organization:world health organization

  • Exclusive: City firms issue major warning to high street food and pub chains over use of antibiotics on supplier farms

    A group of powerful City investors who together control more than £700 billion have written to leading fast food, pub and restaurant chains urging them to take immediate action to reduce antibiotic use in their meat and poultry supply chains.

    https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2016/04/10/exclusive-city-firms-issue-major-warning-high-street-food-pub
    #alimentation #antibiotiques

  • Millions of people in Bangladesh still drinking arsenic-laced water | Global development | The Guardian
    http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/apr/06/millions-of-people-in-bangladesh-still-drinking-arsenic-laced-water

    Nearly 20 million Bangladeshis are still drinking water poisoned with high levels of arsenic despite millions of wells being tested and hundreds of thousands of safe ones having been bored to avert a major health crisis, a new report has suggested.

    The lack of progress in improving what the UN’s World Health Organisation called “the largest mass poisoning of a population in history” in the 1990s is blamed on government nepotism, rich country neglect and NGOs losing sight of the problem, says Human Rights Watch (HRW).

    Latest estimates suggest 43,000 people in Bangladesh die each year from arsenic-related diseases. These include skin lesions, cancers, and cardiovascular and lung illnesses.
    Safe drinking water disappearing fast in Bangladesh
    Read more

    According to the government, 5 million village wells were tested between 2000-03, with pumps painted red or green according to whether they were safe or unsafe. In 2003, an estimated 20 million people drank arsenic-laced water.

    #arsenic #eau #santé #Bangladesh

  • La #santé et le #bien-être des #jeunes en Europe - Délinquance, justice et autres questions de société
    http://www.laurent-mucchielli.org/index.php?post/2016/03/21/La-sante-et-le-bien-etre-des-jeunes-en-Europe

    Jeunes_branches.jpgLa nouvelle édition du rapport de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé sur la santé et le bien-être des jeunes en Europe vient de paraître. Depuis trente ans, l’étude « WHO Health Behaviour in School-aged Children » (HBSC) est un outil éclairant l’élaboration des politiques de santé. Cette nouvelle édition se base sur une enquête réalisée auprès de plus de 200 000 jeunes issus de 42 pays. Elle révèle notamment que le nombre de jeunes de 15 ans ayant fumé leur première cigarette avant 13 ans a significativement baissé. De même, elle indique une diminution de la consommation d’alcool. Cette édition révèle les inégalités de genre et de niveau socio-économique qui affectent la santé et le bien-être des jeunes. Les jeunes filles ont rapporté une santé mentale moins favorable que les garçons. Elles sont plus nombreuses à penser qu’elles ont des problèmes de poids, bien que les données montrent que les garçons sont plus touchés par le surpoids et l’obésité. La majorité des jeunes déclarent avoir de bonnes relations avec leurs parents, mais la communication et le soutien diminuent avec l’âge, notamment chez les filles.

    http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/child-and-adolescent-health/health-behaviour-in-school-aged-children-hbsc

  • Study strengthens Zika-mirocephaly link, women and babies at risk | Fox News
    http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/03/16/study-strengthens-zika-mirocephaly-link-women-and-babies-at-risk.html

    Thousands of pregnant women caught in an ongoing outbreak of the mosquito-borne virus spreading from Brazil risk having a baby with the birth defect microcephaly, according to the results of a new study.

    In the study in the Lancet medical journal which analyzed a 2013-14 Zika outbreak in French Polynesia, researchers said the risk of microcephaly is about 1 for every 100 women infected with the virus during the first trimester of pregnancy.
    […]
    Our analysis strongly supports the hypothesis that Zika virus infection during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of microcephaly,” said Simon Cauchemez, an infectious disease mathematical modeling expert at France’s Institute Pasteur who co-led the study.

    • Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013–15: a retrospective study - The Lancet
      http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00651-6/abstract

      Summary

      Background
      The emergence of Zika virus in the Americas has coincided with increased reports of babies born with microcephaly. On Feb 1, 2016, WHO declared the suspected link between Zika virus and microcephaly to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. This association, however, has not been precisely quantified.

      Methods
      We retrospectively analysed data from a Zika virus outbreak in French Polynesia, which was the largest documented outbreak before that in the Americas. We used serological and surveillance data to estimate the probability of infection with Zika virus for each week of the epidemic and searched medical records to identify all cases of microcephaly from September, 2013, to July, 2015. Simple models were used to assess periods of risk in pregnancy when Zika virus might increase the risk of microcephaly and estimate the associated risk.

      Findings
      The Zika virus outbreak began in October, 2013, and ended in April, 2014, and 66% (95% CI 62–70) of the general population were infected. Of the eight microcephaly cases identified during the 23-month study period, seven (88%) occurred in the 4-month period March 1 to July 10, 2014. The timing of these cases was best explained by a period of risk in the first trimester of pregnancy. In this model, the baseline prevalence of microcephaly was two cases (95% CI 0–8) per 10 000 neonates, and the risk of microcephaly associated with Zika virus infection was 95 cases (34–191) per 10 000 women infected in the first trimester. We could not rule out an increased risk of microcephaly from infection in other trimesters, but models that excluded the first trimester were not supported by the data.

      Interpretation
      Our findings provide a quantitative estimate of the risk of microcephaly in fetuses and neonates whose mothers are infected with Zika virus.

  • Cuba reports first case of Zika transmitted on the island - The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/cuba-reports-first-case-of-zika-transmitted-on-the-island/2016/03/15/123327b2-eb1d-11e5-a9ce-681055c7a05f_story.html

    Cuban officials announced Tuesday night that they have detected the first case of the Zika virus transmitted inside the country, ending Cuba’s status as one of the last nations in the hemisphere without domestic cases of the disease that has been linked to birth defects.


    Fumigation fog fills the Vedado neighborhood after soldiers sprayed to kill mosquitos in Havana, Cuba, Tuesday, March 15, 2016. Authorities are fumigating in an attempt to prevent the spread of zika, chikungunya and dengue, after the World Health Organization declared Zika to be a global emergency last month.
    Desmond Boylan/Associated Press

    […]
    Cuba has thrown more than 9,000 soldiers, police and university students into an effort to fumigate for mosquitoes, wipe out the standing water where they breed and prevent a Zika epidemic.

    President Raul Castro has called on the nation to battle lax fumigation and trash collection, turning the Zika fight into a test of the communist government’s once-legendary ability to marshal the entire country behind efforts ranging from civil defense to bigger sugar harvests to disease prevention.

    In recent days the streets of Havana have been crisscrossed by teams of green-clad soldiers fumigating houses with mosquito-killing fog. Residents of the capital say fumigators no longer accept excuses of allergies or requests to spray some other day, as frequently happened in the past.

  • Experts call on feds to re-evaluate the world’s most heavily used herbicide
    http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2016/feb/glyphosate-roundup-monsanto-cancer-endocrine-disruptor-scie

    U.S. and European health officials need to take a fresh look at assumptions about the safety and health impacts of glyphosate #herbicides, according to a group of health scientists worried about the chemicals’ explosive worldwide growth.

    A scientific review released Tuesday warns that use of #glyphosate has skyrocketed, growing 15-fold in the 20 years since “#Roundup Ready” genetically engineered crops were introduced. Government health agencies, they said, have failed to adequately monitor how much of the herbicide is getting into food and people and what impacts it might be having on our health.

    Glyphosate persistence raises questions
    http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2016/02/glyphosate-gbh-weedkiller-herbicide-persistence-environment-health

    The widely used weedkiller glyphosate persists in water and soil longer than previously recognised, and human exposures to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are rising, experts from various universities as well as environmental health and consumer groups have concluded in a new scientific review.

    Field studies cited in the report show the half-life of glyphosate in soil ranges between a few days to several months, or even a year, depending on soil composition. The authors say the research demonstrates that soil sorption and degradation of glyphosate vary significantly depending on the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties.

    [...]

    In the US, the EPA concluded in June that the there was ‘no convincing evidence’ that glyphosate is an endocrine disruptor. But states have begun to act on their own.

    For example, California’s Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA) announced back in Back in September that it would list glyphosate as a carcinogenic chemical under the state’s Proposition 65, which requires the state to publish a list of chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. Monsanto has responded by suing Cal/EPA’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment and its acting director.

    Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the US and EU vary significantly. The US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) chronic reference dose (cRfD), which defines a dose that a person could ingest daily over an extended period without appreciable risk of an adverse effect, is 1.75mg of glyphosate per kilogram body weight per day (mg/kg/day). Meanwhile, the EU acceptable daily intake (ADI) for glyphosate is significantly lower at 0.3mg/kg/day, a level adopted in 2002.

    #pesticides #santé #Monsanto #Etats-Unis #leadership

  • Could We See the End of Malaria? - Facts So Romantic
    http://nautil.us/blog/could-we-see-the-end-of-malaria

    The Nobel laureate Baruch Blumberg once estimated that malaria has killed half of the people who have ever lived. In 2015 alone, it killed almost half a million people, 70 percent of which were children. Today, about 3.2 billion people are, according to the World Health Organization, at risk of contracting it, most of whom are children and pregnant women. Henrik Sorensen/Getty ImagesIt’s brought on by a blood parasite—about 50 times smaller than the width of a human hair—the most common and deadly of which is Plasmodium falciparum, which thrives in Sub-Saharan Africa. It rides on the needle-like mouth of a mosquito, known as a proboscis, until it gets injected into the bug’s next blood meal. If the victim happens to be human, the first symptoms from the attack are flu-like: fever, (...)

  • Latin American Doctors Suggest Monsanto-Linked Larvicide Cause of Microcephaly, Not Zika Virus
    https://ecowatch.com/2016/02/12/larvicide-cause-not-zika

    As the Zika epidemic “spreads explosively” around the world, pregnant travelers have been put on pause due to the virus’s suspected association with microcephaly, the congenital condition in which a baby’s head is abnormally small.

    While the link between the mosquito-borne virus and microcephaly has yet to be scientifically proven, Argentinian and Brazilian doctors have suggested an alternate culprit: pesticides.

    The report, written by the Argentine group Physicians in the Crop-Sprayed Towns (PCST), suspects that pyriproxyfen—a larvicide added to drinking water to stop the development of mosquito larvae in drinking water tanks—has caused the birth defects.

    The authors said that the pesticide, known by its commercial name SumiLarv, is manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical, a Japanese subsidiary of Monsanto.

    Est-ce que quelqu’un connaît ce site-là ? Est-ce une source fiable ?

    #Zika #pesticides #Monsanto

    • Le site reprend l’article de The Ecologist pointé ici http://seenthis.net/messages/459937 par @iraultza et que je n’avais pas vu.
      Surtout, il diffuse les documents de médecins très engagés dans la lutte contre les pesticides et en particulier l’épandage aérien.

      En Argentine, Médicos de pueblos fumigados (PCST, en anglais) de la Red universitaria de ambiente y salud de l’Université de Córdoba.
      http://www.reduas.com.ar
      Vidéo de présentation (2010, en espagnol)
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmKaKIitxYA


      Résumé et accès au pdf du rapport cité
      en anglais http://www.reduas.com.ar/report-from-physicians-in-the-crop-sprayed-town-regarding-dengue-zika-mic
      en espagnol http://www.reduas.com.ar/informe-de-medicos-de-pueblos-fumigados-sobre-dengue-zika-y-fumigaciones-

      Le mécanisme est beaucoup plus direct (et, à mon avis, nettement, plus crédible) que le candidat précédent http://seenthis.net/messages/455796

      Pour l’instant, l’OMS n’est pas sur cette piste, puisqu’elle vient d’annoncer aujourd’hui qu’elle pensait pouvoir confirmer prochainement le lien entre le virus Zika et les microcéphalies congénitales et syndrome de Guillain-Barré.

      Zika link to birth defects could be proven within weeks : WHO | Reuters
      http://in.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-idINKCN0VL0TQ

      The suspected link between the Zika virus and two neurological disorders, the birth defect microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome, could be confirmed within weeks, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said on Friday.

    • Et pour l’instant (au 8/02/16), le programme de travail de l’OMS n’insiste pas sur la recherche des causes, mais plutôt sur celle de diagnostics et, ironiquement, de lutte contre le vecteur par lâchages de moustiques OGM…

      OMS | Action de l’OMS pour promouvoir la recherche-développement sur le virus Zika
      http://www.who.int/csr/research-and-development/r_d_zika_involvement/fr

      8 février 2016

      L’OMS dresse actuellement l’inventaire des travaux de recherche développement en cours sur le virus Zika pour identifier les approches et les produits médicaux à considérer comme prioritaires pour un développement accéléré. Ces derniers seront examinés par des comités consultatifs d’experts dès que possible.

      À ce jour, la plupart des travaux de recherche pouvant présenter un intérêt pour le virus Zika ont été menés sur d’autres flavivirus, comme ceux de la dengue ou de la fièvre jaune.

      La priorité doit être accordée de toute urgence au développement de produits de diagnostic qui permettront de distinguer la maladie à virus Zika d’autres maladies comparables, dues aux flavivirus et transmises par des moustiques vecteurs. On ne dispose que de très peu de tests.

      Un appel a été lancé le 5 février à l’intention des entreprises et d’autres groupes intéressés pour les inviter à proposer des produits potentiels à soumettre à la procédure d’évaluation et d’homologation d’urgence de l’OMS. Cette procédure permet de garantir que les nouveaux produits ainsi acceptés présentent un niveau adéquat de qualité et de performance et que les institutions des Nations Unies, les ONG et les pays peuvent procéder à leur achat en toute confiance.

      Il existe au moins 12 groupes travaillant à l’élaboration de vaccins contre le virus Zika ; ils en sont tous à un stade précoce de développement et il faudra peut-être attendre quelques années avant que des produits homologués ne soient disponibles.

      Certaines études en cours portent sur des traitements préventifs qui pourraient fonctionner de manière comparable à la prophylaxie antipaludique.

      Pour interrompre la propagation du virus Zika, il pourrait être utile d’envisager une campagne de pulvérisation suivie d’une mise en circulation contrôlée de moustiques génétiquement modifiés.

      L’OMS s’attache également à :

      établir des réseaux de soutien en matière de réglementation pour accélérer le processus d’approbation des essais cliniques au niveau des pays ;
      plaider en faveur d’un partage rapide des données et des échantillons entre les différents groupes participant aux efforts de recherche-développement sur le virus Zika pour que leurs travaux puissent s’appuyer sur les meilleures connaissances scientifiques disponibles.
      Les efforts déployés par l’OMS pour promouvoir la recherche développement sur le virus Zika s’inscrivent dans le contexte plus général de l’élaboration d’une feuille de route – le Plan R&D – visant une meilleure préparation des activités de recherche-développement sur la base de l’expérience acquise durant la flambée de virus Ebola en Afrique de l’Ouest.

      Cette feuille de route permettra de lancer une riposte urgente de recherche-développement, aussi rapidement et aussi efficacement que possible, pour combattre les maladies émergentes contre lesquelles il n’existe pas ou peu de contre-mesures.

      En décembre 2015, l’OMS a mené une consultation visant à dresser une liste restreinte des pathogènes devant bénéficier d’une priorité immédiate dans le cadre de la préparation des travaux de recherche-développement. Le virus Zika a été identifié comme présentant un risque grave et nécessitant une action aussi rapide que possible.

      (je reprends intégralement le communiqué étant donné qu’il est susceptible d’évoluer)

    • La source brésilienne est une association de santé publique Abrasco, également très remontée contre l’utilisation de pesticides.

      Long rapport du 2/02/16
      Nota técnica sobre microcefalia e doenças vetoriais relacionadas ao Aedes aegypti : os perigos das abordagens com larvicidas e nebulizações químicas – fumacê - ABRASCO
      https://www.abrasco.org.br/site/2016/02/nota-tecnica-sobre-microcefalia-e-doencas-vetoriais-relacionadas-ao-aede

      Contexto do surgimento da epidemia
      O quadro sanitário no qual emerge a epidemia de microcefalia deve ser analisado considerando-se os graves problemas que estão presentes na realidade socioambiental em que ocorreram os casos e no modelo operacional de controle vetorial. A distribuição espacial por local de moradia das mães dos recém-nascidos com microcefalia (ou suspeitos) é maior nas áreas mais pobres, com urbanização precária e com saneamento ambiental inadequado, com provimento de água de forma intermitente, fato que leva essas populações ao armazenamento domiciliar inseguro de água, condição muito favorável para a reprodução do Aedes aegypti, constituindo-se em “criadouros” que não deveriam existir, e que são passíveis de eliminação mecânica.
      Alguns fatos que ainda precisam ser questionados e investigados podem justificar a introdução e a disseminação do vírus Zika. É necessário avaliar quais contextos e contingências existiram e aconteceram em 2014 nos locais de aparecimento dos casos de microcefalia. Podemos aventar alguns por saltarem aos olhos, como:
      1) Na região Nordeste, em especial na periferia das suas Regiões Metropolitanas, como a de Recife, pode ter havido aumento da degradação ambiental, por existirem nelas todas as condições para a manutenção da alta densidade do Aedes aegypti, pelos baixos indicadores de saneamento ambiental, relacionados ao abastecimento de água, ao esgotamento sanitário, à imensa presença de resíduos sólidos junto aos domicílios e às deficiências de drenagem de águas pluviais. A propósito desta questão, a Revista RADIS Comunicação e Saúde da Fiocruz (n.154, julho 2015) traz uma esclarecedora matéria sobre saneamento ambiental mostrando sua defasagem e os graves problemas ainda não solucionados, o que se agrava pelos indícios de que haverá um retardo de anos no Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico (Plansab) com o ajuste fiscal.[1]
      2) A utilização continuada de larvicidas químicos na água de beber dessas famílias há mais de 40 anos sem, contudo, implicar na redução do número de casos de doenças provocadas por arbovírus. Em 2014 foi introduzido na água de beber das populações nos domicílios e nas vias públicas um novo larvicida o Pyriproxyfen. Conforme orientação técnica do MS[2] esse larvicida é um análogo do hormônio juvenil ou juvenóide, tendo como mecanismo de ação a inibição do desenvolvimento das características adultas do inseto (por exemplo, asas, maturação dos órgãos reprodutivos e genitália externa), mantendo-o com aspecto “imaturo” (ninfa ou larva), quer dizer age por desregulação endócrina e é teratogênico e inibe a formação do inseto adulto.
      […]

      Qui reprend également l’introduction massive du #pyriproxyfène en 2014.

    • L’avis de l’AFSSA (devenue ANSES en 2010) datant d’octobre 2013 sur les larvicides

      Anses, alimentation, environnement, travail
      http://www.afssa.fr/ET/PPN5724.htm?pageid=1561&parentid=424

      • S’agissant de leurs propriétés toxicologiques :

      Le Bti ne présente pas de toxicité aiguë. Bien que les données sur la toxicité chronique soient rares, il n’est pas attendu d’effets chroniques du Bti chez l’homme.

      Le pyriproxyfène possède une toxicité aiguë faible. Cette substance n’est ni irritante, ni sensibilisante pour la peau et est faiblement irritante pour les yeux. Elle n’est considérée ni mutagène, ni cancérogène, ni tératogène, ni toxique pour la reproduction.

      Le spinosad possède une toxicité aiguë faible. Cette substance n’est ni irritante, ni sensibilisante pour la peau et est faiblement irritante pour les yeux. Elle n’est considérée ni mutagène, ni cancérogène, ni tératogène, ni toxique pour la reproduction.

      • S’agissant de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques et leur comportement dans l’environnement :

      La nature biologique de la substance active Bti est variable : mélange contenant des spores viables ou inactivées de Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis et de protoxines insecticides. A cela s’ajoute la variabilité de la composition des formulations de Bti mises sur le marché liée à l’identité des souches productrices et au mélange de spores et de toxines. Par ailleurs, le Bti persiste dans l’environnement sous forme de spores qui dans certaines conditions conservent un potentiel de germination pendant plusieurs mois.

      Le pyriproxyfène est peu soluble dans l’eau. Il se dégrade très vite dans l’environnement. Toutefois, sa formulation en granulés lui confère une stabilité allongée et une efficacité pendant 6 semaines après son application. Son affinité pour la matière organique est élevée, ce qui indique une tendance à la rétention dans le sol et une adsorption élevée sur les particules en suspension dans l’eau. Son potentiel de bioaccumulation est élevé, ce qui indique un risque potentiel de bioaccumulation dans les chaînes trophiques. Le pyriproxyfène est peu volatil ;

      Le spinosad est un mélange de spinosyne A et de spinosyne D (à un ratio de 86:14). La solubilité de la spinosyne A est modérée et celle de la spinosyne D faible. La vitesse de dégradation du spinosad est modérée. Son affinité pour la matière organique est élevée, ce qui indique une tendance à la rétention dans le sol et une adsorption élevée sur les particules en suspension dans l’eau. Son potentiel de bioaccumulation est élevé, ce qui indique un risque potentiel de bioaccumulation dans les chaînes trophique. Le spinosad est peu volatil.

      S’agissant de leurs propriétés écotoxicologiques :

      Le mode d’action particulier du Bti lui confère une absence de toxicité chez tous les organismes n’ayant pas un pH intestinal alcalin ou ne possédant pas les récepteurs des toxines. Ainsi, le Bti est modérément toxique pour les organismes aquatiques mais non toxique pour les oiseaux, les mammifères et les abeilles. Par ailleurs, Bacillus thuringiensis est une bactérie présente à l’état naturel dans le sol.

      Le spinosad et le pyriproxyfène sont très toxiques pour les organismes aquatiques, la toxicité du pyriproxyfène étant supérieure à celle du spinosad. Le pyriproxyfène et le spinosad ne sont pas toxiques pour les oiseaux, les mammifères et les vers de terre. En revanche, les deux substances sont très toxiques pour les abeilles.

  • Global Zika update : Incidence, microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome | Outbreak News Today
    http://outbreaknewstoday.com/global-zika-update-incidence-microcephaly-and-guillain-barre-synd

    The World Health Organization (WHO) released their Zika Situation Report Friday, which is chock full of interesting information, ranging from the incidence of Zika virus to microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) data.

    Between 2015 and 2016, 33 countries have reported autochthonous transmission- Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Curaçao, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Maldives, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Tonga, United States Virgin Islands, Vanuatu and Venezuela.
    Brazil has reported by far the most cases, in fact, the outbreak got so large they stopped counting cases. Best estimates from Brazil health officials say there has been [between] 497,593 and 1,482,701 cases of Zika virus since the outbreak began.

    Dernier état de la situation de l’OMS, ici (actuellement, au 5/02/16)
    http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/en

  • The Road to Geneva: the Who, When, and How of Syria’s Peace Talks - Syria in Crisis - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
    http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=62631

    A new round of Syrian peace talks, known as Geneva III, was supposed to begin on January 25 but ended up being postponed to January 29. Now that the day has arrived, they’re still not quite ready to begin—but UN envoy Staffan de Mistura is putting on a brave face. He has already met with the Syrian government delegation headed by President Bashar al-Assad’s UN representative Bashar al-Jaafari, but other invitees remain absent.

    The reasons for these delays are complex, but the primary issue is a dispute over who should be allowed to represent the Syrian opposition and perhaps whether it is useful to think in terms of a single Syrian opposition at all. Opposition groups and individuals who participated in the December Riyadh meeting as well as Russian-backed individuals have been invited in various capacities, while so far Kurdish groups are excluded. And while no one expects any significant progress toward a resolution of the Syria conflict to emerge from the meetings, de Mistura is hard at work trying to establish Geneva III as a framework for conflict management and the mitigation of Syrians’ horrific suffering.

  • Virus Zika — Wikipédia
    https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_Zika

    Le virus Zika, abrégé ZIKV pour Zika Virus en anglais, est un arbovirus membre de la famille des Flaviviridae et du genre Flavivirus, responsable de la fièvre Zika chez l’Homme. Il tire son nom d’une forêt en Ouganda où il a été identifié pour la première fois en 1947. Répandu dans les régions tropicales d’Asie et d’Afrique, il est responsable en 2007 d’une épidémie sur les îles Yap, en Micronésie, où il infecte près des trois quarts des habitants de l’île. Il est, depuis cet épisode, considéré comme émergent à potentiel épidémique et gagnant régulièrement de nouvelles régions.

    Transmis par la piqûre d’un moustique infecté, il peut entraîner un syndrome proche des autres arboviroses, avec fièvre, éruption cutanée, céphalée et douleurs articulaires, spontanément résolutif. C’est par ailleurs le seul arbovirus pour lequel une transmission sexuelle a été mise en évidence.

    As Zika virus spreads, El Salvador asks women not to get pregnant until 2018 - The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/as-zika-virus-spreads-el-salvador-asks-women-not-to-get-pregnant-until-2018/2016/01/22/1dc2dadc-c11f-11e5-98c8-7fab78677d51_story.html?tid=sm_fb

    MEXICO CITY — The rapid spread of the Zika virus has prompted Latin American governments to urge women not to get pregnant for up to two years, an extraordinary precaution aimed at avoiding birth defects believed to be linked to the mosquito-borne illness.

    What until recently was a seemingly routine public health problem for countries that are home to a certain type of mosquito has morphed into a potentially culture-shaping phenomenon in which the populations of several nations have been asked to delay procreation. The World Health Organization says at least 20 countries or territories in the region, including Barbados and Bolivia, Guadeloupe and Guatemala, Puerto Rico and Panama, have registered transmission of the virus.

  • A Billion in Pandemic Prevention Is Worth a Trillion in Cure - Bloomberg Business
    http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-13/a-billion-in-pandemic-prevention-is-worth-a-trillion-in-cure

    according to a report (PDF) sponsored by several major foundations [Gates et co]. Pandemics—epidemics that spread across the globe—could cost humanity $6 trillion in the 21st century, or $60 billion a year, the authors estimate. They argued for investing $4.5 billion a year—or 65 cents for every resident of the planet—to prepare.

    le rapport : http://nam.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Neglected-Dimension-of-Global-Security.pdf

    #santé_globale #OMS (et pas un mot sur les maladies chroniques, le cancer ou les #brevets)

  • Ulaanbaatar’s air pollution breaks China’s records | The UB Post
    http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=17307

    On December 5, the recorded level of particulate matter in Ulaanbaatar’s air was 25 times higher than the suggested guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), breaking Beijing’s record for dangerously high levels of air pollution.
    The whole world buzzed about the #airpocalypse in Beijing and New Delhi in November, when the levels of particulate matter in the air reached 21 to 24 times the permissible threshold of the WHO. The hazardous levels were recorded near the Mongolian National Broadcaster (MNB) building on December 5, according to the air quality index (AQI) reported by agaar.mn.

    Agaar.mn defines an AQI of 50 to be “normal” and an AQI above 500 to be “hazardous to health”. The area around the MNB reached an AQI of 2,685 at around 9:10 p.m. At the same time, PM2.5 levels reached 622 micrograms per cubic meters. PM 2.5 is fine particulate matter in the air measuring up to 2.5 micrometers in size, and is linked to lung cancer and heart disease.

    The record breaking pollution data generated comments from environmental advocates on social media, advising people in the area around MNB to “not breathe if possible”.

  • #Haiti : Everyone wants to fight #cholera, but no one can agree on how
    http://www.statnews.com/2015/12/07/cholera-vaccine-debate

    There was a vaccine available. Although the cache was not nearly large enough — and still not fully approved by the World Health Organization — Ivers and others appealed to Haitian officials to allow them to distribute the drug.The government said no.“This was a missed opportunity to save lives,” Ivers, who ran a clinic in Haiti for the nonprofit Partners in Health, recalled in a recent interview.Today, the epidemic is seen as a pivotal moment in a dispute over the best way to counter cholera.

    On one side are public health advocates, backed by the powerful Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who have been galvanized in their enthusiasm for vaccines. Those vaccines, they believe, can be used to make major strides against a disease that is thousands of years old, easily treated, and entirely preventable.On the other are public health officials who argue that the vaccines are not effective enough and are a Band-Aid diverting attention from the water and sanitation issues that are at the root of cholera.

    “This is a disease of poverty,” said Shafiqul Islam, director of the Water Diplomacy Program at Tufts University. “There is a group of people who think vaccines will solve the problem. I don’t think it will.”Experts on both sides acknowledge the disagreement has undermined unity in the fight against cholera. The WHO has tried to straddle the divide by supporting both approaches, without settling how to pay for both.

    #vaccins ou #pauvreté ? (Je ne crois pas que la question soit bien posée. Quant à l’argent faut pas déconner…)

    #santé_publique

  • UN : Polio outbreak in Ukraine is a state of emergency - Business Insider
    http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-un-polio-outbreak-in-ukraine-is-a-state-of-emergency-2015-12

    The World Health Organization is urging Ukraine’s health ministry to declare a state of emergency due to a polio outbreak, a move meant to prompt more action from the government in Kiev.

    In September, Ukraine announced two polio cases — the first in Europe since 2010.

    The U.N. health agency recommended that Ukraine declare a state of emergency and “respond to the polio outbreak as quickly and effectively as possible,” Dorit Nitzan, head of the WHO’s office in Ukraine, told journalists.

    Half of Ukraine’s children have not been vaccinated against polio.

    Polio is a highly infectious, paralyzing disease on the brink of elimination. Aside from Ukraine, cases have only been reported in six other countries this year, with the majority in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

    Une autre forme d’état d’urgence,
    où l’état ne fait rien.

  • Will #Ebola change the game? Ten essential reforms before the next pandemic. The report of the Harvard-LSHTM Independent Panel on the Global Response to Ebola
    http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)00946-0/fulltext

    Ebola experience leaves world no less vulnerable
    http://www.nature.com/news/ebola-experience-leaves-world-no-less-vulnerable-1.18844

    Report concludes that not enough has changed nearly two years after the start of the catastrophic West Africa epidemic.

    #santé_globale #OMS #nations_unies #important

    http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2900946-0.pdf

  • Mongolia: Clean Air Fund to shut down | The UB Post
    http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=16979

    The Clean Air Fund will be shut down to reduce government spending.
    The government has not allocated funds for combating air pollution in the 2016 state budget, according to N.Bataa, the vice director in charge of economic and financial issues at the Ulaanbaatar Mayor’s Office.

    The Clean Air Fund was the initiator of the Clean Stove Project. Approximately 87 percent of the air pollution in Ulaanbaatar is caused by coal burning stoves in ger districts.
    The government doesn’t understand the impact of the liquidation of the Clean Air Fund,” said an air quality researchers, against the government’s decision.

    According to a 2014 study by the Clean Air Fund, Mongolia loses approximately 38,000 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) annually due to air pollution. DALY is used to calculate the capital that a nation loses due to wealth creators becoming incapable of work. By 2024, the nation’s annual lost DALYs will rise to 54,500.
    Currently, the Mongolian air quality index is already seven to eight times higher than the World Health Organization standard.

    #Mongolie #Pollution

  • Why Is the World Health Organization so Bad at Communicating #Cancer Risk? - The Atlantic
    http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/10/why-is-the-world-health-organization-so-bad-at-communicating-cancer-risk/412468

    The International Agency of Research into Cancer (IARC), an arm of the World Health Organization, is notable for two things. First, they’re meant to carefully assess whether things cause cancer, from pesticides to sunlight, and to provide the definitive word on those possible risks.

    Second, they are terrible at communicating their findings.

    Their failings are in full view today. (...)

    Here’s the thing: These classifications are based on strength of evidence not degree of risk.

    #santé #communication #fiasco

  • Meat industry braces for WHO cancer risk verdict
    http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/meat-cancer-1.3285858

    As international health experts prepare to publish a report on potential #cancer risks linked to red and processed meat, industry groups are bracing for a damaging blow to consumer confidence.

    The World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) gathered health experts in France this month to discuss available research on such meat, with a view to classifying them on its scale of cancer risks. The conclusions will be published on Monday.

    #viande #lobbying

  • Leading #Malaria Vaccine Gets Mixed Reviews
    http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/24/health/malaria-vaccine-rtss-world-health-programme.html

    The leading candidate for a malaria vaccine suffered some setbacks this week even as two World Health Organization expert panels recommended going ahead with pilot projects to test it further.

    The medical charity Doctors Without Borders said it would not join any pilot projects, and a guest editorial in The New England Journal of Medicine said a new study, showing that the vaccine worked less well when parasites mutated, “should give pause” to efforts to deploy it.

    The vaccine, known as RTS, S or Mosquirix, has been in development for nearly 30 years, and is further along in the approval process than any other candidate. But it is no panacea. In clinical trials, it was less than 40 percent effective even after four shots.

    [...]

    The medical journal study, looking at blood samples taken from 4,600 vaccinated children in the last clinical trial, found that the vaccine worked only about half the time when it was a good genetic match for the parasites a child had, and only a third of the time in bad matches.

    More than 90 percent of the time, the matches were bad. Malaria parasites are famous for evolving drug-resistant strains, and scientists have worried that changes could make them impervious to vaccines as well.

    If RTS, S, is ever widely used, the editorial said, “the most prudent course” would be to work to improve it while using it only in areas where it is a good match.

    #vaccin #paludisme #msf #santé

    • Vaccin contre le paludisme : La #génétique explique les raisons des résultats modestes
      http://intellivoire.net/vaccin-contre-le-paludisme-la-genetique-explique-les-raisons-des-resul

      En attendant la décision d’un comité de l’OMS qui devrait annoncer dans quelques jours s’il recommande ou pas le premier vaccin contre le paludisme, appelé « RTS, S » , une étude a montré pourquoi sa performance est modeste. Les scientifiques ont trouvé une explication génétique des résultats modestes que donne le premier vaccin contre le paludisme, qui n’est pas très efficace dans la protection des enfants africains contre cette maladie mortelle transmise par les moustiques.

      L’analyse a été publié dans le New England Journal of Medicine. Mosquirix , également connu sous le nom de RTS, S, est spécialement conçu pour une utilisation pour les #enfants en bas âge et bébés africains. Alors qu’il a le potentiel d’aider à prévenir de nombreux cas de paludisme, les chercheurs ont été déçus par son efficacité limitée. Les scientifiques ont découvert que la variabilité génétique dans une protéine à la surface des parasites du paludisme peut aider à expliquer la réponse inégale , parce que, la protéine se présente sous différentes formes, or le vaccin de GSK ne comprend qu’une seule variante. Le premier vaccin contre le paludisme imite une souche du parasite qui ne se trouve pas couramment en Afrique, selon l’étude publiée le 21 octobre dans le New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).

      [...]

      La décision que prendra l’OMS sera suivi étroitement par société pharmaceutique britannique GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) et la Fondation Bill & Melinda Gates, qui ont ensemble financé le développement du vaccin pendant au moins 28 ans au coût de 565 millions de dollars.

      La conclusion de NEJM suggère que le vaccin contre le paludisme serait plus efficace s’il était restructuré pour faire correspondre plusieurs souches de parasites du paludisme. Bien que ce serait bienvenu, dit Joe Cohen, un biologiste moléculaire qui a travaillé avec GSK sur le vaccin depuis son développement en 1987, cela créerait effectivement un nouveau vaccin qui prendrait « 10 à 15 ans à développer ». Pendant ce temps, ajoute-t-il, des centaines d’enfants africains vont mourir du paludisme tous les jours. Toute amélioration serait la bienvenue.

      [...]

      Cependant, même une recommandation positive ne garantirait pas le vaccin contre le paludisme soit utilisé. Les responsables africains vont examiner s’il convient de l’ajouter à leurs programmes contre le paludisme. Les bailleurs de fonds potentiels, tels que le groupe à but non lucratif GAVI,, l’alliance du vaccin fondée par la Fondation Gates décideront ou non de le subventionner.

      Cohen explique que GSK ne réalisera pas de profits et facturera entre 1-10 $ (600 à 6000 FCFA) par injection, pour couvrir les coûts de fabrication et un rendement de 5 %, pour réinvestir dans de nouveaux vaccins contre le paludisme ou la recherche sur d’autres maladies courantes dans les pays en développement.

      #santé

  • WHO confirms two cases of polio in Ukraine’s Zakarpattya Oblast
    http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/who-confirms-two-cases-of-polio-in-ukraines-zakarpattya-oblast-397038.html

    The discovery of polio in two children in Ukraine’s westernmost Zakarpattya Oblast is causing concern, marking the country’s first cases of the paralytic disease in nine years.

    One child was 4 years old and the other 10 months old at the time of onset of paralysis, according to the World Health Organization, taking place on June 30 and July 7, respectively. Both children had not been vaccinated against polio.

    The WHO blames the low vaccination rate in Ukraine against poliomyelitis, the viral disease that can affect nerves and lead to partial or full paralysis. In 2014, only 50 percent of Ukrainian children were fully immunized against polio and other vaccine-preventable diseases, the international institution reported on Sept. 1 in an online statement.
    […]
    The WHO’s representative in Ukraine, Dorit Nitsan, warned the Ukrainian Health Ministry that an epidemic is still possible. This year’s polio vaccination rate in Ukraine among children aged 1-year-old is only 14.1 percent.

    The WHO advises giving oral vaccines.

  • Greece: The EU as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
    http://crofsblogs.typepad.com/h5n1/2015/07/the-guardian-view-on-the-greek-deal-it-solves-nothing-and-holds-

    the EU is consigning millions of Greeks to undeserved poverty, illness, and death—the Greek healthcare system, already in ruins, will be reduced to re-bounced rubble by year after year of no money.

    And this in a country where scores of thousands of migrants arrive on the shores of the world’s first democracy, hoping for something better than Syria.

    If WHO were not on the defensive over Ebola, I would expect it to declare the EU a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Because it is.

    (à partir de http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/13/guardian-view-on-greek-deal-solves-nothing-holds-many-dangers )

    #grèce #santé

  • Scientific experts: Sugar intake ’should be halved’ - BBC News
    http://www.bbc.com/news/health-33551501

    A committee of scientific experts is calling on the government to halve the recommended daily intake of sugar.

    Advisers on nutrition say no more than 5% of daily calories should come from added sugar - about seven level teaspoons.

    The guidelines are in line with new World Health Organization proposals.

    According to existing research, all age groups in the UK consume at least twice this limit.

    #alimentation #sucre