• Coronavirus en France : « En matière de prévention, nous ne sommes pas à la hauteur de l’épidémie »
    https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2020/04/11/en-matiere-de-prevention-nous-ne-sommes-pas-a-la-hauteur-de-l-epidemie_60363
    Rare photo de résistance opiniâtre face aux aérosols projetés par des plantes vertes

    Pour l’ancien directeur général de la santé William Dab, le gouvernement fait peser, avec le confinement, l’ensemble des efforts de prévention sur la population.

    Professeur émérite au Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM), où il était il y a peu titulaire de la chaire Hygiène et sécurité, William Dab est médecin et épidémiologiste. De 2003 à 2005, il a été directeur général de la santé et avait démissionné en raison de désaccords sur la politique de santé publique avec le ministre de la santé d’alors, Philippe Douste-Blazy. Il livre une analyse critique de la réponse française au Covid-19.

    Quelle est votre appréciation de la situation sanitaire de l’épidémie de Covid-19 ?

    Un premier élément à prendre en compte est qu’actuellement nous avons un décompte de la morbidité et de la mortalité directement liée au virus. En fait, nous aurons aussi à déplorer des répercussions sur la santé à moyen terme qu’on peut appeler indirectes parce que ce n’est pas le virus qui sera en cause, mais les complications chez les patients souffrant de maladies cardiaques, pulmonaires, rénales, etc. Ces complications ont deux origines. Le Covid-19, qui entraîne un alitement, qui est un facteur de risque important chez les personnes âgées. Et le fait que le suivi des malades chroniques est moins bon parce que le système de soins est saturé par l’épidémie. Il faut donc s’attendre au total à plusieurs dizaines de milliers de décès directement et indirectement liés à l’épidémie.

    Et sur l’évolution de l’épidémie ?

    Je suis frappé par le fait qu’après quatre semaines de confinement, la courbe épidémique n’est que ralentie. Nous restons avec un flux important de malades chaque jour. Trois raisons peuvent expliquer cela. D’abord le #confinement n’est qu’imparfaitement respecté. En particulier, ceux qui continuent de travailler et qui prennent les transports en commun peuvent se contaminer, alors que le port du masque n’est pas généralisé. Ensuite, on peut se demander s’il n’y a pas une transmission aérienne du virus et pas seulement par les gouttelettes. Cette question est débattue, notamment cette semaine dans la revue Nature. Enfin, et cela me semble très grave, on laisse retourner chez elles des personnes contagieuses à la sortie de l’hôpital ou du cabinet du médecin parce qu’elles n’ont pas besoin de soins. Elles peuvent alors contaminer leurs proches. Comment l’éviter quand on vit dans un petit appartement ?

    Que faudrait-il faire ?

    Cela fait des jours que plusieurs instances, dont le conseil scientifique du gouvernement, recommandent de mettre ces personnes, de même que leurs contacts, en isolement dans des hôtels (qui sont vides) ou des lieux fermés analogues. La maire de Paris le demande aussi, mais il ne se passe rien.
    De façon générale, dans les mesures adoptées, il y a un mélange d’excellence et de médiocrité. L’excellence, ce sont les soins. Des centaines de vie ont été sauvées par l’héroïsme des soignants et des aidants, ainsi que par un effort sans précédent qui a permis de doubler nos capacités de réanimation et de désengorger les hôpitaux saturés. C’est vraiment remarquable.
    En revanche, en matière de prévention, nous ne sommes pas à la hauteur de l’épidémie.

    Pourquoi ?

    La seule mesure de prévention est en réalité le confinement généralisé assorti de recommandations d’hygiène. Autrement dit, on fait peser sur la population la totalité des efforts de prévention. Ça ne peut pas marcher et le coût humain est effrayant avec un cortège d’inégalités sociales qui s’aggravent. Réalise-t-on bien ce que cela représente pour une famille avec disons deux enfants qui vit dans 50 m² avec les deux parents en télétravail et les enfants qui doivent faire l’école à la maison ? Si l’effort de prévention est partagé, cela peut tenir encore quelque temps, mais, s’il ne se passe rien d’autre, il y aura des mouvements de révolte. Or l’adhésion du public est une condition pour casser l’épidémie. Le macromanagement ne suffit pas. Il faut une capacité de micromanagement.
    Je considère que nous entrons dans une période où le confinement aura plus d’inconvénients (économiques, psychologiques, familiaux, médicaux) que de bénéfices.

    Que peut-on faire d’autre ?

    D’abord de l’épidémiologie de terrain. Comment se fait-il que ce soient des épidémiologistes britanniques qui ont estimé la proportion de Français infectés ? Comment lutter contre une épidémie sans connaître son étendue ? Des enquêtes par sondages hebdomadaires par téléphone ou Internet permettraient de suivre son évolution. C’est facile à réaliser. Ce n’est pas complètement fiable, mais c’est mieux d’être dans le brouillard que dans le noir absolu. En attendant que des tests sérologiques soient déployés à grande échelle, même avec des imperfections, ce type d’enquête par sondage répétés nous donnerait une tendance sur l’évolution de la prévalence de l’infection.

    De même, il faut comprendre pourquoi on a encore tant de nouveaux malades. Où ont-ils été contaminés ? On ne peut pas enquêter sur tous les cas, mais, là encore, une procédure d’échantillonnage suffirait à fournir des indications sur les circonstances de l’infection. Dans les CHU, de nombreuses études cliniques sur d’autres thèmes que le Covid-19 sont actuellement suspendues. Les professionnels de santé qui les réalisent sur le terrain et ont un savoir-faire pourraient être mobilisés à cette fin.
    Autre exemple, il y a des dizaines de milliers de patients qui prennent quotidiennement de l’hydroxychloroquine pour des maladies rhumatismales. Cela fait plus de deux mois qu’il y a un débat sur ce traitement. Pourquoi ne sait-on pas si ces patients sont moins atteints par le coronavirus que les autres ? Nous avons des bases de données accessibles pour faire ce travail et une agence du médicament pour le faire.

    Ensuite, on ne dit pas clairement à la population quand les masques et les tests arriveront. Si on ne le sait pas, il faut le dire. Aucun déconfinement n’est envisageable sans ces outils. De même, quand les soignants seront-ils enfin correctement protégés ? On n’entend pas la réponse.
    Enfin, il faut un commandement unifié et moins de bureaucratie.

    Que voulez-vous dire ?

    Je vais vous donner un exemple personnel. Dès le début de l’alerte, je me suis inscrit à la réserve sanitaire. Il y a une semaine, je reçois un message me demandant si je suis prêt à appuyer au plan épidémiologique une ARS [agence régionale de santé] dans un département d’outre-mer. Je réponds immédiatement que je suis volontaire et que je libère tout mon agenda jusqu’à fin juin. Au bout de six jours, pas de réponse. Je fais savoir que je trouve cela anormal en situation d’urgence. Je reçois alors comme réponse que mon dossier administratif n’est pas complet. Il manque la copie de mon diplôme de docteur en médecine (qui est à mon bureau, donc inaccessible) et un certificat d’aptitude médicale. Je n’aurai pas l’odieuse pensée de déranger un confrère surchargé pour qu’il atteste que je suis apte à faire de l’épidémiologie ! Le président de la République a déclaré la guerre, mais les services continuent de fonctionner comme en temps de paix.

    En 1917, la première chose qu’a faite Georges Clemenceau en devenant président du Conseil et ministre de la guerre, c’est de se débarrasser des bureaucrates sans valeur ajoutée, voire à valeur négative. Ensuite, il a obtenu des Alliés un commandement unifié. On multiplie les instances, les conseils, les comités qui font de leur mieux, mais il n’y a pas le souci des détails, ils n’ont pas de rôle opérationnel. Quand Clemenceau visitait le front au péril de sa vie, ce n’était pas seulement pour soutenir le moral des troupes. C’était aussi pour vérifier que l’intendance suivait.
    Pour gagner contre une épidémie, il faut trois conditions : la surveillance, la réactivité et un commandement resserré qui fait un lien opérationnel entre la doctrine et le terrain.

    Etes-vous pessimiste ?

    Oui, au moment où nous nous parlons. Non, si les principes de base de la lutte contre les épidémies sont enfin mis en œuvre de toute urgence en s’affranchissant des contraintes administratives que le gouvernement a désormais les outils juridiques de lever.
    Cette situation illustre jusqu’à la caricature la faiblesse de la santé publique française. On mise tout sur les soins sans réaliser que la prévention est un investissement très rentable. Chaque fois que l’on dépense 100 euros dans le domaine de la santé, 96 % vont aux soins et 4 % à la prévention organisée. C’est cela que nous payons, comme nous payons l’incurie de la gestion de l’amiante – 100 000 décès cumulés.
    Tous les soirs à 20 heures, nous applaudissons nos soignants. Je me demande si nous ne devrions pas siffler tous les midis les carences de la prévention de terrain jusqu’à ce qu’elle devienne efficace.

    Illétrisme d’en haut : à se demander quel usage peut bien faire pour son propre compte la classe dominante de ses organes : "l’urgence absolue de créer des structures de prise en charge des patients peu symptomatiques", écrivait le 27 mars LE journaliste santé de Le Monde, Franck Nouchi
    https://seenthis.net/messages/835151

    #bureaucratie (s) #prévention #hygiène #épidémiologie_de_terrain #recherche #réserve_sanitaire #structures_post_hospitalières

  • Dans les #Alpes, face au #coronavirus, mettre les migrant·es à l’abri

    Alors que les #Hautes-Alpes regorgent d’#infrastructures_touristiques inutilisées pendant la période de #confinement, aucune #mise_à_l’abri préventive n’a été décidée pour les 120 personnes précaires du département. Malgré tout, les associations s’organisent et ripostent.

    Depuis le début de l’épidémie de coronavirus, les migrant·es ne viennent plus, après avoir traversé le col de Montgenèvre à pied de nuit, toquer à la porte du #Refuge_solidaire de #Briançon (Hautes-Alpes). De chaque côté de la frontière, les populations sont confinées, coronavirus oblige. Les #maraudes, qui venaient en aide aux exilé·es dans la #montagne, sont suspendues. Depuis le début du confinement, le Refuge, qui fourmillait de bénévoles venu·es donner un coup de main, est désormais fermé au public et quasiment autogéré par les 14 migrants accueillis.

    « On fait en sorte qu’il y ait le moins de #bénévoles possible qui passent, explique Pauline, coordinatrice du Refuge. On a peur de leur transmettre le #virus. Si quelqu’un l’attrape, on peut être sûr que tout le refuge sera infecté. » Les exilé·es ont compris les enjeux sanitaires, mais, dans un lieu de vie collectif, le respect des #mesures_barrières et de la #distanciation_sociale est difficile.

    Limiter le risque de contamination grâce à l’#hébergement_préventif

    Si le problème se pose à Briançon, où 14 personnes sont accueillies dans le Refuge solidaire et 15 autres dans le squat #Chez_Marcel, à Gap (Hautes-Alpes), la situation est plus grave encore. Là-bas, une soixantaine de personnes vivent au #squat du #Cesaï dans des conditions de #promiscuité et d’hygiène « déplorables » selon les associations. « Toutes les fontaines de la ville de #Gap sont fermées, constate Carla Melki, qui gère la crise sanitaire du coronavirus dans les Hautes-Alpes pour Médecins du monde. Une mesure dont souffrent les migrants : « C’est impossible pour les personnes précaires de se doucher, ou même de se laver les mains. » Après des demandes insistantes, des #douches ont été ouvertes trois fois par semaine « pour un minimum de #dignité ». Les conditions d’habitat précaires sont loin de permettre les mesures de protection qu’impose l’urgence sanitaire.

    « On pourrait limiter le risque contamination de ces publics précaires en leur offrant un hébergement préventif, regrette Carla Melki. Dans les Hautes-Alpes, on parle de 120 personnes à héberger. Dans un département où il y a d’énormes infrastructures touristiques qui ne sont plus utilisées, la possibilité de mettre à l’abri paraît plutôt facile. »

    « Ce qu’on déplore toujours c’est la prévention »

    À l’absence de possibilité de confinement correct pour les personnes démunies, s’ajoute un #accès_aux_soins rendu plus difficile par la fermeture des Permanences d’accès aux soins (Pass). Elles permettaient aux personnes sans couverture maladie de bénéficier d’une offre de #santé. Leur personnel soignant a été redéployé dans les services hospitaliers surchargés. « On fait face à une #crise_sanitaire. On comprend que les hôpitaux centrent leurs forces sur les urgences et les tensions qui risquent d’arriver dans les prochains jours », estime Carla Melki.

    Pour pallier ce manque, Médecins du monde, financé par l’Agence régionale de santé (ARS), a mis en place une #unité_mobile #Santé_précarité. Elle prend en charge les publics fragiles, notamment les migrants, dans le cadre de l’#épidémie de coronavirus. « On va vers les personnes dans les lieux d’accueil, comme le Refuge solidaire, Chez Marcel ou le Cesaï à Gap », détaille Carla Melki. Là, l’équipe effectue un travail de #prévention et d’#information autour de la #Covid-19, ainsi qu’une #veille_sanitaire. « Dans les #Hautes-Alpes, le dispositif mis en place me semble adapté, conclut-elle. Ce qu’on déplore toujours, c’est la prévention. Il vaut mieux prévenir que guérir. C’est là-dessus qu’on aimerait voir un pas en avant de la préfecture. »

    https://radioparleur.net/2020/04/03/urgence-sanitaire-mise-a-labri-migrants-coronavirus-dans-les-hautes-al
    #asile #migrations #réfugiés #tourisme #précarisation #frontière_sud-alpine

    ping @thomas_lacroix @karine4 @isskein

  • #Coronavirus fears for Italy’s exploited African fruit pickers

    As panic buyers empty supermarket shelves across the world, are the agricultural workers who fill them being protected?

    As Italy’s north struggles to contain the spread of coronavirus, fears are growing in the south for thousands of migrant workers, mostly from Africa, who pick fruit and vegetables for a pittance and live in overcrowded tent camps and shantytowns.

    The health infrastructure in the south is not as advanced as that in the north, and a vast infection outbreak could be devastating.

    “Coronavirus cases have steadily increased also in other regions in Italy over the past weeks,” said public health expert Nino Cartabellotta. “There is a delay of around five days compared with the north, although we are witnessing the same growth curve across the country.”

    In the north, foreign farm workers hailing from Eastern Europe have returned to their home countries, choosing to risk poverty over disease, and there are no new arrivals.

    But fruit pickers in the south are stuck in camps, often lacking water and electricity and facing exploitation.

    Italy is not alone.

    Migrant workers are exploited across the European Union, forced to work endless hours and denied minimum wage or safety equipment, research by the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights shows.

    Now, the coronavirus pandemic endangers them further.

    In 2016, Coldiretti, a farmers’ group, estimated that there were around 120,000 migrant workers in Italy, mostly from Africa and Eastern Europe.

    Some 2,500 African crop pickers work in Calabria’s Gioia Tauro plain, a farming hot spot in the south known for tangerines, oranges, olives and kiwis and for being an infamous mafia stronghold.

    Agricultural employers often work by the “caporalato”, an illegal employment system in which labourers are exploited for little pay.

    Two weeks ago, the region had no known coronavirus cases. Today, there are at least 169.

    Last summer, the largest shantytown in the plain was shut down. Italian civil defence built a new camp with running water and electricity a few metres away from the old informal settlement, but equipped it with just 500 beds.

    This tent camp was eventually sanitised on Sunday, after repeated calls from humanitarian associations and the town’s mayor.

    Although hygiene conditions are better than in the nearby slums, strongly advised social distancing measures are almost impossible to implement.

    After the old shantytown was evacuated, its residents were not provided alternative housing, save for a small tent camp, forcing many to look for new improvised shelters somewhere else.

    In the neighbouring towns of Taurianova and Rizziconi, two overcrowded slums hosting 200 people each have emerged. Migrants live in shacks built from cardboard, wood, plastic and scrap metal.

    Potable water and electricity are nowhere to be found. Workers build makeshift toilets or simply relieve themselves in the fields.

    “This requires an immediate intervention from the authorities to put these people in a condition of safety and dignity,” Francesco Piobbichi, who works with Mediterranean Hope FCEI, a project run by Italy’s Evangelical Church Federation, told Al Jazeera. "These workers are key to fill supermarkets’ shelves with fresh fruits and vegetables. We cannot deny them protection amid the emergency.

    “Our protracted attempt of dismantling the slums now needs a drastic acceleration. We are telling the civil defence, the government and regional councils they need to provide these workers with a housing solution as soon as possible to avoid the spread of the infection.”

    There are some 35,000 empty houses in the agricultural plain. Aid agencies say that instead of investing in more camps, workers should be allowed to use these homes.

    Hand sanitiser has been distributed at settlements, said Andrea Tripodi, mayor of San Ferdinando, adding he also managed to secure gloves and finalised the purchase of cameras with a thermal scanning system to quickly identify people with a fever - one of the coronavirus symptoms.

    “We certainly need more measures and other devices amid this health emergency, also to prevent social tension from rising,” Tripodi said. “We are doing everything we can. We are also collecting soaps and shampoos to distribute among the workers. But we are left alone.”

    Aid groups, meanwhile, are busy raising awareness.

    “But it is really complex to explain to them that they need to wash their hands for about 25 seconds when they lack water in their settlements because the prefecture dismantled their camp’s illegal connection,” Piobbichi said, adding that the current nationwide lockdown restricts the movement of both aid workers and migrants.

    In the southern province of Foggia, 500 kilometres north of Gioia Tauro, thousands pick tomatoes, olives, asparagus, artichokes and grapes in the country’s largest agricultural plain.

    “The situation has become a race against the clock,” said Alessandro Verona, a health worker with the humanitarian group INTERSOS. “We are expecting a peak of the pandemic in Apulia towards the end of the month or beginning of the next.”

    Apulia has more than 200 infected patients. But like in Calabria, no infection has yet been confirmed among the migrant workers.

    “We are making blanket prevention activities across all settlements. We have reached around 500 people so far. Still, this is not enough.”

    In many of these settlements, water shortages are common and in emergencies people resort to farm water.

    “The only efficient prevention measure is to take these people out of the ghettos as soon as possible, especially from the most crowded ones. If not, we will face an unmanageable situation. But only the government and the institutions are capable of such a thing,” Verona said.

    In southern Campania, migrant workers are still gathering near large roundabouts of busy roads to meet their bosses. The region has now more than 650 infected patients.

    Jean d’Hainaut, cultural mediator with the anti-exploitation Dedalus cooperative, said among the people his association supports, many are waiting for their asylum requests to be completed - meaning they lack a residency permit and cannot access basic healthcare.

    Italy grants residency permits to migrant workers possessing contracts. But lengthy bureaucratic processes mean permits frequently arrive late, often towards their expiration. This process has been suspended amid the pandemic.

    In November 2018, Italy passed the so-called “migration and security decree” drafted by former Italian interior minister and far-right League party leader, Matteo Salvini - a move that pushed hundreds of vulnerable asylum seekers onto streets.

    The document cracked down on asylum rights by abolishing the “humanitarian protection” - a residence permit issued for those who do not qualify for refugee status or subsidiary protection but were deemed as vulnerable.

    “Over 90 percent of the people we meet at the roundabouts hail from Africa’s sub-Saharan countries. We are talking about a couple of hundred of workers, though numbers are difficult to pin down precisely,” d’Hainaut says.

    “We have been distributing a safety kit among workers for the past couple of years,” he says. “This has now turned to be very useful as it includes gloves, paper-made protective clothing and protective masks.”

    The agency has decided to remain on the street to keep offering its services to the migrant workers whose daily job means survival.

    “Last Thursday, I only saw around 20 people waiting for recruiters. The information campaign has been successful. Still, demand for workers has also decreased. I’ve asked the municipality to help distribute food,” d’ Hainaut.

    “This would further limit people’s presence on the street. I’d feel more reassured to tell workers to stay home while providing them with something to eat.”

    https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/coronavirus-fears-italy-exploited-african-fruit-pickers-200318154351889.h
    #Italie #travail #exploitation #tomates #Campania #fruits #Gioia_Tauro #Calabre #Calabria #caporalato #Taurianova #Rizziconi #campement #baraccopoli #légumes #Pouilles #prévention

  • La place des masques en tissus : mon avis d’ingénieure textile
    https://coutureetpaillettes.com/mes-coutures/masques-tissus-prevention-coronavirus

    Un masque en tissu n’est pas un dispositif médical. Gardez bien en têtes que les hôpitaux sont donc en droit de les refuser voir même de les interdire totalement : il en va de leur responsabilité Néanmoins j’en ai cousu à la demande pour mon entourage, et voici ce que j’ai réalisé.

    Chaque masque est conçu avec une ouverture permettant de mettre une 3ème couche qui sert de filtre. Chaque matin, la personne prépare un filtre dans chaque masque, et part avec ces 5 masques (donc masque+filtre). Dès qu’elle sent que l’air respiré devient trop humide, elle change de masque. Elle ne change pas le filtre : elle change TOUT. C’est pour cela qu’elle a tout préparé au matin.

    A la fin de son poste, lorsqu’elle rentre chez elle, elle jette les filtres à la poubelle (elle utilise les lingettes dépoussiérantes électrostatique) et nettoie son masque. Deux façon de faire : soit en machine, lavage standard puis sèche linge si vous voulez. Soit elle les passe au défroisseur vapeur ou au fer à repasser en mode vapeur pendant 5 minutes. Il semblerait que la vapeur (100°C donc) tue la plupart des virus et des bactéries.

    Je vous le redis : un masque en tissu n’est pas un dispositif médical, il n’est pas homologué, ne répond pas à la directive européen 93/42/CEE, et n’a pas la certification CE.

    #atelier_de_la_semaine_des_sept_mercredis #masque #protection

  • France : les migrants, grands #oubliés des mesures de #prévention contre le #coronavirus

    Alors que le chef de l’État français a demandé à la population de se confiner et de respecter les règles d’hygiène afin de limiter la propagation de l’épidémie de coronavirus, les migrants vivant dans les campements sauvages sont les grands oubliés de ces mesures. Les associations s’inquiètent et réclament des mises à l’abri.

    « Je veux demander des sacrifices pour ralentir l’épidémie. Jamais ils ne doivent mettre en cause l’aide aux plus fragiles. (…) Pour les plus précaires, les plus démunis, pour les personnes isolées, nous ferons en sorte qu’ils puissent être nourris et protégés. » Ces mots sont ceux du président Macron lors de son discours à la nation lundi 16 mars demandant à la population de se confiner afin d’éviter la propagation de l’épidémie de coronavirus.

    Pourtant, les associations d’aide aux migrants s’inquiètent, faute d’informations des autorités. Dans une lettre ouverte envoyée lundi aux préfets du Pas-de-Calais et du Nord ainsi qu’aux maires de Grande-Synthe et de Calais, 24 associations – dont l’Auberge des migrants et Médecins du monde - réclament notamment la mise à l’abri des migrants qui vivent dans les campements du nord de la France.

    https://twitter.com/AubergeMigrants/status/1239629502466187266?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E12

    « Rien n’est prévu pour les personnes à la rue »

    « On a demandé à l’État des mises à l’abri et l’installation d’une clinique mobile à proximité des camps mais rien n’a été fait », indique à InfoMigrants Antoine Nehr de l’association Utopia 56 à Calais. Même son de cloche en région parisienne : « On continue nos maraudes car rien n’est prévu pour les personnes à la rue », souffle Louis Barda de Médecins du monde (MdM) à Paris.

    À Calais, les associations estiment qu’environ 800 migrants dorment dans la rue. Environ 500 autres se trouvent en bordure de Paris, principalement à Aubervilliers. « Les regroupements de plus de 100 personnes sont interdits, or ils sont beaucoup plus nombreux dans les camps de migrants et plusieurs à vivre sous une même tente », signale Louis Barda.

    https://twitter.com/Utopia_56/status/1239885533993668608?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E12

    Les mesures d’hygiène dans les campements sauvages posent aussi question. « Les autorités ont distribué dans les camps de Calais des flyers avec les gestes d’hygiène à adopter, signale Antoine Nehr. Mais il n’y a pas de point d’eau partout, ni même de savon. » Une situation également observée dans les camps parisiens.

    « Un scandale sanitaire »

    « C’est un scandale sanitaire ! On assiste à de graves atteintes aux droits fondamentaux. Ce n’est pas nouveau certes, mais c’est encore plus visible aujourd’hui », déplore Louis Barda.

    Conséquences immédiates du coronavirus, les maraudes ont été diminuées et de nombreux accueils de jour ont dû fermer leurs portes. C’est le cas par exemple de ceux d’Utopia 56 et de MdM à Paris mais aussi de celui du Secours catholique à Calais. Le dispositif d’Utopia 56 de mise à l’abri des familles chez des particuliers ne peut, lui non plus, plus fonctionner.

    Le risque est donc que les migrants soient de plus en plus isolés. D’autant que selon l’Auberge des migrants, l’association la Vie active qui distribue des repas aux migrants de Calais a fermé son espace prévu pour recharger les téléphones. « Si un migrant est malade, comment va-t-il faire pour contacter le 15 s’il n’a plus de batterie ? », s’interroge François Guennoc.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K-lbcMONCQ&feature=emb_logo

    Quelles réponses des autorités ? Pour l’instant très peu. La préfecture d’Ile-de-France affirme à InfoMigrants que des structures dédiées vont être mises en place pour les sans-abris malades. Et pour les autres, ceux potentiellement contagieux sans avoir de symptômes ?

    Du côté de la préfecture de police de Paris, on répond à InfoMigrants « qu’à l’heure actuelle, on gère les urgences », expliquant implicitement que les migrants ne sont pas leur priorité. La préfecture du Pas-de-Calais n’est pas plus loquace : « Pour l’heure, nous n’avons aucun élément pour répondre à ces questions ».

    La maire de Paris a en revanche annoncé mardi 17 mars l’ouverture d’un gymnase pour y loger les personnes à la rue. Anne Hidaldo a également proposé à l’État d’en ouvrir 14 supplémentaires dans les jours qui viennent.

    https://twitter.com/Anne_Hidalgo/status/1239905582771056641?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E12

    https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/23498/france-les-migrants-grands-oublies-des-mesures-de-prevention-contre-le

    #France #migrants #SDF #sans-abris

  • #Covid-19 : la riposte est-elle plus redoutable que le virus ?

    #Interview du Pr #Eric_Caumes, chef du service des maladies infectieuses, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris.

    Depuis l’identification d’une nouvelle souche de coronavirus, le #SARS-CoV_2, deux visions s’affrontent. Ceux qui croyaient à l’extrême dangerosité de ce nouvel agent pathogène et ceux qui n’y croyaient pas.

    Parmi ces derniers, le Pr Eric Caumes* appelle ici à raison garder.

    *Chef du service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales de l’Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris)

    Chapitres

    Quelle est la #contagiosité du SARS-CoV-2 ? – 00:06
    Quel est le taux de #létalité du SARS-CoV-2 ? – 02:29
    Quel est le taux de #mutation du SARS-CoV-2 ? – 03:22
    Quelles mesures devraient être prises concernant les réservoirs et hôtes animaux ? – 03:57
    Quelles méthodes de #prévention sont efficaces contre le Covid-19 ? – 05:37
    Compte tenu des dernières données la durée d’#isolement des patients devrait-elle être allongée ? – 06:58
    Qu’est-ce qu’un cas possible en France, faut-il, comme en Chine réviser cette définition ? – 08:04
    En #phase_épidémique, sera-t-il possible, en pratique quotidienne, de distinguer SARS-CoV-2, #grippe et #VRS ? – 09:20
    Où en est la mise au point d’un #test_sérologique ? – 11:28
    Quand la #prise_en_charge devra-t-elle se faire en ambulatoire ? – 12:19
    Quels sont les #traitements étiologiques à l’étude ? – 14:22
    Les #hôpitaux vous semblent-ils en mesure de faire face à une #épidémie de grande ampleur ? – 15:14
    Quel regard portez-vous sur la #riposte à l’épidémie ? – 15:57

    https://www.jim.fr/e-docs/covid_19_la_riposte_est_elle_plus_redoutable_que_le_virus__181852/document_jim_tube.phtml
    #coronavirus

    signalé par @reka

  • UN DÉCRET AUTORISE LE FICHAGE D’OPINIONS POLITIQUES, LES ORIENTATIONS SEXUELLES, PHILOSOPHIQUES, RELIGIEUSES, ETC…

    « #Gendnotes » : une mesure liberticide imposée discrètement par décret

    Un nouveau palier autoritaire est franchi dans l’indifférence générale. L’Etat va encore plus loin dans la création d’ennemis de l’intérieur en se donnant les moyens de ficher et de transmettre des informations telles que les #opinions_politiques, l’#appartenance_syndicale, les #orientations_sexuelles, l’#état_de_santé, etc… Il s’agit du dispositif « Gendnotes » qui est censé moderniser les prises de notes des gendarmes, et accroît considérablement les possibilités de contrôles en portant gravement atteinte aux libertés les plus fondamentales.

    Les destinataires de ces #informations_personnelles dites de “#pré-renseignement” pourront être les #maires des communes concernées par les individus, les préfets (cf. art. 4) ou les #autorités_judiciaires (cf. art. 1). Ces #données pourront être collectées « à l’occasion d’actions de #prévention, d’investigations ou d’interventions nécessaires à l’exercice des missions de polices judiciaire et administrative ».

    Alors que des fichages infâmes tels que l’#origine_raciale existent déjà dans les dossiers de police, ce décret ira encore plus loin, et va généraliser de telles pratiques. On aimerait croire à la fakenews mais non.

    Dans le décret n° 2020-151 du 20 février 2020 (https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000041615919&categorieLien=id, Le ministre de l’intérieur est autorisé à mettre en œuvre ce #traitement_automatisé de données à caractère personnel dénommé GendNotes au sein de la Gendarmerie. Le principe d’un décret, c’est qu’il passe en force, sans débat, en catimini.

    L’article 2 explique qu’en cas « d’#absolue_nécessité » il sera possible de faire rentrer des informations « relatives à la prétendue origine raciale ou ethnique, aux opinions politiques, philosophiques ou religieuses, à l’appartenance syndicale, à la santé ou à la #vie_sexuelle ou l’orientation sexuelle ».

    Qu’entendre par une notion aussi floue qu’« absolue nécessité » sachant que dans les enquêtes visant des écologistes, les militants, les Gilets Jaunes et plus généralement tout opposant politique, cela fait déjà longtemps que les moyens de l’antiterrorisme sont appliqués !

    Récemment, le gouvernement semblait scandalisé par l’atteinte à la vie privée de Benjamin Griveaux mais son indignation est sélective. L’atteinte à la vie privée d’une population entière ne semble lui poser aucun problème !

    « Essayez la dictature et vous verrez »

    (Emmanuel Macron. 23/01/2020)

    https://www.nantes-revoltee.com/%E2%9A%AB-un-decret-autorise-le-fichage-dopinions-politiques-les-or

    #décret #fichage #autoritarisme #surveillance #gendarmerie #mairie #préfecture #investigation #police_judiciaire #police_administrative #France #macronisme

    ping @etraces @davduf @fil

  • The business of building walls

    Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Europe is once again known for its border walls. This time Europe is divided not so much by ideology as by perceived fear of refugees and migrants, some of the world’s most vulnerable people.

    Who killed the dream of a more open Europe? What gave rise to this new era of walls? There are clearly many reasons – the increasing displacement of people by conflict, repression and impoverishment, the rise of security politics in the wake of 9/11, the economic and social insecurity felt across Europe after the 2008 financial crisis – to name a few. But one group has by far the most to gain from the rise of new walls – the businesses that build them. Their influence in shaping a world of walls needs much deeper examination.

    This report explores the business of building walls, which has both fuelled and benefited from a massive expansion of public spending on border security by the European Union (EU) and its member states. Some of the corporate beneficiaries are also global players, tapping into a global market for border security estimated to be worth approximately €17.5 billion in 2018, with annual growth of at least 8% expected in coming years.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAuv1QyP8l0&feature=emb_logo

    It is important to look both beyond and behind Europe’s walls and fencing, because the real barriers to contemporary migration are not so much the fencing, but the vast array of technology that underpins it, from the radar systems to the drones to the surveillance cameras to the biometric fingerprinting systems. Similarly, some of Europe’s most dangerous walls are not even physical or on land. The ships, aircrafts and drones used to patrol the Mediterranean have created a maritime wall and a graveyard for the thousands of migrants and refugees who have no legal passage to safety or to exercise their right to seek asylum.

    This renders meaningless the European Commission’s publicized statements that it does not fund walls and fences. Commission spokesperson Alexander Winterstein, for example, rejecting Hungary’s request to reimburse half the costs of the fences built on its borders with Croatia and Serbia, said: ‘We do support border management measures at external borders. These can be surveillance measures. They can be border control equipment...But fences, we do not finance’. In other words, the Commission is willing to pay for anything that fortifies a border as long as it is not seen to be building the walls themselves.

    This report is a sequel to Building Walls – Fear and securitization in the European Union, co-published in 2018 with Centre Delàs and Stop Wapenhandel, which first measured and identified the walls that criss-cross Europe. This new report focuses on the businesses that have profited from three different kinds of wall in Europe:

    The construction companies contracted to build the land walls built by EU member states and the Schengen Area together with the security and technology companies that provide the necessary accompanying technology, equipment and services;

    The shipping and arms companies that provide the ships, aircraft, helicopters, drones that underpin Europe’s maritime walls seeking to control migratory flows in the Mediterranean, including Frontex operations, Operation Sophia and Italian operation Mare Nostrum;
    And the IT and security companies contracted to develop, run, expand and maintain EU’s systems that monitor the movement of people – such as SIS II (Schengen Information System) and EES (Entry/Exit Scheme) – which underpin Europe’s virtual walls.

    Booming budgets

    The flow of money from taxpayers to wall-builders has been highly lucrative and constantly growing. The report finds that companies have reaped the profits from at least €900 million spent by EU countries on land walls and fences since the end of the Cold War. The partial data (in scope and years) means actual costs will be at least €1 billion. In addition, companies that provide technology and services that accompany walls have also benefited from some of the steady stream of funding from the EU – in particular the External Borders Fund (€1.7 billion, 2007-2013) and the Internal Security Fund – Borders Fund (€2.76 billion, 2014-2020).

    EU spending on maritime walls has totalled at least €676.4 million between 2006 to 2017 (including €534 million spent by Frontex, €28.4 million spent by the EU on Operation Sophia and €114 million spent by Italy on Operation Mare Nostrum) and would be much more if you include all the operations by Mediterranean country coastguards. Total spending on Europe’s virtual wall equalled at least €999.4m between 2000 and 2019. (All these estimates are partial ones because walls are funded by many different funding mechanisms and due to lack of data transparency).

    This boom in border budgets is set to grow. Under its budget for the next EU budget cycle (2021–2027) the European Commission has earmarked €8.02 billion to its Integrated Border Management Fund (2021-2027), €11.27bn to Frontex (of which €2.2 billion will be used for acquiring, maintaining and operating air, sea and land assets) and at least €1.9 billion total spending (2000-2027) on its identity databases and Eurosur (the European Border Surveillance System).
    The big arm industry players

    Three giant European military and security companies in particular play a critical role in Europe’s many types of borders. These are Thales, Leonardo and Airbus.

    Thales is a French arms and security company, with a significant presence in the Netherlands, that produces radar and sensor systems, used by many ships in border security. Thales systems, were used, for example, by Dutch and Portuguese ships deployed in Frontex operations. Thales also produces maritime surveillance systems for drones and is working on developing border surveillance infrastructure for Eurosur, researching how to track and control refugees before they reach Europe by using smartphone apps, as well as exploring the use of High Altitude Pseudo Satellites (HAPS) for border security, for the European Space Agency and Frontex. Thales currently provides the security system for the highly militarised port in Calais. Its acquisition in 2019 of Gemalto, a large (biometric) identity security company, makes it a significant player in the development and maintenance of EU’s virtual walls. It has participated in 27 EU research projects on border security.
    Italian arms company Leonardo (formerly Finmeccanica or Leonardo-Finmeccanica) is a leading supplier of helicopters for border security, used by Italy in the Mare Nostrum, Hera and Sophia operations. It has also been one of the main providers of UAVs (or drones) for Europe’s borders, awarded a €67.1 million contract in 2017 by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) to supply them for EU coast-guard agencies. Leonardo was also a member of a consortium, awarded €142.1 million in 2019 to implement and maintain EU’s virtual walls, namely its EES. It jointly owns Telespazio with Thales, involved in EU satellite observation projects (REACT and Copernicus) used for border surveillance. Leonardo has participated in 24 EU research projects on border security and control, including the development of Eurosur.
    Pan-European arms giant Airbus is a key supplier of helicopters used in patrolling maritime and some land borders, deployed by Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania and Spain, including in maritime Operations Sophia, Poseidon and Triton. Airbus and its subsidiaries have participated in at least 13 EU-funded border security research projects including OCEAN2020, PERSEUS and LOBOS.
    The significant role of these arms companies is not surprising. As Border Wars (2016), showed these companies through their membership of the lobby groups – European Organisation for Security (EOS) and the AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe (ASD) – have played a significant role in influencing the direction of EU border policy. Perversely, these firms are also among the top four biggest European arms dealers to the Middle East and North Africa, thus contributing to the conflicts that cause forced migration.

    Indra has been another significant corporate player in border control in Spain and the Mediterranean. It won a series of contracts to fortify Ceuta and Melilla (Spanish enclaves in northern Morocco). Indra also developed the SIVE border control system (with radar, sensors and vision systems), which is in place on most of Spain’s borders, as well as in Portugal and Romania. In July 2018 it won a €10 million contract to manage SIVE at several locations for two years. Indra is very active in lobbying the EU and is a major beneficiary of EU research funding, coordinating the PERSEUS project to further develop Eurosur and the Seahorse Network, a network between police forces in Mediterranean countries (both in Europe and Africa) to stop migration.

    Israeli arms firms are also notable winners of EU border contracts. In 2018, Frontex selected the Heron drone from Israel Aerospace Industries for pilot-testing surveillance flights in the Mediterranean. In 2015, Israeli firm Elbit sold six of its Hermes UAVs to the Switzerland’s Border Guard, in a controversial €230 million deal. It has since signed a UAV contract with the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), as a subcontractor for the Portuguese company CEIIA (2018), as well as contracts to supply technology for three patrol vessels for the Hellenic Coast Guard (2019).
    Land wall contractors

    Most of the walls and fences that have been rapidly erected across Europe have been built by national construction companies, but one European company has dominated the field: European Security Fencing, a Spanish producer of razor wire, in particular a coiled wire known as concertinas. It is most known for the razor wire on the fences around Ceuta and Melilla. It also delivered the razor wire for the fence on the border between Hungary and Serbia, and its concertinas were installed on the borders between Bulgaria and Turkey and Austria and Slovenia, as well as at Calais, and for a few days on the border between Hungary and Slovenia before being removed. Given its long-term market monopoly, its concertinas are very likely used at other borders in Europe.

    Other contractors providing both walls and associated technology include DAT-CON (Croatia, Cyprus, Macedonia, Moldova, Slovenia and Ukraine), Geo Alpinbau (Austria/Slovenia), Indra, Dragados, Ferrovial, Proyectos Y Tecnología Sallén and Eulen (Spain/Morocco), Patstroy Bourgas, Infra Expert, Patengineeringstroy, Geostroy Engineering, Metallic-Ivan Mihaylov and Indra (Bulgaria/Turkey), Nordecon and Defendec (Estonia/Russia), DAK Acélszerkezeti Kft and SIA Ceļu būvniecības sabiedrība IGATE (Latvia/Russia), Gintrėja (Lithuania/Russia), Minis and Legi-SGS(Slovenia/Croatia), Groupe CW, Jackson’s Fencing, Sorhea, Vinci/Eurovia and Zaun Ltd (France/UK).

    In many cases, the actual costs of the walls and associated technologies exceed original estimates. There have also been many allegations and legal charges of corruption, in some cases because projects were given to corporate friends of government officials. In Slovenia, for example, accusations of corruption concerning the border wall contract have led to a continuing three-year legal battle for access to documents that has reached the Supreme Court. Despite this, the EU’s External Borders Fund has been a critical financial supporter of technological infrastructure and services in many of the member states’ border operations. In Macedonia, for example, the EU has provided €9 million for patrol vehicles, night-vision cameras, heartbeat detectors and technical support for border guards to help it manage its southern border.
    Maritime wall profiteers

    The data about which ships, helicopters and aircraft are used in Europe’s maritime operations is not transparent and therefore it is difficult to get a full picture. Our research shows, however, that the key corporations involved include the European arms giants Airbus and Leonardo, as well as large shipbuilding companies including Dutch Damen and Italian Fincantieri.

    Damen’s patrol vessels have been used for border operations by Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Portugal, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden and the UK as well as in key Frontex operations (Poseidon, Triton and Themis), Operation Sophia and in supporting NATO’s role in Operation Poseidon. Outside Europe, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey use Damen vessels for border security, often in cooperation with the EU or its member states. Turkey’s €20 million purchase of six Damen vessels for its coast guard in 2006, for example, was financed through the EU Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace (IcSP), intended for peace-building and conflict prevention.

    The sale of Damen vessels to Libya unveils the potential troubling human costs of this corporate trade. In 2012, Damen supplied four patrol vessels to the Libyan Coast Guard, sold as civil equipment in order to avoid a Dutch arms export license. Researchers have since found out, however, that the ships were not only sold with mounting points for weapons, but were then armed and used to stop refugee boats. Several incidents involving these ships have been reported, including one where some 20 or 30 refugees drowned. Damen has refused to comment, saying it had agreed with the Libyan government not to disclose information about the ships.

    In addition to Damen, many national shipbuilders play a significant role in maritime operations as they were invariably prioritised by the countries contributing to each Frontex or other Mediterranean operation. Hence, all the ships Italy contributed to Operation Sophia were built by Fincantieri, while all Spanish ships come from Navantia and its predecessors. Similarly, France purchases from DCN/DCNS, now Naval Group, and all German ships were built by several German shipyards (Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, HDW, Lürssen Gruppe). Other companies in Frontex operations have included Greek company, Motomarine Shipyards, which produced the Panther 57 Fast Patrol Boats used by the Hellenic Coast Guard, Hellenic Shipyards and Israel Shipyards.

    Austrian company Schiebel is a significant player in maritime aerial surveillance through its supply of S-100 drones. In November 2018, EMSA selected the company for a €24 million maritime surveillance contract for a range of operations including border security. Since 2017, Schiebel has also won contracts from Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The company has a controversial record, with its drones sold to a number of countries experiencing armed conflict or governed by repressive regimes such as Libya, Myanmar, the UAE and Yemen.

    Finland and the Netherlands deployed Dornier aircraft to Operation Hermes and Operation Poseidon respectively, and to Operation Triton. Dornier is now part of the US subsidiary of the Israeli arms company Elbit Systems. CAE Aviation (Luxembourg), DEA Aviation (UK) and EASP Air (Netherlands) have all received contracts for aircraft surveillance work for Frontex. Airbus, French Dassault Aviation, Leonardo and US Lockheed Martin were the most important suppliers of aircraft used in Operation Sophia.

    The EU and its member states defend their maritime operations by publicising their role in rescuing refugees at sea, but this is not their primary goal, as Frontex director Fabrice Leggeri made clear in April 2015, saying that Frontex has no mandate for ‘proactive search-and-rescue action[s]’ and that saving lives should not be a priority. The thwarting and criminalisation of NGO rescue operations in the Mediterranean and the frequent reports of violence and illegal refoulement of refugees, also demonstrates why these maritime operations should be considered more like walls than humanitarian missions.
    Virtual walls

    The major EU contracts for the virtual walls have largely gone to two companies, sometimes as leaders of a consortium. Sopra Steria is the main contractor for the development and maintenance of the Visa Information System (VIS), Schengen Information System (SIS II) and European Dactyloscopy (Eurodac), while GMV has secured a string of contracts for Eurosur. The systems they build help control, monitor and surveil people’s movements across Europe and increasingly beyond.

    Sopra Steria is a French technology consultancy firm that has to date won EU contracts worth a total value of over €150 million. For some of these large contracts Sopra Steria joined consortiums with HP Belgium, Bull and 3M Belgium. Despite considerable business, Sopra Steria has faced considerable criticism for its poor record on delivering projects on time and on budget. Its launch of SIS II was constantly delayed, forcing the Commission to extend contracts and increase budgets. Similarly, Sopra Steria was involved in another consortium, the Trusted Borders consortium, contracted to deliver the UK e-Borders programme, which was eventually terminated in 2010 after constant delays and failure to deliver. Yet it continues to win contracts, in part because it has secured a near-monopoly of knowledge and access to EU officials. The central role that Sopra Steria plays in developing these EU biometric systems has also had a spin-off effect in securing other national contracts, including with Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Romania and Slovenia GMV, a Spanish technology company, has received a succession of large contracts for Eurosur, ever since its testing phase in 2010, worth at least €25 million. It also provides technology to the Spanish Guardia Civil, such as control centres for its Integrated System of External Vigilance (SIVE) border security system as well as software development services to Frontex. It has participated in at least ten EU-funded research projects on border security.

    Most of the large contracts for the virtual walls that did not go to consortia including Sopra Steria were awarded by eu-LISA (European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice) to consortia comprising computer and technology companies including Accenture, Atos Belgium and Morpho (later renamed Idema).
    Lobbying

    As research in our Border Wars series has consistently shown, through effective lobbying, the military and security industry has been very influential in shaping the discourse of EU security and military policies. The industry has succeeded in positioning itself as the experts on border security, pushing the underlying narrative that migration is first and foremost a security threat, to be combatted by security and military means. With this premise, it creates a continuous demand for the ever-expanding catalogue of equipment and services the industry supplies for border security and control.

    Many of the companies listed here, particularly the large arms companies, are involved in the European Organisation for Security (EOS), the most important lobby group on border security. Many of the IT security firms that build EU’s virtual walls are members of the European Biometrics Association (EAB). EOS has an ‘Integrated Border Security Working Group’ to ‘facilitate the development and uptake of better technology solutions for border security both at border checkpoints, and along maritime and land borders’. The working group is chaired by Giorgio Gulienetti of the Italian arms company Leonardo, with Isto Mattila (Laurea University of Applied Science) and Peter Smallridge of Gemalto, a digital security company recently acquired by Thales.

    Company lobbyists and representatives of these lobby organisations regularly meet with EU institutions, including the European Commission, are part of official advisory committees, publish influential proposals, organise meetings between industry, policy-makers and executives and also meet at the plethora of military and security fairs, conferences and seminars. Airbus, Leonardo and Thales together with EOS held 226 registered lobbying meetings with the European Commission between 2014 and 2019. In these meetings representatives of the industry position themselves as the experts on border security, presenting their goods and services as the solution for ‘security threats’ caused by immigration. In 2017, the same group of companies and EOS spent up to €2.65 million on lobbying.

    A similar close relationship can be seen on virtual walls, with the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission arguing openly for public policy to foster the ‘emergence of a vibrant European biometrics industry’.
    A deadly trade and a choice

    The conclusion of this survey of the business of building walls is clear. A Europe full of walls has proved to be very good for the bottom line of a wide range of corporations including arms, security, IT, shipping and construction companies. The EU’s planned budgets for border security for the next decade show it is also a business that will continue to boom.

    This is also a deadly business. The heavy militarisation of Europe’s borders on land and at sea has led refugees and migrants to follow far more hazardous routes and has trapped others in desperate conditions in neighbouring countries like Libya. Many deaths are not recorded, but those that are tracked in the Mediterranean show that the proportion of those who drown trying to reach Europe continues to increase each year.

    This is not an inevitable state of affairs. It is both the result of policy decisions made by the EU and its member states, and corporate decisions to profit from these policies. In a rare principled stand, German razor wire manufacturer Mutanox in 2015 stated it would not sell its product to the Hungarian government arguing: ‘Razor wire is designed to prevent criminal acts, like a burglary. Fleeing children and adults are not criminals’. It is time for other European politicians and business leaders to recognise the same truth: that building walls against the world’s most vulnerable people violates human rights and is an immoral act that history will judge harshly. Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, it is time for Europe to bring down its new walls.

    https://www.tni.org/en/businessbuildingwalls

    #business #murs #barrières_frontalières #militarisation_des_frontières #visualisation #Europe #UE #EU #complexe_militaro-industriel #Airbus #Leonardo #Thales #Indra #Israel_Aerospace_Industries #Elbit #European_Security_Fencing #DAT-CON #Geo_Alpinbau #Dragados #Ferrovial, #Proyectos_Y_Tecnología_Sallén #Eulen #Patstroy_Bourgas #Infra_Expert #Patengineeringstroy #Geostroy_Engineering #Metallic-Ivan_Mihaylov #Nordecon #Defendec #DAK_Acélszerkezeti_Kft #SIA_Ceļu_būvniecības_sabiedrība_IGATE #Gintrėja #Minis #Legi-SGS #Groupe_CW #Jackson’s_Fencing #Sorhea #Vinci #Eurovia #Zaun_Ltd #Damen #Fincantieri #Frontex #Damen #Turquie #Instrument_contributing_to_Stability_and_Peace (#IcSP) #Libye #exernalisation #Operation_Sophia #Navantia #Naval_Group #Flensburger_Schiffbau-Gesellschaft #HDW #Lürssen_Gruppe #Motomarine_Shipyards #Panther_57 #Hellenic_Shipyards #Israel_Shipyards #Schiebel #Dornier #Operation_Hermes #CAE_Aviation #DEA_Aviation #EASP_Air #French_Dassault_Aviation #US_Lockheed_Martin #murs_virtuels #Sopra_Steria #Visa_Information_System (#VIS) #données #Schengen_Information_System (#SIS_II) #European_Dactyloscopy (#Eurodac) #GMV #Eurosur #HP_Belgium #Bull #3M_Belgium #Trusted_Borders_consortium #économie #biométrie #Integrated_System_of_External_Vigilance (#SIVE) #eu-LISA #Accenture #Atos_Belgium #Morpho #Idema #lobby #European_Organisation_for_Security (#EOS) #European_Biometrics_Association (#EAB) #Integrated_Border_Security_Working_Group #Giorgio_Gulienetti #Isto_Mattila #Peter_Smallridge #Gemalto #murs_terrestres #murs_maritimes #coût #chiffres #statistiques #Joint_Research_Centre_of_the_European_Commission #Mutanox #High-Altitude_Pseudo-Satellites (#HAPS)

    Pour télécharger le #rapport :


    https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/business_of_building_walls_-_full_report.pdf

    déjà signalé par @odilon ici :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/809783
    Je le remets ici avec des mots clé de plus

    ping @daphne @marty @isskein @karine4

    • La costruzione di muri: un business

      Trent’anni dopo la caduta del Muro di Berlino, l’Europa fa parlare di sé ancora una volta per i suoi muri di frontiera. Questa volta non è tanto l’ideologia che la divide, quanto la paura di rifugiati e migranti, alcune tra le persone più vulnerabili al mondo.

      Riassunto del rapporto «The Business of Building Walls» [1]:

      Chi ha ucciso il sogno di un’Europa più aperta? Cosa ha dato inizio a questa nuova era dei muri?
      Ci sono evidentemente molte ragioni: il crescente spostamento di persone a causa di conflitti, repressione e impoverimento, l’ascesa di politiche securitarie sulla scia dell’11 settembre, l’insicurezza economica e sociale percepita in Europa dopo la crisi finanziaria del 2008, solo per nominarne alcune. Tuttavia, c’è un gruppo che ha di gran lunga da guadagnare da questo innalzamento di nuovi muri: le imprese che li costruiscono. La loro influenza nel dare forma ad un mondo di muri necessita di un esame più profondo.

      Questo rapporto esplora il business della costruzione di muri, che è stato alimentato e ha beneficiato di un aumento considerevole della spesa pubblica dedicata alla sicurezza delle frontiere dall’Unione Europea (EU) e dai suoi Stati membri. Alcune imprese beneficiarie sono delle multinazionali che approfittano di un mercato globale per la sicurezza delle frontiere che si stima valere approssimativamente 17,5 miliardi di euro nel 2018, con una crescita annuale prevista almeno dell’8% nei prossimi anni.

      È importante guardare sia oltre che dietro i muri e le barriere d’Europa, perché i reali ostacoli alla migrazione contemporanea non sono tanto le recinzioni, quanto la vasta gamma di tecnologie che vi è alla base, dai sistemi radar ai droni, dalle telecamere di sorveglianza ai sistemi biometrici di rilevamento delle impronte digitali. Allo stesso modo, alcuni tra i più pericolosi muri d’Europa non sono nemmeno fisici o sulla terraferma. Le navi, gli aerei e i droni usati per pattugliare il Mediterraneo hanno creato un muro marittimo e un cimitero per i migliaia di migranti e di rifugiati che non hanno un passaggio legale verso la salvezza o per esercitare il loro diritto di asilo.

      Tutto ciò rende insignificanti le dichiarazioni della Commissione Europea secondo le quali essa non finanzierebbe i muri e le recinzioni. Il portavoce della Commissione, Alexander Winterstein, per esempio, nel rifiutare la richiesta dell’Ungheria di rimborsare la metà dei costi delle recinzioni costruite sul suo confine con la Croazia e la Serbia, ha affermato: “Noi sosteniamo le misure di gestione delle frontiere presso i confini esterni. Queste possono consistere in misure di sorveglianza o in equipaggiamento di controllo delle frontiere... . Ma le recinzioni, quelle non le finanziamo”. In altre parole, la Commissione è disposta a pagare per qualunque cosa che fortifichi un confine fintanto che ciò non sia visto come propriamente costruire dei muri.

      Questo rapporto è il seguito di “Building Walls - Fear and securitizazion in the Euopean Union”, co-pubblicato nel 2018 con Centre Delàs e Stop Wapenhandel, che per primi hanno misurato e identificato i muri che attraversano l’Europa.

      Questo nuovo rapporto si focalizza sulle imprese che hanno tratto profitto dai tre differenti tipi di muro in Europa:
      – Le imprese di costruzione ingaggiate per costruire i muri fisici costruiti dagli Stati membri UE e dall’Area Schengen in collaborazione con le imprese esperte in sicurezza e tecnologia che provvedono le tecnologie, l’equipaggiamento e i servizi associati;
      – le imprese di trasporto marittimo e di armamenti che forniscono le navi, gli aerei, gli elicotteri e i droni che costituiscono i muri marittimi dell’Europa per tentare di controllare i flussi migratori nel Mediterraneo, in particolare le operazioni di Frontex, l’operazione Sophia e l’operazione italiana Mare Nostrum;
      – e le imprese specializzate in informatica e in sicurezza incaricate di sviluppare, eseguire, estendere e mantenere i sistemi dell’UE che controllano i movimento delle persone, quali SIS II (Schengen Information System) e EES (Entry/Exii Scheme), che costituiscono i muri virtuali dell’Europa.
      Dei budget fiorenti

      Il flusso di denaro dai contribuenti ai costruttori di muri è stato estremamente lucrativo e non cessa di aumentare. Il report rivela che dalla fine della guerra fredda, le imprese hanno raccolto i profitti di almeno 900 milioni di euro di spese dei paesi dell’UE per i muri fisici e per le recinzioni. Con i dati parziali (sia nella portata e che negli anni), i costi reali raggiungerebbero almeno 1 miliardo di euro. Inoltre, le imprese che forniscono la tecnologia e i servizi che accompagnano i muri hanno ugualmente beneficiato di un flusso costante di finanziamenti da parte dell’UE, in particolare i Fondi per le frontiere esterne (1,7 miliardi di euro, 2007-2013) e i Fondi per la sicurezza interna - Fondi per le Frontiere (2,76 miliardi di euro, 2014-2020).

      Le spese dell’UE per i muri marittimi hanno raggiunto almeno 676,4 milioni di euro tra il 2006 e il 2017 (di cui 534 milioni sono stati spesi da Frontex, 28 milioni dall’UE nell’operazione Sophia e 114 milioni dall’Italia nell’operazione Mare Nostrum) e sarebbero molto superiori se si includessero tutte le operazioni delle guardie costiera nazionali nel Mediterraneo.

      Questa esplosione dei budget per le frontiere ha le condizioni per proseguire. Nel quadro del suo budget per il prossimo ciclo di bilancio dell’Unione Europea (2021-2027), la Commissione europea ha attribuito 8,02 miliardi di euro al suo fondo di gestione integrata delle frontiere (2021-2027), 11,27 miliardi a Frontex (dei quali 2,2 miliardi saranno utilizzati per l’acquisizione, il mantenimento e l’utilizzo di mezzi aerei, marittimi e terrestri) e almeno 1,9 miliardi di euro di spese totali (2000-2027) alle sue banche dati di identificazione e a Eurosur (il sistemo europeo di sorveglianza delle frontiere).
      I principali attori del settore degli armamenti

      Tre giganti europei del settore della difesa e della sicurezza giocano un ruolo cruciale nei differenti tipi di frontiere d’Europa: Thales, Leonardo e Airbus.

      – Thales è un’impresa francese specializzata negli armamenti e nella sicurezza, con una presenza significativa nei Paesi Bassi, che produce sistemi radar e sensori utilizzati da numerose navi della sicurezza frontaliera. I sistemi Thales, per esempio, sono stati utilizzati dalle navi olandesi e portoghesi impiegate nelle operazioni di Frontex.
      Thales produce ugualmente sistemi di sorveglianza marittima per droni e lavora attualmente per sviluppare una infrastruttura di sorveglianza delle frontiere per Eurosus, che permetta di seguire e controllare i rifugiati prima che raggiungano l’Europa con l’aiuto di applicazioni per Smartphone, e studia ugualmente l’utilizzo di “High Altitude Pseudo-Satellites - HAPS” per la sicurezza delle frontiere, per l’Agenzia spaziale europea e Frontex. Thales fornisce attualmente il sistema di sicurezza del porto altamente militarizzato di Calais.
      Con l’acquisto nel 2019 di Gemalto, multinazionale specializzata nella sicurezza e identità (biometrica), Thales diventa un attore importante nello sviluppo e nel mantenimento dei muri virtuali dell’UE. L’impresa ha partecipato a 27 progetti di ricerca dell’UE sulla sicurezza delle frontiere.

      – La società di armamenti italiana Leonardo (originariamente Finmeccanica o Leonardo-Finmeccanica) è uno dei principali fornitori di elicotteri per la sicurezza delle frontiere, utilizzati dalle operazioni Mare Nostrum, Hera e Sophia in Italia. Ha ugualmente fatto parte dei principali fornitori di UAV (o droni), ottenendo un contratto di 67,1 milioni di euro nel 2017 con l’EMSA (Agenzia europea per la sicurezza marittima) per fornire le agenzie di guardia costiera dell’UE.
      Leonardo faceva ugualmente parte di un consorzio che si è visto attribuire un contratto di 142,1 milioni di euro nel 2019 per attuare e assicurare il mantenimento dei muri virtuali dell’UE, ossia il Sistema di entrata/uscita (EES). La società detiene, con Thales, Telespazio, che partecipa ai progetti di osservazione dai satelliti dell’UE (React e Copernicus) utilizzati per controllare le frontiere. Leonardo ha partecipato a 24 progetti di ricerca dell’UE sulla sicurezza e il controllo delle frontiere, tra cui lo sviluppo di Eurosur.

      – Il gigante degli armamenti pan-europei Airbus è un importante fornitore di elicotteri utilizzati nella sorveglianza delle frontiere marittime e di alcune frontiere terrestri, impiegati da Belgio, Francia, Germania, Grecia, Italia, Lituania e Spagna, in particolare nelle operazioni marittime Sophia, Poseidon e Triton. Airbus e le sue filiali hanno partecipato almeno a 13 progetti di ricerca sulla sicurezza delle frontiere finanziati dall’UE, tra cui OCEAN2020, PERSEUS e LOBOS.

      Il ruolo chiave di queste società di armamenti in realtà non è sorprendente. Come è stato dimostrato da “Border Wars” (2016), queste imprese, in quanto appartenenti a lobby come EOS (Organizzazione europea per la sicurezza) e ASD (Associazione delle industrie aerospaziali e della difesa in Europa), hanno ampiamente contribuito a influenzare l’orientamento della politica delle frontiere dell’UE. Paradossalmente, questi stessi marchi fanno ugualmente parte dei quattro più grandi venditori europei di armi al Medio Oriente e all’Africa del Nord, contribuendo così ad alimentare i conflitti all’origine di queste migrazioni forzate.

      Allo stesso modo Indra gioca un ruolo non indifferente nel controllo delle frontiere in Spagna e nel Mediterraneo. L’impresa ha ottenuto una serie di contratti per fortificare Ceuta e Melilla (enclavi spagnole nel Nord del Marocco). Indra ha ugualmente sviluppato il sistema di controllo delle frontiere SIVE (con sistemi radar, di sensori e visivi) che è installato nella maggior parte delle frontiere della Spagna, così come in Portogallo e in Romania. Nel luglio 2018, Indra ha ottenuto un contratto di 10 milioni di euro per assicurare la gestione di SIVE su più siti per due anni. L’impresa è molto attiva nel fare lobby presso l’UE. È ugualmente una dei grandi beneficiari dei finanziamenti per la ricerca dell’UE, che assicurano il coordinamento del progetto PERSEUS per lo sviluppo di Eurosur e il Seahorse Network, la rete di scambio di informazioni tra le forze di polizia dei paesi mediterranei (in Europa e in Africa) per fermare le migrazioni.

      Le società di armamenti israeliane hanno anch’esse ottenuto numerosi contratti nel quadro della sicurezza delle frontiere in UE. Nel 2018, Frontex ha selezionato il drone Heron delle Israel Aerospace Industries per i voli di sorveglianza degli esperimenti pilota nel Mediterraneo. Nel 2015, la società israeliana Elbit Systems ha venduto sei dei suoi droni Hermes al Corpo di guardie di frontiera svizzero, nel quadro di un contratto controverso di 230 milioni di euro. Ha anche firmato in seguito un contratto per droni con l’EMSA (Agenzia europea per la sicurezza marittima), in quanto subappaltatore della società portoghese CEIIA (2018), così come dei contratti per equipaggiare tre navi di pattugliamento per la Hellenic Coast Guard (2019).
      Gli appaltatori dei muri fisici

      La maggioranza di muri e recinzioni che sono stati rapidamente eretti attraverso l’Europa, sono stati costruiti da società di BTP nazionali/società nazionali di costruzioni, ma un’impresa europea ha dominato nel mercato: la European Security Fencing, un produttore spagnolo di filo spinato, in particolare di un filo a spirale chiamato “concertina”. È famosa per aver fornito i fili spinati delle recinzioni che circondano Ceuta e Melilla. L’impresa ha ugualmente dotato di fili spinati le frontiere tra l’Ungheria e la Serbia, e i suoi fili spinati “concertina” sono stati installati alle frontiere tra Bulgaria e Turchia e tra l’Austria e la Slovenia, così come a Calais e, per qualche giorno, alla frontiera tra Ungheria e Slovenia, prima di essere ritirati. Dato che essi detengono il monopolio sul mercato da un po’ di tempo a questa parte, è probabile che i fili spinati “concertina” siano stati utilizzati presso altre frontiere in Europa.

      Tra le altre imprese che hanno fornito i muri e le tecnologie ad essi associate, si trova DAT-CON (Croazia, Cipro, Macedonia, Moldavia, Slovenia e Ucraina), Geo Alpinbau (Austria/Slovenia), Indra, Dragados, Ferrovial, Proyectos Y Tecnología Sallén e Eulen (Spagna/Marocco), Patstroy Bourgas, Infra Expert, Patengineeringstroy, Geostroy Engineering, Metallic-Ivan Mihaylov et Indra (Bulgaria/Turchia), Nordecon e Defendec (Estonia/Russia), DAK Acélszerkezeti Kft e SIA Ceļu būvniecības sabiedrība IGATE (Lettonia/Russia), Gintrėja (Lituania/Russi), Minis e Legi-SGS (Slovenia/Croazia), Groupe CW, Jackson’s Fencing, Sorhea, Vinci/Eurovia e Zaun Ltd (Francia/Regno Unito).

      I costi reali dei muri e delle tecnologie associate superano spesso le stime originali. Numerose accuse e denunce per corruzione sono state allo stesso modo formulate, in certi casi perché i progetti erano stati attribuiti a delle imprese che appartenevano ad amici di alti funzionari. In Slovenia, per esempio, accuse di corruzione riguardanti un contratto per la costruzione di muri alle frontiere hanno portato a tre anni di battaglie legali per avere accesso ai documenti; la questione è passata poi alla Corte suprema.

      Malgrado tutto ciò, il Fondo europeo per le frontiere esterne ha sostenuto finanziariamente le infrastrutture e i servizi tecnologici di numerose operazioni alle frontiere degli Stati membri. In Macedonia, per esempio, l’UE ha versato 9 milioni di euro per finanziare dei veicoli di pattugliamento, delle telecamere a visione notturna, dei rivelatori di battito cardiaco e sostegno tecnico alle guardie di frontiera nell’aiuto della gestione della sua frontiera meridionale.
      Gli speculatori dei muri marittimi

      I dati che permettono di determinare quali imbarcazioni, elicotteri e aerei sono utilizzati nelle operazioni marittime in Europa mancano di trasparenza. È dunque difficile recuperare tutte le informazioni. Le nostre ricerche mostrano comunque che tra le principali società implicate figurano i giganti europei degli armamenti Airbus e Leonardo, così come grandi imprese di costruzione navale come l’olandese Damen e l’italiana Fincantieri.

      Le imbarcazioni di pattugliamento di Damen sono servite per delle operazioni frontaliere portate avanti da Albania, Belgio, Bulgaria, Portogallo, Paesi Bassi, Romania, Svezia e Regno Unito, così come per le vaste operazioni di Frontex (Poseidon, Triton e Themis), per l’operazione Sophia e hanno ugualmente sostento la NATO nell’operazione Poseidon.

      Al di fuori dell’Europa, la Libia, il Marocco, la Tunisia e la Turchia utilizzano delle imbarcazioni Damen per la sicurezza delle frontiere, spesso in collaborazione con l’UE o i suoi Stati membri. Per esempio, le sei navi Damen che la Turchia ha comprato per la sua guardia costiera nel 2006, per un totale di 20 milioni di euro, sono state finanziate attraverso lo strumento europeo che contribuirebbe alla stabilità e alla pace (IcSP), destinato a mantenere la pace e a prevenire i conflitti.

      La vendita di imbarcazioni Damen alla Libia mette in evidenza l’inquietante costo umano di questo commercio. Nel 2012, Damen ha fornito quattro imbarcazioni di pattugliamento alla guardia costiera libica, che sono state vendute come equipaggiamento civile col fine di evitare la licenza di esportazione di armi nei Paesi Bassi. I ricercatori hanno poi scoperto che non solo le imbarcazioni erano state vendute con dei punti di fissaggio per le armi, ma che erano state in seguito armate ed utilizzate per fermare le imbarcazioni di rifugiati. Numerosi incidenti che hanno implicato queste imbarcazioni sono stati segnalati, tra i quali l’annegamento di 20 o 30 rifugiati. Damen si è rifiutata di commentare, dichiarando di aver convenuto col governo libico di non divulgare alcuna informazione riguardante le imbarcazioni.

      Numerosi costruttori navali nazionali, oltre a Damen, giocano un ruolo determinante nelle operizioni marittime poiché sono sistematicamente scelti con priorità dai paesi partecipanti a ogni operazione di Frontex o ad altre operazioni nel Mediterraneo. Tutte le imbarcazioni fornite dall’Italia all’operazione Sophia sono state costruite da Fincantieri e tutte quelle spagnole sono fornite da Navantia e dai suoi predecessori. Allo stesso modo, la Francia si rifornisce da DCN/DCNS, ormai Naval Group, e tutte le imbarcazioni tedesche sono state costruite da diversi cantieri navali tedeschi (Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, HDW, Lürssen Gruppe). Altre imprese hanno partecipato alle operazioni di Frontex, tra cui la società greca Motomarine Shipyards, che ha prodotto i pattugliatori rapidi Panther 57 utilizzati dalla guardia costiera greca, così come la Hellenic Shipyards e la Israel Shipyards.

      La società austriaca Schiebel, che fornisce i droni S-100, gioca un ruolo importante nella sorveglianza aerea delle attività marittime. Nel novembre 2018, è stata selezionata dall’EMSA per un contratto di sorveglianza marittima di 24 milioni di euro riguardante differenti operazioni che includevano la sicurezza delle frontiere. Dal 2017, Schiebel ha ugualmente ottenuto dei contratti con la Croazia, la Danimarca, l’Islanda, l’Italia, il Portogallo e la Spagna. L’impresa ha un passato controverso: ha venduto dei droni a numerosi paesi in conflitto armato o governati da regimi repressivi come la Libia, il Myanmar, gli Emirati Arabi Uniti e lo Yemen.

      La Finlandia e i Paesi Bassi hanno impiegato degli aerei Dornier rispettivamente nel quadro delle operazioni Hermès, Poseidon e Triton. Dornier appartiene ormai alla filiale americana della società di armamenti israeliana Elbit Systems.
      CAE Aviation (Lussemburgo), DEA Aviation (Regno Unito) e EASP Air (Paesi Bassi) hanno tutte ottenuto dei contratti di sorveglianza aerea per Frontex.
      Airbus, Dassault Aviation, Leonardo e l’americana Lockheed Martin hanno fornito il più grande numero di aerei utilizzati per l’operazione Sophia.

      L’UE e i suoi Stati membri difendono le loro operazioni marittime pubblicizzando il loro ruolo nel salvataggio dei rifugiati in mare. Ma non è questo il loro obiettivo principale, come sottolinea il direttore di Frontex Fabrice Leggeri nell’aprile 2015, dichiarando che “le azioni volontarie di ricerca e salvataggio” non fanno parte del mandato affidato a Frontex, e che salvare delle vite non dovrebbe essere una priorità. La criminalizzazione delle operazioni di salvataggio da parte delle ONG, gli ostacoli che esse incontrano, così come la violenza e i respingimenti illegali dei rifugiati, spesso denunciati, illustrano bene il fatto che queste operazioni marittime sono volte soprattutto a costituire muri piuttosto che missioni umanitarie.
      I muri virtuali

      I principali contratti dell’UE legati ai muri virtuali sono stati affidati a due imprese, a volte in quanto leader di un consorzio.
      Sopra Steria è il partner principale per lo sviluppo e il mantenimento del Sistema d’informazione dei visti (SIV), del Sistema di informazione Schengen (SIS II) e di Eurodac (European Dactyloscopy) e GMV ha firmato una serie di contratti per Eurosur. I sistemi che essi concepiscono permettono di controllare e di sorvegliare i movimenti delle persone attraverso l’Europa e, sempre più spesso, al di là delle sue frontiere.

      Sopra Steria è un’impresa francese di servizi per consultazioni in tecnologia che ha, ad oggi, ottenuto dei contratti con l’UE per un valore totale di più di 150 milioni di euro. Nel quadro di alcuni di questi grossi contratti, Sopra Steria ha formato dei consorzi con HP Belgio, Bull e 3M Belgio.

      Malgrado l’ampiezza di questi mercati, Sopra Steria ha ricevuto importanti critiche per la sua mancanza di rigore nel rispetto delle tempistiche e dei budget. Il lancio di SIS II è stato costantemente ritardato, costringendo la Commissione a prolungare i contratti e ad aumentare i budget. Sopra Steria aveva ugualmente fatto parte di un altro consorzio, Trusted Borders, impegnato nello sviluppo del programma e-Borders nel Regno Unito. Quest’ultimo è terminato nel 2010 dopo un accumulo di ritardi e di mancate consegne. Tuttavia, la società ha continuato a ottenere contratti, a causa del suo quasi monopolio di conoscenze e di relazioni con i rappresentanti dell’UE. Il ruolo centrale di Sopra Steria nello sviluppo dei sistemi biometrici dell’UE ha ugualmente portato alla firma di altri contratti nazionali con, tra gli altri, il Belgio, la Bulgaria, la Repubblica ceca, la Finlandia, la Francia, la Germania, la Romania e la Slovenia.

      GMV, un’impresa tecnologica spagnola, ha concluso una serie di grossi contratti per Eurosur, dopo la sua fase sperimentale nel 2010, per almeno 25 milioni di euro. Essa rifornisce ugualmente di tecnologie la Guardia Civil spagnola, tecnologie quali, ad esempio, i centri di controllo del suo Sistema integrato di sorveglianza esterna (SIVE), sistema di sicurezza delle frontiere, così come rifornisce di servizi di sviluppo logistico Frontex. L’impresa ha partecipato ad almeno dieci progetti di ricerca finanziati dall’UE sulla sicurezza delle frontiere.

      La maggior parte dei grossi contratti riguardanti i muri virtuali che non sono stati conclusi con consorzi di cui facesse parte Sopra Steria, sono stati attribuiti da eu-LISA (l’Agenzia europea per la gestione operazionale dei sistemi di informazione su vasta scale in seno allo spazio di libertà, di sicurezza e di giustizia) a dei consorzi di imprese specializzate nell’informazione e nelle nuove tecnologie, tra questi: Accenture, Atos Belgium e Morpho (rinominato Idemia).
      Lobby

      Come testimonia il nostro report “Border Wars”, il settore della difesa e della sicurezza, grazie ad una lobbying efficace, ha un’influenza considerabile nell’elaborazione delle politiche di difesa e di sicurezza dell’UE. Le imprese di questo settore industriale sono riuscite a posizionarsi come esperti della sicurezza delle frontiere, portando avanti il loro discorso secondo il quale la migrazione è prima di tutto una minaccia per la sicurezza che deve essere combattuta tramite mezzi militari e securitari. Questo crea così una domanda continua del catalogo sempre più fornito di equipaggiamenti e servizi che esse forniscono per la sicurezza e il controllo delle frontiere.

      Un numero alto di imprese che abbiamo nominato, in particolare le grandi società di armamenti, fanno parte dell’EOS (Organizzazione europea per la sicurezza), il più importante gruppo di pressione sulla sicurezza delle frontiere.

      Molte imprese informatiche che hanno concepito i muri virtuali dell’UE sono membri dell’EAB (Associazione Europea per la Biometria). L’EOS ha un “Gruppo di lavoro sulla sicurezza integrata delle frontiere” per “permettere lo sviluppo e l’adozione delle migliori soluzioni tecnologiche per la sicurezza delle frontiere sia ai checkpoint che lungo le frontiere marittime e terrestri”.
      Il gruppo di lavoro è presieduto da Giorgio Gulienetti, della società di armi italiana Leonardo, Isto Mattila (diplomato all’università di scienze applicate) e Peter Smallridge di Gemalto, multinazionale specializzata nella sicurezza numerica, recentemente acquisita da Thales.

      I lobbisti di imprese e i rappresentanti di questi gruppi di pressione incontrano regolarmente le istituzioni dell’UE, tra cui la Commissione europea, nel quadro di comitati di consiglio ufficiali, pubblicano proposte influenti, organizzano incontri tra il settore industriale, i policy-makers e i dirigenti e si ritrovano allo stesso modo in tutti i saloni, le conferenze e i seminari sulla difesa e la sicurezza.

      Airbus, Leonardo e Thales e l’EOS hanno anche assistito a 226 riunioni ufficiali di lobby con la Commissione europea tra il 2014 e il 2019. In queste riunioni, i rappresentanti del settore si presentano come esperti della sicurezza delle frontiere, e propongono i loro prodotti e servizi come soluzione alle “minacce alla sicurezza” costituite dall’immigrazione. Nel 2017, queste stesse imprese e l’EOS hanno speso fino a 2,56 milioni di euro in lobbying.

      Si constata una relazione simile per quanto riguarda i muri virtuali: il Centro comune della ricerca della Commissione europea domanda apertamente che le politiche pubbliche favoriscano “l’emergenza di una industria biometrica europea dinamica”.
      Un business mortale, una scelta

      La conclusione di questa inchiesta sul business dell’innalzamento di muri è chiara: la presenza di un’Europa piena di muri si rivela molto fruttuosa per una larga fetta di imprese del settore degli armamenti, della difesa, dell’informatica, del trasporto marittimo e delle imprese di costruzioni. I budget che l’UE ha pianificato per la sicurezza delle frontiere nei prossimi dieci anni mostrano che si tratta di un commercio che continua a prosperare.

      Si tratta altresì di un commercio mortale. A causa della vasta militarizzazione delle frontiere dell’Europa sulla terraferma e in mare, i rifugiati e i migranti intraprendono dei percorsi molto più pericolosi e alcuni si trovano anche intrappolati in terribili condizioni in paesi limitrofi come la Libia. Non vengono registrate tutte le morti, ma quelle che sono registrate nel Mediterraneo mostrano che il numero di migranti che annegano provando a raggiungere l’Europa continua ad aumentare ogni anno.

      Questo stato di cose non è inevitabile. È il risultato sia di decisioni politiche prese dall’UE e dai suoi Stati membri, sia dalle decisioni delle imprese di trarre profitto da queste politiche. Sono rare le imprese che prendono posizione, come il produttore tedesco di filo spinato Mutinox che ha dichiarato nel 2015 che non avrebbe venduto i suoi prodotti al governo ungherese per il seguente motivo: “I fili spinati sono concepiti per impedire atti criminali, come il furto. Dei rifugiati, bambini e adulti, non sono dei criminali”.

      È tempo che altri politici e capi d’impresa riconoscano questa stessa verità: erigere muri contro le popolazioni più vulnerabili viola i diritti umani e costituisce un atto immorale che sarà evidentemente condannato dalla storia.

      Trent’anni dopo la caduta del muro di Berlino, è tempo che l’Europa abbatta i suoi nuovi muri.

      https://www.meltingpot.org/La-costruzione-di-muri-un-business.html

    • How the arms industry drives Fortress Europe’s expansion

      In recent years, rising calls for deterrence have intensified the physical violence migrants face at the EU border. The externalization of the border through deals with sending and transit countries signals the expansion of this securitization process. Financial gains by international arms firms in this militarization trend form an obstacle for policy change.

      In March, April, and May of this year, multiple European countries deployed military forces to their national borders. This was done to assist with controls and patrols in the wake of border closures and other movement restrictions due to the Covid-19 crisis. Poland deployed 1,460 soldiers to the border to support the Border Guard and police as part of a larger military operation in reaction to Covid-19. And the Portuguese police used military drones as a complement to their land border checks. According to overviews from NATO, the Czech Republic, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands (military police), Slovakia, and Slovenia all stationed armed forces at their national borders.

      While some of these deployments have been or will be rolled back as the Corona crisis dies down, they are not exceptional developments. Rather, using armed forces for border security and control has been a common occurrence at EU external borders since the so-called refugee crisis of 2015. They are part of the continuing militarisation of European border and migration policies, which is known to put refugees at risk but is increasingly being expanded to third party countries. Successful lobbying from the military and security industry has been an important driver for these policies, from which large European arms companies have benefited.

      The militarization of borders happens when EU member states send armies to border regions, as they did in Operation Sophia off the Libyan coast. This was the first outright EU military mission to stop migration. But border militarization also includes the use of military equipment for migration control, such as helicopters and patrol vessels, as well as the the EU-wide surveillance system Eurosur, which connects surveillance data from all individual member states. Furthermore, EU countries now have over 1,000 kilometers of walls and fences on their borders. These are rigged with surveillance, monitoring, and detection technologies, and accompanied by an increasing use of drones and other autonomous systems. The EU also funds a constant stream of Research & Technology (R&T) projects to develop new technologies and services to monitor and manage migration.

      This process has been going on for decades. The Schengen Agreement of 1985, and the subsequent creation of the Schengen Area, which coupled the opening of the internal EU borders with robust control at the external borders, can be seen as a starting point for these developments. After 2011, when the so-called ‘Arab Spring’ led to fears of mass migration to Europe, and especially since the ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015, the EU accelerated the boosting and militarising of border security, enormously. Since then, stopping migration has been at the top of the EU agenda.

      An increasingly important part of the process of border militarization isn’t happening at the European borders, but far beyond them. The EU and its member states are incentivizing third party countries to help stop migrants long before they reach Europe. This externalising of borders has taken many forms, from expanding the goals of EUCAP missions in Mali and Niger to include the prevention of irregular migration, to funding and training the Libyan Coast Guard to return refugees back to torture and starvation in the infamous detention centers in Libya. It also includes the donation of border security equipment, for example from Germany to Tunisia, and funding for purchases, such as Turkey’s acquisition of coast guard vessels to strengthen its operational capacities.

      Next to the direct consequences of European border externalisation efforts, these policies cause and worsen problems in the third party countries concerned: diverting development funds and priorities, ruining migration-based economies, and strengthening authoritarian regimes such as those in Chad, Belarus, Eritrea, and Sudan by providing funding, training and equipment to their military and security forces. Precisely these state organs are most responsible for repression and abuses of human rights. All this feeds drivers of migration, including violence, repression, and unemployment. As such, it is almost a guarantee for more refugees in the future.

      EU border security agency Frontex has also extended its operations into non-EU-countries. Ongoing negotiations and conclusions of agreements with Balkan countries resulted in the first operation in Albania having started in May 2019. And this is only a small part of Frontex’ expanding role in recent years. In response to the ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015, the European Commission launched a series of proposals that saw large increases in the powers of the agency, including giving member states binding advice to boost their border security, and giving Frontex the right to intervene in member states’ affairs (even without their consent) by decision of the Commission or Council.

      These proposals also included the creation of a 10,000 person strong standing corps of border guards and a budget to buy or lease its own equipment. Concretely, Frontex started with a budget of €6 million in 2005, which grew to €143 million in 2015. This was then quickly increased again from €239 million in 2016 to €460 million in 2020. The enormous expansion of EU border security and control has been accompanied by rapidly increasing budgets in general. In recent years, billions of euros have been spent on fortifying borders, setting up biometric databases, increasing surveillance capacities, and paying non-EU-countries to play their parts in this expansion process.

      Negotiations about the next seven-year-budget for the EU, the Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027, are still ongoing. In the European Commission’s latest proposal, which is clearly positioned as a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the fund for strengthening member states’ border security, the Integrated Border Management Fund, has been allotted €12.5 billion. Its predecessors, the External Borders Fund (2007-2013) and the Internal Security Fund – Borders (2014-2020), had much smaller budgets: €1.76 billion and €2.70 billion, respectively. For Frontex, €7.5 billion is reserved, with €2.2 billion earmarked for purchasing or leasing equipment such as helicopters, drones, and patrol vessels. These huge budget increases are exemplary of the priority the EU attaches to stopping migration.

      The narrative underlying these policies and budget growths is the perception of migration as a threat; a security problem. As researcher, Ainhoa Ruiz (Centre Delàs) writes, “the securitisation process also includes militarisation,” because “the prevailing paradigm for providing security is based on military principles: the use of force and coercion, more weapons equating to more security, and the achievement of security by eliminating threats.”

      This narrative hasn’t come out of the blue. It is pushed by right wing politicians and often followed by centrist and leftist parties afraid of losing voters. Importantly, it is also promoted by an extensive and successful industrial lobby. According to Martin Lemberg-Pedersen (Assistant Professor in Global Refugee Studies, Aalborg University), arms companies “establish themselves as experts on border security, and use this position to frame immigration to Europe as leading to evermore security threats in need of evermore advanced [security] products.” The narrative of migration as a security problem thus sets the stage for militaries, and the security companies behind the commercial arms lobby, to offer their goods and services as the solution. The range of militarization policies mentioned so far reflects the broad adoption of this narrative.

      The lobby organizations of large European military and security companies regularly interact with the European Commission and EU border agencies. They have meetings, organise roundtables, and see each other at military and security fairs and conferences. Industry representatives also take part in official advisory groups, are invited to present new arms and technologies, and write policy proposals. These proposals can sometimes be so influential that they are adopted as policy, almost unamended.

      This happened, for instance, when the the Commission decided to open up the Instrument contributing to Security and Peace, a fund meant for peace-building and conflict prevention. The fund’s terms were expanded to cover provision of third party countries with non-lethal security equipment, for example, for border security purposes. The new policy document for this turned out to be a step-by-step reproduction of an earlier proposal from lobby organisation, Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe (ASD). Yet, perhaps the most far-reaching success of this kind is the expansion of Frontex, itself, into a European Border Guard. Years before it actually happened, the industry had already been pushing for this outcome.

      The same companies that are at the forefront of the border security and control lobby are, not surprisingly, also the big winners of EU and member states’ contracts in these areas. These include three of the largest European (and global) arms companies, namely, Airbus (Paneuropean), Leonardo (Italy) and Thales (France). These companies are active in many aspects of the border security and control market. Airbus’ and Leonardo’s main product in this field are helicopters, with EU funds paying for many purchases by EU and third countries. Thales provides radar, for example, for border patrol vessels, and is heavily involved in biometric and digital identification, especially after having acquired market leader, Gemalto, last year.

      These three companies are the main beneficiaries of the European anti-migration obsession. At the same time, these very three companies also contribute to new migration streams to Europe’s shores through their trade in arms. They are responsible for significant parts of Europe’s arms exports to countries at war, and they provide the arms used by parties in internal armed conflicts, by human rights violators, and by repressive regimes. These are the forces fueling the reasons for which people are forced to flee in the first place.

      Many other military and security companies also earn up to hundreds of millions of euros from large border security and control projects oriented around logistics and transport. Dutch shipbuilder Damen provided not only many southern European countries with border patrol vessels, but also controversially sold those to Libya and Turkey, among others. Its ships have also been used in Frontex operations, in Operation Sophia, and on the Channel between Calais and Dover.

      The Spanish company, European Security Fencing, provided razor wire for the fences around the Spanish enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla, in Morocco, as well as the fence at Calais and the fences on the borders of Austria, Bulgaria, and Hungary. Frontex, the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), and Greece leased border surveillance drones from Elbit and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). These are Israeli military companies that routinely promote their products as ‘combat-proven’ or ‘battlefield tested’ against Palestinians.

      Civipol, a French public-private company owned by the state, and several large arms producers (including Thales, Airbus, and Safran), run a string of EU-/member state-funded border security projects in third party countries. This includes setting up fingerprint databases of the whole populations of Mali and Senegal, which facilitates identification and deportation of their nationals from Europe. These are just a few examples of the companies that benefit from the billions of euros that the EU and its member states spend on a broad range of purchases and projects in their bid to stop migration.

      The numbers of forcibly displaced people in the world grew to a staggering 79.5 million by the end of last year. Instead of helping to eliminate the root causes of migration, EU border and migration policies, as well as its arms exports to the rest of the world, are bound to lead to more refugees in the future. The consequences of these policies have already been devastating. As experts in the field of migration have repeatedly warned, the militarisation of borders primarily pushes migrants to take alternative migration routes that are often more dangerous and involve the risks of relying on criminal smuggling networks. The Mediterranean Sea has become a sad witness of this, turning into a graveyard for a growing percentage of refugees trying to cross it.

      The EU approach to border security doesn’t stand on its own. Many other countries, in particular Western ones and those with authoritarian leaders, follow the same narrative and policies. Governments all over the world, but particularly those in the US, Australia, and Europe, continue to spend billions of euros on border security and control equipment and services. And they plan to increase budgets even more in the coming years. For military and security companies, this is good news; the global border security market is expected to grow by over 7% annually for the next five years to a total of $65 billion in 2025. It looks like they will belong to the very few winners of increasingly restrictive policies targeting vulnerable people on the run.

      https://crisismag.net/2020/06/27/how-the-arms-industry-drives-fortress-europes-expansion
      #industrie_militaire #covid-19 #coronavirus #frontières_extérieures #Operation_Sophia #Eurosur #surveillance #drones #technologie #EUCAP #externalisation #Albanie #budget #Integrated_Border_Management_Fund #menace #lobby_industriel #Instrument_contributing_to_Security_and_Peace #conflits #paix #prévention_de_conflits #Aerospace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe (#ASD) #Airbus #Leonardo #Thales #hélicoptères #radar #biométrie #identification_digitale #Gemalto #commerce_d'armes #armement #Damen #European_Security_Fencing #barbelé #European_Maritime_Safety_Agency (#EMSA) #Elbit #Israel_Aerospace_Industries (#IAI) #Civipol #Safran #base_de_données

      –—

      Pour @etraces :

      Civipol, a French public-private company owned by the state, and several large arms producers (including Thales, Airbus, and Safran), run a string of EU-/member state-funded border security projects in third party countries. This includes setting up fingerprint databases of the whole populations of Mali and Senegal, which facilitates identification and deportation of their nationals from Europe

    • GUARDING THE FORTRESS. The role of Frontex in the militarisation and securitisation of migration flows in the European Union

      The report focuses on 19 Frontex operations run by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (hereafter Frontex) to explore how the agency is militarising borders and criminalising migrants, undermining fundamental rights to freedom of movement and the right to asylum.

      This report is set in a wider context in which more than 70.8 million people worldwide have been forcibly displaced, according to the 2018 figures from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (UNHCR, 2019). Some of these have reached the borders of the European Union (EU), seeking protection and asylum, but instead have encountered policy responses that mostly aim to halt and intercept migration flows, against the background of securitisation policies in which the governments of EU Member States see migration as a threat. One of the responses to address migration flows is the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (hereafter Frontex), established in 2004 as the EU body in charge of guarding what many have called ‘Fortress Europe’, and whose practices have helped to consolidate the criminalisation of migrants and the securitisation of their movements.

      The report focuses on analysing the tools deployed by Fortress Europe, in this case through Frontex, to prevent the freedom of movement and the right to asylum, from its creation in 2004 to the present day.

      The sources used to write this report were from the EU and Frontex, based on its budgets and annual reports. The analysis focused on the Frontex regulations, the language used and its meaning, as well as the budgetary trends, identifying the most significant items – namely, the joint operations and migrant-return operations.

      A table was compiled of all the joint operations mentioned in the annual reports since the Agency was established in 2005 up to 2018 (see annexes). The joint operations were found on government websites but were not mentioned in the Frontex annual reports. Of these operations, we analysed those of the longest duration, or that have showed recent signs of becoming long-term operations. The joint operations are analysed in terms of their objectives, area of action, the mandates of the personnel deployed, and their most noteworthy characteristics.

      Basically, the research sought to answer the following questions: What policies are being implemented in border areas and in what context? How does Frontex act in response to migration movements? A second objective was to analyse how Frontex securitises the movement of refugees and other migrants, with the aim of contributing to the analysis of the process of border militarisation and the security policies applied to non-EU migrants by the EU and its Member States.

      https://www.tni.org/en/guarding-the-fortress

      Pour télécharger le rapport_
      https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/informe40_eng_ok.pdf

      #rapport #TNI #Transnational_institute

    • #Frontex aircraft : Below the radar against international law

      For three years, Frontex has been chartering small aircraft for the surveillance of the EU’s external borders. First Italy was thus supported, then Croatia followed. Frontex keeps the planes details secret, and the companies also switch off the transponders for position display during operations.

      The European Commission does not want to make public which private surveillance planes Frontex uses in the Mediterranean. In the non-public answer to a parliamentary question, the EU border agency writes that the information on the aircraft is „commercially confidential“ as it contains „personal data and sensitive operational information“.

      Frontex offers EU member states the option of monitoring their external borders using aircraft. For this „Frontex Aerial Surveillance Service“ (FASS), Frontex charters twin-engined airplanes from European companies. Italy first made use of the service in 2017, followed a year later by Croatia. In 2018, Frontex carried out at least 1,800 flight hours under the FASS, no figures are yet available for 2019.

      Air service to be supplemented with #drones

      The FASS flights are carried out under the umbrella of „Multipurpose Aerial Surveillance“, which includes satellite surveillance as well as drones. Before the end of this year, the border agency plans to station large drones in the Mediterranean for up to four years. The situation pictures of the European Union’s „pre-frontier area“ are fed into the surveillance system EUROSUR, whose headquarter is located at Frontex in Warsaw. The national EUROSUR contact points, for example in Spain, Portugal and Italy, also receive this information.

      In addition to private charter planes, Frontex also uses aircraft and helicopters provided by EU Member States, in the central Mediterranean via the „Themis“ mission. The EU Commission also keeps the call signs of the state aircraft operating there secret. They would be considered „sensitive operational information“ and could not be disclosed to MEPs.

      Previously, the FOIA platform „Frag den Staat“ („Ask the State“) had also tried to find out details about the sea and air capacities of the member states in „Themis“. Frontex refused to provide any information on this matter. „Frag den Staat“ lost a case against Frontex before the European Court of Justice and is now to pay 23,700 Euros to the agency for legal fees.

      Real-time tracking with FlightAware

      The confidentiality of Frontex comes as a surprise, because companies that monitor the Mediterranean for the agency are known through a tender. Frontex has signed framework contracts with the Spanish arms group Indra as well as the charter companies CAE Aviation (Canada), Diamond-Executive Aviation (Great Britain) and EASP Air (Netherlands). Frontex is spending up to 14.5 million euros each on the contracts.

      Finally, online service providers such as FlightAware can also be used to draw conclusions about which private and state airplanes are flying for Frontex in the Mediterranean. For real-time positioning, the providers use data from ADS-B transponders, which all larger aircraft must have installed. A worldwide community of non-commercial trackers receives this geodata and feeds it into the Internet. In this way, for example, Italian journalist Sergio Scandura documents practically all movements of Frontex aerial assets in the central Mediterranean.

      Among the aircraft tracked this way are the twin-engined „DA-42“, „DA-62“ and „Beech 350“ of Diamond-Executive Aviation, which patrol the Mediterranean Sea on behalf of Frontex as „Osprey1“, „Osprey3“ and „Tasty“, in former times also „Osprey2“ and „Eagle1“. They are all operated by Diamond-Executive Aviation and take off and land at airports in Malta and Sicily.

      „Push-backs“ become „pull-backs“

      In accordance with the Geneva Convention on Refugees, the EU Border Agency may not return people to states where they are at risk of torture or other serious human rights violations. Libya is not a safe haven; this assessment has been reiterated on several occasions by the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees, among others.

      Because these „push-backs“ are prohibited, Frontex has since 2017 been helping with so-called „pull-backs“ by bringing refugees back to Libya by the Libyan coast guard rather than by EU units. With the „Multipurpose Aerial Surveillance“, Frontex is de facto conducting air reconnaissance for Libya. By November 2019, the EU border agency had notified Libyan authorities about refugee boats on the high seas in at least 42 cases.

      Many international law experts consider this practice illegal. Since Libya would not be able to track down the refugees without the help of Frontex, the agency must take responsibility for the refoulements. The lawyers Omer Shatz and Juan Branco therefore want to sue responsibles of the European Union before the International Criminal Court in The Hague.

      Frontex watches refugees drown

      This is probably the reason why Frontex disguises the exact location of its air surveillance. Private maritime rescue organisations have repeatedly pointed out that Frontex aircrafts occasionally switch off their transponders so that they cannot be tracked via ADS-B. In the answer now available, this is confirmed by the EU Commission. According to this, the visibility of the aircraft would disclose „sensitive operational information“ and, in combination with other kinds of information, „undermine“ the operational objectives.

      The German Ministry of the Interior had already made similar comments on the Federal Police’s assets in Frontex missions, according to which „general tracking“ of their routes in real time would „endanger the success of the mission“.

      However, Frontex claims it did not issue instructions to online service providers to block the real-time position display of its planes, as journalist Scandura described. Nonetheless, the existing concealment of the operations only allows the conclusion that Frontex does not want to be controlled when the deployed aircraft watch refugees drown and Italy and Malta, as neighbouring EU member states, do not provide any assistance.

      https://digit.site36.net/2020/06/11/frontex-aircraft-blind-flight-against-international-law
      #avions #Italie #Croatie #confidentialité #transparence #Frontex_Aerial_Surveillance_Service (#FASS) #Multipurpose_Aerial_Surveillance #satellites #Méditerranée #Thermis #information_sensible #Indra #CAE_Aviation #Diamond-Executive_Aviation #EASP_Air #FlightAware #ADS-B #DA-42 #DA-62 #Beech_350 #Osprey1 #Osprey3 #Tasty #Osprey2 #Eagle1 #Malte #Sicile #pull-back #push-back #refoulement #Sergio_Scandura

    • Walls Must Fall: Ending the deadly politics of border militarisation - webinar recording
      This webinar explored the trajectory and globalization of border militarization and anti-migrant racism across the world, the history, ideologies and actors that have shaped it, the pillars and policies that underpin the border industrial complex, the resistance of migrants, refugees and activists, and the shifting dynamics within this pandemic.

      - #Harsha_Walia, author of Undoing Border Imperialism (2013)
      - #Jille_Belisario, Transnational Migrant Platform-Europe (TMP-E)
      - #Todd_Miller, author of Empire of Borders (2020), Storming the Wall (2019) and TNI’s report More than A Wall (2019)
      - #Kavita_Krishnan, All India Progressive Women’s Association (AIPWA).
      https://www.tni.org/en/article/walls-must-fall
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8B-cJ2bTi8&feature=emb_logo

      #conférence #webinar

    • Le business meurtrier des frontières

      Le 21ème siècle sera-t-il celui des barrières ? Probable, au rythme où les frontières nationales se renforcent. Dans un livre riche et documenté, publié aux éditions Syllepse, le géographe Stéphane Rosière dresse un indispensable état des lieux.

      Une nuit du mois de juin, dans un centre de rétention de l’île de Rhodes, la police grecque vient chercher une vingtaine de migrant·e·s, dont deux bébés. Après un trajet en bus, elle abandonne le groupe dans un canot de sauvetage sans moteur, au milieu des eaux territoriales turques. En août, le New York Times publie une enquête révélant que cette pratique, avec la combinaison de l’arrivée aux affaires du premier ministre conservateur Kyriakos Mitsotakis et de la diffusion de la pandémie de Covid-19, est devenue courante depuis mars.

      Illégales au regard du droit international, ces expulsions illustrent surtout le durcissement constant de la politique migratoire de l’Europe depuis 20 ans. Elles témoignent aussi d’un processus mondial de « pixellisation » des frontières : celles-ci ne se réduisent pas à des lignes mais à un ensemble de points plus ou moins en amont ou en aval (ports, aéroports, eaux territoriales…), où opèrent les polices frontalières.
      La fin de la fin des frontières

      Plus largement, le récent ouvrage de Stéphane Rosière, Frontières de fer, le cloisonnement du monde, permet de prendre la mesure d’un processus en cours de « rebordering » à travers le monde. À la fois synthèse des recherches récentes sur les frontières et résultats des travaux de l’auteur sur la résurgence de barrières frontalières, le livre est une lecture incontournable sur l’évolution contemporaine des frontières nationales.

      D’autant qu’il n’y a pas si longtemps, la mondialisation semblait promettre l’affaissement des frontières, dans la foulée de la disparition de l’Union soviétique et, corollairement, de la généralisation de l’économie de marché. La Guerre froide terminée annonçait la « fin de l’histoire » et, avec elle, la disparition des limites territoriales héritées de l’époque moderne. Au point de ringardiser, rappelle Stéphane Rosière, les études sur les frontières au sein de la géographie des années 1990, parallèlement au succès d’une valorisation tous azimuts de la mobilité dans le discours politique dominant comme dans les sciences sociales.

      Trente ans après, le monde se réveille avec 25 000 kilomètres de barrières frontalières – record pour l’Inde, avec plus de 3 000 kilomètres de clôtures pour prévenir l’immigration depuis le Bangladesh. Barbelés, murs de briques, caméras, détecteurs de mouvements, grilles électrifiées, les dispositifs de contrôle frontalier fleurissent en continu sur les cinq continents.
      L’âge des « murs anti-pauvres »

      La contradiction n’est qu’apparente. Les barrières du 21e siècle ne ferment pas les frontières mais les cloisonnent – d’où le titre du livre. C’est-à-dire que l’objectif n’est pas de supprimer les flux mondialisés – de personnes et encore moins de marchandises ni de capitaux – mais de les contrôler. Les « teichopolitiques », terme qui recouvre, pour Stéphane Rosière, les politiques de cloisonnement de l’espace, matérialisent un « ordre mondial asymétrique et coercitif », dans lequel on valorise la mobilité des plus riches tout en assignant les populations pauvres à résidence.

      De fait, on observe que les barrières frontalières redoublent des discontinuités économiques majeures. Derrière l’argument de la sécurité, elles visent à contenir les mouvements migratoires des régions les plus pauvres vers des pays mieux lotis économiquement : du Mexique vers les États-Unis, bien sûr, ou de l’Afrique vers l’Europe, mais aussi de l’Irak vers l’Arabie Saoudite ou du Pakistan vers l’Iran.

      Les dispositifs de contrôle frontalier sont des outils parmi d’autres d’une « implacable hiérarchisation » des individus en fonction de leur nationalité. Comme l’a montré le géographe Matthew Sparke à propos de la politique migratoire nord-américaine, la population mondiale se trouve divisée entre une classe hypermobile de citoyen·ne·s « business-class » et une masse entravée de citoyen·ne·s « low-cost ». C’est le sens du « passport index » publié chaque année par le cabinet Henley : alors qu’un passeport japonais ou allemand donne accès à plus de 150 pays, ce chiffre descend en-dessous de 30 avec un passeport afghan ou syrien.
      Le business des barrières

      Si les frontières revêtent une dimension économique, c’est aussi parce qu’elles sont un marché juteux. À l’heure où les pays européens ferment des lits d’hôpital faute de moyens, on retiendra ce chiffre ahurissant : entre 2005 et 2016, le budget de Frontex, l’agence en charge du contrôle des frontières de l’Union européenne, est passé de 6,3 à 238,7 millions d’euros. À quoi s’ajoutent les budgets colossaux débloqués pour construire et entretenir les barrières – budgets entourés d’opacité et sur lesquels, témoigne l’auteur, il est particulièrement difficile d’enquêter, faute d’obtenir… des fonds publics.

      L’argent public alimente ainsi une « teichoéconomie » dont les principaux bénéficiaires sont des entreprises du BTP et de la sécurité européennes, nord-américaines, israéliennes et, de plus en plus, indiennes ou saoudiennes. Ce complexe sécuritaro-industriel, identifié par Julien Saada, commercialise des dispositifs de surveillance toujours plus sophistiqués et prospère au rythme de l’inflation de barrières entre pays, mais aussi entre quartiers urbains.

      Un business d’autant plus florissant qu’il s’auto-entretient, dès lors que les mêmes entreprises vendent des armes. On sait que les ventes d’armes, alimentant les guerres, stimulent les migrations : un « cercle vertueux » s’enclenche pour les entreprises du secteur, appelées à la rescousse pour contenir des mouvements de population qu’elles participent à encourager.
      « Mourir aux frontières »

      Bénéfices juteux, profits politiques, les barrières font des heureux. Elles tuent aussi et l’ouvrage de Stéphane Rosière se termine sur un décompte macabre. C’est, dit-il, une « guerre migratoire » qui est en cours. Guerre asymétrique, elle oppose la police armée des puissances économiques à des groupes le plus souvent désarmés, venant de périphéries dominées économiquement et dont on entend contrôler la mobilité. Au nom de la souveraineté des États, cette guerre fait plusieurs milliers de victimes par an et la moindre des choses est de « prendre la pleine mesure de la létalité contemporaine aux frontières ».

      Sur le blog :

      – Une synthèse sur les murs frontaliers : http://geographiesenmouvement.blogs.liberation.fr/2019/01/28/lamour-des-murs

      – Le compte rendu d’un autre livre incontournable sur les frontières : http://geographiesenmouvement.blogs.liberation.fr/2019/08/03/frontieres-en-mouvement

      – Une synthèse sur les barricades à l’échelle intraurbaine : http://geographiesenmouvement.blogs.liberation.fr/2020/10/21/gated-communities-le-paradis-entre-quatre-murs

      http://geographiesenmouvement.blogs.liberation.fr/2020/11/05/le-business-meurtrier-des-frontieres

    • How Private Security Firms Profit Off the Refugee Crisis

      The UK has pumped money to corporations turning #Calais into a bleak fortress.

      Tall white fences lined with barbed wire – welcome to Calais. The city in northern France is an obligatory stop for anyone trying to reach the UK across the channel. But some travellers are more welcome than others, and in recent decades, a slew of private security companies have profited millions of pounds off a very expensive – an unattractive – operation to keep migrants from crossing.

      Every year, thousands of passengers and lorries take the ferry at the Port of Calais-Fréthun, a trading route heavily relied upon by the UK for imports. But the entrance to the port looks more like a maximum-security prison than your typical EU border. Even before Brexit, the UK was never part of the Schengen area, which allows EU residents to move freely across 26 countries. For decades, Britain has strictly controlled its southern border in an attempt to stop migrants and asylum seekers from entering.

      As early as 2000, the Port of Calais was surrounded by a 2.8 metre-high fence to prevent people from jumping into lorries waiting at the ferry departure point. In 1999, the Red Cross set up a refugee camp in the nearby town of Sangatte which quickly became overcrowded. The UK pushed for it to be closed in 2002 and then negotiated a treaty with France to regulate migration between the two countries.

      The 2003 Le Toquet Treaty allowed the UK to check travellers on French soil before their arrival, and France to do the same on UK soil. Although the deal looks fair on paper, in practice it unduly burdens French authorities, as there are more unauthorised migrants trying to reach the UK from France than vice versa.

      The treaty effectively moved the UK border onto French territory, but people still need to cross the channel to request asylum. That’s why thousands of refugees from conflict zones like Syria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Sudan and Somalia have found themselves stranded in Calais, waiting for a chance to cross illegally – often in search of family members who’ve already made it to the UK. Many end up paying people smugglers to hide them in lorries or help them cross by boat.

      These underlying issues came to a head during the Syrian crisis, when refugees began camping out near Calais in 2014. The so-called Calais Jungle became infamous for its squalid conditions, and at its peak, hosted more than 7,000 people. They were all relocated to other centres in France before the camp was bulldozed in 2016. That same year, the UK also decided to build a €2.7 million border wall in Calais to block access to the port from the camp, but the project wasn’t completed until after the camp was cleared, attracting a fair deal of criticism. Between 2015 and 2018, the UK spent over €110 million on border security in France, only to top it up with over €56 million more in 2018.

      But much of this public money actually flows into the accounts of private corporations, hired to build and maintain the high-tech fences and conduct security checks. According to a 2020 report by the NGO Care4Calais, there are more than 40 private security companies working in the city. One of the biggest, Eamus Cork Solutions (ECS), was founded by a former Calais police officer in 2004 and is reported to have benefited at least €30 million from various contracts as of 2016.

      Stéphane Rosière, a geography professor at the University of Reims, wrote his book Iron Borders (only available in French) about the many border walls erected around the world. Rosière calls this the “security-industrial” complex – private firms that have largely replaced the traditional military-industrial sector in Europe since WW2.

      “These companies are getting rich by making security systems adaptable to all types of customers – individuals, companies or states,” he said. According to Rosière, three-quarters of the world’s border security barriers were built in the 21st century.

      Brigitte, a pensioner living close to the former site of the Calais Jungle, has seen her town change drastically over the past two decades. “Everything is cordoned off with wire mesh," she said. "I have the before and after photos, and it’s not a pretty sight. It’s just wire, wire, wire.” For the past 15 years, Brigitte has been opening her garage door for asylum seekers to stop by for a cup of tea and charge their phones and laptops, earning her the nickname "Mama Charge”.

      “For a while, the purpose of these fences and barriers was to stop people from crossing,” said François Guennoc, president of L’Auberge des Migrants, an NGO helping displaced migrants in Calais.

      Migrants have still been desperate enough to try their luck. “They risked a lot to get into the port area, and many of them came back bruised and battered,” Guennoc said. Today, walls and fences are mainly being built to deter people from settling in new camps near Calais after being evicted.

      In the city centre, all public squares have been fenced off. The city’s bridges have been fitted with blue lights and even with randomly-placed bike racks, so people won’t sleep under them.

      “They’ve also been cutting down trees for some time now,” said Brigitte, pointing to a patch near her home that was once woods. Guennoc said the authorities are now placing large rocks in areas where NGOs distribute meals and warm clothes, to prevent displaced people from receiving the donations. “The objective of the measures now is also to make the NGOs’ work more difficult,” he said.

      According to the NGO Refugee Rights Europe, about 1,500 men, women and minors were living in makeshift camps in and around Calais as of April 2020. In July 2020, French police raided a camp of over 500 people, destroying residents’ tents and belongings, in the largest operation since the Calais Jungle was cleared. An investigation by Slate found that smaller camps are cleared almost every day by the French police, even in the middle of winter. NGOs keep providing new tents and basic necessities to displaced residents, but they are frustrated by the waste of resources. The organisations are also concerned about COVID-19 outbreaks in the camps.

      As VICE World News has previously reported, the crackdown is only pushing people to take more desperate measures to get into the UK. Boat crossings reached record-highs in 2020, and four people have died since August 2020 while trying to cross, by land and sea. “When you create an obstacle, people find a way to get around it,” Guennoc said. “If they build a wall all the way along the coast to prevent boat departures, people will go to Normandy – and that has already started.” Crossing the open sea puts migrants at even greater risk.

      Rosière agrees security measures are only further endangering migrants.“All locks eventually open, no matter how complex they may be. It’s just a matter of time.”

      He believes the only parties who stand to profit from the status quo are criminal organisations and private security firms: “At the end of the day, this a messed-up use of public money.”

      https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx8yax/how-private-security-firms-profit-off-the-refugee-crisis

      En français:
      À Calais, la ville s’emmure
      https://www.vice.com/fr/article/wx8yax/a-calais-la-ville-semmure

    • Financing Border Wars. The border industry, its financiers and human rights

      This report seeks to explore and highlight the extent of today’s global border security industry, by focusing on the most important geographical markets—Australia, Europe, USA—listing the human rights violations and risks involved in each sector of the industry, profiling important corporate players and putting a spotlight on the key investors in each company.

      Executive summary

      Migration will be one of the defining human rights issues of the 21st century. The growing pressures to migrate combined with the increasingly militarised state security response will only exacerbate an already desperate situation for refugees and migrants. Refugees already live in a world where human rights are systematically denied. So as the climate crisis deepens and intersects with other economic and political crises, forcing more people from their homes, and as states retreat to ever more authoritarian security-based responses, the situation for upholding and supporting migrants’ rights looks ever bleaker.

      States, most of all those in the richest countries, bear the ultimate responsibility to uphold the human rights of refugees and migrants recognised under International Human Rights Law. Yet corporations are also deeply implicated. It is their finance, their products, their services, their infrastructure that underpins the structures of state migration and border control. In some cases, they are directly involved in human rights violations themselves; in other cases they are indirectly involved as they facilitate the system that systematically denies refugees and migrants their rights. Most of all, through their lobbying, involvement in government ‘expert’ groups, revolving doors with state agencies, it becomes clear that corporations are not just accidental beneficiaries of the militarisation of borders. Rather they actively shape the policies from which they profit and therefore share responsibility for the human rights violations that result.

      This state-corporate fusion is best described as a Border Industrial Complex, drawing on former US President Eisenhower’s warning of the dangers of a Military-Industrial Complex. Indeed it is noticeable that many of the leading border industries today are also military companies, seeking to diversify their security products to a rapidly expanding new market.

      This report seeks to explore and highlight the extent of today’s global border security industry, by focusing on the most important geographical markets—Australia, Europe, USA—listing the human rights violations and risks involved in each sector of the industry, profiling important corporate players and putting a spotlight on the key investors in each company.
      A booming industry

      The border industry is experiencing spectacular growth, seemingly immune to austerity or economic downturns. Market research agencies predict annual growth of the border security market of between 7.2% and 8.6%, reaching a total of $65–68 billion by 2025. The largest expansion is in the global Biometrics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) markets. Markets and Markets forecasts the biometric systems market to double from $33 billion in 2019 to $65.3 billion by 2024—of which biometrics for migration purposes will be a significant sector. It says that the AI market will equal US$190.61 billion by 2025.

      The report investigates five key sectors of the expanding industry: border security (including monitoring, surveillance, walls and fences), biometrics and smart borders, migrant detention, deportation, and audit and consultancy services. From these sectors, it profiles 23 corporations as significant actors: Accenture, Airbus, Booz Allen Hamilton, Classic Air Charter, Cobham, CoreCivic, Deloitte, Elbit, Eurasylum, G4S, GEO Group, IBM, IDEMIA, Leonardo, Lockheed Martin, Mitie, Palantir, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Serco, Sopra Steria, Thales, Thomson Reuters, Unisys.

      – The border security and control field, the technological infrastructure of security and surveillance at the border, is led by US, Australian, European and Israeli firms including Airbus, Elbit, Leonardo, Lockheed Martin, Airbus, Leonardo and Thales— all of which are among the world’s major arms sellers. They benefit not only from border contracts within the EU, US, and Australia but also increasingly from border externalisation programmes funded by these same countries. Jean Pierre Talamoni, head of sales and marketing at Airbus Defence and Space (ADS), said in 2016 that he estimates that two thirds of new military market opportunities over the next 10 years will be in Asia and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Companies are also trying to muscle in on providing the personnel to staff these walls, including border guards.

      - The Smart Borders sector encompasses the use of a broad range of (newer) technologies, including biometrics (such as fingerprints and iris-scans), AI and phone and social media tracking. The goal is to speed up processes for national citizens and other acceptable travellers and stop or deport unwanted migrants through the use of more sophisticated IT and biometric systems. Key corporations include large IT companies, such as IBM and Unisys, and multinational services company Accenture for whom migration is part of their extensive portfolio, as well as small firms, such as IDEMIA and Palantir Technologies, for whom migration-related work is central. The French public–private company Civipol, co-owned by the state and several large French arms companies, is another key player, selected to set up fingerprint databases of the whole population of Mali and Senegal.

      – Deportation. With the exception of the UK and the US, it is uncommon to privatise deportation. The UK has hired British company Mitie for its whole deportation process, while Classic Air Charter dominates in the US. Almost all major commercial airlines, however, are also involved in deportations. Newsweek reported, for example, that in the US, 93% of the 1,386 ICE deportation flights to Latin American countries on commercial airlines in 2019 were facilitated by United Airlines (677), American Airlines (345) and Delta Airlines (266).

      - Detention. The Global Detention Project lists over 1,350 migrant detention centres worldwide, of which over 400 are located in Europe, almost 200 in the US and nine in Australia. In many EU countries, the state manages detention centres, while in other countries (e.g. Australia, UK, USA) there are completely privatised prisons. Many other countries have a mix of public and private involvement, such as state facilities with private guards. Australia outsourced refugee detention to camps outside its territories. Australian service companies Broadspectrum and Canstruct International managed the detention centres, while the private security companies G4S, Paladin Solutions and Wilson Security were contracted for security services, including providing guards. Migrant detention in third countries is also an increasingly important part of EU migration policy, with the EU funding construction of migrant detention centres in ten non-EU countries.

      - Advisory and audit services are a more hidden part of public policies and practices, but can be influential in shaping new policies. A striking example is Civipol, which in 2003 wrote a study on maritime borders for the European Commission, which adopted its key policy recommendations in October 2003 and in later policy documents despite its derogatory language against refugees. Civipol’s study also laid foundations for later measures on border externalisation, including elements of the migration deal with Turkey and the EU’s Operation Sophia. Since 2003 Civipol has received funding for a large number of migration-related projects, especially in African countries. Between 2015 and 2017, it was the fourth most-funded organisation under the EU Trust Fund. Other prominent corporations in this sector include Eurasylum, as well as major international consultancy firms, particularly Deloitte and PricewaterhouseCoopers, for which migration-related work is part of their expansive portfolio.

      Financing the industry

      The markets for military and border control procurement are characterized by massively capital intensive investments and contracts, which would not be possible without the involvement of financial actors. Using data from marketscreener.com, the report shows that the world’s largest investment companies are also among the major shareholders in the border industry.

      – The Vanguard Group owns shares in 15 of the 17 companies, including over 15% of the shares of CoreCivic and GEO Group that manage private prisons and detention facilities.

      - Other important investors are Blackrock, which is a major shareholder in 11 companies, Capital Research and Management (part of the Capital Group), with shares in arms giants Airbus and Lockheed Martin, and State Street Global Advisors (SsgA), which owns over 15% of Lockheed Martin shares and is also a major shareholder in six other companies.

      - Although these giant asset management firms dominate, two of the profiled companies, Cobham and IDEMIA, are currently owned by the private equity firm Advent International. Advent specialises in buyouts and restructuring, and it seems likely that it will attempt to split up Cobham in the hope of making a profit by selling on the component companies to other owners.

      - In addition, three large European arms companies, Airbus, Thales and Leonardo, active in the border security market, are partly owned by the governments of the countries where they are headquartered.

      In all cases, therefore, the financing depends on our money. In the case of state ownership, through our taxes, and in terms of asset management funds, through the way individual savings, pension funds, insurance companies and university endowments are directly invested in these companies via the giant Asset Management Funds. This financing means that the border industry survives on at least the tacit approved use of the public’s funds which makes it vulnerable to social pressure as the human rights costs of the industry become ever more clear.
      Human rights and the border industry

      Universal human rights apply to every single human being, including refugees and migrants. While the International Bill of Human Rights provides the foundation, including defining universal rights that are important in the context of migration, such as the right to life, liberty and security of person, the right to freedom from torture or cruel or inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment, and freedom from discrimination, there are other instruments such as the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention or Geneva Convention) of 1951 that are also relevant. There are also regional agreements, including the Organisation of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) that play a role relevant to the countries that have ratified them.

      Yet despite these important and legally binding human rights agreements, the human rights situation for refugees and migrants has become ever more desperate. States frequently deny their rights under international law, such as the right to seek asylum or non-refoulement principles, or more general rights such as the freedom from torture, cruel or inhumane treatment. There is a gap with regard to effective legal means or grievance mechanisms to counter this or to legally enforce or hold to account states that fail to implement instruments such as the UDHR and the Refugee Convention of 1951. A Permanent Peoples Tribunal in 2019 even concluded that ‘taken together, the immigration and asylum policies and practices of the EU and its Member States constitute a total denial of the fundamental rights of people and migrants, and are veritable crimes against humanity’. A similar conclusion can be made of the US and Australian border and immigration regime.

      The increased militarisation of border security worldwide and state-sanctioned hostility toward migrants has had a deeply detrimental impact on the human rights of refugees and migrants.

      – Increased border security has led to direct violence against refugees, pushbacks with the risk of returning people to unsafe countries and inhumane circumstances (contravening the principle of non-refoulement), and a disturbing rise in avoidable deaths, as countries close off certain migration routes, forcing migrants to look for other, often more dangerous, alternatives and pushing them into the arms of criminal smuggling networks.

      – The increased use of autonomous systems of border security such as drones threaten new dangers related to human rights. There is already evidence that they push migrants to take more dangerous routes, but there is also concern that there is a gradual trend towards weaponized systems that will further threaten migrants’ lives.

      – The rise in deportations has threatened fundamental human rights including the right to family unity, the right to seek asylum, the right to humane treatment in detention, the right to due process, and the rights of children’. There have been many instances of violence in the course of deportations, sometimes resulting in death or permanent harm, against desperate people who try to do everything to prevent being deported. Moreover, deportations often return refugees to unsafe countries, where they face violence, persecution, discrimination and poverty.

      - The widespread detention of migrants also fundamentally undermines their human rights . There have been many reports of violence and neglect by guards and prison authorities, limited access to adequate legal and medical support, a lack of decent food, overcrowding and poor and unhealthy conditions. Privatisation of detention exacerbates these problems, because companies benefit from locking up a growing number of migrants and minimising costs.

      – The building of major migration databases such as EU’s Eurodac and SIS II, VIS gives rise to a range of human rights concerns, including issues of privacy, civil liberties, bias leading to discrimination—worsened by AI processes -, and misuse of collected information. Migrants are already subject to unprecedented levels of surveillance, and are often now treated as guinea pigs where even more intrusive technologies such as facial recognition and social media tracking are tried out without migrants consent.

      The trend towards externalisation of migration policies raises new concerns as it seeks to put the human costs of border militarisation beyond the border and out of public sight. This has led to the EU, US and Australia all cooperating with authoritarian regimes to try and prevent migrants from even getting close to their borders. Moreover as countries donate money, equipment or training to security forces in authoritarian regimes, they end up expanding and strengthening their capacities which leads to a rise in human rights violations more broadly. Nowhere are the human rights consequences of border externalisation policies clearer than in the case of Libya, where the EU and individual member states (in particular Italy and Malta) funding, training and cooperation with security forces and militias have led to violence at the borders, murder, disappearances, rape, enslavement and abuse of migrants in the country and torture in detention centres.

      The 23 corporations profiled in this report have all been involved in or connected to policies and practices that have come under fire because of violations of the human rights of refugees and migrants. As mentioned earlier, sometimes the companies are directly responsible for human rights violations or concerns. In other cases, they are indirectly responsible through their contribution to a border infrastructure that denies human rights and through lobbying to influence policy-making to prioritize militarized responses to migration. 11 of the companies profiled publicly proclaim their commitment to human rights as signatories to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), but as these are weak voluntary codes this has not led to noticeable changes in their business operations related to migration.

      The most prominent examples of direct human rights abuses come from the corporations involved in detention and deportation. Classic Air Charter, Cobham, CoreCivic, Eurasylum, G4S, GEO Group, Mitie and Serco all have faced allegations of violence and abuse by their staff towards migrants. G4S has been one of the companies most often in the spotlight. In 2017, not only were assaults by its staff on migrants at the Brook House immigration removal centre in the UK broadcast by the BBC, but it was also hit with a class suit in Australia by almost 2,000 people who are or were detained at the externalised detention centre on Manus Island, because of physical and psychological injuries as a result of harsh treatment and dangerous conditions. The company eventually settled the case for A$70 million (about $53 million) in the largest-ever human rights class-action settlement. G4S has also faced allegations related to its involvement in deportations.

      The other companies listed all play a pivotal role in the border infrastructure that denies refugees’ human rights. Airbus P-3 Orion surveillance planes of the Australian Air Force, for example, play a part in the highly controversial maritime wall that prevents migrants arriving by boat and leads to their detention in terrible conditions offshore. Lockheed Martin is a leading supplier of border security on the US-Mexico border. Leonardo is one of the main suppliers of drones for Europe’s borders. Thales produces the radar and sensor systems, critical to patrolling the Mediterrean. Elbit Systems provides surveillance technologies to both the EU and US, marketed on their success as technologies used in the separation wall in the Palestinian occupied territories. Accenture, IDEMIA and Sopra Steria manage many border biometric projects. Deloitte has been one of the key consulting companies to the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency since 2003, while PriceWaterhouseCoopers provides similar consultancy services to Frontex and the Australian border forces. IBM, Palantir and UNISYS provide the IT infrastructure that underpins the border and immigration apparatus.
      Time to divest

      The report concludes by calling for campaigns to divest from the border industry. There is a long history of campaigns and movements that call for divestment from industries that support human rights violations—from the campaigns to divest from Apartheid South Africa to more recent campaigns to divest from the fossil fuel industry. The border industry has become an equally morally toxic asset for any financial institution, given the litany of human rights abuses tied to it and the likelihood they will intensify in years to come.

      There are already examples of existing campaigns targeting particular border industries that have borne fruit. A spotlight on US migrant detention, as part of former President Trump’s anti- immigration policies, contributed to six large US banks (Bank of America, BNP Paribas, Fifth Third Bancorp, JPMorgan Chase, SunTrust, and Wells Fargo) publicly announcing that they would not provide new financing to the private prison industry. The two largest public US pension funds, CalSTRS and CalPERS, also decided to divest from the same two companies. Geo Group acknowledged that these acts of ‘public resistance’ hit the company financially, criticising the banks as ‘clearly bow[ing] down to a small group of activists protesting and conducting targeted social media campaigns’.

      Every company involved or accused of human rights violations either denies them or says that they are atypical exceptions to corporate behavior. This report shows however that a militarised border regime built on exclusion will always be a violent apparatus that perpetuates human rights violations. It is a regime that every day locks up refugees in intolerable conditions, separates families causing untold trauma and heartbreak, and causes a devastating death toll as refugees are forced to take unimaginable dangerous journeys because the alternatives are worse. However well-intentioned, any industry that provides services and products for this border regime will bear responsibility for its human consequences and its human rights violations, and over time will suffer their own serious reputational costs for their involvement in this immoral industry. On the other hand, a widespread exodus of the leading corporations on which the border regime depends could force states to change course, and to embrace a politics that protects and upholds the rights of refugees and migrants. Worldwide, social movements and the public are starting to wake up to the human costs of border militarisation and demanding a fundamental change. It is time now for the border industry and their financiers to make a choice.

      https://www.tni.org/en/financingborderwars

      #TNI #rapport
      #industrie_frontalière #militarisation_des_frontières #biométrie #Intelligence_artificielle #AI #IA

      #Accenture #Airbus #Booz_Allen_Hamilton #Classic_Air_Charter #Cobham #CoreCivic #Deloitte #Elbit #Eurasylum #G4S #GEO_Group #IBM #IDEMIA #Leonardo #Lockheed_Martin #Mitie #Palantir #PricewaterhouseCoopers #Serco #Sopra_Steria #Thales #Thomson_Reuters #Unisys
      #contrôles_frontaliers #surveillance #technologie #Jean-Pierre_Talamoni #Airbus_Defence_and_Space (#ADS) #smart_borders #frontières_intelligentes #iris #empreintes_digitales #réseaux_sociaux #IT #Civipol #Mali #Sénégal #renvois #expulsions #déportations #Mitie #Classic_Air_Charter #compagnies_aériennes #United_Airlines #ICE #American_Airlines #Delta_Airlines #rétention #détention_administrative #privatisation #Broadspectrum #Canstruct_International #Paladin_Solutions #Wilson_Security #Operation_Sophia #EU_Trust_Fund #Trust_Fund #externalisation #Eurasylum #Deloitte #PricewaterhouseCoopers #Vanguard_Group #CoreCivic #Blackrock #investisseurs #investissement #Capital_Research_and_Management #Capital_Group #Lockheed_Martin #State_Street_Global_Advisors (#SsgA) #Cobham #IDEMIA #Advent_International #droits_humains #VIS #SIS_II #P-3_Orion #Accenture #Sopra_Steria #Frontex #Australie

    • Outsourcing oppression. How Europe externalises migrant detention beyond its shores

      This report seeks to address the gap and join the dots between Europe’s outsourcing of migrant detention to third countries and the notorious conditions within the migrant detention centres. In a nutshell, Europe calls the shots on migrant detention beyond its shores but is rarely held to account for the deeply oppressive consequences, including arbitrary detention, torture, forced disappearance, violence, sexual violence, and death.

      Key findings

      – The European Union (EU), and its member states, externalise detention to third countries as part of a strategy to keep migrants out at all costs. This leads to migrants being detained and subjected to gross human rights violations in transit countries in Eastern Europe, the Balkans, West Asia and Africa.

      – Candidate countries wishing to join the EU are obligated to detain migrants and stop them from crossing into the EU as a prerequisite for accession to the Union. Funding is made available through pre-accession agreements specifically for the purpose of detaining migrants.

      – Beyond EU candidate countries, this report identifies 22 countries in Africa, Eastern Europe, the Balkans and West Asia where the EU and its member states fund the construction of detention centres, detention related activities such as trainings, or advocate for detention in other ways such as through aggressively pushing for detention legislation or agreeing to relax visa requirements for nationals of these countries in exchange for increased migrant detention.

      - The main goal of detention externalisation is to pre-empt migrants from reaching the external borders of the EU by turning third countries into border outposts. In many cases this involves the EU and its member states propping up and maintaining authoritarian regimes.

      – Europe is in effect following the ‘Australian model’ that has been highly criticised by UN experts and human rights organisations for the torturous conditions inside detention centres. Nevertheless, Europe continues to advance a system that mirrors Australia’s outsourced model, focusing not on guaranteeing the rights of migrants, but instead on deterring and pushing back would-be asylum seekers at all costs.

      - Human rights are systematically violated in detention centres directly and indirectly funded by the EU and its member states, including cases of torture, arbitrary and prolonged detention, sexual violence, no access to legal recourse, humanitarian assistance, or asylum procedures, the detention of victims of trafficking, and many other serious violations in which Europe is implicated.

      - Particularly horrendous is the case of Libya, which continues to receive financial and political support from Europe despite mounting evidence of brutality, enslavement, torture, forced disappearance and death. The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), implement EU policies in Libya and, according to aid officials, actively whitewash the consequences of European policies to safeguard substantial EU funding.

      - Not only does the EU deport and push back migrants to unsafe third countries, it actively finances and coercively pushes for their detention in these countries. Often they have no choice but to sign ‘voluntary’ agreements to be returned to their countries of origin as the only means of getting out of torturous detention facilities.

      - The EU implements a carrot and stick approach, in particular in its dealings with Africa, prolonging colonialist dynamics and uneven power structures – in Niger, for example, the EU pushed for legislation on detention, in exchange for development aid funding.

      – The EU envisages a greater role for migrant detention in third countries going forward, as was evidenced in the European Commission’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum.

      - The EU acts on the premise of containment and deterrence, namely, that if migrants seeking to reach Europe are intercepted and detained along that journey, they will be deterred from making the journey in the first place. This approach completely misses the point that people migrate to survive, often fleeing war and other forms of violence. The EU continues to overlook the structural reasons behind why people flee and the EU’s own role in provoking such migration.

      – The border industrial complex profits from the increased securitisation of borders. Far from being passive spectators, the military and security industry is actively involved in shaping EU border policies by positioning themselves as experts on the issue. We can already see a trend of privatising migrant detention, paralleling what is happening in prison systems worldwide.

      https://www.tni.org/en/outsourcingoppression

      pour télécharger le rapport :
      https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/outsourcingoppression-report-tni.pdf

      #externalisation #rétention #détention #détention_arbitraire #violence #disparitions #disparitions_forcées #violence #violence_sexuelle #morts #mort #décès #Afrique #Europe_de_l'Est #Balkans #Asie #modèle_australien #EU #UE #Union_européenne #torture #Libye #droits_humains #droits_fondamentaux #HCR #UNHCR #OIM #IOM #dissuasion #privatisation

    • Fortress Europe: the millions spent on military-grade tech to deter refugees

      We map out the rising number of #high-tech surveillance and deterrent systems facing asylum seekers along EU borders.

      From military-grade drones to sensor systems and experimental technology, the EU and its members have spent hundreds of millions of euros over the past decade on technologies to track down and keep at bay the refugees on its borders.

      Poland’s border with Belarus is becoming the latest frontline for this technology, with the country approving last month a €350m (£300m) wall with advanced cameras and motion sensors.

      The Guardian has mapped out the result of the EU’s investment: a digital wall on the harsh sea, forest and mountain frontiers, and a technological playground for military and tech companies repurposing products for new markets.

      The EU is central to the push towards using technology on its borders, whether it has been bought by the EU’s border force, Frontex, or financed for member states through EU sources, such as its internal security fund or Horizon 2020, a project to drive innovation.

      In 2018, the EU predicted that the European security market would grow to €128bn (£108bn) by 2020. Beneficiaries are arms and tech companies who heavily courted the EU, raising the concerns of campaigners and MEPs.

      “In effect, none of this stops people from crossing; having drones or helicopters doesn’t stop people from crossing, you just see people taking more risky ways,” says Jack Sapoch, formerly with Border Violence Monitoring Network. “This is a history that’s so long, as security increases on one section of the border, movement continues in another section.”

      Petra Molnar, who runs the migration and technology monitor at Refugee Law Lab, says the EU’s reliance on these companies to develop “hare-brained ideas” into tech for use on its borders is inappropriate.

      “They rely on the private sector to create these toys for them. But there’s very little regulation,” she says. “Some sort of tech bro is having a field day with this.”

      “For me, what’s really sad is that it’s almost a done deal that all this money is being spent on camps, enclosures, surveillance, drones.”

      Air Surveillance

      Refugees and migrants trying to enter the EU by land or sea are watched from the air. Border officers use drones and helicopters in the Balkans, while Greece has airships on its border with Turkey. The most expensive tool is the long-endurance Heron drone operating over the Mediterranean.

      Frontex awarded a €100m (£91m) contract last year for the Heron and Hermes drones made by two Israeli arms companies, both of which had been used by the Israeli military in the Gaza Strip. Capable of flying for more than 30 hours and at heights of 10,000 metres (30,000 feet), the drones beam almost real-time feeds back to Frontex’s HQ in Warsaw.

      Missions mostly start from Malta, focusing on the Libyan search and rescue zone – where the Libyan coastguard will perform “pull backs” when informed by EU forces of boats trying to cross the Mediterranean.

      German MEP Özlem Demirel is campaigning against the EU’s use of drones and links to arms companies, which she says has turned migration into a security issue.

      “The arms industries are saying: ‘This is a security problem, so buy my weapons, buy my drones, buy my surveillance system,’” says Demirel.

      “The EU is always talking about values like human rights, [speaking out] against violations but … week-by-week we see more people dying and we have to question if the EU is breaking its values,” she says.

      Sensors and cameras

      EU air assets are accompanied on the ground by sensors and specialised cameras that border authorities throughout Europe use to spot movement and find people in hiding. They include mobile radars and thermal cameras mounted on vehicles, as well as heartbeat detectors and CO2 monitors used to detect signs of people concealed inside vehicles.

      Greece deploys thermal cameras and sensors along its land border with Turkey, monitoring the feeds from operations centres, such as in Nea Vyssa, near the meeting of the Greek, Turkish and Bulgarian borders. Along the same stretch, in June, Greece deployed a vehicle-mounted sound cannon that blasts “deafening” bursts of up to 162 decibels to force people to turn back.

      Poland is hoping to emulate Greece in response to the crisis on its border with Belarus. In October, its parliament approved a €350m wall that will stretch along half the border and reach up to 5.5 metres (18 feet), equipped with motion detectors and thermal cameras.

      Surveillance centres

      In September, Greece opened a refugee camp on the island of Samos that has been described as prison-like. The €38m (£32m) facility for 3,000 asylum seekers has military-grade fencing and #CCTV to track people’s movements. Access is controlled by fingerprint, turnstiles and X-rays. A private security company and 50 uniformed officers monitor the camp. It is the first of five that Greece has planned; two more opened in November.

      https://twitter.com/_PMolnar/status/1465224733771939841

      At the same time, Greece opened a new surveillance centre on Samos, capable of viewing video feeds from the country’s 35 refugee camps from a wall of monitors. Greece says the “smart” software helps to alert camps of emergencies.

      Artificial intelligence

      The EU spent €4.5m (£3.8m) on a three-year trial of artificial intelligence-powered lie detectors in Greece, Hungary and Latvia. A machine scans refugees and migrants’ facial expressions as they answer questions it poses, deciding whether they have lied and passing the information on to a border officer.

      The last trial finished in late 2019 and was hailed as a success by the EU but academics have called it pseudoscience, arguing that the “micro-expressions” the software analyses cannot be reliably used to judge whether someone is lying. The software is the subject of a court case taken by MEP Patrick Breyer to the European court of justice in Luxembourg, arguing that there should be more public scrutiny of such technology. A decision is expected on 15 December.

      https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/dec/06/fortress-europe-the-millions-spent-on-military-grade-tech-to-deter-refu

  • Aspirine : intérêt incertain en prévention d’un premier accident cardiovasculaire
    https://www.prescrire.org/fr/3/31/57648/0/NewsDetails.aspx

    Les résultats ont été voisins des résultats globaux chez les patients diabétiques et chez les personnes à risque cardiovasculaire élevé.

    Selon cette synthèse d’essais, la prise d’#aspirine n’a pas été associée à une réduction du risque de #cancer, ni à une moindre mortalité par cancer, contrairement à l’hypothèse d’un rôle préventif de l’aspirine sur certains cancers émise dans les années 2000.

    #prévention_primaire

  • Des pénuries de préservatifs gratuits inquiètent les associations | Slate.fr
    https://www.slate.fr/story/180273/penurie-preservatifs-planning-familial-mst-jeunes-prevention?amp

    Fin novembre 2018, Agnès Buzyn, ministre des Solidarités et de la Santé, annonçait le remboursement partiel des préservatifs masculins Eden, des laboratoires Majorelle. Délivrés sur ordonnance, ces préservatifs sont pris en charge par l’assurance maladie à 60% du coût. Depuis mars dernier, une seconde marque, Sortez Couverts, est elle aussi remboursable sur prescription médicale.

    L’initiative gouvernementale insistait, dans un communiqué, sur les « 6.000 nouveaux cas de séropositivité découverts chaque année ». Le communiqué précisait que « cette mesure ne se substitue aucunement à la mise à disposition de préservatifs gratuits par les pouvoirs publics (plus de cinq millions de préservatifs). L’accès large sur le territoire et au plus près des publics clés reste un impératif ».

    Cet été, le Planning familial soulève pourtant une inquiétude. Il commence à s’alarmer d’un début de pénurie de préservatifs gratuits dans certains départements.

    #prévention #sida #IST

  • The Disappeared report

    The #Disappeared_report series is collaborative project between two Tucson-based organizations, La Coalicion de Derechos Humanos and No More Deaths. Between Derechos Humanos’ 20 years of community work, including the 24-hour Missing Migrant Crisis Line, and No More Deaths’ 12 years of humanitarian aid in the Arizona backcountry, we have witnessed and listened to thousands of stories of border crossings throughout Southern Arizona. Our research goals are transformative: to expose and combat those US government policing tactics that cause the crisis of death and mass disappearance in the borderlands.


    http://www.thedisappearedreport.org
    #rapport #vidéo #asile #migrations #réfugiés #frontières #désert #Mexique #USA #mort #Arizona #chasse_à_l'homme #dispersion #mourir_aux_frontières #prevention_through_deterrence #desparecidos #violence #hélicoptères #crise_humanitaire

    #vidéos:

    Partie 1: the chase
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7Ux__uVfNA

    partie 2: interference with humanitarian aid
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnmOOnRALfI

    ping @isskein

  • To Stop Border Crossings, the U.S. Made the Journey Deadlier

    There is a crisis unfolding at the border — but it’s not the “criminal invasion” that Donald Trump would have you believe. Every day, migrants lost in the borderland deserts call 911 in the hopes of avoiding the gruesome fate of thousands of crossers before them.

    https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/29/opinion/migrant-crisis.html
    #cartographie #visualisation #mourir_aux_frontières #morts #décès #frontières #migrations #USA #Mexique #Etats-Unis
    ping @reka @fil

    Et le plan #prevention_through_deterrence en carte :

    That plan, “Prevention Through Deterrence,” was implemented in 1994 under the Clinton administration.

    ça rappelle cette carte publiée sur @visionscarto :
    « Ceux qui ne sont jamais arrivés », une image du naufrage migratoire en Méditerranée


    https://visionscarto.net/ceux-qui-ne-sont-jamais-arrives

    ping @isskein @karine4

  • Die Angst im System

    Man muss nicht selbst betroffen sein, um die Auswirkungen geschlechtsspezifischer Gewalt zu spüren.

    Einst sagte mir ein damaliger Kumpel: „Ihr Frauen könnt nicht aufhören, über Vergewaltigung zu reden, weil ihr angeblich Angst habt. Ich finde, das liegt eher daran, dass ihr darauf steht, davon fantasiert.“ Damals war ich 18 Jahre alt und habe mich noch nicht als Feministin bezeichnet. Ich habe seine frauenfeindliche Aussage, die Vergewaltigung auf so eine böswilligen Weise verharmlost, unkommentiert gelassen. Mir fehlten damals das Vokabular und die Fakten, um dagegen argumentieren zu können. Das bereue ich heute noch.



    ©Tine Fetz

    Ja, auch Frauen, die selber nicht vergewaltigt worden sind, sprechen über sexualisierte Gewalt. Viele, die sich Gedanken über die Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts machen und dazu lesen, erkennen, dass Bedrängen, unerlaubtes Anfassen, Verfolgen und Catcallen nichts mit Zuneigung zu tun haben, sondern lediglich mit Macht. Vergewaltigung ist unter anderem auch eine Kriegspraxis: Indem Frauen der anderen Front „befleckt“ werden, wird die Moral der Soldaten gesenkt. Indem Frauen „besamt“ werden, wird die Erde, das Land, auf dem ein Volk lebt, erobert.

    Gewalt gegen Frauen und sexualisierte Gewalt sind so häufig und willkürlich, dass es für viele Frauen Alltag ist zu überlegen, wie sie damit umgehen können. Man weiß aus persönlichen Gesprächen mit anderen, dass viele Frauen ihre Strategien entwickelt haben, wie etwa bestimmte Straßen zu vermeiden, die Straßenseite zu wechseln, nachts auf dem Nachhauseweg den Schlüsselbund in der Hand so zu halten, dass sie ihn als Waffe nutzen können, falls Selbstverteidigung notwendig sein sollte. Viele kennen den Drang, die Haustür hinter sich zuzudrücken, anstatt sie sich sorgenfrei von alleine schließen zu lassen.

    Auch die Wissenschaft, die Alarmsysteme und Apps entwickelt, die Frauen bei Angriffen dabeihaben und einsetzen sollen, sagt Frauen: „Lernt, mit Gewalt umzugehen. Denn es wird nie aufhören.“ Anstatt dass Männer lernen, nicht anzugreifen, sollen sich Frauen Gedanken darüber machen, wie sie gegebenenfalls flüchten oder sich Hilfe holen können. Ganz so, als sei Gewalt unvermeidbar. Bei solchen Erfindungen wird ausgeblendet, dass sexualisierte Gewalt viel öfter in den eigenen vier Wänden stattfindet als draußen.

    Vergangenen Mittwoch stellte die Kommission zur Aufarbeitung sexuellen Kindesmissbrauchs ihre ersten Ergebnisse seit ihrer Gründung vor: Im vergangenen Jahr wurden 13.683 Kinder Opfer sexuellen Missbrauchs, 2017 lag die Zahl bei 12.850. Mehr als die Hälfte der Übergriffe fand in der Familie statt, 83 Prozent der befragten Betroffenen waren Frauen. Bei Angriffen auf Frauen im Erwachsenenalter sieht die Situation ähnlich aus: Laut polizeilicher Kriminalstatistik wurden 2016 insgesamt 435 Frauen in Deutschland getötet, 163 davon lebten mit dem Täter zusammen in einem Haushalt. Laut einer Studie des Bundesfamilienministeriums aus 2004 fanden über 70 Prozent der Fälle sexualisierter Gewalt in der eigenen Wohnung der betroffenen Frau statt. Den Zahlen der Frauenorganisation Terre des Femmes zufolge hat fast jede vierte Frau in Deutschland sexualisierte oder körperliche Gewalt oder beides durch ihren (Ex-)Partner erlebt.

    Aus einer kanadischen Studie aus dem Jahr 2015 geht hervor, dass Kinder und Enkelkinder von Holodomor-Überlebenden traumatisiert seien, obwohl sie zur Zeit der Ausrottung von der ukrainischen Bevölkerung durch Stalin noch nicht auf der Welt waren: „Sie horten Lebensmittel und gärtnern, als stünde das nächste Versorgungsembargo bevor.“ In den Kindern und Enkel*innen der Holodomor-Überlebenden solle das Trauma weiterleben. Auch Shoah-Überlebende gaben ihr Trauma weiter an ihre Kinder. Woran das liegen kann, versuchen Wissenschaftler*innen schon seit einiger Zeit herauszufinden. Während alleine das Zusammenleben mit traumatisierten Eltern, die Überlebende sind, in den Kindern ähnliche Bilder und Symptome auslösen kann, spricht die Epigenetik davon, dass Trauma die Regulation der Zellen beeinträchtige und dadurch genetisch vererbbar sei. Die Forscherin Isabelle Mansuy vom Labor für Neuroepigenetik an der ETH Zürich sagt in Anlehnung auf ihre Studie mit Mäusen, die als Jungtiere von ihren Müttern getrennt und traumatisiert werden: „Drei Generationen leiden unter den Folgen des Traumas und auch in der vierten finden wir typische Symptome. Wir vermuten, dass die Übertragung über die Keimzellen erfolgt.“ So oder so werden Ängste und Traumata weitergereicht. Von Generation zu Generation. Warum soll das anders sein, wenn es um geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt geht?

    Es stimmt, dass viele Frauen oft über sexualisierte Gewalt und Vergewaltigung sprechen, auch wenn sie selber noch nicht betroffen waren. Das liegt daran, dass sie im Gegensatz zu heterosexuellen cis Männern in einer Welt leben, in der Frauen und Mädchen systematisch unterdrückt und der Gewalt ausgesetzt werden. Die Welt, in der Frauen aufwachsen, bringt ihnen bei, mit Gewalt umzugehen, sich an Gewalt zu gewöhnen. Da sie vom Kindesalter mit diesem Bewusstsein erzogen werden, prägt das ihr Selbstverständnis. Die Geschichten von mehreren Generationen prägen also die Frauen von heute, auch wenn diese Geschichten nie erzählt worden sind. Reden hilft. Es macht die Probleme, unter denen sie leiden, hörbar. Es macht den Umgang mit Traumata oder Ängsten leichter.

    Manchmal erinnere ich mich an den Spruch meines damaligen Kumpels und frage mich, wie diese Konversation heute gelaufen wäre, was ich ihm wohl sagen würde. Ob er sich heute vorstellen kann, dass er in einer anderen Welt lebt als Frauen, oder noch immer glaubt, dass sie viel über sexualisierte Gewalt sprechen, weil sie sich das heimlich wünschen? Das werde ich wohl nie herausfinden.

    https://missy-magazine.de/blog/2019/04/09/die-angst-im-system

    #violence #agression_sexuelle #viol #traumatisme #prévention

    • Cette image... les clefs entre les doigts... ça évoque tellement de moments angoissants...
      Et on a beau savoir que ça marche pas vraiment, comme technique, on continue, d’autant plus depuis que les #contrôles incessants nous interdisent toute protection « armée » de défense...
      Je sais pas du tout ce que dit l’article mais cette image me touche...

    • @val_k : l’image qui fait référence à la peur et l’aggression en lieu public...la stratégie des clefs qui ne marche pas...mais ce que l’auteure dit aussi, pour comprendre un peu plus d’article :

      « Les systèmes d’arlame et les applications développés par la science à utiliser en cas d’aggression disent aux femmes : ’Il faut apprendre à vivre avec la violence. Jamais il y aura une fin’. Au lieu d’apprendre aux hommes d’arrêter les aggressions, les femmes doivent réfléchir comment fuir ou trouver de l’aide. Comme si la violence serait inévitable. Ces inventions techniques manquent à prendre en compte que la plupart des aggressions sexuelles se deroulent en éspace privé. »

      [...]

      « Le Ministère de la famille constate en 2004 plus de 70% cas de violence sexuelle dans l’appartement de la femme concerné. Selon l’organisation Terre des Femmes une femme sur quatre en Allemagne était victime de violence sexuelle ou physique de son (ancien) compagnon. »

      [...]

      « Le traumatisme persiste dans les prochaines générations. [...]. Il est confirmé : la peur et le traumatisme sont transmis de génération à génération. Pourquoi doit-il être different pour la violence à caractère sexuel ? »

  • Petite annonce pour la #recherche-action car on manque de monde...

    Résident à Claix, Aiguilles, La Roche-de-Rame, Ceillac ?

    Venez vous entraîner et tester vos réflexes face aux #risques_naturels grâce à un #jeu_vidéo et un #spectacle pour un spectateur !

    Faites progresser la recherche sur la #prévention des risques grâce à des outils inédits et ludiques créés dans le cadre du projet I²PRI de l’Université Grenoble-Alpes.

    Dates, lieux et inscription sur https://www.pacte-grenoble.fr/actualites/sain-et-sauf

  • Le cancer oublié qui tue les femmes
    https://www.lesechos.fr/idees-debats/cercle/0600521676546-le-cancer-oublie-qui-tue-les-femmes-2237065.php

    Si le mot prévention a un sens, il faut donc revoir notre politique de détection de ce cancer, qui repose aujourd’hui sur la pratique des frottis cervico-vaginaux effectués par les 4.700 gynécologues, dont 1.100 purement médicaux, exerçant en France et analysés par les 1.600 anatomopathologistes qui recherchent sous leurs microscopes les cellules anormales. Ces frottis, dont la fiabilité n’est que de 60 %, affichent un coût global de près de 70 euros qui seront prochainement pris intégralement en charge par l’Assurance-maladie.

    Or il existe une technique beaucoup plus simple, rapide, non invasive et discrète pour détecter la présence du virus oncogène sur le col utérin. Ce test est purement biochimique, moléculaire et d’une fiabilité bien supérieure puisque 95 % des femmes, lorsqu’il est négatif, ne développeront pas le cancer. A l’aide d’une petite brosse, la femme peut prélever elle-même les sécrétions vaginales à examiner avant de remettre le tube au laboratoire de biologie qui réalisera le test ou l’adressera à une centrale équipée pour le faire. Or cette technique n’est pratiquement pas diffusée en France, moins de 60.000 tests étant pratiqués par an.

    #papillomavirus #cancer #prévention (avec toujours plusieurs trains de retard pour la France)

    • #désarmons-les. Collectif contre les violences d’Etat

      Nous pensons que le combat contre l’institution policière et ses représentations est fondamentale.

      Elle est fondamentale, parce que les #forces_de_l’ordre sont le bras armé de l’État et qu’à ce titre elles constituent une milice apolitique, chargée contre rémunération d’imposer par la force la #domination de l’Administration (du Pouvoir) sur le peuple, et cela quelle que soit l’idéologie politique du Pouvoir en place.

      La Police (et dans cette notion on inclue les forces militaires de la Gendarmerie et de l’Armée) est et a toujours été l’instrument de la #coercition exercée par les élites sur le peuple, afin de le gérer et de le maintenir dans un état de #soumission permanente. Ceci dans l’idée que le choix des élites ne peut souffrir la contestation du peuple : toute l’hypocrisie de la #démocratie_représentative est de faire croire que les choix des #élites SONT les choix du #peuple, par le truchement du #vote, qui est censé valider le pouvoir et les décisions prises par ces élites.

      Bien qu’elle lutte également contre le crime, la Police est essentiellement là pour gérer les conséquences de la #misère_sociale (#délinquance) et empêcher le peuple de s’insurger (possibilité pourtant formulée hypocritement dans les premières ébauches du droit républicain, notamment dans l’article 35 de la Constitution de 1793, avant d’être abolie quelques mois plus tard). A ce titre, elle n’est en rien différente des forces armées d’ancien régime, qui protégeaient le pouvoir royal de la #sédition.

      Aujourd’hui et depuis la naissance du #capitalisme_d’Etat, la Police constitue plus que jamais le rempart entre les aspirations du peuple et les intérêts de la #bourgeoisie. Avec la #décolonisation et les crises cycliques du capitalisme, le mythe d’une Police en faveur de la #paix_sociale ne tient plus : la Police montre son vrai visage, celui d’une #force brute au service du Pouvoir de celles et ceux qui ont l’argent.

      Les violences à l’encontre du peuple sont quotidiennes, et les prérogatives de la Police en terme de #surveillance et de #contrôle_des_populations sont toujours plus étendues. Chaque loi pour la sécurité engendre de nouvelles entraves aux #libertés_individuelles et à la #Liberté au sens large. Les forces de police se comportent en forces d’occupation et cette domination policière s’impose au peuple par la crainte qu’elle lui inspire.

      Avec l’émergence des armes dites « non létales », et notamment le #gaz_lacrymogène, les #flashballs et autres #lanceurs_de_balles de défense, la #Démocratie a renoué depuis un demi siècle avec les pratiques des forces armées d’ancien régime, en tirant sur la foule. Le seul et unique objectif étant de terroriser, d’en blesser quelques uns pour faire peur à touTEs les autres.

      Plus récemment, les méthodes proactives, la #prévention_des-risques, l’utilisation des technologies de surveillance, le #renseignement et les #sanctions_administratives appliquées sans l’intervention d’un juge (#assignations_à_résidences, #perquisitions, #placements_en_rétention…), sont autant de déclinaisons d’une vision contre-insurrectionnelle du maintien de l’ordre héritée des #guerres_coloniales. L’État mène contre son peuple une #guerre_de_basse_intensité qui, avec les enjeux politiques contemporains et la mondialisation de l’information, peine de plus en plus à rester discrète. L’utilisation récente de l’#État_d’urgence, ultime instrument hérité du temps des colonies donne à voir une version radicalisée de la guerre de basse intensité que l’Etat mène habituellement contre ses ennemiEs intérieurEs.

      L’#État_démocratique, comme avant lui la monarchie, tente par tous les moyens de maintenir son pouvoir, tantôt par la violence, tantôt par la ruse, sa Police ayant entre les mains une panoplie extrêmement étendue d’instruments. L’ensemble de ces moyens, mais également l’assurance décomplexée et les arguments « démocratiques » qui accompagnent leur utilisation, constitue l’armement d’une nouvelle forme de #totalitarisme.

      Si on veut la paix, on se doit de combattre cet armement, selon le vieil adage « Si tu veux la paix, prépare la guerre ».

      Mais le combat, puisque nous ne sommes pas dans la #lutte armée, doit d’abord prendre la forme d’une déconstruction morale de la Police. Celle-ci doit cesser d’être sanctifiée comme une force garante de notre sécurité, de nos libertés et de la paix sociale. Elle doit cesser d’être considérée, appréciée, applaudie, pardonnée pour ses violences, blanchie de ses crimes et protégée par le mensonge et les silences quand elle accomplit sous serment les basses œuvres du Pouvoir politique.

      Elle doit être désarmée, au sens propre comme au sens figuré.

      Nous sommes une poignée à avoir voulu donner un nom à notre combat. Nous avons commencé par réaliser une brochure d’information sur les armements du maintien de l’ordre, afin que chacunE sache ce qui pourrait un jour la/le blesser et puisse trouver les moyens de se prémunir de cette violence légale. Puis, de fil en aiguille, et après avoir rencontré ici ou là des personnes et collectifs luttant contre les #violences_policières et sécuritaires, nous avons voulu rendre cette lutte plus visible, contribuer à unir les volontés, et finalement constituer un collectif.

      Le collectif s’appelle « Désarmons-les ! »

      #police #maintien_de_l'ordre #colonialisme #résistance #collectif

      ping @davduf @mathieup @marty @albertocampiphoto

  • Bruxelles: le collectif “Design for everyone” adapte le mobilier urbain “anti-SDF” Guillaume Guilbert - 13 Novembre 2018 - RTBF
    https://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/detail_bruxelles-le-collectif-design-for-everyone-adapte-le-mobilier-urbain-ant

    Des bancs publics équipés d’arceaux métalliques, des bancs avec des assises individuelles, des picots sur les appuis de fenêtre ou encore des places où il n’y a plus aucun banc public. Les membres du collectif « Design for everyone » dénoncent l’aspect excluant de certains éléments de mobilier urbain. D’après eux, certains choix en la matière traduisent une certaine vision de la société. Ils traquent donc ce type d’aménagements. Une équipe de Vews les a suivis lors d’une de leurs interventions.

    « On ne sait pas si c’est uniquement les politiques ou si c’est un choix des designers qui n’ont pas réfléchi plus loin, mais cela a clairement un impact sur le vivre-ensemble, sur la manière dont les gens peuvent se rencontrer, et sur la vision de la société qui doit être propre, nette et sécure, et surtout pas trop déranger », explique Charlotte.

    Avec Laurent, son compagnon, elle a fondé le collectif « Design for everyone ». « Tout est né il y a un an et demi, raconte-t-elle. A la fin du dispositif d’hiver pour les sans-abris, avec un autre collectif, on a décidé d’enlever des grilles à la gare du Midi. En-dessous du pont de la gare, une série de grilles ont été installées car de nombreux sans-abris dormaient à cet endroit. Lors de la visite d’Angela Merkel, les sans-abris ont été priés de partir et des grilles ont été placées. On s’est donc dit qu’il fallait les enlever car selon nous, elles ne sont pas une solution ».

    Pour la petite histoire, les grilles ont finalement été réinstallées, ce qui a donné lieu à un petit « jeu » entre le collectif et la Stib. Depuis, le collectif repère des aménagements urbains qui selon eux posent problème et intervient ensuite. Charlotte et Laurent nous ont reçus dans leur atelier le jour d’une intervention. C’est sur un banc à la station de métro Gare de l’ouest qu’ils ont décidé d’intervenir. 

    « On a repéré il y a quelques semaines un banc qui nous posait question de par son design, explique Laurent. Son design fait en sorte qu’il n’y a pas d’assise plane. Ils ont ajouté des arceaux en métal, c’est très design mais ça ne sert à rien, à part empêcher sans doute que quelqu’un puisse se coucher dessus. Nous, on veut que les gens se saisissent de la question donc on a construit une structure qui va s’adapter. On va la glisser sans abîmer le banc pour lui redonner cette assise plane ». 

    C’est donc parti pour l’intervention du jour. Nous les suivons discrètement à la station de métro Gare de l’ouest, à Molenbeek. L’action n’étant pas du tout officielle, il ne faut pas perdre de temps, au risque d’alerter la sécurité. Très rapidement, Charlotte et Laurent posent leur structure en bois sur le banc en question. Ils la fixent avec des colsons, afin de ne pas endommager le banc. 

    Provoquer le questionnement 
    Intrigués, certains passants observent la scène. Comme une signature, Charlotte et Laurent laissent un petit mot expliquant leur démarche, avant d’immortaliser leur action réussie pour partager l’info sur les réseaux sociaux. Car l’objectif, c’est bien de faire se questionner les gens sur l’aménagement du mobilier urbain et son impact sur la vie de quartier. « On a posé la structure, le reste ne nous appartient plus, explique Charlotte après l’intervention. Après, c’est aux gens à regarder, à s’imprégner du questionnement et se demander pourquoi cette structure est là ». 

    « Avec cette action, on ne veut pas fustiger les bancs de la Stib, enchaîne Laurent. Il y a aussi la multiplication des assises individuelles, des absences d’aménagement, l’absence de bancs est parfois tout aussi révélatrice que la présence d’arceaux sur les bancs. C’est un peu tout ça qu’on interroge : ces aménagements qui empêchent différents usages de l’espace public. On a l’impression que c’est fait à l’insu de la population et pourtant cela a un impact sur la cohésion sociale dans les quartiers, sur le fait que certaines personnes fréquentent tel ou tel endroit. Nous pensons que l’on doit se saisir de cette question ».

    Du mobilier urbain pour éloigner certaines populations comme les SDF ? La Strada, observatoire du secteur bruxellois de l’aide aux sans-abris, dit recevoir de plus en plus de plaintes concernant ce type de mobilier. Des plaintes émanant des professionnels de l’aide aux sans-abris plutôt que de ceux qui vivent vraiment dans la rue.

    Même constat du côté de Murat Karacaoglu, directeur de l’ASBL Pierre d’angle, centre d’accueil de jour et de nuit pour les sans-abris. « Cela peut être inquiétant si on généralise ce genre de système par rapport uniquement aux personnes sans-abris, admet-il. Je pense que l’action de ces citoyens qui s’engagent à remeubler l’espace public, c’est d’une importance capitale. Cela doit nous interroger sur la place des personnes en situation de précarité. En tant qu’acteurs du secteur, cela doit aussi nous interroger sur la réponse à apporter par rapport à ces éléments ». 

     #sdf #anti-sdf #pauvreté #sans-abris #sans-abri #guerre_aux_pauvres #espace_public #urbanisme #mobilier_urbain #prévention_situationnelle #designers #STIB #Molenbeek #cohésion_sociale #précarité #Bruxelles

  • Cancer du sein : « Les détracteurs du dépistage sont irresponsables » - Le Parisien
    http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/sante/cancer-du-sein-les-detracteurs-du-depistage-sont-irresponsables-06-11-201

    En France, moins d’une femme sur deux participe au dépistage organisé. Ce chiffre est-il satisfaisant ?

    PROFESSEUR NORBERT IFRAH. Non, d’autant moins satisfaisant que l’on a perdu 2 % de participation en deux ans et que nous sommes loin des recommandations européennes qui en préconisent 70 %. Qu’un débat scientifique existe sur les limites du dépistage, c’est sain. Mais on assiste en France à une campagne de dénigrement surréaliste, notamment sur les réseaux sociaux. Ses détracteurs, peu nombreux mais très actifs, sont irresponsables. N’oublions pas que 59 000 nouveaux cancers du sein sont détectés chaque année et que 12 000 femmes en meurent.

    Le dépistage est notamment accusé de surdiagnostic. En clair, de détecter des lésions qui n’auraient pas forcément évolué en cancer…

    Aujourd’hui, un certain nombre de cancers localisés n’évoluent pas, sans que l’on sache pourquoi. C’est un sujet majeur de recherche. Mais 80 % vont évoluer, d’où la nécessité d’un suivi régulier. Je ne dis pas qu’il y a zéro opération inutile, mais elles sont très peu nombreuses. En revanche, on sait qu’avec le dépistage organisé, on épargne à près de 12 % des femmes une chirurgie lourde et qu’un tiers « seulement » auront une chimiothérapie contre plus de la moitié hors #dépistage. Pour les concernées, ce n’est pas rien !

    #mammographie

  • Du #sexisme_ordinaire aux #violences_sexuelles : repérer pour agir. Guide à l’intention des professionnel-le-s

    « Du sexisme ordinaire aux violences sexuelles : repérer pour agir » est un guide de #prévention destiné à lutter contre la propagation de #stéréotypes sexistes et à prévenir ainsi les actes de #violence qui peuvent en découler. Il est le fruit d’une collaboration de l’Etat et des associations actives auprès de jeunes. Ce guide est destiné aux professionnel-le-s qui encadrent les enfants et les jeunes.

    https://www.ge.ch/document/du-sexisme-ordinaire-aux-violences-sexuelles-reperer-agir-guide-intention-profess
    #guide #manuel #violence_sexuelle

    Pour télécharger le guide :
    https://www.ge.ch/document/du-sexisme-ordinaire-aux-violences-sexuelles-reperer-agir-guide-intention-professionnel/telecharger

  • Offline: Why has global health forgotten cancer? - The Lancet
    https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32162-7/abstract

    Nothing illustrates the embedded irrationality of global health more than our attitudes to cancer. In 2016, according to the Global Burden of Disease, 8·9 million people died from cancer (23% of total worldwide deaths from NCDs, and 16% of deaths from all causes). The leading causes of cancer death are tumours of the trachea, bronchus, and lung (1·7 million deaths); gynaecological cancers (breast, cervix, ovary, and uterus: 1 million deaths); gastric cancer (834 000 deaths); colorectal cancer (829 600 deaths); and liver cancer (828 000 deaths). So why the indifference?

    The NCD community has become trapped in an ideology that privileges prevention over treatment. A similar mistake disfigured the early response to AIDS. I can recall senior WHO leaders two decades ago agreeing that a generation of people living with HIV would have to die before the pandemic could be controlled by prevention. Only anger and activism overturned the complacency of traditional public health practice. But the NCD community has no time for anger or activism

    #cancer #OMS #prévention #traitement (again)

  • Une entreprise anversoise développe un software qui cartographie les vecteurs de maladie - Santé - LeVif.be

    https://www.levif.be/actualite/sante/une-entreprise-anversoise-developpe-un-software-qui-cartographie-les-vecteurs-de-maladie/article-normal-888185.html

    La nouvelle a été célébrée vendredi en présence du secrétaire d’Etat Philippe De Backer. Le logiciel a été développé avec l’aide de l’European Space Agency, l’agence spatiale européenne. Il doit aider les chercheurs à déterminer sur de grands territoires quelle est la présence de vecteurs de maladies. « La procédure, jusqu’à aujourd’hui, pour constater si une région particulière est un territoire à risque pour une maladie comme la malaria, est chère, lente, et peu précise », indique le CEO Guy Hendrickx. « Avec VECMAP, nous avons pour la première fois une méthode qui peut calculer le risque de manière rapide et détaillée, pour des maladies comme celles qui sont transportées par le moustique tigre ».

    #cartographie #santé #prévention #pesticides #moustiques

  • Suisse : Les prêtres pourraient suivre des cours d’éducation sexuelle ats/ebz - 2 Septembre 2018 - RTS
    http://www.rts.ch/info/suisse/9814926-les-pretres-pourraient-suivre-des-cours-d-education-sexuelle.html

    La Conférence suisse des évêques envisage d’introduire des cours d’éducation sexuelle pour les représentants de l’Église. L’objectif étant de prévenir les abus, rapporte Le Matin Dimanche.

    Les évêques veulent améliorer la prévention et intégrer la lutte contre les abus à la formation des prêtres. Giorgio Prestele, président des experts mandatés par les évêques, va même plus loin : « Je peux aussi imaginer par exemple que les futurs prêtres, avant leur bénédiction, doivent passer une évaluation concernant le rapport à leur propre sexualité ». Le spécialiste estime que les prêtres devraient toujours s’interroger sur la manière dont ils abordent la sexualité, qui existe malgré le célibat.

    Durcissement de l’obligation d’annonce
    La Conférence discutera donc prévention dès lundi à Saint-Gall. Lors de cette rencontre, les évêques devront aussi décider s’ils veulent durcir l’obligation de dénoncer des cas d’abus sexuels. Il s’agirait dans ce cas d’annoncer à la justice tous les cas laissant penser qu’il pourrait s’agir de délits poursuivis d’office. Cette obligation existait jusqu’alors uniquement dans les cas où les victimes étaient mineures. L’obligation pourrait être étendue aux cas concernant des adultes.

    #Suisse #catholicisme #prêtres #éducation_sexuelle #prévention #abus_sexuels #religion #église #confession