “And I think we felt very uncomfortable promoting on that.”
    Various diamonds created in a lab, as seen at the Ada Diamonds showroom in Manhattan.
    Photo: Sam Cannon (Earther)
    The real real

    The fight over how lab-grown diamonds can and should market themselves is still heating up.

    On March 26, the FTC sent letters to eight lab-grown and diamond simulant companies warning them against making unsubstantiated assertions about the environmental benefits of their products—its first real enforcement action after updating its jewelry guides last year. The letters, first obtained by JCK news director Rob Bates under a Freedom of Information Act request, also warned companies that their advertising could falsely imply the products are mined diamonds, illustrating that, even though the agency now says a lab-grown diamond is a diamond, the specific origin remains critically important. A letter to Diamond Foundry, for instance, notes that the company has at times advertised its stones as “above-ground real” without the qualification of “laboratory-made.” It’s easy to see how a consumer might miss the implication.

    But in a sense, that’s what all of this is: A fight over what’s real.
    “It’s a nuanced reality that we’re in. They are a type of diamond.”

    Another letter, sent to FTC attorney Reenah Kim by the nonprofit trade organization Jewelers Vigilance Committee on April 2, makes it clear that many in the industry still believe that’s a term that should be reserved exclusively for gems formed inside the Earth. The letter, obtained by Earther under FOIA, urges the agency to continue restricting the use of the terms “real,” “genuine,” “natural,” “precious,” and “semi-precious” to Earth-mined diamonds and gemstones. Even the use of such terms in conjunction with “laboratory grown,” the letter argues, “will create even more confusion in an already confused and evolving marketplace.”

    JVC President Tiffany Stevens told Earther that the letter was a response to a footnote in an explanatory document about the FTC’s recent jewelry guide changes, which suggested the agency was considering removing a clause about real, precious, natural and genuine only being acceptable modifiers for gems mined from the Earth.

    “We felt that given the current commercial environment, that we didn’t think it was a good time to take that next step,” Stevens told Earther. As Stevens put it, the changes the FTC recently made, including expanding the definition of diamond and tweaking the descriptors companies can use to label laboratory-grown diamonds as such, have already been “wildly misinterpreted” by some lab-grown diamond sellers that are no longer making the “necessary disclosures.”

    Asked whether the JVC thinks lab-grown diamonds are, in fact, real diamonds, Stevens demurred.

    “It’s a nuanced reality that we’re in,” she said. “They are a type of diamond.”

    Change is afoot in the diamond world. Mined diamond production may have already peaked, according to the 2018 Bain & Company report. Lab diamonds are here to stay, although where they’re going isn’t entirely clear. Zimnisky expects that in a few years—as Lightbox’s new facility comes online and mass production of lab diamonds continues to ramp up overseas—the price industry-wide will fall to about 80 percent less than a mined diamond. At that point, he wonders whether lab-grown diamonds will start to lose their sparkle.

    Payne isn’t too worried about a price slide, which he says is happening across the diamond industry and which he expects will be “linear, not exponential” on the lab-grown side. He points out that lab-grown diamond market is still limited by supply, and that the largest lab-grown gems remain quite rare. Payne and Zimnisky both see the lab-grown diamond market bifurcating into cheaper, mass-produced gems and premium-quality stones sold by those that can maintain a strong brand. A sense that they’re selling something authentic and, well, real.

    “So much has to do with consumer psychology,” Zimnisky said.

    Some will only ever see diamonds as authentic if they formed inside the Earth. They’re drawn, as Kathryn Money, vice president of strategy and merchandising at Brilliant Earth put it, to “the history and romanticism” of diamonds; to a feeling that’s sparked by holding a piece of our ancient world. To an essence more than a function.

    Others, like Anderson, see lab-grown diamonds as the natural (to use a loaded word) evolution of diamond. “We’re actually running out of [mined] diamonds,” she said. “There is an end in sight.” Payne agreed, describing what he sees as a “looming death spiral” for diamond mining.

    Mined diamonds will never go away. We’ve been digging them up since antiquity, and they never seem to lose their sparkle. But most major mines are being exhausted. And with technology making it easier to grow diamonds just as they are getting more difficult to extract from the Earth, the lab-grown diamond industry’s grandstanding about its future doesn’t feel entirely unreasonable.

    There’s a reason why, as Payne said, “the mining industry as a whole is still quite scared of this product.” ootprint of digging the hole in the ground and crushing [the rock],” Koplyova said, noting that there’s no need to add strong acids or heavy metals like arsenic (used in gold mining) to liberate the gems.

    Still, those holes can be enormous. The Mir Mine, a now-abandoned open pit mine in Eastern Siberia, is so large—reportedly stretching 3,900 feet across and 1,700 feet deep—that the Russian government has declared it a no-fly zone owing to the pit’s ability to create dangerous air currents. It’s visible from space.

    While companies will often rehabilitate other land to offset the impact of mines, kimberlite mining itself typically leaves “a permanent dent in the earth’s surface,” as a 2014 report by market research company Frost & Sullivan put it.

    “It’s a huge impact as far as I’m concerned,” said Kevin Krajick, senior editor for science news at Columbia University’s Earth Institute who wrote a book on the discovery of diamonds in far northern Canada. Krajick noted that in remote mines, like those of the far north, it’s not just the physical hole to consider, but all the development required to reach a previously-untouched area, including roads and airstrips, roaring jets and diesel-powered trucks.

    Diamonds grown in factories clearly have a smaller physical footprint. According to the Frost & Sullivan report, they also use less water and create less waste. It’s for these reasons that Ali thinks diamond mining “will never be able to compete” with lab-grown diamonds from an environmental perspective.

    “The mining industry should not even by trying to do that,” he said.

    Of course, this is capitalism, so try to compete is exactly what the DPA is now doing. That same recent report that touted the mining industry’s economic benefits also asserts that mined diamonds have a carbon footprint three times lower than that of lab-grown diamonds, on average. The numbers behind that conclusion, however, don’t tell the full story.

    Growing diamonds does take considerable energy. The exact amount can vary greatly, however, depending on the specific nature of the growth process. These are details manufacturers are typically loathe to disclose, but Payne of Ada Diamonds says he estimates the most efficient players in the game today use about 250 kilowatt hour (kWh) of electricity per cut, polished carat of diamond; roughly what a U.S. household consumes in 9 days. Other estimates run higher. Citing unnamed sources, industry publication JCK Online reported that a modern HPHT run can use up to 700 kWh per carat, while CVD production can clock in north of 1,000 kWh per carat.

    Pulling these and several other public-record estimates, along with information on where in the world today’s lab diamonds are being grown and the energy mix powering the producer nations’ electric grids, the DPA-commissioned study estimated that your typical lab-grown diamond results in some 511 kg of carbon emissions per cut, polished carat. Using information provided by mining companies on fuel and electricity consumption, along with other greenhouse gas sources on the mine site, it found that the average mined carat was responsible for just 160 kg of carbon emissions.

    One limitation here is that the carbon footprint estimate for mining focused only on diamond production, not the years of work entailed in developing a mine. As Ali noted, developing a mine can take a lot of energy, particularly for those sited in remote locales where equipment needs to be hauled long distances by trucks or aircraft.

    There’s also the question of just how representative the report’s energy consumption estimates for lab-grown diamonds are. While he wouldn’t offer a specific number, Coe said that De Beers’ Group diamond manufacturer Element Six—arguably the most advanced laboratory-grown diamond company in the world—has “substantially lower” per carat energy requirements than the headline figures found inside the new report. When asked why this was not included, Rick Lord, ESG analyst at Trucost, the S&P global group that conducted the analysis, said it chose to focus on energy estimates in the public record, but that after private consultation with Element Six it did not believe their data would “materially alter” the emissions estimates in the study.

    Finally, it’s important to consider the source of the carbon emissions. While the new report states that about 40 percent of the emissions associated with mining a diamond come from fossil fuel-powered vehicles and equipment, emissions associated with growing a diamond come mainly from electric power. Today, about 68 percent of lab-grown diamonds hail from China, Singapore, and India combined according to Zimnisky, where the power is drawn from largely fossil fuel-powered grids. But there is, at least, an opportunity to switch to renewables and drive that carbon footprint way down.
    “The reality is both mining and manufacturing consume energy and probably the best thing we could do is focus on reducing energy consumption.”

    And some companies do seem to be trying to do that. Anderson of MiaDonna says the company only sources its diamonds from facilities in the U.S., and that it’s increasingly trying to work with producers that use renewable energy. Lab-grown diamond company Diamond Foundry grows its stones inside plasma reactors running “as hot as the outer layer of the sun,” per its website, and while it wouldn’t offer any specific numbers, that presumably uses more energy than your typical operation running at lower temperatures. However, company spokesperson Ye-Hui Goldenson said its Washington State ‘megacarat factory’ was cited near a well-maintained hydropower source so that the diamonds could be produced with renewable energy. The company offsets other fossil fuel-driven parts of its operation by purchasing carbon credits.

    Lightbox’s diamonds currently come from Element Six’s UK-based facilities. The company is, however, building a $94-million facility near Portland, Oregon, that’s expected to come online by 2020. Coe said he estimates about 45 percent of its power will come from renewable sources.

    “The reality is both mining and manufacturing consume energy and probably the best thing we could do is focus on reducing energy consumption,” Coe said. “That’s something we’re focused on in Lightbox.”

    In spite of that, Lightbox is somewhat notable among lab-grown diamond jewelry brands in that, in the words of Morrison, it is “not claiming this to be an eco-friendly product.”

    “While it is true that we don’t dig holes in the ground, the energy consumption is not insignificant,” Morrison told Earther. “And I think we felt very uncomfortable promoting on that.”
    Various diamonds created in a lab, as seen at the Ada Diamonds showroom in Manhattan.
    Photo: Sam Cannon (Earther)
    The real real

    The fight over how lab-grown diamonds can and should market themselves is still heating up.

    On March 26, the FTC sent letters to eight lab-grown and diamond simulant companies warning them against making unsubstantiated assertions about the environmental benefits of their products—its first real enforcement action after updating its jewelry guides last year. The letters, first obtained by JCK news director Rob Bates under a Freedom of Information Act request, also warned companies that their advertising could falsely imply the products are mined diamonds, illustrating that, even though the agency now says a lab-grown diamond is a diamond, the specific origin remains critically important. A letter to Diamond Foundry, for instance, notes that the company has at times advertised its stones as “above-ground real” without the qualification of “laboratory-made.” It’s easy to see how a consumer might miss the implication.

    But in a sense, that’s what all of this is: A fight over what’s real.
    “It’s a nuanced reality that we’re in. They are a type of diamond.”

    Another letter, sent to FTC attorney Reenah Kim by the nonprofit trade organization Jewelers Vigilance Committee on April 2, makes it clear that many in the industry still believe that’s a term that should be reserved exclusively for gems formed inside the Earth. The letter, obtained by Earther under FOIA, urges the agency to continue restricting the use of the terms “real,” “genuine,” “natural,” “precious,” and “semi-precious” to Earth-mined diamonds and gemstones. Even the use of such terms in conjunction with “laboratory grown,” the letter argues, “will create even more confusion in an already confused and evolving marketplace.”

    JVC President Tiffany Stevens told Earther that the letter was a response to a footnote in an explanatory document about the FTC’s recent jewelry guide changes, which suggested the agency was considering removing a clause about real, precious, natural and genuine only being acceptable modifiers for gems mined from the Earth.

    “We felt that given the current commercial environment, that we didn’t think it was a good time to take that next step,” Stevens told Earther. As Stevens put it, the changes the FTC recently made, including expanding the definition of diamond and tweaking the descriptors companies can use to label laboratory-grown diamonds as such, have already been “wildly misinterpreted” by some lab-grown diamond sellers that are no longer making the “necessary disclosures.”

    Asked whether the JVC thinks lab-grown diamonds are, in fact, real diamonds, Stevens demurred.

    “It’s a nuanced reality that we’re in,” she said. “They are a type of diamond.”

    Change is afoot in the diamond world. Mined diamond production may have already peaked, according to the 2018 Bain & Company report. Lab diamonds are here to stay, although where they’re going isn’t entirely clear. Zimnisky expects that in a few years—as Lightbox’s new facility comes online and mass production of lab diamonds continues to ramp up overseas—the price industry-wide will fall to about 80 percent less than a mined diamond. At that point, he wonders whether lab-grown diamonds will start to lose their sparkle.

    Payne isn’t too worried about a price slide, which he says is happening across the diamond industry and which he expects will be “linear, not exponential” on the lab-grown side. He points out that lab-grown diamond market is still limited by supply, and that the largest lab-grown gems remain quite rare. Payne and Zimnisky both see the lab-grown diamond market bifurcating into cheaper, mass-produced gems and premium-quality stones sold by those that can maintain a strong brand. A sense that they’re selling something authentic and, well, real.

    “So much has to do with consumer psychology,” Zimnisky said.

    Some will only ever see diamonds as authentic if they formed inside the Earth. They’re drawn, as Kathryn Money, vice president of strategy and merchandising at Brilliant Earth put it, to “the history and romanticism” of diamonds; to a feeling that’s sparked by holding a piece of our ancient world. To an essence more than a function.

    Others, like Anderson, see lab-grown diamonds as the natural (to use a loaded word) evolution of diamond. “We’re actually running out of [mined] diamonds,” she said. “There is an end in sight.” Payne agreed, describing what he sees as a “looming death spiral” for diamond mining.

    Mined diamonds will never go away. We’ve been digging them up since antiquity, and they never seem to lose their sparkle. But most major mines are being exhausted. And with technology making it easier to grow diamonds just as they are getting more difficult to extract from the Earth, the lab-grown diamond industry’s grandstanding about its future doesn’t feel entirely unreasonable.

    There’s a reason why, as Payne said, “the mining industry as a whole is still quite scared of this product.”

    #dimants #Afrique #technologie #capitalisme

  • Enquête #HRW : l’ex-président gambien Jammeh rattrapé par des affaires de viols - RFI
    http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190626-gambie-accusations-viols-encontre-ancien-president-yaya-jammeh

    Ce sont de graves accusations que Human Rights Watch publie ce mercredi 26 juin. Après dix-huit mois d’enquête, l’organisation de défense des droits de l’homme accuse #Yahya_Jammeh de violences sexuelles. L’ex-président gambien, qui a régné durant vingt-deux ans, est soupçonné d’avoir mis en place un véritable système pour abuser de jeunes #femmes.

    #abus_sexuels #viols #Gambie

  • L’ex-président égyptien Mohamed Morsi meurt après un malaise au tribunal
    https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/06/17/l-ancien-president-egyptien-mohamed-morsi-meurt-pendant-une-comparution-au-t

    Mohamed Morsi purgeait plusieurs peines de prison, dont une de vingt ans pour avoir ordonné le meurtre de manifestants en 2012 et une pour espionnage au profit du Qatar, avec lequel il aurait partagé des documents confidentiels.

    Il comparaissait lundi dans une autre affaire d’espionnage en raison de contacts jugés suspects avec le Hamas palestinien. Le Qatar héberge le guide spirituel des Frères musulmans et le Hamas est une émanation de la confrérie.

    Les accusations donnent une idée du sérieux des charges. Au risque de choquer, je dis ici que c’est un Allende égyptien qui est mort. Et ceux qui penseront qu’il était un abominable suppôt des atroces Frères musulmans se font les complices de cette abominable injustice. Entre Morsi etSissi, c’est tout de même facile de choisir (quand on n’est pas Egyptien, c’est la seule nuance que j’accepte).

    triste #égypte

    • La fin du témoignage d’Abdelbari Atouane

      هذهِ قصّة لِقائي مرّتين بالرّئيس الرّاحل محمد مرسي.. الأُولى في أنقرة والثّانية في قصر الاتحاديّة في القاهرة.. إنّها شهادة أوثّقها للتّاريخ دون أيّ رتوش.. وأعرف أنّها ستُغضِب الكثيرين | رأي اليوم
      https://www.raialyoum.com/index.php/%d9%87%d8%b0%d9%87-%d9%82%d8%b5%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d9%

      لم أكُن عُضوًا في حركة “الأخوان المسلمين” ولكنّي ما زلت أعتقد أنُ الرئيس مرسي والكَثير من زملائه، تعرّض لظُلمٍ كبيرٍ باعتقاله، وإهانته أمام القضاء بملابس السّجن، بينما من نهَبوا مِصر وأموالها، وارتكبوا الجرائم، وبطَشوا بالشّعب طُلقاء، الرّجل اجتهد وأخطأ وأصاب، ولا اتّفق معه في الكثير من سياساته، ولكنّه لا يستحق هذه المُعاملة القاسية التي تتعارض مع كُل قِيَم العدالة وحُقوق الإنسان.
      أُدرِك جيّدًا أنّ هذا الكلام لن يُرضِي الكثيرين، وربّما يُعَزّز مكانتي على قائِمة الممنوعين من دُخول مِصر، ولكن كلمة الحق يجِب أن تُقال، ومهما كان الثّمن.
      رَحِم الله الفقيد وأدخله نعيم جنّاته، وكُل العزاء لأُسرَتِه ومُحبّيه، وإنّا لله وإنّا إليه راجِعون

    • https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/mohamed-morsi-death-world-reaction-190617162635604.html
      Sarah Leah Whitson, executive director of Human Rights Watch’s Middle East and North Africa division, called Morsi’s death “terrible but entirely predictable”, given the government’s failure to allow him adequate medical care.

      “What we have been documenting for the past several years is the fact that he has been in the worst conditions. Every time he appeared before the judge, he requested private medical care and medical treatment,” Whitson told Al Jazeera.

      "He was been deprived of adequate food and medicine. The Egyptian government had known very clearly about his declining medical state. He had lost a great deal of weight and had also fainted in court a number of times.

      “He was kept in the solitary confinement with no access to television, email or any communication with friends and family,” Whitson said, arguing that there would not be a credible independent investigation on Morsi’s death “because their [Egyptian government] job and role is to absolve themselves of wrongdoing ever”.

    • En mémoire du Président Mohammad Morsi
      Abdel Bari Atwan - 18 juin 2019 – Raï al-Yaoum – Traduction : Chronique de Palestine – Lotfallah
      http://www.chroniquepalestine.com/en-memoire-du-president-mohammad-morsi

      (...) Je n’ai jamais été partisan des Frères musulmans. Mais je persiste à croire que le président Morsi, comme beaucoup de ses collègues, a été soumis à une injustice flagrante en étant emprisonné, traîné et humilié devant les tribunaux, tandis que les personnes qui ont pillé le pays, persécuté et commis des crimes contre son peuple sont en liberté. Il a fait de son mieux, il a commis des erreurs mais fait aussi des choses justes. Je suis en désaccord avec beaucoup de ses politiques, mais il n’a jamais mérité les durs et cruels traitements auxquels il a été soumis, qui violent toutes les normes de la justice et des droits de l’homme.

      Je suis bien conscient que cela va déplaire à beaucoup de monde. Cela pourrait bien faire en sorte que je reste définitivement sur cette liste noire des voyageurs interdits de visite en Égypte. Mais la vérité doit être dite.

  • European Court Condemns Greece’s Migrant Kid Lockups

    Fresh Ruling Calls for End to Harmful Detention of Lone Migrant Children.
    This week, the European Court of Human Rights ruled for the second time in four months against Greece’s abusive practice of locking up unaccompanied migrant and asylum-seeking children in police cells under the so-called “protective custody” regime.

    The problem seems to be getting worse. As of May 31, 123 unaccompanied children were still detained in police station cells or immigrant detention centers across the country. That’s 43 more kids than were being detained at the end of March, just as the court first ruled against the practice.

    Human Rights Watch has found that detained children are forced to live in unsanitary conditions, often alongside adults they do not know, and can be abused and ill-treated by police. Detention can also have serious long-term impacts, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, memory loss, and harm to children’s development.

    To make things worse, because they are in detention, these kids – who may have suffered horrific experiences while escaping from war zones – are often unable to receive medical treatment, psychological counselling, or legal aid. Few even know why they’re detained or how long they will be behind bars.

    The latest ruling concerns five unaccompanied children from Afghanistan, aged between 14 and 17, who first applied to the European Court in 2016. The court ruled that the detention in police stations of three of the children violated their right to liberty, and that conditions there exposed them to degrading treatment. The court also held that the authorities had not done all that could reasonably be expected of them to provide for and protect four of the children, who had lived for a month in the makeshift Idomeni refugee camp in an environment unsuitable for adolescents.

    The Greek government should respond to the ruling by immediately transferring all kids now in police custody to open and safe accommodation. Greece should also work to increase its shelter capacity, find alternatives to detention, and implement a comprehensive foster family system introduced in 2018, which would also benefit Greek children.

    Unaccompanied kids in Greece should not have to spend another day locked up in filthy police cells.


    https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/15/european-court-condemns-greeces-migrant-kid-lockups

    #CEDH #condamnation #Grèce #enfants #enfance #réfugiés #migrations #asile #rétention #détention_administrative #MNA #mineurs_non_accompagnés

  • U.S. is using unreliable dental exams to hold teen migrants in adult detention

    The young Bangladeshi sitting in the dentist’s chair last October thought he was getting checked for diseases.

    Dental staff examined his teeth, gave him a cleaning and sent him back to the juvenile facility where he had been held for months since illegally crossing the border in July.

    But a checkup wasn’t the real purpose of the dental work. The government wanted to figure out if “I.J.,” as the young migrant has been identified, really was 16, as he said, or an adult.

    The use of dental exams to help determine the age of migrants increased sharply in the last year, one aspect of the Trump administration’s crackdown on immigration and illegal border crossings.

    The accuracy of forensic testing to help determine the age of migrants is very much a subject of the debate. And with the stakes so high, the exams are becoming another legal battleground for the government.

    Federal law prohibits the government from relying exclusively on forensic testing of bones and teeth to determine age. But a review of court records shows that in at least three cases – including I.J.’s – the government did just that, causing federal judges to later order the minors released from adult detention.

    In a case last year, a Guatemalan migrant was held in adult detention for nearly a year after a dental exam showed he was likely 18, until his attorneys fought to get his birth certificate, which proved he was 17.

    For I.J., the results had serious ramifications. Based on the development of his teeth, the analysis showed an 87.70% probability that he had turned 18.

    An immigration official reported that it was apparent to the case manager that I.J. “appeared physically older than 17 years of age,” and that he and his mother had not been able to provide a second type of identification that might prove his age.

    The next month, Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents took him away in shackles and placed him in a medium-security prison that houses immigrant detainees.

    He spent about five months in adult detention and 24 of those days in segregated custody. Whenever he spoke with an officer, he would say he was a minor — unaware for more than a month that his teeth had landed him there.

    “I came to the United States with a big dream,” I.J. said. “My dream was finished.”

    But when the Arizona-based Florence Immigrant and Refugee Rights Project took I.J.’s case to federal court, a district judge found that the Office of Refugee Resettlement’s age re-determination violated federal law and the agency’s own guidelines.

    In April, the judge ordered I.J. released back into Office of Refugee Resettlement custody, a program responsible for unaccompanied migrant children. He has since reunited with his family in New York. The Florence Project also filed another case in federal court that resulted in the government voluntarily returning a Bangladeshi minor to ORR custody and rescinding his age re-determination.

    As the government grappled with an influx of the number of families and children arriving at the border in fiscal year 2018, approvals of ORR age determination exams more than doubled.

    These handful of cases where a minor was released from adult detention is almost certainly an undercount, as most migrants held in adult detention do not have legal representation and are unlikely to fight their cases.

    It is unclear how often migrants pretend to be minors and turn out to be adults. In a call with reporters earlier this year, a Customs and Border Protection official said that from April 2018 to March 25 of this year, his agents had identified more than 3,100 individuals in family units making fraudulent claims, including those who misrepresented themselves as minors.

    Unaccompanied minors are given greater protections than adults after being apprehended. The government’s standard refers migrants to adult custody if a dental exam analysis shows at least a 75% probability that they are 18 or older. But other evidence is supposed to be considered.

    Dr. David Senn, the director of the Center for Education and Research in Forensics at UT Health San Antonio, has handled more than 2,000 age cases since 1998.

    A program that Senn helped develop estimates the mean age of a person and the probability that he or she is at least 18. In addition to looking at dental X-rays, he has also looked at skeletal X-rays and analyzed bone development in the hand and wrist area.

    He handled a larger number of cases in the early 2000s, but last year he saw his caseload triple — rising to 168. There appears to be a slowdown this calendar year for Senn, one of a few dentists the government uses for these analyses.

    He said making an exact age determination is not possible.

    “We can only tell you what the statistics say,” Senn said. “I think the really important thing to note is that most people who do this work are not trying to be policemen or to be Border Patrol agents or immigration …. what we’re trying to do is help. What we’re trying to do is protect children.”

    In 2007 and again in 2008, the House Appropriations Committee called on the Department of Homeland Security to stop relying on forensic testing of bones and teeth. But it was the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 that declared age determinations should take into account “multiple forms of evidence, including the non-exclusive use of radiographs.”

    In a Washington state case, an X-ray analysis by Senn showed a 92.55% probability that Bilal, a Somali migrant, already had reached 18 years of age. ICE removed him from his foster home and held him in an adult detention center.

    “Not only were they trying to save themselves money, which they paid to the foster family, but they were wrecking this kid’s life,” said Matt Adams, legal director for the Northwest Immigrant Rights Project, which represented Bilal. “They were just rolling the dice.”

    In 2016, a federal judge found that the Office of Refugee Resettlement relied exclusively on the dental exam and overturned the age determination for the young Somali.

    Last year, in the case of an Eritrean migrant who said he was 17, Senn’s analysis of dental X-rays showed a 92.55% probability that he had turned 18, and provided a range of possible ages between 17.10 and 23.70.

    It was enough to prompt his removal from a juvenile facility and placement into an adult one.

    Again, a district judge found that the government had relied exclusively on the dental exam to determine his age and ordered the migrant released back into ORR custody.

    Danielle Bennett, an ICE spokeswoman, said the agency “does not track” information on such reversals.

    “We should never be used as the only method to determine age,” Senn said. “If those agencies are not following their own rules, they should have their feet held to the fire.”

    Similar concerns over medical age assessments have sprung up in other countries, including the United Kingdom and Sweden.

    The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees’ guidance about how adolescent migrants’ ages should be analyzed says that if countries use scientific procedures to determine age, that they should allow for margins of error. Michael Bochenek, an attorney specializing in children’s rights at Human Rights Watch, said that for adolescents, the margin of error in scientific tests is “so big that it doesn’t tell you anything.”

    An influx of Bangladeshi migrants claiming to be minors has contributed to the government’s recent use of dental exams. From October through March 8, more than 150 Bangladeshis who claimed to be minors and were determined to be adults were transferred from the Office of Refugee Resettlement to ICE custody, according to the agency.

    In fiscal year 2018, Border Patrol apprehensions of Bangladeshi migrants went up 109% over the year before, rising to 1,203. Similarly, the number of Bangladeshi minors in ORR custody increased about 221% between fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2018, reaching 392.

    Ali Riaz, a professor at Illinois State University, said Bangladeshis are leaving the country for reasons including high population density, high unemployment among the young, a deteriorating political environment and the “quest for a better life.”

    In October, Myriam Hillin, an ORR federal field specialist, was told that ICE had information showing that a number of Bangladeshi migrants in their custody claiming to be underage had passports with different birth dates than on their birth certificates.

    Bochenek said it’s common for migrant children to travel with fake passports that make them appear older, because in some countries minors are more likely to be intercepted or questioned by immigration agents.

    While I.J. was able to regain status as a minor, three Bangladeshi migrants who crossed the U.S.-Mexico border illegally in the San Diego area in October 2018 are still trying to convince the government they are underage.

    Their passports didn’t match their birth certificates. Dental exams ordered by immigration officials found that each of them had about an 89% likelihood of being adults.

    “Both subjects were adamant that the passports were given to them by the ‘agent’ (smuggler), however, there is little reason to lie to any of the countries they flew into,” wrote one Border Patrol agent, describing the arrest of two of the migrants. “Also, it is extremely difficult to fake a passport, especially for no reason. I have seen [unaccompanied children] fly into each of the countries (except for Panama and Costa Rica) and pass through with no problem. This is a recent trend with Bangladeshis. They do it in order to be released from DHS custody faster.”

    During interviews, the young migrants, Shahadat, Shahriar and Tareq, told asylum officers that smugglers had given them the passports, according to records from the interviews.

    When asked why they had been given those birth dates, they said it had something to do with smugglers’ plans for their travel.

    “I don’t have that much idea,” Shahadat told an asylum officer, according to the officer’s notes in a summary-style transcript. “When I asked why, they told me that if I don’t give this [date of birth] there will be problems with travel.”

    Shahriar told the officer that the smuggler became aggressive when questioned.

    The migrants have submitted copies of birth certificates, school documents and signed statements from their parents attesting to their claimed birth dates. An online database of birth records maintained by the government of Bangladesh appears to confirm their date of birth claims.

    Shahriar also provided his parents’ birth certificates. If he were as old as immigration officials believe him to be, his mother would have been 12 years old when she had him.

    In each case, immigration officials stood by the passport dates.

    Shahadat and Shahriar are being held in Otay Mesa Detention Center. Tareq was held at the facility for months before being released on a $7,500 bond. All three are moving through the immigration system as adults, with asylum proceedings their only option to stay in the U.S..

    At least one of the migrants, Shahadat, was placed in administrative segregation, a version of solitary confinement in immigration detention, when his age came into question, according to documents provided by their attorney.

    A judge ordered him deported.

    https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-immigrant-age-migrants-ice-dental-teeth-bangladesh-20190602-story.
    #tests_osseux #os #âge #USA #Etats-Unis #mineurs #enfants #enfance #rétention #détention_administrative #dents #migrations #asile #réfugiés #USA #Etats-Unis

  • Statistiques de la conférence de presse des organisations syriennes et de la défense civile aujourd’hui sur les résultats de la récente campagne sur les zones libérées, #Idlib :
    - 600 victimes
    - 5 marchés populaires ciblés
    - 22 installations médicales ont été détruites
    - La fermeture de 55 établissements médicaux
    - Utilisation de chlore à Canibiet
    - 80 enfants tués
    - 50 écoles ciblées
    - 45 000 enfants sont sortis de l’éducation
    Déplacés 307 000 plus de 50 000 familles
    - 27 mosquées détruits
    - Destruction de 9 fours de production du pain
    - Brûler des cultures avec du Phosphore

    #guerre #conflit #victimes #statistiques #chiffres #phosphore #armes_chimiques Canibiet #destruction #écoles #enfants #déscolarisation #morts #décès

    Reçu d’un ami réfugié syrien qui vit à Grenoble, via whatsapp, le 01.06.2019

    • Stop the carnage: doctors call for an end to Syria hospital airstrikes

      Dozens of prominent doctors have called for urgent action to halt the bombing campaign by Syrian and Russian planes that has targeted more than 20 hospitals in Syria’s north-west, putting many out of action and leaving millions of people without proper healthcare.

      Coordinates for many of those hit had been shared with the regime and its Russian backers by the United Nations in an effort to protect civilians. The Syrian opposition were promised war planes would avoid identified sites on bombing raids; instead they have endured more than a month of fierce attacks.

      Since late April, in defiance of a truce brokered by Moscow and Ankara last year, regular airstrikes on opposition-held territory in northern Idlib province have killed hundreds of civilians and displaced hundreds of thousands more, rights groups say.

      They have also destroyed key parts of the healthcare system, says a letter from doctors around the world published in the Observer. “We are appalled by the deliberate and systematic targeting of healthcare facilities and medical staff,” they warned. “Their [the medical staff’s] job is to save lives, they must not lose their own in the process.”

      Signatories include Denis Mukwege, a gynaecologist who won the Nobel peace prize last year, Peter Agre, a physician who won the Nobel prize in chemistry in 2003, MP and doctor Sarah Wollaston, and Terence English, former president of the Royal College of Surgeons, as well as David Nott, a surgeon who works in war zones, and Zaher Sahloul, a Syrian exile, doctor and founder of a medical charity. They urged the UN to investigate the targeting of listed hospitals and asked the international community to put pressure on Russia and Syria to stop targeting medical centres and reverse funding cuts to surviving hospitals and clinics that are now overwhelmed by refugees.

      One paediatrician, Abdulkader Razouk, described to the Observer how he and his colleagues evacuated an entire hospital including dialysis patients, mothers in labour and premature babies in incubators, as airstrikes began in their town, at least 12 miles from the frontline. “After the airstrikes, but before the direct attack, we knew the hospital would be targeted,” he said in a phone interview about the Tarmala hospital, which was eventually hit on 10 May. “Only a few medical staff stayed to provide emergency response.”
      Letters: The BBC’s wish for a finger in every pie
      Read more

      The airstrike destroyed more than half the hospital and much of its equipment from beds and generators to the operating theatres, emergency services and pharmacy. Staff went back briefly to hunt through the rubble for any supplies that survived the onslaught but the building is now abandoned. “It would be impossible to rebuild and reopen now,” Razouk said. “The airstrikes are continuing and still targeting the hospital until this moment, even though it’s empty.”

      The May bombing was not the first attack on the hospital. That came in 2015, first with the Syrian military’s wildly inaccurate barrel bombs, and later by Russian missiles, that destroyed a residential building next door but spared the clinic itself. In 2018 there was a direct hit on the clinic but then it was able to reopen after repairs.

      However the damage after the latest attack was so severe that it is beyond repair, and anyway most of the civilians it served have fled, Razouk said.

      “This was the worst attack, it has been very tough, there is no possibility whatsoever to continue work there,” he said. “Life can’t return to this area, especially under these brutal attacks. There are no people, not even animals, there’s nothing left in there, it’s like a doomed land. There is no hope to go back.”

      He and other staff are opening a new temporary hospital near the Turkish border, where most of the residents of Tarmala have fled and are now living in refugee camps. It will have some of the neonatal incubators and dialysis machines evacuated before the strike, but there is a desperate need for more supplies.

      Around 80 medical facilities – including clinics and hospitals – have been shut because of damage in attacks or because of fear they will be targeted, said Mohamad Katoub from the Syrian American Medical Society. The huge number of refugees displaced by attacks has left those that are still operating overwhelmed.

      “The tactic of attacking health and other civilian infrastructure in Syria is not new, displacement is not new, these are all chronic issues. But this is the biggest displacement ever, and it is much further beyond our capacity as NGOs to respond,” he said.

      Turkey, which backs Idlib’s rebel groups, is already home to 3.6 million Syrians and faces the dilemma of whether or not to absorb any of the newly displaced. A group were reportedly planning a protest march to the border at the weekend.

      The de-escalation deal brokered last autumn saved Idlib and the surrounding countryside from an impending government assault. At the time, aid agencies warned that a military campaign would put the lives of 3 million civilians at risk, and trigger the worst humanitarian crisis of an already protracted and bloody war.

      But the agreement has unravelled since January, when the hardline Islamist group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) wrested control of the area from more moderate rebels.

      Damascus and Moscow have said the HTS takeover legitimises the current campaign against Idlib as they are targeting terrorists not covered by the ceasefire deal.

      Many civilians in Idlib now feel they have been caught between the harsh rule of HTS and the intensified regime assault, and say that life has all but ground to a halt.

      “I was studying at Idlib university but I’ve had to stop going. So has my sister,” said 22-year-old Raja al-Assaad, from Ma’arat al-Nu’maan, which has been under heavy attack.

      “Some people have left to try to go to Turkey but the truth is that there is nowhere to go. Nowhere in Idlib is safe. And in my town we already have lots of people who have been displaced from lots of other areas of Syria.”

      “All normal life has shut down and there is nothing for us to do except wait for death.”

      https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/02/doctors-global-appeal-stop-syria-bombing-hospitals-idlib

    • Russie/Syrie : Nouveau recours à des #armes interdites

      Ces attaques qui aggravent les souffrances des civils violent les normes du #droit_international.

      Les forces armées russes et syriennes ont utilisé de manière indiscriminée des armes interdites en vertu du droit international contre des zones civiles dans le nord-ouest de la Syrie au cours des dernières semaines, a déclaré Human Rights Watch aujourd’hui. Selon les Nations Unies, cette région est actuellement habitée par environ trois millions de civils, dont au moins la moitié sont des personnes déplacées ayant fui d’autres régions du pays.

      Depuis le 26 avril 2019, l’alliance militaire russo-syrienne a mené quotidiennement des centaines d’attaques contre des groupes antigouvernementaux dans les gouvernorats d’Idlib, de #Hama et d’#Alep,, tuant environ 200 civils, dont 20 enfants. L’alliance a utilisé contre des zones civiles densement peuplées des armes à sous-munitions et des armes incendiaires, pourtant interdites selon le droit international, ainsi que des barils d’explosifs (« #barrel_bombs ») largués sur ces zones, d’après des secouristes, des témoins et des informations disponibles via des sources en accès libre. Le 17 mai, le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies a tenu une deuxième réunion d’urgence au sujet de la situation dans le nord-ouest de la Syrie, sans pour autant élaborer une stratégie précise pour protéger les civils qui y résident.

      « L’alliance militaire russo-syrienne utilise de manière indiscriminée contre des civils piégés une panoplie d’armes pourtant interdites par le droit international », a déclaré Lama Fakih, directrice par intérim de la division Moyen-Orient à Human Rights Watch. « Entretemps, la Russie exploite sa présence au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies pour se protéger et pour protéger son allié à Damas, et pour poursuivre ces exactions contre des civils. »

      Les armes à sous-munitions peuvent être lancées depuis le sol par des systèmes d’artillerie, des roquettes et des projectiles, ou bien larguées depuis le ciel. Elles explosent généralement dans l’air, dispersant plusieurs petites bombes, ou sous-munitions, au-dessus d’une vaste zone. De nombreuses sous-munitions n’explosent toutefois pas lors de l’impact initial, ce qui laisse au sol de dangereux fragments explosifs qui, à l’instar des mines terrestres, peuvent mutiler et tuer, des années après.

      Les armes incendiaires, qui produisent de la chaleur et du feu par le bais de la réaction chimique d’une substance inflammable, provoquent des brûlures atroces et sont capables de détruire des maisons et d’autres structures civiles.

      La Convention de 2008 sur les armes à sous-munitions interdit l’utilisation d’armes à sous-munitions, tandis que le Protocole III de la Convention sur les armes classiques interdit certaines utilisations des armes incendiaires. La Russie et la Syrie ne font pas partie des 120 pays ayant adhéré à la Convention sur les armes à sous-munitions, mais la Russie est un État partie au Protocole sur les armes incendiaires.

      https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2019/06/03/russie/syrie-nouveau-recours-des-armes-interdites

    • La battaglia per Idlib

      Dal 26 aprile le forze del governo siriano, sostenute dall’assistenza militare russa, hanno intensificato un’offensiva a Idlib, nella provincia nord-occidentale della Siria, l’ultima roccaforte dell’opposizione armata al presidente Assad. A Idlib vivono quasi tre milioni di persone, metà delle quali sfollate internamente. Per questo gli accordi di Astana firmati proprio dalla Russia, insieme a Turchia e Iran, indicavano Idlib come una zona di de-escalation delle violenze. Un accordo però che non sembra più aver valore. Ieri la Russia ha bloccato una dichiarazione del Consiglio di sicurezza dell’ONU, con la quale il consiglio voleva lanciare un allarme per l’intensificarsi del intorno alla provincia di Idlib, con l’intento di scongiurare un disastro umanitario.

      Anche nel conflitto libico i civili sono quelli a pagare il prezzo più alto. Attualmente in Libia ci sono oltre 1 milione di persone bisognose di assistenza umanitaria e protezione. Non solo migranti e rifugiati, ma anche sfollati libici che vivono in condizioni di estrema marginalità sociale, senza accesso a cure e servizi essenziali e martoriati dal conflitto in corso. La campagna #Oltrelefrontiere ” promossa da CIR vuole migliorare il livello di protezione di migranti, rifugiati e sfollati interni, fornendo assistenza umanitaria e promuovendo la ricerca di soluzioni durature, per contribuire alla progressiva normalizzazione delle loro condizioni di vita.

      https://www.raiplayradio.it/articoli/2019/06/Rai-Radio-3-Idlib-Siria-4e42d346-f7d0-4d71-9da3-7b293f2e7c89.html

  • L’Eurovision en Israël : « Oser rêver » sauf si l’on est enfermé à Gaza par Abier Almasri
    https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2019/05/16/leurovision-en-israel-oser-rever-sauf-si-lon-est-enferme-gaza

    Les Palestiniens vivant dans la bande de Gaza aspirent pourtant aussi à la liberté et à l’égalité

    https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/open_graph/public/multimedia_images_2019/201905mena_israel_palestine_gaza_eurovision.jpg?itok=2ui6LcRO

    Ces jours-ci, Israël accueille à Tel Aviv le concours Eurovision de la chanson, sous le slogan « Osez rêver » (« Dare to dream »). De nombreux Européens ont parcouru plusieurs centaines de kilomètres pour se rendre en Israël afin d’assister aux festivités. Mais en tant que résidente de Gaza, je n’ai moi-même pas le droit de faire ce voyage, alors qu’il durerait moins d’une heure en voiture.

    En coordination avec l’Égypte, Israël a transformé Gaza en une prison à ciel ouvert, renfermant deux millions de Palestiniens sur une petite superficie. Depuis près de 12 ans, les autorités israéliennes ont sévèrement restreint la possibilité de traverser la frontière, essentiellement réservée à des « cas humanitaires exceptionnels ». Ceci équivaut à une interdiction généralisée de voyager qui est illégale, et ne repose sur aucune évaluation individuelle de risques sécuritaires. En 2018, le nombre de personnes autorisées à traverser le pont d’Erez pour sortir de Gaza ne représentait plus qu’environ 1 % du nombre enregistré en septembre 2000, avant l’imposition du blocus.

    Malgré cette dure réalité, j’ai longtemps « osé rêver » de pouvoir voyager et de voir le monde, et même simplement de visiter Jérusalem, non loin de Gaza. L’année dernière, l’armée israélienne m’a enfin permis de quitter Gaza pour la première fois de ma vie, à l’âge de 31 ans, afin d’assister à des réunions au siège de Human Rights Watch à New York. J’ai par la suite été autorisée à me rendre en Israël et en Cisjordanie pour la première fois. J’ai savouré chaque instant, sachant que ce serait peut-être la dernière fois.

    Je sais aussi que j’ai plus de chance que la plupart des habitants de Gaza, dont 80 % dépendent d’aide humanitaire et plus de la moitié sont sans emploi.

    Je souhaiterais que des spectateurs de l’Eurovision viennent aussi ici à Gaza et prennent connaissance de notre propre réalité, comme les longues et fréquentes coupures de courant, et le supplice psychologique de se sentir piégé et interdit de voyage.

    En tant que Palestiniennes et Palestiniens de Gaza, nous ne sommes pas en mesure d’assister sans entrave à l’Eurovision, mais nous ne cesserons jamais d’oser rêver de liberté.

  • » Israeli Military Training Causes Fire In Dozens Of Dunams Of Palestinian Lands
    May 15, 2019 12:22 AM - IMEMC News
    https://imemc.org/article/israeli-military-training-causes-fire-in-dozens-of-dunams-of-palestinian-land

    Large areas of Palestinian grazing lands were burnt, Tuesday, after the Israeli army conducted military drills in the West Bank’s Northern Plains.

    The WAFA Palestinian News Agency said the soldiers carried out military training, including the use of explosives, in the al-Boqei’a ash-Sharqiya and Hamsa areas in the Northern Plains of the occupied West Bank.

    Human Rights activist Aref Daraghma, told WAFA that the military training led to burning vast areas of grazing lands used by the Palestinian shepherds in the Jordan Valley.

    He added that the locals, along with several firefighting trucks, started extinguishing the fire to prevent it from spreading to more lands.

  • Macron « assume » la livraison d’armes à l’Arabie saoudite, malgré la guerre au Yémen
    https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/05/09/guerre-au-yemen-une-ong-fait-un-recours-en-urgence-contre-le-depart-de-franc

    « L’Etat français ne peut ignorer que ces armes peuvent servir à commettre des crimes de guerre au Yémen, où plus de 400 000 civils sont potentiellement sous le feu », a déclaré à l’Agence France-Presse (AFP) l’avocat de l’ACAT, Joseph Breham. Plusieurs autres organisations — comme Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International ou l’Observatoire des armements — sont également vent debout contre ces ventes. Jeudi, une centaine de personnes étaient rassemblées au port du Havre, à l’appel de la Ligue des droits de l’homme et du Mouvement de la paix, pour dénoncer ces livraisons qui contribuent, selon eux, au « carnage en cours au Yémen ». « Interdire les ventes d’armes aux pays en guerre » ou « Au Yémen, un enfant est tué toutes les 5 minutes », pouvait-on lire sur leurs pancartes.

    Si le président français n’a pas précisé les armes qui devaient être chargées au Havre, le site d’investigation Disclose a avancé que le navire devait prendre livraison de « huit canons de type Caesar » que l’Arabie saoudite pourrait utiliser dans la guerre qu’elle livre au Yémen aux rebelles houthistes, minorité chiite soutenue par l’Iran, grand rival de Riyad. Paris a invariablement affirmé que ces armements ne sont utilisés que de manière défensive et pas sur la ligne de front.

    Mais, selon une note de la direction du renseignement militaire (DRM), révélée par Disclose mi-avril, 48 canons Caesar produits par l’industriel français Nexter « appuient les troupes loyalistes, épaulées par les forces armées saoudiennes, dans leur progression en territoire yéménite ». Une carte de la DRM estime que « 436 370 personnes » sont « potentiellement concernées par de possibles frappes d’artillerie », dont celles des canons français. « Il ne suffit pas de dire “j’ai des garanties”, il faut nous les montrer. De même, nous aimerions qu’on nous explique clairement, nettement, comment l’Arabie saoudite lutte contre le terrorisme au Yémen », a réagi Aymeric Elluin, d’Amnesty International France.

  • Arabie saoudite : L’application pour surveiller les femmes que Apple et Google refusent de supprimer
    https://parismatch.be/actualites/societe/266798/arabie-saoudite-lapplication-pour-surveiller-les-femmes-que-apple-et-goog

    Hébergée par Apple et Google, une application saoudienne permettant de contrôler les femmes au doigt et à l’oeil est sous le feu des critiques depuis le mois de février. Human Rights Watch invite une nouvelle fois les deux sociétés à s’exprimer contre ce système qui va à l’encontre des droits des femmes. En dépit d’une série de réformes, dont celle qui permet aux Saoudiennes de conduire depuis juin 2018, l’Arabie Saoudite accorde toujours peu de droits aux femmes. Alors qu’elles ne peuvent ni étudier, ni (...)

    #Apple #Google #Absher #smartphone #géolocalisation #discrimination #femmes #surveillance (...)

    ##HumanRightsWatch

  • Refugee, volunteer, prisoner: #Sarah_Mardini and Europe’s hardening line on migration

    Early last August, Sarah Mardini sat on a balcony on the Greek island of Lesvos. As the sun started to fade, a summer breeze rose off the Aegean Sea. She leaned back in her chair and relaxed, while the Turkish coastline, only 16 kilometres away, formed a silhouette behind her.

    Three years before, Mardini had arrived on this island from Syria – a dramatic journey that made international headlines. Now she was volunteering her time helping other refugees. She didn’t know it yet, but in a few weeks that work would land her in prison.

    Mardini had crossed the narrow stretch of water from Turkey in August 2015, landing on Lesvos after fleeing her home in Damascus to escape the Syrian civil war. On the way, she almost drowned when the engine of the inflatable dinghy she was travelling in broke down.

    More than 800,000 people followed a similar route from the Turkish coast to the Greek Islands that year. Almost 800 of them are now dead or missing.

    As the boat Mardini was in pitched and spun, she slipped overboard and struggled to hold it steady in the violent waves. Her sister, Yusra, three years younger, soon joined. Both girls were swimmers, and their act of heroism likely saved the 18 other people on board. They eventually made it to Germany and received asylum. Yusra went on to compete in the 2016 Olympics for the first ever Refugee Olympic Team. Sarah, held back from swimming by an injury, returned to Lesvos to help other refugees.

    On the balcony, Mardini, 23, was enjoying a rare moment of respite from long days spent working in the squalid Moria refugee camp. For the first time in a long time, she was looking forward to the future. After years spent between Lesvos and Berlin, she had decided to return to her university studies in Germany.

    But when she went to the airport to leave, shortly after The New Humanitarian visited her, Mardini was arrested. Along with several other volunteers from Emergency Response Centre International, or ERCI, the Greek non-profit where she volunteered, Mardini was charged with belonging to a criminal organisation, people smuggling, money laundering, and espionage.

    According to watchdog groups, the case against Mardini is not an isolated incident. Amnesty International says it is part of a broader trend of European governments taking a harder line on immigration and using anti-smuggling laws to de-legitimise humanitarian assistance to refugees and migrants.

    Far-right Italian Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini recently pushed through legislation that ends humanitarian protection for migrants and asylum seekers, while Italy and Greece have ramped up pressure on maritime search and rescue NGOs, forcing them to shutter operations. At the end of March, the EU ended naval patrols in the Mediterranean that had saved the lives of thousands of migrants.

    In 2016, five other international volunteers were arrested on Lesvos on similar charges to Mardini. They were eventually acquitted, but dozens of other cases across Europe fit a similar pattern: from Denmark to France, people have been arrested, charged, and sometimes successfully prosecuted under anti-smuggling regulations based on actions they took to assist migrants.

    Late last month, Salam Kamal-Aldeen, a Danish national who founded the rescue non-governmental organisation Team Humanity, filed an application with the European Court of Human Rights, challenging what he says is a Greek crackdown on lifesaving activities.

    According to Maria Serrano, senior campaigner on migration at Amnesty International, collectively the cases have done tremendous damage in terms of public perception of humanitarian work in Europe. “The atmosphere… is very hostile for anyone that is trying to help, and this [has a] chilling effect on other people that want to help,” she said.

    As for the case against Mardini and the other ERCI volunteers, Human Rights Watch concluded that the accusations are baseless. “It seems like a bad joke, and a scary one as well because of what the implications are for humanitarian activists and NGOs just trying to save people’s lives,” said Bill Van Esveld, who researched the case for HRW.

    While the Lesvos prosecutor could not be reached for comment, the Greek police said in a statement after Mardini’s arrest that she and other aid workers were “active in the systematic facilitation of illegal entrance of foreigners” – a violation of the country’s Migration Code.

    Mardini spent 108 days in pre-trial detention before being released on bail at the beginning of December. The case against her is still open. Her lawyer expects news on what will happen next in June or July. If convicted, Mardini could be sentenced to up to 25 years in prison.

    “It seems like a bad joke, and a scary one as well because of what the implications are for humanitarian activists and NGOs just trying to save people’s lives.”

    Return to Lesvos

    The arrest and pending trial are the latest in a series of events, starting with the beginning of the Syrian war in 2011, that have disrupted any sense of normalcy in Mardini’s life.

    Even after making it to Germany in 2015, Mardini never really settled in. She was 20 years old and in an unfamiliar city. The secure world she grew up in had been destroyed, and the future felt like a blank and confusing canvas. “I missed Syria and Damascus and just this warmness in everything,” she said.

    While wading through these emotions, Mardini received a Facebook message in 2016 from an ERCI volunteer. The swimming sisters from Syria who saved a boat full of refugees were an inspiration. Volunteers on Lesvos told their story to children on the island to give them hope for the future, the volunteer said, inviting Mardini to visit. “It totally touched my heart,” Mardini recalled. “Somebody saw me as a hope… and there is somebody asking for my help.”

    So Mardini flew back to Lesvos in August 2016. Just one year earlier she had nearly died trying to reach the island, before enduring a journey across the Balkans that involved hiding from police officers in forests, narrowly escaping being kidnapped, sneaking across tightly controlled borders, and spending a night in police custody in a barn. Now, all it took was a flight to retrace the route.

    Her first day on the island, Mardini was trained to help refugees disembark safely when their boats reached the shores. By nighttime, she was sitting on the beach watching for approaching vessels. It was past midnight, and the sea was calm. Lights from the Turkish coastline twinkled serenely across the water. After about half an hour, a walkie talkie crackled. The Greek Coast Guard had spotted a boat.

    Volunteers switched on the headlights of their cars, giving the refugees something to aim for. Thin lines of silver from the reflective strips on the refugees’ life jackets glinted in the darkness, and the rumble of a motor and chatter of voices drifted across the water. As the boat came into view, volunteers yelled: “You are in Greece. You are safe. Turn the engine off.”

    Mardini was in the water again, holding the boat steady, helping people disembark. When the rush of activity ended, a feeling of guilt washed over her. “I felt it was unfair that they were on a refugee boat and I’m a rescuer,” she said.

    But Mardini was hooked. She spent the next two weeks assisting with boat landings and teaching swimming lessons to the kids who idolised her and her sister. Even after returning to Germany, she couldn’t stop thinking about Lesvos. “I decided to come back for one month,” she said, “and I never left.”
    Moria camp

    The island became the centre of Mardini’s life. She put her studies at Bard College Berlin on hold to spend more time in Greece. “I found what I love,” she explained.

    Meanwhile, the situation on the Greek islands was changing. In 2017, just under 30,000 people crossed the Aegean Sea to Greece, compared to some 850,000 in 2015. There were fewer arrivals, but those who did come were spending more time in camps with dismal conditions.

    “You have people who are dying and living in a four-metre tent with seven relatives. They have limited access to water. Hygiene is zero. Privacy is zero. Security: zero. Children’s rights: zero. Human rights: zero… You feel useless. You feel very useless.”

    The volunteer response shifted accordingly, towards the camps, and when TNH visited Mardini she moved around the island with a sense of purpose and familiarity, joking with other volunteers and greeting refugees she knew from her work in the streets.

    Much of her time was spent as a translator for ERCI’s medical team in Moria. The camp, the main one on Lesvos, was built to accommodate around 3,000 people, but by 2018 housed close to 9,000. Streams of sewage ran between tents. People were forced to stand in line for hours for food. The wait to see a doctor could take months, and conditions were causing intense psychological strain. Self-harm and suicide attempts were increasing, especially among children, and sexual and gender-based violence were commonplace.

    Mardini was on the front lines. “What we do in Moria is fighting the fire,” she said. “You have people who are dying and living in a four-metre tent with seven relatives. They have limited access to water. Hygiene is zero. Privacy is zero. Security: zero. Children’s rights: zero. Human rights: zero… You feel useless. You feel very useless.”

    By then, Mardini had been on Lesvos almost continuously for nine months, and it was taking a toll. She seemed to be weighed down, slipping into long moments of silence. “I’m taking in. I’m taking in. I’m taking in. But it’s going to come out at some point,” she said.

    It was time for a break. Mardini had decided to return to Berlin at the end of the month to resume her studies and make an effort to invest in her life there. But she planned to remain connected to Lesvos. “I love this island… the sad thing is that it’s not nice for everybody. Others see it as just a jail.”
    Investigation and Arrest

    The airport on Lesvos is on the shoreline close to where Mardini helped with the boat landing her first night as a volunteer. On 21 August, when she went to check in for her flight to Berlin, she was surrounded by five Greek police officers. “They kind of circled around me, and they said that I should come with [them],” Mardini recalled.

    Mardini knew that the police on Lesvos had been investigating her and some of the other volunteers from ERCI, but at first she still didn’t realise what was happening. Seven months earlier, in February 2018, she was briefly detained with a volunteer named Sean Binder, a German national. They had been driving one of ERCI’s 4X4s when police stopped them, searched the vehicle, and found Greek military license plates hidden under the civilian plates.

    When Mardini was arrested at the airport, Binder turned himself in too, and the police released a statement saying they were investigating 30 people – six Greeks and 24 foreigners – for involvement in “organised migrant trafficking rings”. Two Greek nationals, including ERCI’s founder, were also arrested at the time.

    While it is still not clear what the plates were doing on the vehicle, according Van Esveld from HRW, “it does seem clear… neither Sarah or Sean had any idea that these plates were [there]”.

    The felony charges against Mardini and Binder were ultimately unconnected to the plates, and HRW’s Van Esveld said the police work appears to either have been appallingly shoddy or done in bad faith. HRW took the unusual step of commenting on the ongoing case because it appeared authorities were “literally just [taking] a humanitarian activity and labelling it as a crime”, he added.
    Detention

    After two weeks in a cell on Lesvos, Mardini was sent to a prison in Athens. On the ferry ride to the mainland, her hands were shackled. That’s when it sank in: “Ok, it’s official,” she thought. “They’re transferring me to jail.”

    In prison, Mardini was locked in a cell with eight other women from 8pm to 8am. During the day, she would go to Greek classes and art classes, drink coffee with other prisoners, and watch the news.

    She was able to make phone calls, and her mother, who was also granted asylum in Germany, came to visit a number of times. “The first time we saw each other we just broke down in tears,” Mardini recalled. It had been months since they’d seen each other, and now they could only speak for 20 minutes, separated by a plastic barrier.

    Most of the time, Mardini just read, finishing more than 40 books, including Nelson Mandela’s autobiography, which helped her come to terms with her situation. “I decided this is my life right now, and I need to get something out of it,” she explained. “I just accepted what’s going on.”

    People can be held in pre-trial detention for up to 18 months in Greece. But at the beginning of December, a judge accepted Mardini’s lawyer’s request for bail. Binder was released the same day.
    Lingering fear

    On Lesvos, where everyone in the volunteer community knows each other, the case came as a shock. “People started to be... scared,” said Claudia Drost, a 23-year-old from the Netherlands and close friend of Mardini’s who started volunteering on the island in 2016. “There was a feeling of fear that if the police… put [Mardini] in prison, they can put anyone in prison.”

    “We are standing [up] for what we are doing because we are saving people and we are helping people.”

    That feeling was heightened by the knowledge that humanitarians across Europe were being charged with crimes for helping refugees and migrants.

    During the height of the migration crisis in Europe, between the fall of 2015 and winter 2016, some 300 people were arrested in Denmark on charges related to helping refugees. In August 2016, French farmer Cédric Herrou was arrested for helping migrants and asylum seekers cross the French-Italian border. In October 2017, 12 people were charged with facilitating illegal migration in Belgium for letting asylum seekers stay in their homes and use their cellphones. And last June, the captain of a search and rescue boat belonging to the German NGO Mission Lifeline was arrested in Malta and charged with operating the vessel without proper registration or license.

    Drost said that after Mardini was released the fear faded a bit, but still lingers. There is also a sense of defiance. “We are standing [up] for what we are doing because we are saving people and we are helping people,” Drost said.

    As for Mardini, the charges have forced her to disengage from humanitarian work on Lesvos, at least until the case is over. She is back in Berlin and has started university again. “I think because I’m not in Lesvos anymore I’m just finding it very good to be here,” she said. “I’m kind of in a stable moment just to reflect about my life and what I want to do.”

    But she also knows the stability could very well be fleeting. With the prospect of more time in prison hanging over her, the future is still a blank canvas. People often ask if she is optimistic about the case. “No,” she said. “In the first place, they put me in… jail.”

    https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2019/05/02/refugee-volunteer-prisoner-sarah-mardini-and-europe-s-hardening-
    #criminalisation #délit_de_solidarité #asile #migrations #solidarité #réfugiés #Grèce #Lesbos #Moria #camps_de_réfugiés #Europe

    Avec une frise chronologique:

    ping @reka

    • Demand the charges against Sarah and Seán are dropped

      In Greece, you can go to jail for trying to save a life. It happened to Seán Binder, 25, and Sarah Mardini, 24, when they helped to spot refugee boats in distress. They risk facing up to 25 years in prison.

      Sarah and Seán met when they volunteered together as trained rescue workers in Lesvos, Greece. Sarah is a refugee from Syria. Her journey to Europe made international news - she and her sister saved 18 people by dragging their drowning boat to safety. Seán Binder is a son of a Vietnamese refugee. They couldn’t watch refugees drown and do nothing.

      Their humanitarian work saved lives, but like many others across Europe, they are being criminalised for helping refugees. The pair risk facing up to 25 years in prison on ‘people smuggling’ charges. They already spent more than 100 days in prison before being released on bail in December 2018.

      “Humanitarian work isn’t criminal, nor is it heroic. Helping others should be normal. The real people who are suffering and dying are those already fleeing persecution." Seán Binder

      Criminalising humanitarian workers and abandoning refugees at sea won’t stop refugees crossing the sea, but it will cause many more deaths.

      Solidarity is not a crime. Call on the Greek authorities to:

      Drop the charges against Sarah Mardini and Seán Binder
      Publicly acknowledge the legitimacy of humanitarian work which supports refugee and migrant rights

      https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/write-for-rights/?viewCampaign=48221

  • Indonesia: Polish Tourist Sentenced to 5 Years for Treason | News | teleSUR English
    https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Indonesia-Polish-Tourist-Sentenced-to-5-Years-for-Treason-20190503-0

    Published 3 May 2019 Authorities accused Skrzypski of collaborating with members of the West Papua National Committee (KNPB), a separatist organization which advocates for a non-violent approach to gain independence.

    Polish tourist Jakub Skrzypski maintains his innocence as the first foreigner in Indonesia to be found guilty of treason and receive a sentence of five years in prison.

    Skrzypski was arrested in Papua, which is located on the far east of Indonesia, in August of last year. The 39-year-old plans to appeal the sentence, saying he was a victim of a politically motivated “show trial. I didn’t have the opportunity to speak in my defense or to present any favorable evidence. I reject the trial as well as the verdict,” he told reporters.

    Authorities accused Skrzypski of collaborating with members of the West Papua National Committee (KNPB), a separatist organization which advocates for a non-violent approach to gain independence. According to his lawyer, Latifah Anum Siregar, “he was a tourist and he was just visiting friends that he met over the internet and other people who he had been recommended to meet who turned out to be activists.”

    Along with Skrzypski, student Simon Magal, the nephew of a prominent West Papua activist Yosepha Alomang was also held. Magal had been jailed previously for a campaign against the Freeport McMoran goldmine in the province.

    While the organization is not outlawed in the country, public demonstrations in support of the movement are. It is also illegal to fly the Papua independence flag.

    Siregar pointed out at the trial that the grounds for accusing her client of treason are unfounded because the KNPB was not registered or classified as banned. The KNBP is one of four separatist campaigns in the region.

    Indonesian authorities also claim that Skrzypski attempted to arrange an arms deal for the group, but this accusation was not mentioned at the trial. According to Papua police spokesperson Suryadi Diaz, “he (Skrzypski) has been involved in buying ammunition for them.”

    Skrzypski denies all accusations, saying that he does not “even know [the conflict in Papua] very well” and reiterated that the “trip wasn’t a clandestine one. I was visiting friends.”

    The Indonesian military and police are documented as being suspicious of foreigners who communicate with Papuans. “The Skrzypski-Magal case is another example that the Indonesian government keeps blocking media access and deters independent reporting about Papua,” Indonesia’s representative for Human Rights Watch, Andreas Harsono, stated.

    Despite the country promising to allow access to the media, the territory has remained restricted to international journalists.

    #Indonésie #Pologne #tourisme #espionnage #trahison

  • Chine : Recours à une application pour la surveillance de masse au Xinjiang
    https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2019/05/01/chine-recours-une-application-pour-la-surveillance-de-masse-au-xinjiang

    La technique de « rétro-ingénierie » employée par Human Rights Watch a révélé les stratégies de profilage extrême utilisées par la police dans cette région

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=gEr9HYf8jG4

    Les autorités chinoises se servent d’une application mobile pour se livrer à une surveillance massive illégale et à la détention arbitraire de musulmans dans la région du Xinjiang, dans l’ouest du pays, selon un nouveau rapport de Human Right Watch publié aujourd’hui.

    « Pour la première fois, nos recherches démontrent que la police du Xinjiang recueille illégalement des informations sur des habitants même quand leurs activités sont tout à fait légales, afin de prendre des mesures contre certains d’entre eux », a déclaré Maya Wang, chercheuse senior sur la Chine auprès de la division Asie de Human Rights Watch. « Le gouvernement chinois surveille tous les aspects de la vie des habitants du Xinjiang, repère ceux dont le comportement lui semble suspect, et les guette de manière encore plus intense. »

    Au Xinjiang, les faits et gestes de tout un chacun sont scrutés par la plateforme IJOP. Elle surveille les mouvements de personnes en localisant leurs téléphones, véhicules et cartes d’identité. Elle surveille les consommations d’électricité et de carburant des habitants. Human Rights Watch a constaté que ce système et certains des points de contrôle dans la région sont synchronisés pour former une série de clôtures invisibles ou virtuelles. La liberté de circulation des personnes est limitée à divers degrés en fonction du degré de menace déterminé par les autorités grâce aux paramètres de l’application.

    Une semaine après la fin de sa détention arbitraire, un ancien résident du Xinjiang a déclaré à Human Rights Watch : « Je suis entré dans un centre commercial et une alarme orange s’est déclenchée. » La police est arrivée et l’a conduit au poste. « Je leur ai dit : “J’étais dans un centre de détention et vous m’avez remis en liberté parce que j’étais innocent” ».… La police m’a rétorqué : « Ne vous présentez pas dans des lieux publics » … J’ai dit : « Qu’est-ce que je vais faire maintenant ? Rester à la maison ? » Il m’a répondu : « Oui, c’est préférable, non ? »

  • #Yazidis to accept ISIL rape survivors, but not their children | ISIS/ISIL News | Al Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/yazidis-accept-survivors-isil-rape-children-190428164100751.html

    Ali Khedhir Ilyas, a Yazidi official, said on Sunday the council encourages the women to return with their children, no matter the parentage, but added that they “cannot force the families to accept” those born of rape.

    Human Rights Watch has condemned the council’s Saturday decision.

    “Shame on the community” tweeted Belkis Wille, the group’s senior Iraq and Qatar researcher.

    “So many women taken captive by ISIS fighters who later gave birth to children from rape have told me how painful it was for them to give their children to orphanages or to the fighters’ families before they were able to return home to their community,” she wrote.

    #Irak #enfants

  • Un tribunal israélien confirme l’expulsion d’un défenseur des droits de l’Homme
    Ali Abunimah, Electronic Intifada, le 18 avril 2019
    http://www.agencemediapalestine.fr/blog/2019/04/24/un-tribunal-israelien-confirme-lexpulsion-dun-defenseur-des-dro

    Mardi, un tribunal israélien a confirmé une décision du gouvernement d’expulser Omar Shakir, directeur du bureau de Jérusalem de Human Rights Watch. Le tribunal a fondé sa décision sur une loi de 2017 qui interdit l’entrée aux gens qui plaident pour un boycott d’Israël ou de ses colonies en territoire occupé.

    #Omar_Shakir #HRW #BDS #Boycott

    Suite de :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/573760
    https://seenthis.net/messages/692740
    https://seenthis.net/messages/775165

    Sur un sujet proche, une liste d’expulsions aux frontières israéliennes ici :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/364741

    #Palestine #Expulsion #Frontière

  • Myanmar: Surge in Arrests for Critical Speech | Human Rights Watch
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/26/myanmar-surge-arrests-critical-speech

    Myanmar’s authorities have in recent weeks engaged in a series of arrests of peaceful critics of the army and government, Human Rights Watch said today. The parliament, which begins its new session on April 29, 2019, should repeal or amend repressive laws used to silence critics and suppress freedom of expression.

    The recent upswing in arrests of satirical performers, political activists, and journalists reflects the rapid decline in freedom of expression in Myanmar under the National League for Democracy (NLD) government. In the latest blow to media freedom, on April 23, the Supreme Court upheld the seven-year prison sentences of two Reuters journalists accused of breaching the Official Secrets Act. Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, who won Pulitzer prizes earlier in April for their reporting, had been prosecuted in apparent retaliation for their investigation of a massacre of Rohingya villagers in Inn Din, Rakhine State, that implicated the army.

    “Myanmar’s government should be leading the fight against the legal tools of oppression that have long been used to prosecute critics of the military and government,” said Brad Adams, Asia director. “During military rule, Aung San Suu Kyi and many current lawmakers fought for free expression, yet now the NLD majority in parliament has taken almost no steps to repeal or amend abusive laws still being used to jail critics.”

    #Birmanie #liberté_d'expression #répression #prix_nobel_de_la_paix

  • U.N. to probe sex-for-food aid allegations after ...
    http://news.trust.org/item/20190426133548-oe3xz

    The United Nations said on Friday it will investigate allegations that survivors of a deadly cyclone in Mozambique are being forced to have sex with community leaders for food.

    More than 1,000 people died and tens of thousands were forced from their homes when Cyclone Idai hammered Mozambique before moving inland to Malawi and Zimbabwe, in one of the worst climate-related disasters to hit the southern hemisphere.

    The U.N. pledge came a day after Human Rights Watch (HRW) published accounts of female survivors who said they were abused by local leaders and as a second powerful storm, Cyclone Kenneth, pounded the impoverished southeast African nation.

    “As with any report on sexual exploitation and abuse, we are acting swiftly to follow-up on these allegations, including with the relevant authorities,” the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) said in a statement.

    “The U.N. has a zero tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse. It is not, and never will be, acceptable for any person in a position of power to abuse the most vulnerable, let alone in their time of greatest need.”

    #abus_de_pouvoir #viols #abus_sexuels #Mozambique #catastrophe

    • et ce n’est pas tout #femmes #discrimination

      A local community leader in the town of Tica, Nhamatanda district, told Human Rights Watch that in some cases, where access by road is impossible, local community leaders are responsible for storing the food and distributing it to families on a weekly basis. She said that, “Because the food is not enough for everyone,” some local leaders have exploited the situation by charging people to include their names on the distribution lists.

      One aid worker said that the distribution list often contains only the names of male heads of households, and excludes families headed by women. “In some of the villages, women and their children have not seen any food for weeks,” she said. “They would do anything for food, including sleeping with men in charge of the food distribution.”

      Another aid worker said that her international organization had received reports of sexual abuse of women not only in their villages, but also in camps for internally displaced people. She said they were monitoring the situation and training people to raise awareness among women and to report any cases of sexual exploitation or abuse.

      https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/25/mozambique-cyclone-victims-forced-trade-sex-food

  • Pétition · Mesdames les Ministres de la Santé et de la Justice : faites cesser les mutilations des enfants intersexes
    https://www.change.org/p/mesdames-les-ministres-de-la-sant%C3%A9-et-de-la-justice-faites-cesser-les-m
    https://youtu.be/Mg3A0X3bbk0

    Aujourd’hui en France, les enfants intersexes* sont toujours soumi-se-s à des opérations chirurgicales ou/et des traitements hormonaux sans leur consentement éclairé et sans nécessité de santé.

    Ces actes constituent des violations des droits humains et ont été condamnés à plusieurs reprises par l’ONU en 2016 (Comité des droits de l’Enfant, Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination à l’égard des femmes, et Comité contre la torture).

    Des associations internationales de défense des droits humains telles que Human Rights Watch et Amnesty International se sont ouvertement positionnées pour l’arrêt de ces pratiques.

    En France, la DILCRAH appelle à l’arrêt de ces mutilations. En mai dernier la Commission Nationale Consultative des Droits de l’Homme, et en juillet le Conseil d’État ont publié des avis dans le même sens.
    Pourtant, les protocoles médicaux continuent à recommander ces pratiques, et les équipes médicales à les effectuer.

    Nous réaffirmons que les variations intersexes sont des variations saines du vivant, et dans leur immense majorité sans danger pour la vie de l’enfant. Elles ne devraient pas conduire à de la stigmatisation et à de la médicalisation inutile et néfaste. A l’instar de l’homosexualité, l’intersexuation n’a pas à être soignée : c’est à la société d’accepter sa propre diversité.

    Il n’y a aucune urgence à agir médicalement sur un corps sain d’enfant. Il n’est pas du ressort des médecins ou des parents de décider d’attenter à l’intégrité physique d’un-e mineur-e sans nécessité vitale. Une circulaire de rappel à la loi s’impose.

    C’est à l’enfant intersexe lui/elle-même de décider.
    Changer son corps ou non, ce sera son choix.

    *qui présentent des caractéristiques sexuelles qui ne correspondent pas aux définitions binaires typiquement mâle ou typiquement femelle, que ces caractéristiques soient visibles à la naissance ou apparaissent plus tard au cours de la vie, notamment à la puberté.

  • Un tribunal israélien approuve l’#expulsion du directeur de #HRW

    Un tribunal israélien a approuvé mardi une décision du ministère de l’Intérieur d’expulser le directeur local de Human Rights Watch (HRW), accusé de « soutenir le boycott d’Israël ».

    Le tribunal de Jérusalem a accordé à #Omar_Shakir, un citoyen américain, jusqu’au 1er mai prochain pour quitter le territoire, après avoir rejeté son appel contre un ordre d’expulsion. Il peut toutefois faire appel devant la cour suprême.

    le tribunal avait reporté son expulsion en mai 2018 après un recours de l’organisation de défense des droits humains contre une décision du ministère de l’Intérieur.

    Dans sa déclaration mardi, le tribunal de Jérusalem a affirmé qu’il « a été prouvé » que M. Shakir « continue à appeler publiquement au boycottage d’Israël et en même temps demander qu’il (l’Etat hébreu) lui ouvre ses portes ».

    Le ministre des Affaires stratégiques Gilad Erdan a salué la décision de la justice israélienne, précisant que c’est son ministère qui avait fourni les éléments à charge pour incriminer le directeur du HRW et recommander son expulsion.

    « Les activistes du BDS doivent réaliser qu’il y a un prix à payer pour leur activité contre Israël et ses citoyens », a ajouté le ministre.

    Les autorités israéliennes avaient indiqué en 2018 que M. Shakir était depuis des années un militant du BDS soutenant le boycott d’Israël de manière active.

    Le BDS (Boycott, désinvestissement et sanctions), l’une des bêtes noires des autorités israéliennes, est une campagne mondiale de boycott économique, culturel ou scientifique d’Israël destinée à obtenir la fin de l’occupation et de la colonisation des Territoires palestiniens.

    Le gouvernement israélien combat farouchement tout ce qui ressemble à une entreprise de boycott et en 2017, il a adopté une loi interdisant à tout militant BDS d’entrer en Israël.

    HRW a démenti que son directeur ait soutenu le BDS, et affirmé mardi vouloir saisir la cour suprême israélienne.

    Tom Porteous, adjoint au directeur des programmes de HRW, a affirmé dans un communiqué que la décision de justice constituait une « nouvelle et dangereuse interprétation de la loi » car elle assimilait la critique des entreprises opérant en Cisjordanie à un boycott d’Israël.

    https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1166762/un-tribunal-israelien-approuve-lexpulsion-du-directeur-de-hrw.html
    #Israël
    ping @nepthys @reka

  • Entre massacre et lutte antiterroriste, l’armée malienne à l’épreuve du feu | Mediapart
    https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/140419/entre-massacre-et-lutte-antiterroriste-l-armee-malienne-l-epreuve-du-feu?o

    L’agence française de développement a annulé la publication d’un dossier sur le Mali qui devait paraître dans sa revue Afrique contemporaine. En cause, des articles qui ont déplu, mettant à mal la stratégie de la France ou les autorités du Mali. Mediapart publie l’un d’eux, consacré aux accusations visant l’armée malienne.

    #Paypal #Mali #Censure #AgenceFrançaiseDéveloppement

    • La polémique a éclaté fin mars. Elle a pour origine la démission de Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos, chercheur à l’Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), de ses fonctions de rédacteur en chef d’Afrique contemporaine, une revue trimestrielle éditée par l’Agence française de développement (AFD). En cause : l’AFD a refusé la publication d’un dossier consacré au Mali.

      Pourtant, les articles de ce numéro spécial, « écrits par des chercheurs réputés, qui connaissent le terrain et écrivent depuis longtemps sur le Mali et l’Afrique, avaient été acceptés et approuvés par le comité de rédaction de la revue », indique Bruno Charbonneau, qui a dirigé ce travail (et qui est lui-même professeur d’études internationales au collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean au Québec).

      L’un des textes du dossier, détaille-t-il, analyse les faiblesses de l’approche militaire du contre-terrorisme actuellement privilégiée par les puissances occidentales. Il montre « comment cette approche qui l’emporte sur tout peut être contre-productive et être elle-même génératrice de violences ». Un autre évoque « l’impunité générale et généralisée dont jouissent des représentants de l’État malien dans la mesure où leurs actions illégales, criminelles et autres ne sont pas ou que rarement punis ».
      Il semble que ce sont ces deux articles qui ont posé problème à l’AFD, laquelle édite la revue mais la dirige aussi, puisque le directeur de la rédaction, Thomas Melonio, est un de ses agents. Ce dernier est le directeur exécutif du département innovation, recherche et savoirs de l’AFD, et a été conseiller Afrique du président François Hollande, après avoir été délégué national responsable de l’Afrique au parti socialiste. Il était en poste à l’Élysée lors du lancement de l’opération militaire française Serval au Mali, en 2013.

      Auteur de l’article consacré aux défaillances de l’armée malienne, le journaliste indépendant Rémi Carayol a confié à Mediapart l’intégralité de son texte, que nous publions ici avec son autorisation.

      *

      Sept ans après sa déroute dans le nord du Mali face aux combattants du Mouvement national de libération de l’Azawad (MNLA), l’armée malienne se reconstruit difficilement. Les résultats des importants moyens mis en œuvre pour lui permettre d’assumer ses missions sont pour l’heure peu probants. Il est vrai qu’elle revient de loin. En 2012, ses défaites successives dans le septentrion avaient révélé d’importantes faiblesses structurelles : manque de moyens matériels, déficit de cohésion au sein des différents corps, mauvaise gestion des ressources humaines, pratiques clientélistes, commandement défaillant, patriotisme à géométrie variable des soldats…

      Très vite après la perte d’une partie du territoire national, les partenaires du Mali ont entrepris d’aider les autorités à reconstruire une armée digne de ce nom. Il s’agissait alors de lui permettre, avec le soutien d’une force onusienne, la Mission internationale de soutien au Mali (Misma), de reconquérir au plus vite les régions tombées sous le joug des groupes armés djihadistes, lesquels avaient profité de l’offensive du MNLA pour prendre le contrôle des principales villes du nord. Cette mission a finalement été accomplie par l’armée française, avec l’appui des armées africaines, après le déclenchement de l’opération Serval en janvier 2013.

      Lancée dans la foulée de l’intervention française, en février 2013, la mission de formation de l’Union européenne au Mali1 avait pour fonction initiale de former quatre Groupements tactiques interarmes (GTIA), soit un total de 2 600 hommes, destinés à se battre dans le nord. Prolongée à trois reprises en 2014, 2016 et 2018, cette mission en a formé bien plus : environ 12 500 soldats maliens ont officiellement suivi des cours et des entraînements dans le centre de Koulikoro, où sont basés les instructeurs européens. Prévue pour durer au minimum jusqu’en mai 2020, cette mission a pour l’heure coûté près de 133 millions d’euros2.

      L’EUTM a pour mandat de fournir des conseils en matière militaire et de contribuer à rétablir les capacités opérationnelles des Forces armées maliennes (Fama). L’instruction des militaires maliens comporte plusieurs volets, dont une formation en matière de droit international humanitaire, de protection des civils et de droits de l’homme. Depuis sa création, la Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations unies pour la stabilisation au Mali (Minusma), qui a succédé à la Misma, a elle aussi prodigué des formations en matière de droits humains aux soldats maliens. La France et les États-Unis mènent de leur côté des programmes de formation destinés aux armées de la sous-région, dont celle du Mali.

      Parallèlement à ces initiatives financées par les partenaires du Mali, le gouvernement malien a fait voter une loi d’orientation et de programmation militaire ambitieuse en mars 2015, dont l’objectif était « de se doter à l’horizon 2019 d’une organisation et d’un plan d’équipements, de disposer d’un outil de défense adapté aux besoins de sécurité, et capable en toutes circonstances de défendre l’intégrité du territoire national tout en contribuant à la consolidation de la démocratie ».

      D’un coût total estimé à plus de 1 230 milliards de francs CFA (près de 1,9 milliard d’euros3) sur une période de cinq ans, ce qui représente un effort colossal pour l’État malien, cette loi visait notamment à recruter près de 10 000 hommes, afin de porter les effectifs des forces de sécurité à 20 000 éléments, et à acquérir du matériel de guerre.

      Alors que « l’horizon 2019 » est bientôt atteint, force est de constater que les objectifs recherchés, tant en matière d’efficacité opérationnelle que de respect des droits humains, sont loin d’avoir été accomplis. Plus que la guerre dans le nord, le conflit multiforme qui secoue le centre du Mali illustre cet échec relatif.

      Si les Fama ont participé à la reconquête du nord, elles ne sont intervenues qu’en second rideau, une fois que les djihadistes avaient été chassés du terrain par les troupes françaises et africaines. Les soldats maliens ont très vite été amenés à reprendre leurs positions dans les villes de Tombouctou et de Gao, mais ils n’ont pas été en mesure de s’installer durablement plus au nord, notamment dans la ville de Kidal. Aujourd’hui encore, l’armée malienne est relativement peu présente dans les zones jadis occupées par les djihadistes. La plupart du temps cantonnée dans ses bases, elle ne sort que rarement des centres urbains. Son rôle est en outre dilué du fait de la multiplication des acteurs armés.

      L’armée française poursuit ses manœuvres dans le cadre de l’opération Barkhane (4 500 hommes), qui a succédé à l’opération Serval en 2014, et dont la base principale se situe à Gao4. Elle se concentre sur les dirigeants des groupes terroristes, qu’elle traque dans l’ensemble de la sous-région avec une totale liberté d’action.

      La Minusma, qui dispose de plus de 12 000 soldats, est également présente sur l’ensemble du territoire septentrional (à Tombouctou, Gao, Tessalit, Aguelhok, Kidal, Goundam, Ber, Gossi, Ansongo et Menaka), ainsi que dans le centre (à Douentza, Sévaré et Diabaly). Si les Casques bleus sortent peu de leurs bases, au grand dam des populations, ils constituent une force non négligeable dans ces villes.

      Enfin, les groupes armés signataires de l’accord de paix issu du processus d’Alger, membres de la Coordination des mouvements de l’Azawad (CMA), qui réunit d’anciens rebelles, ou de la Plateforme, dans laquelle se retrouvent des groupes qualifiés (parfois à tort) de loyalistes à l’égard de Bamako, jouent eux aussi un rôle dans la sécurisation du territoire. Le MNLA, le Haut Conseil pour l’unité de l’Azawad (HCUA) ou encore le Groupe autodéfense touareg imghad et alliés (Gatia) assurent le contrôle de certaines zones rurales d’où sont absentes les Fama, en lien parfois avec les forces française et onusienne.

      ====================

      1 European Union Training Mission (EUTM)

      2 Le budget de l’EUTM Mali n’a cessé d’augmenter au fil des ans : 12,3 millions d’euros en 2013, 27,7 millions en 2014-2016, 33,4 millions en 2016-2018 et 59,7 millions pour la période 2018-2020. Cette dernière hausse spectaculaire s’explique par une extension du mandat de l’EUTM, qui, désormais, forme également des éléments de la Force conjointe du G5-Sahel. Source : EUTM Mali.

      3 427,59 milliards FCFA pour les investissements ; 442,57 milliards CFA pour le fonctionnement ; et 360,38 milliards CFA pour le personnel.

      4 Le quartier général de l’opération est basé à N’Djamena (Tchad).

      Le centre du Mali, foyer des violences
      Dans le centre du pays, par contre, les Fama sont en première ligne, et ont même longtemps été un peu seules. Cette zone, qui englobe la région de Mopti et une partie de la région de Ségou, est aujourd’hui considérée comme l’épicentre des violences au Mali, et est désormais perçue à New York, au siège des Nations unies, comme l’enjeu principal du moment. 40 à 50 % des violences recensées dans le pays en 2018 l’ont été dans ces deux régions.

      Selon un décompte de la Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’homme (FIDH) et de l’Association malienne des droits de l’homme (AMDH), environ 1 200 personnes y ont été tuées ces deux dernières années, dont au moins 500 entre les mois de janvier et août 20185. Or l’armée malienne n’est pas étrangère à un tel bilan.

      En 2012, le centre du Mali, zone géographique relativement vague, marquait la séparation entre le nord, placé sous le joug des djihadistes, et le sud, administré par l’État. Ses habitants n’ont pas été exposés aux violences au même degré que ceux du nord, mais ils en ont subi les conséquences de manière plus ou moins directe : désertion des représentants de l’État, y compris des militaires dans certaines zones, multiplication des actes de banditisme, détérioration de la situation économique…

      En 2013, dans la foulée des troupes françaises et africaines, les Fama ont réinvesti la zone. Alors que les Français, dont les objectifs se

      IBK et Emmanuel Macron lors de la commération du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale à Reims le 6 novembre 2018. © Reuters
      IBK et Emmanuel Macron lors de la commération du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale à Reims le 6 novembre 2018. © Reuters
      situaient plus au nord, ne faisaient qu’y passer, et que la Minusma s’y implantait timidement, l’armée malienne, elle, y a repris ses positions. Cette reconquête s’est accompagnée d’exactions contre les populations locales, et plus particulièrement les Peuls, victimes d’amalgames en raison du ralliement de certains d’entre eux aux groupes djihadistes, souvent pour des raisons autres que religieuses6.
      Plusieurs dizaines de personnes ont été exécutées et jetées dans des puits par des soldats maliens à Sévaré7. Des cas de tortures ont également été mentionnés8. De nombreuses personnes ont en outre été portées disparues après avoir été arrêtées par l’armée malienne9.

      Ce retour « musclé » n’a pas permis pour autant de restaurer la sécurité, et encore moins la confiance entre les populations et l’armée. Outre les violences attribuées aux soldats maliens, des tueries (impunies jusqu’à présent) ont aussi été commises par des bandits armés10, et les pillages n’ont pas cessé.

      « Une fois que les Fama sont revenues, les vols de bétail se sont multipliés, précise un élu local de la commune de Nampala. Les gens sont allés voir les militaires pour leur demander de sécuriser les déplacements des troupeaux, mais ils n’ont rien obtenu. Certains se sont alors tournés vers les groupes armés ou ont décidé de s’armer eux-mêmes. »11

      C’est dans ce contexte de méfiance à l’égard des représentants de la force publique et de violences diffuses qu’est apparu début 2015 un nouveau mouvement djihadiste : la katiba Macina, affiliée au groupe dirigé par Iyad Ag-Ghaly, Ansar Eddine. Sa première attaque a eu lieu à Nampala, deux ans presque jour pour jour après la bataille de Konna, qui avait vu l’armée française entrer en action.

      Le 5 janvier 2015, plusieurs dizaines d’hommes armés lancent l’assaut sur le camp de l’armée malienne, puis investissent la ville et y font flotter leur drapeau noir pendant quelques heures, avant de se replier vers leur base. Depuis lors, les membres de cette katiba n’ont cessé d’étendre leur zone d’influence. Ils ont multiplié les attaques contre l’armée malienne et la Minusma, tuant des dizaines de soldats maliens et onusiens. La plupart du temps, ils profitent du passage d’un convoi pour lancer l’assaut12. Ils attaquent également des bases militaires ou des barrages de la gendarmerie à l’entrée des villes, et s’en prennent à des soldats isolés ou en permission.

      Après avoir chassé l’armée malienne des zones les plus difficiles d’accès dès les premiers mois de l’année 2015, les « hommes de la brousse » (c’est ainsi que les habitants de la zone ont pris l’habitude de les dénommer) ont mené une stratégie d’exécutions ciblées et d’enlèvements contre des représentants de l’État, des chefs religieux, des notables locaux et des élus soupçonnés de s’opposer à leur projet ou de collaborer avec l’État.

      Aujourd’hui, ils contrôlent une grande partie des zones rurales du centre du pays, où ils rendent justice, règlent les contentieux, imposent des règles de vie aux populations, gèrent l’accès aux ressources… Des centaines d’écoles publiques (dites « françaises ») ont été fermées, et parfois saccagées, ces dernières années13.

      Plusieurs facteurs peuvent expliquer la facilité avec laquelle les djihadistes se sont implantés dans le centre, et ont parfois gagné les cœurs de ses habitants : un État perçu depuis longtemps comme prédateur, notamment en raison de la corruption de certains de ses agents ; une économie vacillante, qui a subi de plein fouet les sécheresses des années 1970 et que la guerre au nord a encore un peu plus affaiblie ; la récurrence des litiges liés à l’utilisation des ressources naturelles, qui aboutissent parfois à des conflits communautaires ; la prolifération des armes…

      Mais si l’État a perdu le contrôle de pans entiers de cette zone, c’est aussi parce que l’armée malienne s’est jusqu’ici révélée incapable de faire face aux incursions djihadistes, et encore moins de gagner la confiance des populations. À Nampala, une semaine après l’attaque du 5 janvier 2015, un élu rapporte que « les [soldats des] Fama sont revenus. Ils ont dit que les Peuls étaient responsables. Ils ont arrêté des suspects, les ont tabassés. Certains ont été amenés à Bamako, et libérés après avoir dû verser de l’argent. Après ça, la population ne collaborait plus avec eux. » Les djihadistes en ont immédiatement profité : « Ils sont venus dans les villages et ont dit : “On ne vous demande rien, sauf de ne pas nous dénoncer.” Ils ont exécuté plusieurs informateurs de l’armée. »14

      Passée cette première phase de repli début 2015, au cours de laquelle elles se sont réfugiées dans les camps situés dans les grands centres urbains, les Fama ont mené des opérations anti-terroristes d’envergure, mais souvent sans lendemain. « Ils venaient, ils passaient quelques heures dans le village, ils arrêtaient des gens, puis ils repartaient, et nous laissaient à la merci des groupes armés », explique un élu local du cercle de Tenenkou15.

      International Crisis Group notait en 2016 que « ce type d’intervention vise à contenir l’expansion des groupes armés plutôt qu’à agir sur les sources de l’insécurité »16. L’opération Seno, lancée à l’automne 2015 dans le cercle de Bankass, a permis d’arrêter un certain nombre de suspects. Mais elle a également abouti à des arrestations violentes de personnes n’ayant rien à voir avec la katiba Macina, à des détentions arbitraires, parfois très longues, à des actes de torture17 et à des vexations, dont certaines, filmées et postées sur les réseaux sociaux, ont alimenté un sentiment victimaire chez nombre de Peuls.

      Début 2018, sous l’impulsion du nouveau gouvernement dirigé par Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga, un « Plan de sécurisation intégré des régions du Centre » a été élaboré. Ce plan, toujours en vigueur, prévoit le renforcement du dispositif sécuritaire dans les régions de Mopti et Ségou, et des mesures en matière de gouvernance et de développement économique et social. Des aides d’urgence ont été annoncées par le premier ministre lors de divers déplacements sur le terrain. Des représentants de l’administration, dont des sous-préfets, ont repris possession de leur poste dans quelques villes secondaires.

      Cependant, nombre de services publics sont toujours inaccessibles aux habitants des zones rurales, et l’État reste un mirage pour une grande partie d’entre eux. Au-delà des quelques promesses opportunément annoncées peu de temps avant l’élection présidentielle (à l’issue de laquelle le président sortant, Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, a été réélu), seul le volet militaire a été réellement mis en œuvre.

      ========================

      5 « Dans le centre du Mali, les populations prises au piège du terrorisme et du contre-terrorisme », Rapport d’enquête n° 727 de la Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’homme et de l’Association malienne des droits de l’homme, novembre 2018.

      6 Sangare Boukary, « Le centre du Mali : épicentre du djihadisme ? », note d’analyse du GRIP, mai 2016.

      7 Communiqué de Human Rights Watch, 31 janvier 2013 : https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/01/31/mali-larmee-malienne-et-des-groupes-islamistes-ont-execute-des-prisonniers.

      8 Communiqué de Human Rights Watch, 26 mars 2013 : https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/03/26/mali-des-soldats-ont-torture-des-detenus-lere.

      9 Entretiens avec l’auteur, Bamako, mars 2018.

      10 Le 18 mars 2013 à Doungoura (cercle de Tenenkou), au moins 20 personnes, essentiellement des Peuls, ont été tuées et jetées dans un puits par des hommes armés apparentés au MNLA. D’autres exactions ont été rapportées les jours suivants dans la même zone. Sources : entretiens avec l’auteur, Bamako, avril 2016.

      11 Entretien avec l’auteur, Bamako, mai 2018.

      12 Le premier semestre de l’année 2017 a été particulièrement sanglant. Le 19 janvier 2017, la pose d’une mine, suivie d’une fusillade, aurait provoqué la mort d’au moins dix soldats maliens dans la zone de Diabaly. Le 5 mars, l’attaque d’une patrouille des Fama à Boulikessi a fait 11 morts et 5 blessés. Le 2 mai, une embuscade entre Nampala et Dogofri a tué neuf soldats et en a blessé cinq autres.

      13 À la fin de l’année scolaire 2018, deux écoles sur trois de l’académie de Mopti étaient fermées. Source : ONU.

      14 Entretien avec l’auteur, Bamako, mai 2018.

      15 Entretien avec l’auteur, Bamako, mars 2018.

      16 « Mali central, la fabrique d’une insurrection ? », International Crisis Group, Rapport Afrique n° 238, juillet 2016.

      17 « Mali : Les abus s’étendent dans le sud du pays », rapport de Human Rights Watch, février 2016.

      Des massacres laissés impunis
      Dès le mois de janvier 2018, les Fama ont repris le contrôle des camps qu’elles avaient abandonnés trois ans plus tôt, et dans lesquels elles n’étaient revenues qu’occasionnellement. Elles ont en outre mené plusieurs opérations de lutte anti-terroriste, parfois sous commandement du G5-Sahel. Mais ce retour en force n’a pas permis de reprendre le contrôle des territoires perdus, qui restent encore aujourd’hui des zones de non-droit.

      Les éléments de la katiba Macina l’ont bien compris : ils évitent soigneusement les patrouilles et se cachent dans leurs repères, souvent situés dans des forêts, jusqu’à ce que les militaires repartent. Le reste du temps, ce sont eux qui dictent leur loi aux habitants. Cette situation empêche ces derniers de collaborer avec les forces de sécurité.

      Un sous-officier de l’armée malienne qui a mené plusieurs opérations en 2018 dans le centre du pays admet qu’il est compliqué de créer un lien avec les populations : « Quand on entre dans un village, on voit bien que les gens ont peur. Ils ne nous regardent même pas. Comme l’État n’est pas là la plupart du temps, ils doivent faire avec les djihadistes. Si on passe dans la journée, ils savent que le soir même les djihadistes viendront dans le village et attraperont ceux qui nous ont parlé . »18

      Outre cette menace décrite comme omniprésente par les habitants, d’autres raisons sont avancées pour expliquer cette défiance. Des Peuls déplorent notamment l’absence de dialogue avec les militaires maliens. D’autres évoquent la réputation qui les précède. Les opérations de l’armée malienne ont en effet été marquées par de nombreux abus en matière de droits humains ces derniers mois : l’enquête de la FIDH et de l’AMDH a démontré que des unités de l’armée avaient exécuté au moins 67 personnes, des Peuls dans leur grande majorité, au cours de six opérations menées entre février et juillet 2018, la plupart dans le cadre de l’opération « Dambe »19.

      D’une tuerie à l’autre, le scénario est sensiblement le même : une colonne de l’armée malienne installe un camp provisoire pendant quelques jours dans une zone considérée comme étant « infestée » de djihadistes ; elle procède à des arrestations sur la base de dénonciations villageoises ou du simple fait de l’appartenance à la communauté peule ; certaines des personnes arrêtées sont passées à tabac avant d’être libérées ou envoyées à Bamako, d’autres sont exécutées et enterrées dans une fosse commune…

      Salif Traoré, ministre malien de la sécurité et de la protection civile, en août 2018. © Reuters
      Salif Traoré, ministre malien de la sécurité et de la protection civile, en août 2018. © Reuters
      Le 21 février 2018 par exemple, dans les environs de Sokolo, les Forces armées maliennes patrouillent dans plusieurs villages et campements peuls. Elles y arrêtent neuf personnes : sept Peuls et deux Bambaras, qui sont relâchés le soir même. Quelques jours après le départ des militaires, des villageois se rendent dans leur campement pour tenter de retrouver les disparus. Sur les lieux, ils trouvent ce qui pourrait être une fosse de 3 mètres sur 2,5 mètres. « Il y avait des petits trous dans la terre, et des traces de sang, comme quand on égorge un mouton », indique un témoin20.
      Selon toute vraisemblance, les sept Peuls ont été exécutés et enterrés par des soldats maliens, sur les lieux mêmes où la colonne avait installé son camp provisoire, dans une forêt. Une enquête a été ouverte et très vite refermée. Elle n’a abouti à aucune arrestation21.

      Les méthodes employées par les soldats maliens semblent relever de la politique de la terre brûlée. « On a parfois l’impression qu’ils arrêtent n’importe qui, du moment qu’il est peul, et qu’ils ont pour consigne d’en tuer un certain nombre pour effrayer les populations », souligne un observateur onusien déployé dans la région22.

      Un officier de l’armée en poste à Bamako, loin du théâtre des opérations, pense pour sa part qu’au contraire, ces pratiques sont liées à l’absence de consignes de la part de la hiérarchie : « On envoie des jeunes éléments sur un terrain très difficile, sans consigne claire sur ce qu’il faut faire. Ils ne connaissent pas le contexte, ni parfois la langue des habitants, ils ont peur, ils sont nerveux, et donc parfois ils tirent dans le tas. »23

      Il paraît cependant difficile d’expliquer certaines opérations autrement que par une volonté manifeste de terroriser les populations. Le 5 avril, les Fama ont arrêté 14 hommes dans le hameau de Nelbal, situé à une quinzaine de kilomètres de Dioura. Selon des témoins, les militaires ont encerclé le campement peul, ils ont rassemblé tous les habitants, hommes, femmes et enfants, ont bandé les yeux à tous les hommes valides et les ont emmenés avec eux24. Le lendemain, l’armée a publié un communiqué indiquant que 14 hommes, présentés comme de présumés terroristes, étaient morts en tentant de s’évader de la prison de Dioura25.

      Deux mois plus tard, le 13 juin, les soldats maliens ont tué 25 hommes qu’ils avaient arrêtés dans les villages de Nantaka et Kobaka, situés tout près de Mopti, et les ont enterrés dans trois fosses communes à quelques kilomètres des deux villages. Dans un communiqué publié le 19 juin, le ministère de la défense a confirmé « l’existence de fosses communes impliquant certains personnels Fama dans des violations graves ayant occasionné mort d’hommes à Nantaka et Kobaka », et annoncé l’ouverture d’une enquête judiciaire26. Celle-ci n’a pour l’heure abouti à aucune arrestation ni à aucune sanction officielle.

      D’autres massacres commis par les Fama paraissent pouvoir répondre d’un esprit de vengeance. Ce qui s’est passé à Boulikessi le 19 mai 2018 en fournit une illustration. En 2015, face à la menace des djihadistes, l’armée avait quitté le camp qui jouxte cette ville. Le 28 décembre 2017, un détachement de l’armée malienne, sous commandement du G5-Sahel, a réinvesti le camp. Quelques jours après son arrivée, un lieutenant a organisé une réunion avec les habitants, au cours de laquelle il aurait annoncé que si les militaires subissaient une attaque, ils s’en prendraient aux habitants. « Pour un mort de notre côté, on en tuera vingt de votre côté », aurait-il dit à plusieurs reprises, selon des notables locaux27.

      Le 19 mai, jour de foire à Boulikessi, les militaires ont mis leur menace à exécution. Ce jour-là, un soldat qui patrouillait près du marché a été tué par un homme venu à moto et reparti aussitôt. Trente minutes plus tard, les militaires sont revenus en nombre. Ils ont tiré de manière indiscriminée sur les gens qui étaient restés sur les lieux, tuant dix hommes, puis ils sont allés chercher deux autres personnes dans la maison d’un commerçant, qu’ils ont exécutées sous les yeux du chef de village28.

      À l’évidence, les formations en matière de droits humains promulguées par l’EUTM et la Minusma n’ont pas eu l’effet escompté. Quant aux efforts consentis par l’État malien pour renforcer l’armée, ils ne lui ont pas permis pour l’heure d’engranger les victoires. Certes, des caches de la katiba Macina ont été découvertes et des combattants ont été arrêtés ou parfois tués. Un important travail a également été mené au niveau du renseignement.

      LIRE AUSSI
      Le Mali est au centre d’une polémique entre l’Agence française de développement et des chercheurs-universitaires
      PAR FANNY PIGEAUD
      Au Mali, un pogrom mené au nez et à la barbe de l’armée fait 136 morts
      PAR RÉMI CARAYOL
      Dans le centre du Mali, les milices massacrent en toute impunité
      PAR RÉMI CARAYOL
      Le Mali s’avère incapable de juger les djihadistes
      PAR RÉMI CARAYOL
      Mais la lutte anti-terroriste ne peut se résumer à ce seul tableau de chasse. Jusqu’à présent, les forces de sécurité se sont montrées incapables de protéger les civils, comme en témoigne ce chiffre de l’ONU : lors des seuls mois d’avril, mai et juin 2018, au moins 287 personnes ont été tuées dans le centre du pays29.
      Les Fama n’ont pas été plus efficaces face aux différentes milices qui se sont constituées ces trois dernières années dans cette zone. Afin de remédier à l’absence de l’État, des mouvements armés dits « d’autodéfense » ont été créés de manière plus ou moins spontanée, sur la base de l’appartenance communautaire : dogon, peul, bambara. Mais ils ne protègent que leur propre communauté, et s’en prennent plus souvent aux civils issus de la communauté « concurrente » qu’aux combattants de la katiba Macina.

      Ces milices ont commis de nombreux massacres en 2018, plus particulièrement à l’approche de la saison des pluies30. Elles ont incendié des villages et ont obligé des milliers de personnes à se déplacer. Certaines d’entre elles ont agi au nez et à la barbe des soldats maliens, et parfois avec le soutien de responsables politiques et militaires.

      Il semble notamment que les Dozos (chasseurs traditionnels), qui jouent un rôle majeur dans les milices bambara et dogon, ont été dans un premier temps utilisés par les Fama comme éclaireurs ou informateurs, avant de participer plus activement aux combats. Or cette stratégie a d’ores et déjà montré ses limites : au fil du temps, ces groupes armés ont gagné en autonomie ; ils menacent désormais de s’en prendre à l’armée si elle se met en travers de leur route31 et mènent des expéditions meurtrières d’une ampleur inédite au Mali32.

      =========================

      18 Entretien avec l’auteur, Ségou, mars 2018.

      19 Rapport d’enquête n° 727 de la Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’homme et de l’Association malienne des droits de l’homme, novembre 2018.

      20 Entretien avec l’auteur, Bamako, mai 2018.

      21 https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/04/13/au-mali-les-autorites-enquetent-sur-des-soupcons-d-executions-sommaires-par-.

      22 Entretien avec l’auteur, Mopti, mai 2018.

      23 Entretien avec l’auteur, Bamako, mars 2018.

      24 Entretiens avec l’auteur, Bamako et Mopti, mai 2018.

      25 http://www.fama.ml/tentative-devasion-des-suspects-trouvent-la-mort-a-dioura.

      26 https://www.jeuneafrique.com/579883/societe/mali-le-gouvernement-confirme-lexistence-de-fosses-communes-impliquant.

      27 Entretiens avec l’auteur, Bamako, juin 2018.

      28 Entretiens avec l’auteur, Bamako, juin 2018. Voir également le rapport d’enquête de la Minusma : https://minusma.unmissions.org/la-minusma-conclut-son-enqu%C3%AAte-sur-les-incidents-de-boulkes.

      29 Rapport du Secrétaire général des Nations unies, S/2018/866, 25 septembre 2018.

      30 « “Avant, nous étions des frères”. Exactions commises par des groupes d’autodéfense dans le centre du Mali », rapport de Human Rights Watch, décembre 2018.

      31 https://www.voaafrique.com/a/l-arm%C3%A9e-cible-un-groupe-arm%C3%A9-dogon-au-mali/4474766.html.

      32 Le 23 mars 2019, une attaque menée par des Dozos sur le village peul d’Ogossagou, dans le centre du Mali, a fait au moins 160 morts.

  • Nowhere to go: #Myanmar farmers under siege from land law

    The Myanmar government has tightened a law on so-called ’vacant, fallow and virgin’ land, and farmers are at risk.

    Han Win Naung is besieged on his own land.

    Last September, local administrators in Myanmar’s southern Tanintharyi region put up a sign at the edge of his 5.7-hectare farm that read “Under Management Ownership - Do Not Trespass”.

    They felled the trees and started building a drug rehabilitation facility and an agriculture training school on opposite ends of his plot.

    He was eventually informed that the administrators were challenging his claim to the land and had filed charges against him under a controversial law that could see him jailed for three years.

    “I didn’t know what this law was,” the 37-year-old farmer told Al Jazeera. “I didn’t understand what was happening to us. They also asked us to move. We don’t have anywhere else to go.”

    Han Win Naung is accused of violating the Vacant, Fellow and Virgin (#VFV) Lands Management Law which requires anyone living on land categorised as “vacant, fallow, and virgin” to apply for a permit to continue using it for the next 30 years.

    According to estimates based on government data, this category totals more than 20 million hectares or 30 percent of Myanmar’s land area. Three-quarters of it is home to the country’s ethnic minorities.

    The law has sparked outrage among land-rights activists, who say it criminalises millions of farmers who do not have permits and lays the ground for unchecked land seizures by the government, the military and private companies.

    Struggle to survive

    “The more people learn about this law, the more they will use it against farmers who cannot afford lawyers,” said a lawyer who is representing Han Win Naung. She asked to be identified only as a member of Tanintharyi Friends, a group that represents several farmers who have been sued under this law.

    Now Han Win Naung’s farm is in disrepair. Because of the lawsuit, he has been unable to tend to the mango, banana and cashew trees that have sustained his family since his father set up the farm 28 years ago.

    “We haven’t been able to do anything on the farm since September … We are facing a lot of trouble getting food on the table,” he said.

    The VFV law is modelled on a British colonial policy in which land occupied by indigenous people was labelled “wasteland” in order to justify seizing it and extracting its revenue. After independence, Myanmar’s military rulers adopted the strategy as a way to ensure they could feed their ranks.

    In 2012, the nominally civilian government under former general Thein Sein enshrined the strategy into law, referring to the targeted land as “vacant, fallow, and virgin” instead of “wasteland”.

    Last year, despite coming to power on a platform of protecting the land rights of smallholder farmers and promising to reverse all military land grabs within a single year, the government of Aung San Suu Kyi and her National League for Democracy (NLD) made the VFV law stricter.

    With the NLD’s endorsement, arrests and evictions of farmers like Han Win Naung are accelerating.

    In September 2018, Myanmar’s parliament, which is controlled by the NLD, passed an amendment that imposed a two-year prison sentence on anyone found living on “vacant, fallow, and virgin land” without a permit after March 11.

    This gave millions of farmers, many of them illiterate or unable to speak Burmese, just six months to complete a Kafkaesque process of claiming land they already consider their own.

    According to a survey conducted by the Mekong Region Land Governance Project, in the month before the deadline, 95 percent of people living on so-called VFV land had no knowledge of the law.

    ’Torn up’

    As the deadline approached, local land-rights activists jumped into action, sending petitions to the government demanding that the law be repealed.

    In November, 300 civil society organisations signed an open letter denouncing the law as “an effort to grab the land of ethnic peoples across the country”, especially land belonging to hundreds of thousands of refugees and internally displaced people who have no ability to apply for permits.

    In December, the Karen National Union (KNU), a powerful ethnic armed organisation that had recently withdrawn from the national peace process, called for the VFV law to be “torn up”, raising the spectre of future conflict.

    But these petitions fell on deaf ears, and as the deadline expired, millions of people, many of whose families had been on the same land for generations, became trespassers.

    Saw Alex Htoo, deputy director of the Karen Environmental and Social Action Network (KESAN), blames the NLD’s pursuit of foreign investment for the policy.

    “The NLD is pushing for investment to come into the country without really looking at what’s happening on the ground,” he said. “That’s the only way they could support this VFV law, which is inviting conflict and will displace millions of farmers across the country.”

    When asked why the party would pass an amendment that could harm so many people, NLD spokesperson Myo Nyunt said that while land disputes might arise, the purpose of the law was not mass dispossession.

    “The purpose of the law is to promote the rule of law,” he said.

    "When we implement the new law, those affected have the responsibility to understand and follow it. If they have grievances, they can report them to the relevant committee addressing land grabs. There will be some people who are affected negatively by this law, but that is not the intention of this law.

    “The government is working to improve the livelihood and quality of life in Myanmar and the rule of law.”

    Ye Lin Myint, national coordinator for the Myanmar Alliance for Transparency and Accountability (MATA), said enforcement of the VFV law actually calls the rule of law into question because it contradicts several earlier government commitments, including the 2015 Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) between the government and eight ethnic armed organizations.

    “The NCA clearly states that during the peace process, there should be no land seizures,” he said. “This law will start a domino effect of ethnic conflict.”

    Conflict over the VFV law has already begun. At least one activist has been arrested for protesting against it and observers say the NLD’s role in generating conflict risks a backlash in next year’s election.

    “The ruling National League for Democracy party are really shooting themselves in the foot with the VFV law,” said Phil Robertson, deputy Asia director for Human Rights Watch. “This will be a human rights disaster that goes to the doorstep of millions of farmers across the nation, and it’s a fair bet they will punish those they consider responsible in the next election.”

    Han Win Naung attests to this. Since he was sued, his 80-year-old father has stopped eating and cannot sleep. His children, nieces, and nephews are embarrassed to go to school.

    “People like us have been suffering since this government came to power,” he said. “We don’t think we will be voting for the NLD in 2020.”

    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/myanmar-farmers-siege-land-law-190328003658355.html
    #Birmanie #terres #agriculture #géographie_du_vide #loi #expulsion #minorités #accaparemment_des_terres
    ping @odilon

  • Carne da cannone. In Libia i profughi dei campi sono arruolati a forza e mandati a combattere

    Arruolati di forza, vestiti con vecchie divise, armati con fucili di scarto e spediti a combattere le milizie del generale #Haftar che stanno assediando Tripoli. I profughi di Libia, dopo essere stati trasformati in “merce” preziosa dai trafficanti, con la complicità e il supporto del’Italia e dall’Europa, sono diventati anche carne da cannone.

    Secondo fonti ufficiali dell’Unhcr e di Al Jazeera, il centro di detenzione di Qaser Ben Gashir, è stato trasformato in una caserma di arruolamento. “Ci viene riferito – ha affermato l’inviato dell’agenzia Onu per i rifugiati, Vincent Cochetel – che ad alcuni migranti sono state fornite divise militari e gli è stati promesso la libertà in cambio dell’arruolamento”. Nel solo centro di Qaser Ben Gashir, secondo una stima dell’Unhcr, sono detenuti, per o più arbitrariamente, perlomeno 6 mila profughi tra uomini e donne, tra i quali almeno 600 bambini.

    Sempre secondo l’Unhcr, tale pratica di arruolamento pressoché forzato – è facile intuire che non si può dire facilmente no al proprio carceriere! – sarebbe stata messa in pratica perlomeno in altri tre centri di detenzione del Paese. L’avanzata delle truppe del generale Haftar ha fatto perdere la testa alle milizie fedeli al Governo di accordo nazionale guidato da Fayez al Serraj, che hanno deciso di giocarsi la carta della disperazione, mandando i migranti – che non possono certo definirsi militari sufficientemente addestrati – incontro ad una morte certa in battaglia. Carne da cannone, appunto.

    I messaggi WhatsUp che arrivano dai centri di detenzione sono terrificanti e testimoniano una situazione di panico totale che ha investito tanto i carcerieri quanto gli stessi profughi. “Ci danno armi di cui non conosciamo neppure come si chiamano e come si usano – si legge su un messaggio riportato dall’Irish Time – e ci ordinano di andare a combattere”. “Ci volevano caricare in una camionetta piena di armi. Gli abbiamo detto di no, che preferivamo essere riportato in cella ma non loro non hanno voluto”.

    La situazione sta precipitando verso una strage annunciata. Nella maggioranza dei centri l’elettricità è già stata tolta da giorni. Acque e cibo non ne arrivano più. Cure mediche non ne avevano neppure prima. I richiedenti asilo sono alla disperazione. Al Jazeera porta la notizia che ad Qaser Ben Gashir, qualche giorno fa, un bambino è morto per semplice denutrizione. Quello che succede nei campi più lontani dalla capitale, lo possiamo solo immaginare. E con l’avanzare del conflitto, si riduce anche la possibilità di intervento e di denuncia dell’Unhcr o delle associazioni umanitarie che ancora resistono nel Paese come Medici Senza Frontiere.

    Proprio Craig Kenzie, il coordinatore per la Libia di Medici Senza Frontiere, lancia un appello perché i detenuti vengano immediatamente evacuati dalle zone di guerra e che le persone che fuggono e che vengono intercettate in mare non vengano riportate in quell’Inferno. Ma per il nostro Governo, quelle sponde continuano ad essere considerate “sicure”.

    https://dossierlibia.lasciatecientrare.it/carne-da-cannone-in-libia-i-profughi-dei-campi-sono-a
    #Libye #asile #migrations #réfugiés #armées #enrôlement_militaire #enrôlement #conflit #soldats #milices #Tripoli

    • ’We are in a fire’: Libya’s detained refugees trapped by conflict

      Detainees at detention centre on the outskirts of Tripoli live in fear amid intense clashes for control of the capital.

      Refugees and migrants trapped on the front line of fierce fighting in Libya’s capital, Tripoli, are pleading to be rescued from the war-torn country while being “surrounded by heavy weapons and militants”.

      Hit by food and water shortages, detainees at the #Qasr_bin_Ghashir detention centre on the southern outskirts of Tripoli, told Al Jazeera they were “abandoned” on Saturday by fleeing guards, who allegedly told the estimated 728 people being held at the facility to fend for themselves.

      The refugees and migrants used hidden phones to communicate and requested that their names not be published.

      “[There are] no words to describe the fear of the women and children,” an Eritrean male detainee said on Saturday.

      “We are afraid of [the] noise... fired from the air and the weapons. I feel that we are abandoned to our fate.”
      Fighting rages on Tripoli outskirts

      Tripoli’s southern outskirts have been engulfed by fighting since renegade General Khalifa Haftar’s eastern forces launched an assault on the capital earlier this month in a bid to wrestle control of the city from Libya’s internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA).

      The showdown threatens to further destabilise war-wracked Libya, which splintered into a patchwork of rival power bases following the overthrow of former leader Muammar Gaddafi in 2011.

      At least 121 people have been killed and 561 wounded since Haftar’s self-styled Libyan National Army (LNA) started its offensive on April 4, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

      Both sides have repeatedly carried out air raids and accuse each other of targeting civilians.

      The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), for its part, estimates more than 15,000 people have been displaced so far, with a “significant number” of others stuck in live conflict zones.

      Amid the fighting, refugees and migrants locked up in detention centres throughout the capital, many of whom fled war and persecution in countries including Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan, are warning that their lives are at risk.

      “We find ourselves in a fire,” a 15-year-old detainee at Qasr bin Ghashir told Al Jazeera.
      Electricity outage, water shortages

      Others held at the centre described the abject conditions they were subject to, including a week-long stint without electricity and working water pumps.

      One detainee in her 30s, who alleged the centre’s manager assaulted her, also said they had gone more than a week until Saturday with “no food, [and] no water”, adding the situation “was not good” and saying women are particularly vulnerable now.

      This is the third time since August that detainees in Qasr bin Ghashir have been in the middle of clashes, she said.

      Elsewhere in the capital, refugees and migrants held at the #Abu_Salim detention centre also said they could “hear the noise of weapons” and needed protection.

      “At this time, we want quick evacuation,” said one detainee at Abu Salim, which sits about 20km north of Qasr bin Ghashir.

      “We’ve stayed years with much torture and suffering, we don’t have any resistance for anything. We are (under) deep pressure and stressed … People are very angry and afraid.”
      ’Take us from Libya, please’

      Tripoli’s detention centres are formally under the control of the GNA’s Department for Combatting Illegal Migration (DCIM), though many are actually run by militias.

      The majority of the approximately 6,000 people held in the facilities were intercepted on the Mediterranean Sea and brought back to the North African country after trying to reach Europe as part of a two-year agreement under which which the European Union supports the Libyan coastguard with funds, ships and training, in return for carrying out interceptions and rescues.

      In a statement to Al Jazeera, an EU spokesperson said the bloc’s authorities were “closely monitoring the situation in Libya” from a “political, security and humanitarian point of view” though they could not comment on Qasr bin Ghashir specifically.

      DCIM, for its part, did not respond to a request for comment.

      The UN, however, continues to reiterate that Libya is not a safe country for refugees and migrants to return.

      Amid the ongoing conflict, the organisation’s human rights chief, Michelle Bachelet, warned last week of the need to “ensure protection of extremely vulnerable civilians”, including refugees and migrants who may be living “under significant peril”.

      Bachelet also called for authorities to ensure that prisons and detention centres are not abandoned, and for all parties to guarantee that the treatment of detainees is in line with international law.

      In an apparent move to safeguard the refugees and migrants being held near the capital, Libyan authorities attempted last week to move detainees at Qasr bin Ghashir to another detention centre in #Zintan, nearly 170km southwest of Tripoli.

      But those being held in Qasr bin Ghashir refused to leave, arguing the solution is not a move elsewhere in Libya but rather a rescue from the country altogether.

      “All Libya [is a] war zone,” an Eritrean detainee told Al Jazeera.

      “Take us from Libya, please. Where is humanity and where is human rights,” the detainee asked.

      https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/fire-libya-detained-refugees-trapped-conflict-190414150247858.html

      700+ refugees & migrants - including more than 150 women & children - are trapped in a detention centre on the front lines, amid renewed clashes in Tripoli. The below photos, taken today, show where a jet was downed right beside them.


      https://twitter.com/sallyhayd/status/1117501460290392064

    • ESCLUSIVO TPI: “Senza cibo né acqua, pestati a sangue dai soldati”: la guerra in Libia vista dai migranti rinchiusi nei centri di detenzione

      “I rifugiati detenuti in Libia stanno subendo le più drammatiche conseguenze della guerra civile esplosa nel paese”.

      È la denuncia a TPI di Giulia Tranchina, avvocato che, a Londra, si occupa di rifugiati per lo studio legale Wilson Solicitor.

      Tranchina è in contatto con i migranti rinchiusi nei centri di detenzione libici e, da tempo, denuncia abusi e torture perpetrate ai loro danni.

      L’esplosione della guerra ha reso le condizioni di vita delle migliaia di rifugiati presenti nei centri governativi ancora più disumane.

      La gestione dei centri è stata bocciata anche dagli organismi internazionali in diversi rapporti, ignorati dai governi europei e anche da quello italiano, rapporti dove si evidenzia la violazione sistematica delle convenzioni internazionali, le condizioni sanitarie agghiaccianti e continue torture.

      https://www.tpi.it/2019/04/13/guerra-libia-migranti-centri-di-detenzione
      #guerre_civile

    • The humanitarian fallout from Libya’s newest war

      The Libyan capital of Tripoli is shuddering under an offensive by forces loyal to strongman Khalifa Haftar, with the city’s already precarious basic services in danger of breaking down completely and aid agencies struggling to cope with a growing emergency.

      In the worst and most sustained fighting the country has seen since the 2011 uprising that ousted Muammar Gaddafi, the Haftar-led Libyan National Army, or LNA, surged into the city – controlled by the UN-backed Government of National Accord, or GNA – on 4 April.

      Fighting continues across a string of southern suburbs, with airstrikes and rocket and artillery fire from both sides hammering front lines and civilians alike.

      “It is terrible; they use big guns at night, the children can’t sleep,” said one resident of the capital, who declined to give her name for publication. “The shots land everywhere.”

      The violence has displaced thousands of people and trapped hundreds of migrants and refugees in detention centres. Some analysts also think it has wrecked years of diplomacy, including attempts by the UN to try to build political consensus in Libya, where various militias support the two major rivals for power: the Tripoli-based GNA and the Haftar-backed House of Representatives, based in the eastern city of Tobruk.

      “Detained migrants and refugees, including women and children, are particularly vulnerable.”

      “Pandora’s box has been opened,” said Jalel Harchaoui, a research fellow at Clingendael Institute think tank in The Hague. “The military operation [to capture Tripoli] has inflicted irreversible damage upon a modus vivendi and a large set of political dialogues that has required four years of diplomatic work.”
      Civilians in the line of fire

      Media reports and eyewitnesses in the city said residents face agonising decisions about when to go out, and risk the indiscriminate fire, in search of food and other essentials from the few shops that are open.

      One resident said those in Tripoli face the dilemma of whether to stay in their homes or leave, with no clear idea of what part of the city will be targeted next.

      The fighting is reportedly most intense in the southern suburbs, which until two weeks ago included some of the most tranquil and luxurious homes in the city. Now these districts are a rubble-strewn battleground, made worse by the ever-changing positions of LNA forces and militias that support the GNA.

      This battle comes to a city already struggling with chaos and militia violence, with residents having known little peace since the NATO-backed revolt eight years ago.

      “Since 2011, Libyans have faced one issue after another: shortages of cooking gas, electricity, water, lack of medicines, infrastructure in ruin and neglect,” said one woman who lives in an eastern suburb of Tripoli. “Little is seen at community level, where money disappears into pockets [of officials]. Hospitals are unsanitary and barely function. Education is a shambles of poor schools and stressed teachers.”
      Aid agencies scrambling

      Only a handful of aid agencies have a presence in Tripoli, where local services are now badly stretched.

      The World Health Organisation reported on 14 April that the death toll was 147 and 614 people had been wounded, cautioning that the latter figure may be higher as some overworked hospitals have stopped counting the numbers treated.

      “We are still working on keeping the medical supplies going,” a WHO spokesperson said. “We are sending out additional surgical staff to support hospitals coping with large caseloads of wounded, for example anaesthetists.”

      The UN’s emergency coordination body, OCHA, said that 16,000 people had been forced to flee by the fighting, 2,000 on 13 April alone when fighting intensified across the front line with a series of eight airstrikes. OCHA says the past few years of conflict have left at least 823,000 people, including 248,000 children, “in dire need of humanitarian assistance”.

      UNICEF appealed for $4.7 million to provide emergency assistance to the half a million children and their families it estimates live in and around Tripoli.
      Migrants and refugees

      Some of the worst off are more than 1,500 migrants trapped in a string of detention centres in the capital and nearby. The UN’s refugee agency, UNHCR, said over the weekend it was trying to organise the evacuation of refugees from a migrant camp close to the front lines. “We are in contact with refugees in Qaser Ben Gashir and so far they remain safe from information received,” the agency said in a tweet.

      At least one media report said migrants and refugees at the centre felt they had been abandoned and feared for their lives.

      UNHCR estimates there are some 670,000 migrants and refugees in Libya, including more than 6,000 in detention centres.

      In its appeal, UNICEF said it was alarmed by reports that some migrant detention centres have been all but abandoned, with the migrants unable to get food and water. “The breakdown in the food supply line has resulted in a deterioration of the food security in detention centres,” the agency said. “Detained migrants and refugees, including women and children, are particularly vulnerable, especially those in detention centres located in the vicinity of the fighting.”

      Many migrants continue to hope to find a boat to Europe, but that task has been made harder by the EU’s March decision to scale down the rescue part of Operation Sophia, its Mediterranean anti-smuggling mission.

      “The breakdown in the food supply line has resulted in a deterioration of the food security in detention centres.”

      Search-and-rescue missions run by nongovernmental organisations have had to slow down and sometimes shutter their operations as European governments refuse them permission to dock. On Monday, Malta said it would not allow the crew of a ship that had been carrying 64 people rescued off the coast of Libya to disembark on its shores. The ship was stranded for two weeks as European governments argued over what to do with the migrants, who will now be split between four countries.

      Eugenio Cusumano, an international security expert specialising in migration research at Lieden University in the Netherlands, said a new surge of migrants and refugees may now be heading across the sea in a desperate attempt to escape the fighting. He said they will find few rescue craft, adding: “If the situation in Libya deteriorates there will be a need for offshore patrol assets.”
      Failed diplomacy

      Haftar’s LNA says its objective is to liberate the city from militia control, while the GNA has accused its rival of war crimes and called for prosecutions.

      International diplomatic efforts to end the fighting appear to have floundered. Haftar launched his offensive on the day that UN Secretary-General António Guterres was visiting Tripoli – a visit designed to bolster long-delayed, UN-chaired talks with the various parties in the country, which were due to be held this week.

      The UN had hoped the discussions, known as the National Conference, might pave the way for elections later this year, but they ended up being cancelled due to the upsurge in fighting.

      Guterres tried to de-escalate the situation by holding emergency talks with the GNA in Tripoli and flying east to see Haftar in Benghazi. But as foreign powers reportedly line up behind different sides, his calls for a ceasefire – along with condemnation from the UN Security Council and the EU – have so far been rebuffed.


      https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2019/04/15/humanitarian-fallout-libya-s-newest-war

    • Detained refugees in Libya moved to safety in second UNHCR relocation

      UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, today relocated another 150 refugees who were detained in the #Abu_Selim detention centre in south Tripoli to UNHCR’s #Gathering_and_Departure_Facility (#GDF) in the centre of Libya’s capital, safe from hostilities.

      The Abu Selim detention centre is one of several in Libya that has been impacted by hostilities since clashes erupted in the capital almost a fortnight ago.

      Refugees at the centre told UNHCR that they were petrified and traumatised by the fighting, fearing for their lives.

      UNHCR staff who were present and organizing the relocation today reported that clashes were around 10 kilometres away from the centre and were clearly audible.

      While UNHCR intended to relocate more refugees, due to a rapid escalation of fighting in the area this was not possible. UNHCR hopes to resume this life-saving effort as soon as conditions on the ground allow.

      “It is a race against time to move people out of harm’s way. Conflict and deteriorating security conditions hamper how much we can do,” said UNHCR’s Assistant Chief of Mission in Libya, Lucie Gagne.

      “We urgently need solutions for people trapped in Libya, including humanitarian evacuations to transfer those most vulnerable out of the country.”

      Refugees who were relocated today were among those most vulnerable and in need and included women and children. The relocation was conducted with the support of UNHCR’s partner, International Medical Corps and the Libyan Ministry of Interior.

      This relocation is the second UNHCR-organized transfer since the recent escalation of the conflict in Libya.

      Last week UNHCR relocated more than 150 refugees from the Ain Zara detention centre also in south Tripoli to the GDF, bringing the total number of refugees currently hosted at the GDF to more than 400.

      After today’s relocation, there remain more than 2,700 refugees and migrants detained and trapped in areas where clashes are ongoing. In addition to those remaining at Abu Selim, other detention centres impacted and in proximity to hostilities include the Qasr Bin Ghasheer, Al Sabaa and Tajoura centres.

      Current conditions in the country continue to underscore the fact that Libya is a dangerous place for refugees and migrants, and that those rescued and intercepted at sea should not be returned there. UNHCR has repeatedly called for an end to detention for refugees and migrants.

      https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/4/5cb60a984/detained-refugees-libya-moved-safety-second-unhcr-relocation.html

    • Libye : l’ONU a évacué 150 réfugiés supplémentaires d’un camp de détention

      L’ONU a annoncé mardi avoir évacué 150 réfugiés supplémentaires d’une centre de détention à Tripoli touché par des combats, ajoutant ne pas avoir été en mesure d’en déplacer d’autres en raison de l’intensification des affrontements.

      La Haut-commissariat aux réfugiés (HCR) a précisé avoir évacué ces réfugiés, parmi lesquels des femmes et des enfants, du centre de détention Abou Sélim, dans le sud de la capitale libyenne, vers son Centre de rassemblement et de départ dans le centre-ville.

      Cette opération a été effectuée au milieu de violents combats entre les forces du maréchal Khalifa Haftar et celles du Gouvernement d’union nationale (GNA) libyen.

      « C’est une course contre la montre pour mettre les gens à l’abri », a déclaré la cheffe adjointe de la mission du HCR en Libye, Lucie Gagne, dans un communiqué. « Le conflit et la détérioration des conditions de sécurité entravent nos capacités », a-t-elle regretté.

      Au moins 174 personnes ont été tuées et 758 autres blessés dans la bataille pour le contrôle de Tripoli, a annoncé mardi l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS).

      Abu Sélim est l’un des centres de détention qui ont été touchés par les combats. Le HCR, qui avait déjà évacué la semaine dernière plus de 150 migrants de centre de détention d’Ain Zara, a indiqué qu’il voulait en évacuer d’autres mardi mais qu’il ne n’avait pu le faire en raison d’une aggravation rapide des combats dans cette zone.

      Les réfugiés évacués mardi étaient « traumatisés » par les combats, a rapporté le HCR, ajoutant que des combats avaient lieu à seulement une dizaine de km.

      « Il nous faut d’urgence des solutions pour les gens piégés en Libye, y compris des évacuations humanitaires pour transférer les plus vulnérables hors du pays », a déclaré Mme Gagne.

      Selon le HCR, plus de 400 personnes se trouvent désormais dans son centre de rassemblement et de départ, mais plus de 2.700 réfugiés sont encore détenus et bloqués dans des zones de combats.

      La Libye « est un endroit dangereux pour les réfugiés et les migrants », a souligné le HCR. « Ceux qui sont secourus et interceptés en mer ne devraient pas être renvoyés là-bas ».

      https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1166761/libye-lonu-a-evacue-150-refugies-supplementaires-dun-camp-de-detentio

    • Footage shows refugees hiding as Libyan militia attack detention centre

      At least two people reportedly killed in shooting at Qasr bin Ghashir facility near Tripoli.

      Young refugees held in a detention centre in Libya have described being shot at indiscriminately by militias advancing on Tripoli, in an attack that reportedly left at least two people dead and up to 20 injured.

      Phone footage smuggled out of the camp and passed to the Guardian highlights the deepening humanitarian crisis in the centres set up to prevent refugees and migrants from making the sea crossing from the north African coast to Europe.

      The footage shows people cowering in terror in the corners of a hangar while gunshots can be heard and others who appear to have been wounded lying on makeshift stretchers.

      The shooting on Tuesday at the Qasr bin Ghashir detention centre, 12 miles (20km) south of Tripoli, is thought to be the first time a militia has raided such a building and opened fire.

      Witnesses said men, women and children were praying together when soldiers they believe to be part of the forces of the military strongman Khalifa Haftar, which are advancing on the Libyan capital to try to bring down the UN-backed government, stormed into the detention centre and demanded people hand over their phones.

      When the occupants refused, the soldiers began shooting, according to the accounts. Phones are the only link to the outside world for many in the detention centres.

      Amnesty International has called for a war crimes investigation into the incident. “This incident demonstrates the urgent need for all refugees and migrants to be immediately released from these horrific detention centres,” said the organisation’s spokeswoman, Magdalena Mughrabi.

      Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) said a review of the video evidence by its medical doctors had concluded the injuries were consistent with gunshot wounds. “These observations are further supported by numerous accounts from refugees and migrants who witnessed the event and reported being brutally and indiscriminately attacked with the use of firearms,” a statement said.

      The UN refugee agency, UNHCR, said it evacuated 325 people from the detention centre after the incident. A statement suggested guns were fired into air and 12 people “endured physical attacks” that required hospital treatment, but none sustained bullet wounds.

      “The dangers for refugees and migrants in Tripoli have never been greater than they are at present,” said Matthew Brook, the refugee agency’s deputy mission chief in Libya. “It is vital that refugees in danger can be released and evacuated to safety.”

      The Guardian has previously revealed there is a network of 26 Libyan detention centres where an estimated 6,000 refugees are held. Children have described being starved, beaten and abused by Libyan police and camp guards. The UK contributes funding to humanitarian assistance provided in the centres by NGOs and the International Organization for Migration.

      Qasr bin Ghashir is on the frontline of the escalating battle in Libya between rival military forces. Child refugees in the camp started sending SOS messages earlier this month, saying: “The war is started. We are in a bad situation.”

      In WhatsApp messages sent to the Guardian on Tuesday, some of the child refugees said: “Until now, no anyone came here to help us. Not any organisations. Please, please, please, a lot of blood going out from people. Please, we are in dangerous conditions, please world, please, we are in danger.”

      Many of the children and young people in the detention centres have fled persecution in Eritrea and cannot return. Many have also tried to cross the Mediterranean to reach Italy, but have been pushed back by the Libyan coastguard, which receives EU funding.

      Giulia Tranchina, an immigration solicitor in London, has been raising the alarm for months about the plight of refugees in the centres. “I have been in touch with seven refugees in Qasr Bin Gashir since last September,. Many are sick and starving,” she said.

      “All of them tried to escape across the Mediterranean to Italy, but were pushed back to the detention centre by the Libyan coastguard. Some were previously imprisoned by traffickers in Libya for one to two years. Many have been recognised by UNHCR as genuine refugees.”

      Tranchina took a statement from a man who escaped from the centre after the militia started shooting. “We were praying in the hangar. The women joined us for prayer. The guards came in and told us to hand over our phones,” he said.

      “When we refused, they started shooting. I saw gunshot wounds to the head and neck, I think that without immediate medical treatment, those people would die.

      “I’m now in a corrugated iron shack in Tripoli with a few others who escaped, including three women with young children. Many were left behind and we have heard that they have been locked in.”

      A UK government spokesperson said: “We are deeply concerned by reports of violence at the Qasr Ben Ghashir detention centre, and call on all parties to allow civilians, including refugees and migrants, to be evacuated to safety.”

      • Amnesty International, Médecins Sans Frontières and other NGOs are suing the French government to stop the donation of six boats to Libya’s navy, saying they will be used to send migrants back to detention centres. EU support to the Libyan coastguard, which is part of the navy, has enabled it to intercept migrants and asylum seekers bound for Europe. The legal action seeks a suspension on the boat donation, saying it violates an EU embargo on the supply of military equipment to Libya.

      https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/25/libya-detention-centre-attack-footage-refugees-hiding-shooting

    • From Bad to Worse for Migrants Trapped in Detention in Libya

      Footage (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/25/libya-detention-centre-attack-footage-refugees-hiding-shooting) revealed to the Guardian shows the panic of migrants and refugees trapped in the detention facility Qasr bin Ghashir close to Tripoli under indiscriminate fire from advancing militia. According to the UN Refugee Agency UNHCR more than 3,300 people trapped in detention centres close to the escalating fighting are at risk and the agency is working to evacuate migrants from the “immediate danger”.

      Fighting is intensifying between Libyan National Army (LNA) loyal to Khalifa Haftar and the UN-recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) around the capital Tripoli. There have been reports on deaths and forced enlistment among migrants and refugees trapped in detention centres, which are overseen by the Libyan Department for Combating Illegal Migration but often run by militias.

      Amid the intense fighting the EU-backed Libyan coastguard continues to intercept and return people trying to cross the Mediteranean. According to the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) 113 people were returned to the Western part of the country this week. In a Tweet the UN Agency states: “we reiterate that Libya is not a safe port and that arbitrary detention must end.”

      Former UNHCR official, Jeff Crisp, calls it: “…extraordinary that the UN has not made a direct appeal to the EU to suspend the support it is giving to the Libyan coastguard”, and further states that: “Europe has the option of doing nothing and that is what it will most likely do.”

      UNHCR has evacuated 500 people to the Agencies Gathering and Departure Facility in Tripoli and an additional 163 to the Emergency Transit Mechanism in Niger. However, with both mechanisms “approaching full capacity” the Agency urges direct evacuations out of Libya. On April 29, 146 refugees were evacuated from Libya to Italy in a joint operation between UNHCR and Italian and Libyan authorities.

      https://www.ecre.org/from-bad-to-worse-for-migrants-trapped-in-detention-in-libya

    • Libia, la denuncia di Msf: «Tremila migranti bloccati vicino ai combattimenti, devono essere evacuati»

      A due mesi dall’inizio dei combattimenti tra i militari del generale Khalifa Haftar e le milizie fedeli al governo di Tripoli di Fayez al-Sarraj, i capimissione di Medici Senza Frontiere per la Libia hanno incontrato la stampa a Roma per fare il punto della situazione. «I combattimenti hanno interessato centomila persone, di queste tremila sono migranti e rifugiati bloccati nei centri di detenzione che sorgono nelle aree del conflitto - ha spiegato Sam Turner -. Per questo chiediamo la loro immediata evacuazione. Solo portandoli via da quelle aree si possono salvare delle vite».

      https://video.repubblica.it/dossier/migranti-2019/libia-la-denuncia-di-msf-tremila-migranti-bloccati-vicino-ai-combattimenti-devono-essere-evacuati/336337/336934?ref=twhv

    • Libia, attacco aereo al centro migranti. 60 morti. Salvini: «E’ un crimine di Haftar, il mondo deve reagire»

      Il bombardamento è stato effettuato dalle forze del generale Khalifa Haftar, sostenute dalla Francia e dagli Emirati. Per l’inviato Onu si tratta di crimine di guerra. Il Consiglio di sicurezza dell’Onu si riunisce domani per una sessione d’urgenza.

      Decine di migranti sono stati uccisi nel bombardamento che ieri notte un aereo dell’aviazione del generale Khalifa Haftar ha compiuto contro un centro per migranti adiacente alla base militare di #Dhaman, nell’area di #Tajoura. La base di Dhaman è uno dei depositi in cui le milizie di Misurata e quelle fedeli al governo del presidente Fayez al-Serraj hanno concentrato le loro riserve di munizioni e di veicoli utilizzati per la difesa di Tripoli, sotto attacco dal 4 aprile dalle milizie del generale della Cirenaica.

      https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2019/07/03/news/libia_bombardato_centro_detenzione_migranti_decine_di_morti-230198952/?ref=RHPPTP-BH-I230202229-C12-P1-S1.12-T1

    • Le HCR et l’OIM condamnent l’attaque contre Tajoura et demandent une enquête immédiate sur les responsables

      Le nombre effroyable de blessés et de victimes, suite à l’attaque aérienne de mardi soir à l’est de Tripoli contre le centre de détention de Tajoura, fait écho aux vives préoccupations exprimées par le HCR, l’Agence des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés, et l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), concernant la sécurité des personnes dans les centres de détention. Ce tout dernier épisode de violence rend également compte du danger évoqué par l’OIM et le HCR concernant les retours de migrants et de réfugiés en Libye après leur interception ou leur sauvetage en mer Méditerranée.

      Nos deux organisations condamnent fermement cette attaque ainsi que toute attaque contre la vie des civils. Nous demandons également que la détention des migrants et des réfugiés cesse immédiatement. Nous appelons à ce que leur protection soit garantie en Libye.

      Cette attaque mérite davantage qu’une simple condamnation. Selon le HCR et l’OIM, une enquête complète et indépendante est nécessaire pour déterminer comment cela s’est produit et qui en est responsable, ainsi que pour traduire les responsables en justice. La localisation de ces centres de détention à Tripoli est bien connue des combattants, qui savent également que les personnes détenues à Tajoura sont des civils.

      Au moins 600 réfugiés et migrants, dont des femmes et des enfants, se trouvaient au centre de détention de Tajoura. La frappe aérienne a causé des dizaines de morts et de blessés. Nous nous attendons de ce fait que le nombre final de victimes soit beaucoup plus élevé.

      Si l’on inclut les victimes de Tajoura, environ 3300 migrants et réfugiés sont toujours détenus arbitrairement à Tripoli et en périphérie de la ville dans des conditions abjectes et inhumaines. De plus, les migrants et les réfugiés sont confrontés à des risques croissants à mesure que les affrontements s’intensifient à proximité. Ces centres doivent être fermés.

      Nous faisons tout notre possible pour leur venir en aide. L’OIM et le HCR ont déployé des équipes médicales. Par ailleurs, une équipe interinstitutions plus large des Nations Unies attend l’autorisation de se rendre sur place. Nous rappelons à toutes les parties à ce conflit que les civils ne doivent pas être pris pour cible et qu’ils doivent être protégés en vertu à la fois du droit international relatif aux réfugiés et du droit international relatif aux droits de l’homme.

      Le conflit en cours dans la capitale libyenne a déjà forcé près de 100 000 Libyens à fuir leur foyer. Le HCR et ses partenaires, dont l’OIM, ont transféré plus de 1500 réfugiés depuis des centres de détention proches des zones de combat vers des zones plus sûres. Par ailleurs, des opérations de l’OIM pour le retour volontaire à titre humanitaire ont facilité le départ de plus de 5000 personnes vulnérables vers 30 pays d’origine en Afrique et en Asie.

      L’OIM et le HCR exhortent l’ensemble du système des Nations Unies à condamner cette attaque et à faire cesser le recours à la détention en Libye. De plus, nous appelons instamment la communauté internationale à mettre en place des couloirs humanitaires pour les migrants et les réfugiés qui doivent être évacués depuis la Libye. Dans l’intérêt de tous en Libye, nous espérons que les États influents redoubleront d’efforts pour coopérer afin de mettre d’urgence un terme à cet effroyable conflit.

      https://www.unhcr.org/fr/news/press/2019/7/5d1ca1f06/hcr-loim-condamnent-lattaque-contre-tajoura-demandent-enquete-immediate.html

    • Affamés, torturés, disparus : l’impitoyable piège refermé sur les migrants bloqués en Libye

      Malnutrition, enlèvements, travail forcé, torture : des ONG présentes en Libye dénoncent les conditions de détention des migrants piégés dans ce pays, conséquence selon elles de la politique migratoire des pays européens conclue avec les Libyens.

      Le point, minuscule dans l’immensité de la mer, est ballotté avec violence : mi-mai, un migrant qui tentait de quitter la Libye dans une embarcation de fortune a préféré risquer sa vie en plongeant en haute mer en voyant arriver les garde-côtes libyens, pour nager vers un navire commercial, selon une vidéo mise en ligne par l’ONG allemande Sea-Watch et tournée par son avion de recherche. L’image illustre le désespoir criant de migrants, en grande majorité originaires d’Afrique et de pays troublés comme le Soudan, l’Érythrée, la Somalie, prêts à tout pour ne pas être à nouveau enfermés arbitrairement dans un centre de détention dans ce pays livré au conflit et aux milices.

      Des vidéos insoutenables filmées notamment dans des prisons clandestines aux mains de trafiquants d’êtres humains, compilées par une journaliste irlandaise et diffusées en février par Channel 4, donnent une idée des sévices de certains tortionnaires perpétrés pour rançonner les familles des migrants. Allongé nu par terre, une arme pointée sur lui, un migrant râle de douleur alors qu’un homme lui brûle les pieds avec un chalumeau. Un autre, le tee-shirt ensanglanté, est suspendu au plafond, un pistolet braqué sur la tête. Un troisième, attaché avec des cordes, une brique de béton lui écrasant dos et bras, est fouetté sur la plante des pieds, selon ces vidéos.

      Le mauvais traitement des migrants a atteint un paroxysme dans la nuit de mardi à mercredi quand plus de 40 ont été tués et 70 blessés dans un raid aérien contre un centre pour migrants de Tajoura (près de Tripoli), attribué aux forces de Khalifa Haftar engagées dans une offensive sur la capitale libyenne. Un drame « prévisible » depuis des semaines, déplorent des acteurs humanitaires. Depuis janvier, plus de 2.300 personnes ont été ramenées et placées dans des centres de détention, selon l’ONU.

      « Plus d’un millier de personnes ont été ramenées par les gardes-côtes libyens soutenus par l’Union européenne depuis le début du conflit en avril 2019. A terre, ces personnes sont ensuite transférées dans des centres de détention comme celui de Tajoura… », a ce réagi mercredi auprès de l’AFP Julien Raickman, chef de mission de l’ONG Médecins sans frontières (MSF) en Libye. Selon les derniers chiffres de l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), au moins 5.200 personnes sont actuellement dans des centres de détention en Libye. Aucun chiffre n’est disponible pour celles détenues dans des centres illégaux aux mains de trafiquants.

      L’UE apporte un soutien aux gardes-côtes libyens pour qu’ils freinent les arrivées sur les côtes italiennes. En 2017, elle a validé un accord conclu entre l’Italie et Tripoli pour former et équiper les garde-côtes libyens. Depuis le nombre d’arrivées en Europe via la mer Méditerranée a chuté de manière spectaculaire.
      « Les morts s’empilent »

      Fin mai, dans une prise de parole publique inédite, dix ONG internationales intervenant en Libye dans des conditions compliquées – dont Danish Refugee Council, International Rescue Committee, Mercy Corps, Première Urgence Internationale (PUI) – ont brisé le silence. Elles ont exhorté l’UE et ses Etats membres à « revoir en urgence » leurs politiques migratoires qui nourrissent selon elles un « système de criminalisation », soulignant que les migrants, « y compris les femmes et les enfants, sont sujets à des détentions arbitraires et illimitées » en Libye dans des conditions « abominables ».

      « Arrêtez de renvoyer les migrants en Libye  ! La situation est instable, elle n’est pas sous contrôle ; ils n’y sont en aucun cas protégés ni par un cadre législatif ni pour les raisons sécuritaires que l’on connaît », a réagi ce mercredi à l’AFP Benjamin Gaudin, chef de mission de l’ONG PUI en Libye. Cette ONG intervient dans six centres de détention dans lesquels elle est une des seules organisations à prodiguer des soins de santé.

      La « catastrophe ne se situe pas seulement en Méditerranée mais également sur le sol libyen ; quand ces migrants parviennent jusqu’aux côtes libyennes, ils ont déjà vécu l’enfer », a-t-il témoigné récemment auprès de l’AFP, dans une rare interview à un média. Dans certains de ces centres officiels, « les conditions sont terribles », estime M. Gaudin. « Les migrants vivent parfois entassés les uns sur les autres, dans des conditions sanitaires terribles avec de gros problèmes d’accès à l’eau – parfois il n’y a pas d’eau potable du tout. Ils ne reçoivent pas de nourriture en quantité suffisante ; dans certains centres, il n’y a absolument rien pour les protéger du froid ou de la chaleur. Certains n’ont pas de cours extérieures, les migrants n’y voient jamais la lumière du jour », décrit-il.
      Human Rights Watch, qui a eu accès à plusieurs centres de détention en 2018 et à une centaine de migrants, va plus loin dans un rapport de 2019 – qui accumule les témoignages de « traitements cruels et dégradants » : l’organisation accuse la « coopération de l’UE avec la Libye sur les migrations de contribuer à un cycle d’abus extrêmes ».

      « Les morts s’empilent dans les centres de détention libyens – emportés par une épidémie de tuberculose à Zintan, victimes d’un bombardement à Tajoura. La présence d’une poignée d’acteurs humanitaires sur place ne saurait assurer des conditions acceptables dans ces centres », a déploré M. Raickman de MSF. « Les personnes qui y sont détenues, majoritairement des réfugiés, continuent de mourir de maladies, de faim, sont victimes de violences en tout genre, de viols, soumises à l’arbitraire des milices. Elles se retrouvent prises au piège des combats en cours », a-t-il dénoncé.

      Signe d’une situation considérée comme de plus en plus critique, la Commissaire aux droits de l’Homme du Conseil de l’Europe a exhorté le 18 juin les pays européens à suspendre leur coopération avec les gardes-côtes libyens, estimant que les personnes récupérées « sont systématiquement placées en détention et en conséquence soumises à la torture, à des violences sexuelles, à des extorsions ». L’ONU elle même a dénoncé le 7 juin des conditions « épouvantables » dans ces centres. « Environ 22 personnes sont décédées des suites de la tuberculose et d’autres maladies dans le centre de détention de Zintan depuis septembre », a dénoncé Rupert Colville, un porte-parole du Haut-Commissariat de l’ONU aux droits de l’Homme.

      MSF, qui a démarré récemment des activités médicales dans les centres de Zintan et Gharyan, a décrit une « catastrophe sanitaire », soulignant que les personnes enfermées dans ces deux centres « viennent principalement d’Érythrée et de Somalie et ont survécu à des expériences terrifiantes » durant leur exil. Or, selon les ONG et le HCR, la très grande majorité des milliers de personnes détenues dans les centres sont des réfugiés, qui pourraient avoir droit à ce statut et à un accueil dans un pays développé, mais ne peuvent le faire auprès de l’Etat libyen. Ils le font auprès du HCR en Libye, dans des conditions très difficiles.
      « Enfermés depuis un an »

      « Les évacuations hors de Libye vers des pays tiers ou pays de transit sont aujourd’hui extrêmement limitées, notamment parce qu’il manque des places d’accueil dans des pays sûrs qui pourraient accorder l’asile », relève M. Raickman. « Il y a un fort sentiment de désespoir face à cette impasse ; dans des centres où nous intervenons dans la région de Misrata et Khoms, des gens sont enfermés depuis un an. » Interrogée par l’AFP, la Commission européenne défend son bilan et son « engagement » financier sur cette question, soulignant avoir « mobilisé » depuis 2014 pas moins de 338 millions d’euros dans des programmes liés à la migration en Libye.

      « Nous sommes extrêmement préoccupés par la détérioration de la situation sur le terrain », a récemment déclaré à l’AFP une porte-parole de la Commission européenne, Natasha Bertaud. « Des critiques ont été formulées sur notre engagement avec la Libye, nous en sommes conscients et nous échangeons régulièrement avec les ONG sur ce sujet », a-t-elle ajouté. « Mais si nous ne nous étions pas engagés avec l’OIM, le HCR et l’Union africaine, nous n’aurions jamais eu cet impact : ces 16 derniers mois, nous avons pu sortir 38.000 personnes hors de ces terribles centres de détention et hors de Libye, et les raccompagner chez eux avec des programmes de retour volontaire, tout cela financé par l’Union européenne », a-t-elle affirmé. « Parmi les personnes qui ont besoin de protection – originaires d’Érythrée ou du Soudan par exemple – nous avons récemment évacué environ 2.700 personnes de Libye vers le Niger (…) et organisé la réinstallation réussie dans l’UE de 1.400 personnes ayant eu besoin de protection internationale », plaide-t-elle.

      La porte-parole rappelle que la Commission a « à maintes reprises ces derniers mois exhorté ses États membres à trouver une solution sur des zones de désembarquement, ce qui mettrait fin à ce qui passe actuellement : à chaque fois qu’un bateau d’ONG secoure des gens et qu’il y a une opposition sur le sujet entre Malte et l’Italie, c’est la Commission qui doit appeler près de 28 capitales européennes pour trouver des lieux pour ces personnes puissent débarquer : ce n’est pas viable ! ».

      Pour le porte-parole de la marine libyenne, le général Ayoub Kacem, interrogé par l’AFP, ce sont « les pays européens (qui) sabotent toute solution durable à l’immigration en Méditerranée, parce qu’ils n’acceptent pas d’accueillir une partie des migrants et se sentent non concernés ». Il appelle les Européens à « plus de sérieux » et à unifier leurs positions. « Les États européens ont une scandaleuse responsabilité dans toutes ces morts et ces souffrances », dénonce M. Raickman. « Ce qu’il faut, ce sont des actes : des évacuations d’urgence des réfugiés et migrants coincés dans des conditions extrêmement dangereuses en Libye ».

      https://www.charentelibre.fr/2019/07/03/affames-tortures-disparus-l-impitoyable-piege-referme-sur-les-migrants

    • « Mourir en mer ou sous les bombes : seule alternative pour les milliers de personnes migrantes prises au piège de l’enfer libyen ? »

      Le soir du 2 juillet, une attaque aérienne a été signalée sur le camp de détention pour migrant·e·s de #Tadjourah dans la banlieue est de la capitale libyenne. Deux jours après, le bilan s’est alourdi et fait état d’au moins 66 personnes tuées et plus de 80 blessées [1]. A une trentaine de kilomètres plus au sud de Tripoli, plusieurs migrant·e·s avaient déjà trouvé la mort fin avril dans l’attaque du camp de Qasr Bin Gashir par des groupes armés.

      Alors que les conflits font rage autour de Tripoli entre le Gouvernement d’union nationale (GNA) reconnu par l’ONU et les forces du maréchal Haftar, des milliers de personnes migrantes enfermées dans les geôles libyennes se retrouvent en première ligne : lorsqu’elles ne sont pas abandonnées à leur sort par leurs gardien·ne·s à l’approche des forces ennemies ou forcées de combattre auprès d’un camp ou de l’autre, elles sont régulièrement prises pour cibles par les combattant·e·s.

      Dans un pays où les migrant·e·s sont depuis longtemps vu·e·s comme une monnaie d’échange entre milices, et, depuis l’époque de Kadhafi, comme un levier diplomatique notamment dans le cadre de divers marchandages migratoires avec les Etats de l’Union européenne [2], les personnes migrantes constituent de fait l’un des nerfs de la guerre pour les forces en présence, bien au-delà des frontières libyennes.

      Au lendemain des bombardements du camp de Tadjourah, pendant que le GNA accusait Haftar et que les forces d’Haftar criaient au complot, les dirigeant·e·s des pays européens ont pris le parti de faire mine d’assister impuissant·e·s à ce spectacle tragique depuis l’autre bord de la Méditerranée, les un·e·s déplorant les victimes et condamnant les attaques, les autres appelant à une enquête internationale pour déterminer les coupables.

      Contre ces discours teintés d’hypocrisie, il convient de rappeler l’immense responsabilité de l’Union européenne et de ses États membres dans la situation désastreuse dans laquelle les personnes migrantes se trouvent sur le sol libyen. Lorsqu’à l’occasion de ces attaques, l’Union européenne se félicite de son rôle dans la protection des personnes migrantes en Libye et affirme la nécessité de poursuivre ses efforts [3], ne faut-il pas tout d’abord se demander si celle-ci fait autre chose qu’entériner un système de détention cruel en finançant deux organisations internationales, le HCR et l’OIM, qui accèdent pour partie à ces camps où les pires violations de droits sont commises ?

      Au-delà de son soutien implicite à ce système d’enfermement à grande échelle, l’UE n’a cessé de multiplier les stratégies pour que les personnes migrantes, tentant de fuir la Libye et ses centres de détention aux conditions inhumaines, y soient immédiatement et systématiquement renvoyées, entre le renforcement constant des capacités des garde-côtes libyens et l’organisation d’un vide humanitaire en Méditerranée par la criminalisation des ONG de secours en mer [4].

      A la date du 20 juin 2019, le HCR comptait plus de 3 000 personnes interceptées par les garde-côtes libyens depuis le début de l’année 2019, pour à peine plus de 2000 personnes arrivées en Italie [5]. Pour ces personnes interceptées et reconduites en Libye, les perspectives sont bien sombres : remises aux mains des milices, seules échapperont à la détention les heureuses élues qui sont évacuées au Niger dans l’attente d’une réinstallation hypothétique par le HCR, ou celles qui, après de fortes pressions et souvent en désespoir de cause, acceptent l’assistance au retour « volontaire » proposée par l’OIM.

      L’Union européenne a beau jeu de crier au scandale. La détention massive de migrant·e·s et la violation de leurs droits dans un pays en pleine guerre civile ne relèvent ni de la tragédie ni de la fatalité : ce sont les conséquences directes des politiques d’externalisation et de marchandages migratoires cyniques orchestrées par l’Union et ses États membres depuis de nombreuses années. Il est temps que cesse la guerre aux personnes migrantes et que la liberté de circulation soit assurée pour toutes et tous.

      http://www.migreurop.org/article2931.html
      aussi signalé par @vanderling
      https://seenthis.net/messages/791482

    • Migrants say militias in Tripoli conscripted them to clean arms

      Migrants who survived the deadly airstrike on a detention center in western Libya say they had been conscripted by a local militia to work in an adjacent weapons workshop. The detention centers are under armed groups affiliated with the Fayez al-Sarraj government in Tripoli.

      Two migrants told The Associated Press on Thursday that for months they were sent day and night to a workshop inside the Tajoura detention center, which housed hundreds of African migrants.

      A young migrant who has been held for nearly two years at Tajoura says “we clean the anti-aircraft guns. I saw a large amount of rockets and missiles too.”

      The migrants spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of reprisal.

      http://www.addresslibya.com/en/archives/47932

    • Statement by the Post-3Tajoura Working Group on the Three-Month Mark of the Tajoura Detention Centre Airstrike

      On behalf of the Post-Tajoura Working Group, the European Union Delegation to Libya issues a statement to mark the passing of three months since the airstrike on the Tajoura Detention Centre. Today is the occasion to remind the Libyan government of the urgency of the situation of detained refugees and migrants in and around Tripoli.

      https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/libya/68248/statement-post-tajoura-working-group-three-month-mark-tajoura-detention-

    • Statement by the Spokesperson on the situation in the #Tajoura detention centre

      Statement by the Spokesperson on the situation in the Tajoura detention centre.

      The release of the detainees remaining in the Tajoura detention centre, hit by a deadly attack on 2 July, is a positive step by the Libyan authorities. All refugees and migrants have to be released from detention and provided with all the necessary assistance. In this context, we have supported the creation of the Gathering and Departure Facility (GDF) in Tripoli and other safe places in order to improve the protection of those in need and to provide humane alternatives to the current detention system.

      We will continue to work with International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and UNHCR (the UN Refugee Agency) in the context of the African Union-European Union-United Nations Task Force to support and protect refugees and migrants in Libya. We call on all parties to accelerate humanitarian evacuation and resettlement from Libya to third countries. In particular, we are supporting UNHCR’s work to resettle the most vulnerable refugees with durable solutions outside Libya, with around 4,000 individuals having been evacuated so far. We are also working closely with the IOM and the African Union and its Member States to continue the Assisted Voluntary Returns, thereby adding to the more than 45,000 migrants returned to their countries of origin so far.

      The European Union is strongly committed to fighting traffickers and smugglers and to strengthening the capacity of the Libyan Coast Guard to save lives at sea. Equally, we recall the need to put in place mechanisms that guarantee the safety and dignity of those rescued by the Libyan Coast Guard, notably by ending arbitrary detention and allowing the UN agencies to carry out screening and registration and to provide direct emergency assistance and protection. Through our continuous financial support and our joined political advocacy towards the Libyan authorities, the UNHCR and IOM are now able to better monitor the situation in the disembarkation points and have regular access to most of the official detention centres.

      Libya’s current system of detaining migrants has to end and migration needs to be managed in full compliance with international standards, including when it comes to human rights. The European Union stands ready to help the Libyan authorities to develop solutions to create safe and dignified alternatives to detention in full compliance with the international humanitarian standards and in respect of human rights.

      https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/65266/statement-spokesperson-situation-tajoura-detention-centre_en

    • 05.11.2019

      About 45 women, 16 children and some men, for a total of approximately 80 refugees, were taken out of #TariqalSikka detention centre by the Libyan police and taken to the #UNHCR offices in #Gurji, Tripoli, yesterday. UNHCR told them there is nothing they can do to help them so...
      they are now homeless in Tripoli, destitute, starving, at risk of being shot, bombed, kidnapped, tortured, raped, sold or detained again in an even worst detention centre. Forcing African refugees out of detention centres and leaving them homeless in Tripoli is not a solution...
      It is almost a death sentence in today’s Libya. UNHCR doesn’t have capacity to offer any help or protection to homeless refugees released from detention. These women & children have now lost priority for evacuation after years waiting in detention, suffering rape, torture, hunger...

      https://twitter.com/GiuliaRastajuly/status/1191777843644174336
      #SDF #sans-abri

  • Nouvelle #condamnation d’un militant solidaire

    #Loïc, 29 ans, membre de l’Anafé, vient d’être condamné par la cour d’appel d’Aix-en-Provence à 3 000 euros d’amende avec sursis pour « aide à l’entrée d’un étranger en France » alors même qu’il avait été relaxé par le tribunal correctionnel de Nice en première instance le 14 mars 2018.

    « L’Anafé apporte son soutien à Loïc, qui a été condamné alors qu’il a répondu à un élan de solidarité et d’humanité et dont la motivation au quotidien est la défense des droits des personnes à la frontière franco-italienne. Censée sanctionner les personnes et les organisations qui font du passage illégal des frontières un business hautement lucratif, exploitant les personnes étrangères qui souhaitent entrer sur le territoire français, cette pénalisation a une nouvelle fois été déviée de sa cible », déclare Laure Palun, co-directrice de l’Anafé.

    « Cette condamnation montre à quel point il est temps de changer d’approche sur la question des frontières. L’État français a la responsabilité d’administrer sa frontière. Pour autant, cela ne justifie pas que le seul franchissement irrégulier ou l’aide à un tel franchissement, sans contrepartie, puisse être considéré comme un délit, passible d’une peine de prison. C’est pourtant ce que prévoit la loi française. Et les effets produits sur les personnes sont disproportionnés. Ces questions sont de nature administrative. Elles devraient le rester », ajoute Jean-François Dubost, responsable du Programme protection des populations civiles à Amnesty International France.

    Nos associations demandent à ce que la loi française soit modifiée en ce sens.

    Des porte-paroles sont disponibles pour des interviews.

    Complément d’information

    Le 18 janvier 2018 Loïc est arrêté lors d’un contrôle d’identité au péage de La Turbie dans le sens Italie-France. À bord de son véhicule, il y avait un ressortissant éthiopien. Ils ont tous les deux été arrêtés. Loïc a reconnu avoir aidé cette personne dans son parcours migratoire pour des motifs humanitaires. Quelques jours avant, un homme avait été retrouvé mort sur le toit du train en provenance de Vintimille – il avait été électrocuté. Le ressortissant éthiopien a été immédiatement renvoyé en Italie.

    À l’issue de sa garde à vue, Loïc a été présenté au tribunal correctionnel de Nice en comparution immédiate. L’audience a été reportée au 14 mars. Pendant cette période, il avait l’interdiction de sortir du département des Alpes-Maritimes et devait se présenter une fois par semaine au commissariat.

    Le 14 mars 2018, le tribunal correctionnel de Nice a relaxé Loïc en raison notamment de l’absence d’audition du ressortissant éthiopien dans la procédure pénale et de l’absence de procédure relative à la situation administrative de cette personne sur le territoire français. Le tribunal avait en effet estimé que « la culpabilité ne peut être retenue sur la seule base de l’auto-incrimination, le délit poursuivi n’apparaît pas suffisamment caractérisé en l’absence d’enquête sur la situation administrative de l’étranger visé à la procédure ».

    Le parquet avait alors fait appel de la décision. L’audience en appel s’est tenue le 20 mars 2019 à la cour d’appel d’Aix-en-Provence.

    https://solidaires.org/Nouvelle-condamnation-d-un-militant-solidaire-Alerte-Amnesty-Internation
    #solidarité #délit_de_solidarité #France #asile #migrations #réfugiés #frontières #amende #justice

    • France : Un travailleur humanitaire condamné pour un #tweet. Première #condamnation de ce type en France

      La condamnation pour diffamation, le 25 septembre, d’un travailleur humanitaire pour un tweet ironique représente une dangereuse escalade dans le harcèlement officiel d’associations fournissant une aide cruciale aux migrants, a déclaré Human Rights Watch. C’est la première condamnation de ce type en France.

      Le tribunal de Boulogne-sur-Mer, dans le nord de la France, a déclaré #Loan_Torondel coupable de #diffamation pour un tweet qu’il avait publié début janvier et l’a condamné à une amende avec sursis et à verser des dommages et intérêts. Sous une photo montrant deux policiers debout au-dessus d’un jeune homme assis dans un champ, Torondel imagine que le jeune homme proteste du fait que la police lui ait confisqué son sac de couchage alors que la température extérieure est de 2 degrés Celsius, et que l’officier lui répond : « Peut-être, mais nous sommes la nation française, monsieur ».

      « Cette condamnation constitue un dangereux précédent et est symptomatique de la manière pernicieuse dont les autorités françaises cherchent à entraver le travail des personnes travaillant auprès des migrants et des demandeurs d’asile », a déclaré Bénédicte Jeannerod, Directrice France de Human Rights Watch.

      La réplique fictive de l’officier était une allusion à un discours prononcé fin décembre 2017 par le Président Emmanuel Macron dans lequel il exhortait le public à surmonter l’adversité en disant : « N’oubliez jamais que nous sommes la Nation française ». L’expression est rapidement devenue un mème moqueur, y compris parmi ceux qui s’opposaient à la façon dont étaient traités les migrants et autres sans-abri pendant l’hiver très froid.

      Loan Torondel, 21 ans, a passé deux ans au sein de l’association L’Auberge des Migrants à Calais, d’abord comme bénévole, puis en tant que coordinateur des opérations, jusqu’en juillet 2018, date à laquelle il est parti reprendre ses études.

      Le recours à des accusations de diffamation à l’encontre de travailleurs humanitaires est sans précédent en France. Dans le cas de Loan Torondel, les policiers qui apparaissaient sur la photo twittée ont déposé plainte en diffamation à la suite de quoi le Procureur a demandé l’ouverture d’une enquête.

      La diffamation est un délit pénal en France, passible d’une peine maximale de 45 000 euros d’amende. Loan Torondel a été condamné à une amende de 1 500 euros avec sursis et à verser 500 euros de dommages et intérêts et 475 euros de frais de justice. Il a fait appel de cette décision.

      Le droit international relatif aux droits humains prévoit des restrictions à la liberté d’expression pour protéger la réputation d’autrui, mais ces restrictions doivent être nécessaires et étroitement définies. Les lois pénales sur la diffamation sont une restriction inutile et disproportionnée à la liberté d’expression et créent un « effet dissuasif » qui restreint de fait autant les propos légitimes que les propos nuisibles.

      C’est pourquoi le Rapporteur spécial des Nations Unies sur la liberté d’opinion et d’expression et le Représentant pour la liberté des médias de l’Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe (OSCE), ainsi que le Rapporteur spécial de l’Organisation des États américains pour la liberté d’expression, ont conclu que la diffamation ne constitue « pas une restriction légitime à la liberté d’expression » et ont demandé à ce que ces lois soient supprimées. Dans une autre déclaration conjointe, ces autorités et le Rapporteur spécial de la Commission africaine des droits de l’Homme et des peuples sur la liberté d’expression et l’accès à l’information ont noté que les lois pénales sur la diffamation constituent « une menace à la liberté d’expression ».

      Le Rapporteur spécial des Nations Unies sur la liberté d’opinion et d’expression a estimé que les États devraient veiller tout particulièrement à ce que les lois sur la diffamation – qu’elles relèvent du droit civil ou pénal – « ne soient jamais utilisées pour empêcher toute critique à l’égard du gouvernement » et « doivent refléter le principe que les personnalités publiques sont davantage exposées aux critiques que les citoyens privés ».

      Les travailleurs humanitaires à Calais ont régulièrement fait état de cas de harcèlement de la part de la police. Nombre d’entre eux ont rapporté à Human Rights Watch, au Défenseur des droits et aux observateurs de l’ONU que la police leur infligeait des amendes répétées pour des infractions mineures ou de stationnement et les soumettait à des contrôles d’identité de manière répétée. Des travailleurs humanitaires ont affirmé que, lorsqu’ils ont photographié ou filmé des agents de police – comme la loi française les y autorise – des policiers ont saisi temporairement leurs téléphones pour effacer ou regarder le contenu, sans autorisation. Dans certains cas, des travailleurs humanitaires ont dit que la police les avait aspergés de gaz lacrymogène, les avait forcés à se mettre à terre ou les avait bousculés.

      Entre novembre 2017 et juillet 2018, quatre associations travaillant à Calais – Help Refugees, L’Auberge des Migrants, Utopia 56 et Refugee Info Bus – ont documenté 600 cas d’intimidation policière contre leur personnel et leurs bénévoles, notamment le recours excessif aux contrôles d’identité, aux amendes de stationnement arbitraires, aux fouilles, menaces, insultes et autres injures ou à la violence physique.

      En juillet, le Conseil constitutionnel a estimé que le fait d’aider des personnes dans le besoin, y compris des migrants en situation irrégulière, était protégé par le principe constitutionnel de fraternité.

      « Cette condamnation risque d’ouvrir la porte à de futures poursuites par les autorités malgré la décision du Conseil constitutionnel », a estimé Bénédicte Jeannerod. « Plutôt que de criminaliser les travailleurs humanitaires qui apportent une assistance vitale aux migrants et aux demandeurs d’asile et dénoncent des pratiques abusives, les autorités françaises devraient mettre un terme à ces abus et sanctionner les responsables. »

      https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2018/09/27/france-un-travailleur-humanitaire-condamne-pour-un-tweet
      #réseaux_sociaux #justice #twitter

  • #Ukraine: Escalating Pressure on Crimean Tatars

    23 Activists Arrested on ‘Terrorism’ Charges

    Russia’s arrest on March 27 and 28, 2019 of 23 Crimean Tatar activists was an unprecedented move to intensify pressure on a group largely critical of Russia’s occupation of the Crimean Peninsula, Human Rights Watch said today. Russian authorities should drop the charges, release the activists, and, until they are freed, immediately give them access to their lawyers.

    The detainees, all men, are being held on suspicion of participating in a “terrorist organization,” several of their lawyers told Human Rights Watch.

    “The sweeping arrests in Crimea aim to portray politically active Crimean Tatars as terrorists as a way to silence them,” said Rachel Denber, deputy Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch. “This has been their approach for several years, and it should stop. These men should be released at once.”

    https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/02/ukraine-escalating-pressure-crimean-tatars
    #Crimée #anti-terrorisme (well...) #résistance #répression
    ping @reka @simplicissimus

  • UAE: Eight Lebanese Face Unfair Trial | Human Rights Watch
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/25/uae-eight-lebanese-face-unfair-trial
    https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/open_graph/public/multimedia_images_2019/201903mena_uae_court.jpg?itok=fL8Fw_xR

    (Beirut) – Emirati authorities detained eight Lebanese nationals for more than a year without charge in an unknown location, ill-treating them and denying them their due process rights, Human Rights Watch said today. Their trial, which began on February 13, 2019, continues to be marred with violations. The third session is set for March 27.

    Family members told Human Rights Watch that the defendants, who face terrorism charges, have been held in prolonged solitary confinement and denied access to their families, legal counsel, and the evidence against them. At least three detainees told family members that state security forces forced them to sign statements while blindfolded and under duress, and one said they forced him to sign a blank paper.

    “The UAE authorities reveal in their treatment of these men just how unwilling they are to reform their unjust state security apparatus,” said Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East director at Human Rights Watch. “These men deserve, at the very least, to be treated humanely and to receive a fair trial.”

    The men – all of whom are Shia Muslims – have each lived and worked in the UAE for more than 15 years. Seven worked at Emirates Airlines as flight attendants, pursers, or senior managers. Family members said that none had any known political affiliations.

    State security forces arrested one defendant between December 2017 and January 2018, three defendants on January 15, and four others on February 18, and continue to hold them in solitary confinement without access to legal assistance, family members said. At the second session of their trial, on February 27, the prosecutor charged them with setting up a terrorist cell with links to Hezbollah in Lebanon. Hezbollah holds several key positions in the Lebanese government, yet is designated a terrorist organization in the UAE. Family members said that at least seven of the men still have not been able to meet with their lawyers and six remain in solitary confinement. All of the defendants deny the charges, family members who attended the hearings said.

    #Emirats nos amis clients et amis... #hezbollah