provinceorstate:maryland

  • ’Major Lawsuit’ Against Trump Promised by D.C., Maryland Officials - NBC News
    http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/major-lawsuit-against-trump-promised-d-c-maryland-officials-n770846

    The attorneys general of Maryland and Washington, D.C., plan to file a “major lawsuit” against President Donald Trump as early as Monday, they said Sunday night.

    Maryland Attorney General Brian Frosh and his D.C. counterpart, Karl Racine, didn’t disclose the focus of the litigation, which they said in a statement they would formally announce Monday afternoon.

    The Washington Post reported that the lawsuit would allege that Trump has violated constitutional anti-corruption restrictions by accepting payments and benefits from foreign governments since he became president.

    No further details were immediately available.

  • Scientists discover what’s killing the bees and it’s worse than you thought — Quartz
    https://qz.com/107970/scientists-discover-whats-killing-the-bees-and-its-worse-than-you-thought
    https://qzprod.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/beeinsectide.jpg?quality=80&strip=all&w=1600

    Suspects have included pesticides, disease-bearing parasites and poor nutrition. But in a first-of-its-kind study published today in the journal PLOS ONE, scientists at the University of Maryland and the US Department of Agriculture have identified a witch’s brew of pesticides and fungicides contaminating pollen that bees collect to feed their hives. The findings break new ground on why large numbers of bees are dying

    #abeilles #agriculture #pesticides #fongicides

  • Algorithms should be regulated for safety like cars, banks, and drugs, says computer scientist Ben Shneiderman — Quartz
    https://qz.com/998131/algorithms-should-be-regulated-for-safety-like-cars-banks-and-drugs-says-compute
    https://qzprod.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/low-stakes-facial-recognition.jpg?quality=80&strip=all&w=160

    When these programs are wrong—like when Facebook mistakes you for your sibling or even your mom—it’s hardly a problem. In other situations, though, we give artificial intelligence much more responsibility, with larger consequences when it inevitably backfires.

    Ben Shneiderman, a computer scientist from the University of Maryland, thinks the risks are big enough that it’s time to for the government to get involved. In a lecture on May 30 to the Alan Turing Institute in London, he called for a “National Algorithm Safety Board,” similar to the US’s National Transportation Safety Board for vehicles, which would provide both ongoing and retroactive oversight for high-stakes algorithms.

    “When you go to systems which are richer in complexity, you have to adopt a new philosophy of design,” Shneiderman argued in his talk. His proposed National Algorithm Safety Board, which he also suggested in an article in 2016, would provide an independent third party to review and disclose just how these programs work. It would also investigate algorithmic failures and inform the public about them—much like bank regulators report on bank failures, transportation watchdogs look into major accidents, and drug licensing bodies look out for drug interactions or toxic side-effects. Since “algorithms are increasingly vital to national economies, defense, and healthcare systems,” Shneiderman wrote, “some independent oversight will be helpful.”

    On est proche de la proposition de ETC Group pour un Office of assesment of technology. Il ya quelque chose à creuser pour redonner un sens collectif à la fuite en avant technologique (oiu plutôt l’hubris technologique).

    #algorithmes #politique_numérique #intelligence_artificielle

  • Jean Sammet, Co-Designer of a Pioneering Computer Language, Dies at 89 - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/technology/obituary-jean-sammet-software-designer-cobol.html

    Jean E. Sammet, an early software engineer and a designer of COBOL, a programming language that brought computing into the business mainstream, died on May 20 in Maryland. She was 89.

    The United States Department of Defense, the largest purchaser of computers at the time, set general guidelines for COBOL, including asking for “the maximum use of simple English” to “broaden the base of those who can state problems to computers.” Later, the Pentagon declared it would not buy or lease computers unless they ran COBOL.

    Grace Hopper, a computer pioneer at Sperry Rand in the late 1950s, led the effort to bring computer makers together to collaborate on the new programming language. Ms. Hopper is often called the “mother of COBOL,” but she was not one of the six people, including Ms. Sammet, who designed the language — a fact Ms. Sammet rarely failed to point out. (Ms. Sammet worked for Sylvania Electric at the time.)

    “I yield to no one in my admiration for Grace,” she said. “But she was not the mother, creator or developer of COBOL.”

    Ms. Sammet and the other five programmers did much of the new language’s design during two weeks of nearly round-the-clock work, holed up in the Sherry-Netherland Hotel in Manhattan. Their proposal was presented in November 1959 and accepted with few changes by the computer makers they worked for and the Pentagon.

    #histoire_informatique

  • Drug Deaths in America Are Rising Faster Than Ever
    https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/05/upshot/opioid-epidemic-drug-overdose-deaths-are-rising-faster-than-ever.html?_r=0

    “Because drug deaths take a long time to certify, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will not be able to calculate final numbers until December. The Times compiled estimates for 2016 from hundreds of state health departments and county coroners and medical examiners. Together they represent data from states and counties that accounted for 76 percent of overdose deaths in 2015. They are a first look at the extent of the drug overdose epidemic last year, a detailed accounting of a modern plague.

    The initial data points to large increases in drug overdose deaths in states along the East Coast, particularly Maryland, Florida, Pennsylvania and Maine. In Ohio, which filed a lawsuit last week accusing five drug companies of abetting the opioid epidemic, we estimate overdose deaths increased by more than 25 percent in 2016.

    “Heroin is the devil’s drug, man. It is,” Cliff Parker said, sitting on a bench in Grace Park in Akron. Mr. Parker, 24, graduated from high school not too far from here, in nearby Copley, where he was a multisport athlete. In his senior year, he was a varsity wrestler and earned a scholarship to the University of Akron. Like his friends and teammates, he started using prescription painkillers at parties. It was fun, he said. By the time it stopped being fun, it was too late. Pills soon turned to heroin, and his life began slipping away from him.”

    @fil

  • AlgorithmTips : enquêter sur les algorithmes
    http://www.internetactu.net/a-lire-ailleurs/algorithmtips-enqueter-sur-les-algorithmes

    Lors du Festival international de journalisme qui se tenait en Italie début avril, Nick Diakopoulos (@ndiakopoulos, voir également son compte Github où il dépose codes et cours), du Laboratoire d’interaction homme-machine de l’université du Maryland a présenté un atelier sur l’enquête algorithmique, rapporte la journaliste Nicole Martinelli qui y participait. (...)

    #A_lire_ailleurs #Recherches #algorithme #nossystemes

  • Here’s where D.C. public transit can take you — and who gets left behind - Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/local/transit-access

    If you work near the White House, don’t have a car, and want to keep your commute under an hour, you could live in Gaithersburg, Md., or Reston, Va., both about 20 miles away.

    But you’d have trouble doing the same from just across the Anacostia River in neighborhoods near the southern tip of the District, roughly seven miles away, or from close-in areas of Prince George’s County.

    #cartographie #cartographie_isochrone #washington #états-unis

  • Facial recognition database used by FBI is out of control, House committee hears | Technology | The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/27/us-facial-recognition-database-fbi-drivers-licenses-passports

    Approximately half of adult Americans’ photographs are stored in facial recognition databases that can be accessed by the FBI, without their knowledge or consent, in the hunt for suspected criminals. About 80% of photos in the FBI’s network are non-criminal entries, including pictures from driver’s licenses and passports. The algorithms used to identify matches are inaccurate about 15% of the time, and are more likely to misidentify black people than white people.

    These are just some of the damning facts presented at last week’s House oversight committee hearing, where politicians and privacy campaigners criticized the FBI and called for stricter regulation of facial recognition technology at a time when it is creeping into law enforcement and business.

    15% d’imprécisions mais pas de détail entre les deux types d’erreurs (faux positifs - identification erronée ; faux négatifs - non identification alors que présent dans la base)

  • The US beauty queen making her invisible illness visible - BBC News
    http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39331416

    Victoria Graham, a 22-year-old student from Manchester in the US state of Maryland, had an untraditional journey into the glitzy world of US beauty pageants.
    She may look like any other contestant at first glance, but Victoria has Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) - a rare genetic condition that affects her connective tissues.

    #santé #cicatrices #beauté

  • A Tweet to Kurt Eichenwald, a Strobe and a Seizure. Now, an Arrest. - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/technology/social-media-attack-that-set-off-a-seizure-leads-to-an-arrest.html

    When the journalist Kurt Eichenwald opened an animated image sent to him on Twitter in December, the message “You deserve a seizure for your posts” appeared in capital letters along with a blinding strobe light. Mr. Eichenwald, who has epilepsy, immediately suffered a seizure.

    On Friday, the Federal Bureau of Investigation said it had arrested John Rayne Rivello, 29, at his home in Salisbury, Md., and accused him of sending the electronic file. The agency charged Mr. Rivello with criminal cyberstalking with the intent to kill or cause bodily harm.

    The unusual case has shown how online tools can be deployed as weapons capable of physical harm. The F.B.I. and the Dallas police led the investigation into Mr. Rivello, and the police said he sent the strobe light knowing that it was likely to lead Mr. Eichenwald, who has publicly discussed his epilepsy, into a seizure.

    #armes_logicielles #haine #épilepsie

  • Hating #Comic_Sans Is #Ableist
    https://theestablishment.co/hating-comic-sans-is-ableist-bc4a4de87093

    he day my sister, Jessica, discovered Comic Sans, her entire world changed. She’s dyslexic and struggled through school until she was finally diagnosed in her early twenties, enabling her to build up a personal set of tools for navigating the written world.
    “For me, being able to use Comic Sans is similar to a mobility aid, or a visual aid, or a hearing aid,” she tells me while we’re both visiting our family in Maryland. “I have other ways of writing and reading, but they’re not like they are for someone who’s not dyslexic.”

    #typo #validisme #dyslexie

  • Edward Snowden’s Long, Strange Journey to Hollywood
    (Irina Alexander, August 2016)

    A long but interesting read about how Oliver Stone’s “Snowden” came to be.

    Oliver Stone, director
    Moritz Borman, the producer
    Anatoly Kucherena, Snowden’s Russian lawyer
    Ben Wizner, Snowden’s lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

    https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/magazine/edward-snowdens-long-strange-journey-to-hollywood.html

    On “Snowden,” he and Borman became so preoccupied with American government surveillance that they had their Los Angeles offices swept for bugs more than once.

    ...

    [Wizner said] that Snowden wasn’t profiting from Stone’s film in any way. “One hard-and-fast rule Ed always had was, I’m not selling my life rights,” Wizner said. Snowden’s participation in a Hollywood movie would only fuel the claims of his critics — that he was a narcissist eager to cash in. That said, Stone’s film would be seen by millions of people, which meant it could sway public opinion. “We were choosing between two bad options,” Wizner said.

    ...

    Wizner had negotiated veto control over any footage featuring Snowden in the film. After we spoke, the lawyer says he asked Borman to put that in writing. He also reiterated that if Stone took a reporter along, Snowden would not participate. Stone and I eventually reached a compromise: I wouldn’t observe the shoot, but I could still come and meet Kucherena.

    ...

    Anticipating a homesick Snowden, [Stone’s co-writer] hauled over a duffel bag packed with the stuff of Americana dreams: Kraft macaroni and cheese, Jell-O cups, Oreos, Pepperidge Farm cookies, Twizzlers, peanut butter, Spam, an Orioles baseball cap and a pair of Converse sneakers. “It was like delivering a care package to a kid at summer camp,” [he said.] He also slipped in a copy of “The Odyssey” translated by his grandfather “I thought it was appropriate, since Ed was on his own kind of odyssey trying to get home.”

    ...

    Wizner, who is 45, has been at the A.C.L.U. since 2001. Before Snowden, he tried to bring several suits to increase oversight over the intelligence community. Wizner likes to say that he spent a decade banging his head against a wall, and then Snowden came along and brought that wall down. Snowden had not only revealed the scope of the surveillance apparatus, but also that top government officials routinely misled the public about it. Since becoming Snowden’s advocate, Wizner has become a figure of not insignificant geopolitical importance. Those revelations have since formed a critical backdrop for legislative reforms, and there are few things that irritate Wizner more than claims that threaten to tarnish Snowden’s character and their common cause.

    It would not be a stretch to say that for Wizner, Kucherena has become a bit of a liability. Since 2013, the Russian lawyer has announced that Snowden landed a job at a major Russian website — news that turned out to not be true — and has supplied the news media with photos of his client enjoying his new life in Russia, attending an opera at the Bolshoi Theater and cheerfully hugging a dog named Rick. (Rick later turned out to be the dog of one of Kucherena’s friends). Now Kucherena had sold a novel to Stone, making it seem as if the director had to pay a Russian fixer to have access to Snowden — or worse, that Snowden was somehow under the lock and key of the Russian authorities, lent to Stone for a Hollywood movie.

    ...

    According to Wizner, [Snowden] leads a free existence in Russia, making appearances via live video and publishing op-eds against Russia’s human rights violations. “I think people are inclined to believe that Russia would never let him stay there unless he was paying for it in some way,” Wizner said. “But it’s just not true. Not only is he not cooperating, but he’s actually being critical.”

    ...

    Oliver Stone, Edward Snowden, Anatoly Kucherena and Kieran Fitzgerald in Kucherena’s office in Moscow.


    The shoot took place at Kucherena’s dacha. The day went long. Stone’s idea was to interview Snowden and capture an affecting moment that would give the film its dramatic ending. But the first takes were stiff. “Ed is used to answering questions on a level of intelligence,” Stone said. “But I was interested in the emotional, which is difficult for him.”

    ...

    “Suddenly this little creature comes teetering in — so fragile, so lovely, such a charming, well-­behaved, beautiful little man,” the cinematographer, Anthony Dod Mantle, told me. “He’s like an old soul in a very young body. He’s got fingers like violins.” Filming Snowden reminded Mantle of shooting other men with outsize reputations and slight builds. “It’s like Bono or Al Pacino,” he added. “Those guys are teeny-­weenies. But if you isolate him into a frame, he can be as big as anybody else.”

    ...

    Convinced that making the film on American soil would be too risky, Stone decided to film in Germany, where Borman was able to score some tax subsidies. With roughly 140 script pages to shoot in 54 days, the crew sprinted from Munich to Washington, to Hawaii, to Hong Kong, and then back to Munich. Often, Mantle wouldn’t get to see locations before he had to film in them. To cut costs, the suburbs of Munich had to stand in for rural Maryland and Virginia, with German extras cast as Americans. “Thank God the Germans act like Americans,” Stone said.

    The production itself resembled a covert operation, with a code name (“Sasha” had stuck) and elaborate security protocols. Worried that “Sasha” would be of interest to the N.S.A., Borman and Stone avoided discussing production details by phone or email — “It was all handwritten notes and long walks in the park,” Borman said — and kept the script on air-­gapped computers, ones that have never been connected to the internet. If it had to be mailed, Borman would mix up the pages into four packages, which he would send with four different couriers to four different addresses. “Maybe nobody gave a [expletive],” Borman told me. “Or maybe the N.S.A. is laughing at us like, ‘Look at those idiots — of course we copied everything that came through DHL and FedEx!”

    ...

    In the spring of 2014, Stone flew to Berlin and met with Poitras. The meeting did not go well. According to Poitras, Stone proposed that she delay the release of “Citizenfour,” which she was then in the middle of editing, to time up with his film. “Because his film would be the real movie — because it’s a Hollywood movie,” Poitras told me. “Obviously I wasn’t interested in doing that. To have another filmmaker ask me to delay the release of my film was — well, it was somewhat insulting.”

    ...

    If Poitras had a strong reaction to Stone’s proposal, it was because she had already been hounded by Sony. After the studio optioned Greenwald’s book, Poitras says Sony asked to buy her life rights — an offer she declined. Sony suggested that she come on as a consultant, but when the contract arrived, it stipulated that the studio would have access to Poitras’s tapes and notebooks. “So I’d already gone through that when Oliver came in trying to position himself,” she said.

    ...

    Stone was right about Gordon-­Levitt. His performance is not an interpretation so much as a direct replica of the whistle-­blower’s even demeanor and intonation. Quinto plays Greenwald with such intensity that he appears perpetually enraged. Melissa Leo’s Poitras is in turn warm and protective, almost maternal.

    ...

    Snowden’s N.S.A. boss is unsubtly named Corbin O’Brian, after the antagonist in Orwell’s “1984.” “Most Americans don’t want freedom,” O’Brian tells Snowden. “They want security.

    ...

    Snowden’s many storytellers all tell a similar hero narrative. But if Greenwald’s account is about journalism, Poitras’s is a subtle and artful character study and Kucherena’s is an attempt at the Russian novel — a man alone in a room, wrestling with his conscience — Stone’s is the explicit blockbuster version, told in high gloss with big, emotional music and digestible plot points that will appeal to mass audiences. As Wizner wisely anticipated, it is the narrative most likely to cement Snowden’s story in Americans’ minds.

    ...

    Snowden declined to comment for this article, but Stone told me he had seen the film and liked it. At a screening at Comic-­Con a few months later, Snowden would beam in via satellite to give his somewhat wary approval. “It was something that made me really nervous,” he said of Stone’s film. “But I think he made it work.”

    ...

    Gordon-­Levitt was so moved by Snowden’s story that he donated most of his salary from the film to the A.C.L.U. and used the rest to collaborate with Wizner on a series of videos about democracy.

  • New Deforestation Hot Spots in the World’s Largest Tropical Forests | World Resources Institute
    http://www.wri.org/blog/2017/02/new-deforestation-hotspots-worlds-largest-tropical-forests

    Where is deforestation worsening around the world? It’s a difficult question to answer, as many forest assessments are often years or even a decade out of date by the time they’re published. But we’re getting there, thanks to better data and advanced computing power.

    A new study by Global Forest Watch, Blue Raster, Esri and University of Maryland released today outlines a method for mapping changes in deforestation hot spots through time. Combining 14 years of annual forest loss data with Esri’s emerging hot spot analysis and big data processing techniques, we can analyze where new deforestation hotspots are emerging and see the effect that countries’ forest policies are having.

    Here’s a look at what the study shows for three countries of the world with the largest areas of tropical rainforest:

    #déforestation #forêt #Brésil #RDC #Indonésie #cartographie

  • SNCF : Paris versera 60 millions de dollars aux victimes américaines de la Shoah | Public Senat
    https://www.publicsenat.fr/lcp/politique/sncf-paris-versera-60-millions-dollars-aux-victimes-americaines-shoah-74

    Paris va verser 60 millions de dollars aux Américains transportés par les trains de la SNCF vers les camps de la mort durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, selon les termes d’un accord conclu avec Washington, ont annoncé vendredi les négociateurs. Cet accord, qui sera signé lundi, porte sur la création d’un fonds d’#indemnisation doté par la France de 60 millions de dollars versés aux autorités américaines en faveur de « quelques milliers » de #déportés non français ou de leurs familles, a précisé l’ambassadrice française aux Droits de l’homme, Patrizianna Sparacino-Thiellay, lors d’une visio-conférence de presse. Chaque déporté survivant, aujourd’hui de nationalité américaine, devrait ainsi recevoir environ 100.000 dollars, selon la diplomate.
    Affaire sensible

    En contrepartie, les Etats-Unis se sont engagés à défendre l’immunité de juridiction dont bénéficient les entreprises étrangères sur leur sol, qui les protège de toute poursuite judiciaire ou de toutes autres formes d’action. Un sénateur avait demandé en 2013 au Congrès de réformer cette loi pour pouvoir traduire la SNCF devant les tribunaux américains. Réquisitionnée par le régime de Vichy, la SNCF a déporté 76.000 juifs dans des wagons de marchandises à travers le pays et vers les camps d’extermination entre 1942 et 1944. Environ 3.000 d’entre eux ont survécu, affirme le groupe.

    Cette affaire sensible a failli priver le groupe ferroviaire français #SNCF de contrats aux #Etats-Unis. L’Etat du #Maryland (est) voulait demander, avant de renoncer, au groupe ferroviaire français d’indemniser les #victimes de la #Shoah avant de postuler à un contrat.

    #business si je comprends bien les familles des victimes non américaines peuvent courir

  • Library of Congress | The Palestine Poster Project Archives

    http://palestineposterproject.org/special-collection/library-of-congress

    Déja sur les collines... J’avais raté ce site, sur lequel il y a des pépites.

    The Palestine Poster Project Archives
    The Liberation Graphics Collection of Palestine Posters - Nominated to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Program 2016-2017
    About the Palestine Poster Project Archives

    This website has been created to mark headway on my masters’ thesis project at Georgetown University. It is a work-in-progress.

    I first began collecting Palestine posters when I was a Peace Corps volunteer in Morocco in the mid-1970s. By 1980 I had acquired about 300 Palestine posters. A small grant awarded with the support of the late Dr. Edward Said allowed me to organize them into an educational slideshow to further the “third goal” of the Peace Corps: to promote a better understanding of other peoples on the part of Americans. Over the ensuing years, while running my design company, Liberation Graphics, the number of internationally published Palestine posters I acquired steadily grew. Today the Archives numbers some 5,000 Palestine posters from myriad sources making it what many library science specialists say is the largest such archives in the world.

    The Palestine poster genre dates back to around 1900 and, incredibly, more Palestine posters are designed, printed and distributed today than ever before. Unlike most of the political art genres of the twentieth century such as those of revolutionary Cuba and the former Soviet Union, which have either died off, been abandoned, or become mere artifacts, the Palestine poster genre continues to evolve. Moreover, the emergence of the Internet has exponentially expanded the genre’s network of creative contributors and amplified the public conversation about contemporary Palestine.

    My research has two major components: (1) the development of a curriculum using the Palestine poster as a key resource for teaching the formative history of the Palestinian-Zionist conflict in American high schools. This aspect of my work is viewable in my New Curriculum and; (2) the creation of a web-based archives that displays the broadest possible range of Palestine posters in a searchable format with each poster translated and interpreted.

    This library and teaching resource allows educators, students, scholars, and other parties interested in using the New Curriculum to incorporate Palestine posters into classroom learning activities. Titles included are from the Liberation Graphics collection, the Library of Congress, the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem, the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, Yale University, the University of Chicago and a host of other sources. To facilitate my research I have broken the genre of the Palestine poster into four sources, or wellsprings.

    These wellsprings are:

    1) Arab and Muslim artists and agencies

    2) International artists and agencies

    3) Palestinian nationalist artists and agencies

    4) Zionist and Israeli artists and agencies

    For the purpose of this research project, I have arbitrarily defined a “Palestine” poster as:

    1) Any poster with the word “Palestine” in it, in any language, from any source or time period;

    2) Any poster created or published by any artist or agency claiming Palestinian nationality or Palestinian participation;

    3) Any poster published in the geographical territory of historic Palestine, at any point in history, including contemporary Israel;

    4) Any poster published by any source which relates directly to the social, cultural, political, military or economic history of Palestine; and/or

    5) Any poster related to Zionism or anti-Zionism in any language, from any source, published after August 31, 1897.

    The majority of posters in this archives are printed on paper. However, an increasing number of new Palestine posters are “born digitally” and then printed and distributed locally, oftentimes in very small quantities. This localization represents a sea change in the way political poster art is produced and disseminated. Traditionally, political posters were printed in a single location and then distributed worldwide. The global reach of the internet combined with the rising costs of mass production is shifting production away from large centralized printing operations to a system controlled more by small end-users in myriad locations.

    Electronic, digitally created images included in this archives meet these requirements: they are capable of being downloaded and printed out at a size at least as large as 18” X 24” and they deal substantially with the subject of Palestine. Computer generated images will be identified as such. I am uploading posters in what may appear to be a haphazard order; actually the order is a reflection of the way(s) in which many of the posters were originally collected, stored, and digitized on CDs over the past fifteen years.

    As time and funds permit, I will be uploading the entire archives.

    I want to specifically thank the following people without whose assistance I would not have been able to even begin this research: Dr. Lena Jayyusi, for both her thorough critique of the New Curriculum as well as her steadfast moral support over many years; Dr. Rochelle Davis, my academic advisor at Georgetown who gave me the freedom to explore the questions of most interest to me and who encouraged me to look at the genre from visual anthropology and ethnographic perspectives; Catherine Baker, who has provided creative, editorial and moral support of incalculable value to me and to whom I am forever indebted; Dr. Eric Zakim, the director of the Joseph and Alma Gildenhorn Institute for Israel Studies at the University of Maryland at College Park whose translations of the Hebrew text in the Zionist/Israel poster wellspring and whose breadth of knowledge of Zionist history and iconography proved indispensable; Dr. Elana Shohamy of Tel Aviv University for opening up to me the worlds of Jewish language history, Israeli language policy and perhaps most importantly, the principles of language rights, and; Richard Reinhard whose early and complete review of the New Curriculum helped keep me on schedule and in focus.

    Special thanks are also due Jenna Beveridge, the Academic Program Coordinator at Georgetown’s Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, without whose guidance through the halls of academia I would have been hopelessly lost. There are, in addition, legions of people who over the years have encouraged me to persevere in this work. I will make it a point to thank them at regular intervals in the progress of this project.

    Dan Walsh Silver Spring, MD April 2009

  • La #CIA publie en ligne 12 millions de pages de documents déclassifiés - Libération
    http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2017/01/18/la-cia-publie-en-ligne-12-millions-de-pages-de-documents-declassifies_154

    La révolution iranienne, les relations avec Cuba, la guerre du Vietnam mais aussi les crimes nazis et les expériences psychiques… La CIA a mis en ligne, ce mercredi, plus de 12 millions de pages de documents déclassifiés. Baptisé « #CREST », pour « CIA Records Search Tool », cet outil de recherche en ligne rassemble au total 930 000 documents, dont des photos et des cartes. Jusqu’à aujourd’hui, ces documents étaient seulement accessibles à la National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), dans le Maryland aux Etats-Unis.

    https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/collection/crest-25-year-program-archive

    #histoire

  • NASA releases images of dramatic deforestation in Cambodia
    https://news.mongabay.com/2017/01/nasa-releases-images-of-dramatic-cambodia-deforestation

    Cambodia has one of the world’s highest rates of deforestation, losing a Connecticut-size area of tree cover in just 14 years. This week, NASA released before-and-after satellite images of plantation expansion in central Cambodia that provide a dramatic example of the Southeast Asian country’s fast-paced land cover changes.

    Ringed by Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, Cambodia was once covered in lush rainforests. In them lived now-Endangered animals like Indochinese tigers (Panthera tigris corbetti), wild cattle called banteng (Bos javanicus), and two species of colorful monkeys called doucs, as well as many other kinds of plants and animals.

    However, forest conversion for agriculture and other purposes has reduced wildlife habitat significantly, and tigers are now regarded as functionally extinct in Cambodia. According to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), just 3 percent of Cambodia’s forests were primary as of 2015. And data from the University of Maryland (UMD) visualized on the forest monitoring platform Global Forest Watch shows tree cover loss skyrocketed over the past decade, from around 28,500 hectares lost in 2001 to nearly 238,000 hectares lost in 2010. In total, the data indicate Cambodia lost around 1.59 million hectares from 2001 through 2014 – an area a little larger than the U.S. state of Connecticut, including 38 percent of its intact forest landscapes. Only one intact forest landscape (IFL) remains in the country; IFLs are areas of original land cover that are large and undisturbed enough to retain all their native biodiversity.

    #Cambodge #déforestation #forêt #cartographie

  • Government Accuses NASA of Incitement Over Deforestation Data

    The Environment Ministry has accused the U.S.’s space agency and local media outlets of “incitement” for publishing and misreporting year-old deforestation data that show years of rapid forest loss.

    In 2015, the University of Maryland used U.S. satellite data to reveal that between 2001 and 2014 the annual forest loss rate in Cambodia accelerated by 14.4 percent, leading to one of the highest deforestation rates in the world since the turn of the century.


    https://www.cambodiadaily.com/morenews/govt-accuses-nasa-of-incitement-over-deforestation-data-123471
    #déforestation #Cambodge #forêt #cartographie #visualisation #dispute
    cc @albertocampiphoto
    via @odilon que je remercie

  • New Research Shows Failings of GMO Insect Resistance, Corn Crop in Jeopardy | The Huffington Post
    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/new-research-shows-failin_b_14003604.html

    New research adds to evidence that the effectiveness of popular genetically engineered traits used to protect corn and cotton from insects is failing, putting U.S. corn production potential in jeopardy, and spurring a need for increased insecticide use.

    The study, authored by a trio of independent researchers, documents resistance in a major crop pest called corn earworm, and adds to warnings that the popular GMO insect-resistant technology known as Bt, after the soil-dwelling bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, has lost its luster. It is noteworthy as the first long-term, in-field assessment of transgenic Bt corn’s effectiveness against one of the most damaging pests of sweet corn, field corn, cotton and many other high-value crops. Before publishing their findings, which cover 20 years of observations, the researchers presented them to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as to the corporations that developed and market the traits, said Galen Dively, a University of Maryland entomologist and lead researcher on the study.

    #OGM #brown_tech

  • Voyage dans l’Amérique en guerre (4/4) : une guerre sans limites

    http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2017/01/06/voyage-dans-l-amerique-en-guerre-4-4-une-guerre-sans-limites_5058934_3222.ht

    Au nom de la lutte contre le djihadisme, le 11-Septembre a précipité les Etats-Unis dans quinze années de combats . Dernier volet de notre reportage dans un pays tourmenté.

    Tentant d’esquisser un bilan de ces quinze années, l’ex-colonel Andrew Bacevich, devenu historien et professeur à l’université de Boston, dénonce « la normalisation de la guerre. Pendant la guerre froide, le Vietnam et d’autres conflits, l’objectif politique final d’un président était la paix. Même les plus cyniques évoquaient la paix. Cette année, je n’ai entendu aucun des deux candidats à la présidentielle en parler. Ils promettent la guerre, pas la fin de la guerre ».

    Ce jour-là, à Boston, Andrew Bacevich a réuni chercheurs, militaires et espions pour une conférence intitulée « Quinze ans après le 11-Septembre ». Deux anciens pontes du renseignement s’interrogent. Ardent défenseur des programmes mis en œuvre depuis 2001, John Deutch, un ex-directeur de la CIA, constate que « le 11-Septembre a détruit tout le système sur lequel était bâtie la sécurité nationale américaine, où l’on faisait la différence entre l’extérieur et l’intérieur, et entre la guerre et la paix », et qu’il a bien fallu s’adapter à un monde nouveau.

    Andrew Bacevich, professeur à l’université de Boston (Massachusetts), le 14 septembre 2016.
    Nettement plus critique, Paul Pillar, un ancien du contre-terrorisme de la CIA et de l’état-major du renseignement, professeur à l’université Georgetown de Washington, dénonce « l’usage politique qui a été fait de la peur et des angoisses des Américains pour justifier à la fois la restriction des libertés et l’invasion de l’Irak. Alors que, franchement, il est impossible d’affirmer que nous sommes plus en sécurité aujourd’hui qu’il y a quinze ans ». S’adressant aux étudiants, et contrairement à beaucoup d’agents de la sécurité nationale qui se sont résignés à accompagner décisions politiques et avancées technologiques sans débat éthique, Pillar les conjure de « ne pas se résigner : ne prenez jamais la normalité pour inévitable ! »

    Au cours de ce voyage dans l’Amérique en guerre, une visite s’imposait. Un détour par Rockville, dans cet Etat du Maryland qui, avec la Virginie, accueille autour de Washington toute l’élite sécuritaire du pays. C’est là que vit un ancien espion, Marc Sageman, devenu au fil des années et de ses recherches peut-être le meilleur analyste du conflit entre l’Amérique et le djihad.

    Au cimetière d’Arlington (Virginie), le 21 septembre 2016.
    Sageman a vécu cette guerre à tous les postes : après avoir formé pour la CIA, dans les années 1980, les moudjahidin afghans et arabes qui combattaient les Russes en Afghanistan, après s’être ensuite frotté dans le monde civil à la criminalité en tant que médecin légiste et psychiatre, il est revenu aux affaires sensibles après le 11-Septembre, mû par « un sentiment de culpabilité d’avoir peut-être entraîné certains de ces types » et par « une envie de comprendre qui ils sont et ce qu’ils cherchent ».

    Il a repris du service pour le Pentagone à Washington et en Afghanistan, pour le FBI, pour la police de New York, pour le Secret Service chargé de la protection des présidents, et pour des instituts de recherche et des universités. C’est souvent lui, quelle que soit sa casquette, qu’on appelle pour interroger un djihadiste arrêté ici ou là, pour tenter d’évaluer la menace et de comprendre des motivations que la majorité des Américains considèrent comme incompréhensibles.

    POUR JOHN DEUTCH, UN EX-DIRECTEUR DE LA CIA, « LE 11-SEPTEMBRE A DÉTRUIT TOUT LE SYSTÈME SUR LEQUEL ÉTAIT BÂTIE LA SÉCURITÉ NATIONALE AMÉRICAINE, OÙ L’ON FAISAIT LA DIFFÉRENCE ENTRE L’EXTÉRIEUR ET L’INTÉRIEUR »

    Marc Sageman, qui a toujours jugé sévèrement les politiques étrangères de Bush puis d’Obama, est aujourd’hui encore plus désabusé que lors de conversations passées. « Même avec Obama, que j’ai pourtant soutenu, la situation a empiré. Il s’est entouré de faucons et est devenu faucon. Cette war on terror est incontrôlable. Elle a généré un complexe militaro-industriel de l’antiterrorisme dont les budgets se comptent en milliers de milliards de dollars. »

    L’ancien agent de la CIA à Islamabad n’est pas tendre non plus avec la préoccupation du moment, le front intérieur. Lui qui a pu interroger nombre de suspects arrêtés aux Etats-Unis estime que, malgré la menace réelle et quelques attaques réussies, « l’immense majorité de ces jeunes paumés ont été manipulés sur Internet par le FBI, qui parfois leur a même vendu les armes servant de preuves lors de leur arrestation ». « Au moins 400 arrestations ont été montées par le FBI pour des raisons de budget et de publicité. C’est la même technique que celle employée par John Edgar Hoover contre les communistes, puis contre les Noirs, puis contre les opposants à la guerre du Vietnam. Ces techniques avaient été suspendues après le Vietnam, sauf pour les dealers de drogue. Le FBI les a réactivées en 2001, soi-disant pour nous protéger de gens dangereux, mais en fait pour surveiller tout le monde et piéger qui il veut. »

    La torture, ligne de fracture

    Pour Marc Sageman, comme pour beaucoup d’Américains qui réfléchissent à l’onde de choc de ces conflits pour le pays et ses valeurs, la ligne de fracture de l’Amérique post-11-Septembre est la torture, ordonnée par Bush, puis supprimée par Obama sans être pénalement condamnée. « Raconter, comme dans le film Zero Dark Thirty, que la torture a permis de tuer Ben Laden, c’est vraiment de la connerie. Je connais le dossier. Cette histoire a été inventée par des types de la CIA qui ont enfumé les scénaristes du film. »

    L’ancien espion Marc Sageman, à Montgomery County (Maryland), le 19 septembre 2016.
    Son plus grand regret, à l’heure où Barack Obama va quitter la présidence, est « qu’il n’ait pas ordonné de poursuivre en justice nos criminels de guerre. Tant qu’il n’y aura pas de condamnation, ça recommencera ». Entraînant, comme avec Guantanamo ou Abou Ghraib, comme à chaque fois que l’Amérique n’est pas exemplaire sur l’état de droit, une augmentation significative du nombre de combattants ennemis.

    Kenneth Roth, le directeur de Human Rights Watch, la plus importante organisation de défense des droits de l’homme américaine, regrette lui aussi ce choix d’Obama, qui a supprimé l’utilisation de la torture le premier jour de sa présidence tout en excluant immédiatement de punir l’administration Bush pour ses excès. « Ne pas poursuivre en justice, c’est ramener la torture à une décision politique, au lieu de la rendre illégale. Obama l’a supprimée, ainsi que les détentions secrètes, mais ne pas condamner les responsables de la torture est un feu vert pour qu’un autre la rétablisse. »

    Lors d’une tournée d’entretiens avec des stratèges américains il y a huit ans, pendant l’hiver de transition entre Bush et Obama, beaucoup critiquaient déjà, pour des raisons diverses, la war on terror. Même si Ben Laden n’avait à l’époque pas encore été tué, chacun soulignait que le mot « guerre » semblait inadapté, puisque les responsables opérationnels des attaques du 11-Septembre, dont leur coordinateur Khalid Cheikh Mohammed, avaient été arrêtés au Pakistan par des moyens tout à fait classiques de renseignement et de police.

    POUR BEAUCOUP D’AMÉRICAINS QUI RÉFLÉCHISSENT À L’ONDE DE CHOC DE CES CONFLITS POUR LE PAYS ET SES VALEURS, LA LIGNE DE FRACTURE DE L’AMÉRIQUE POST-11-SEPTEMBRE EST LA TORTURE

    Si les années Obama ont permis un retour des troupes au bercail, elles n’ont en revanche pas inversé cette tendance à ne penser qu’en termes militaires. La militarisation de la lutte antidjihadiste est même telle, depuis que l’Etat islamique a bâti une armée de dizaines de milliers de combattants, que tout le monde a oublié que la réaction au 11-Septembre aurait peut-être pu être principalement policière, et plus personne ne critique la militarisation de la pensée. La réalité est là : aujourd’hui, en Irak et en Syrie mais également au Sahel, en Libye, au Yémen et ailleurs, seuls des moyens militaires peuvent venir à bout de certains groupes djihadistes, eux-mêmes désormais fortement militarisés.

    Quant à Khalid Cheikh Mohammed, il croupit toujours à Guantanamo, et même les Américains oublient de demander à leurs élus s’il sera un jour jugé pour ses crimes. « Avec le fait de ne pas juger nos criminels de guerre, c’est l’autre erreur d’Obama. Contrairement à Bush, lui aurait dû amener les responsables du 11-Septembre devant la justice, juge Kenneth Roth. C’est là aussi une décision liée à la torture : tout le système veut éviter des révélations sur ce sujet », certains aveux de Khalid Cheikh Mohammed ayant été extorqués lors de séances de waterboarding, la torture par suffocation dans l’eau.

    Le hasard – l’ironie pourrait-on dire, si le sujet de ces quinze ans de guerre n’était pas si tragique – est que ce voyage consacré à l’Amérique en guerre, commencé à New York un dimanche 11 septembre ensoleillé, s’achève, trois mois plus tard, en un pluvieux mois de décembre, sur le front de Mossoul.

    Dans cette ville marquée à la fois par ­Petraeus, par Al-Qaida et par l’Etat islamique, cette « capitale » des régions sunnites, des unités des forces spéciales irakiennes mènent la bataille contre l’EI. Ces soldats ont été formés par les Etats-Unis, qui ont depuis longtemps, en Irak comme ailleurs, adopté le concept de proxy war (« guerre par procuration ») afin d’éviter des engagements militaires directs. Les combats sont rudes. Les djihadistes finiront par perdre la « capitale » du « califat » proclamé par Abou Bakr Al-Baghdadi, l’héritier turbulent de Ben Laden et rival d’Al-Qaida, mais le fait même que cette bataille doive avoir lieu est l’aveu d’un échec colossal.

    Lors du premier débat présidentiel entre la démocrate Hillary Clinton et le républicain Donald Trump, à Oakland (Californie), le 26 septembre 2016.
    Quinze ans après le 11-Septembre, Ben Laden et ses 300 hommes ont muté en dizaines de milliers de combattants djihadistes, dont certains administrent depuis deux ans et demi villes et territoires en Irak et en Syrie, ont bâti une armée, peuvent envoyer une unité perpétrer des attentats jusqu’à Paris et Bruxelles et ont des partisans en armes dans beaucoup d’autres pays.

    Entre paix et peur

    « Le plus surprenant est tout de même d’avoir cette conversation quinze ans après, dit en souriant Peter Bergen. En 2001, jamais je n’aurais imaginé vivre cet état de guerre aujourd’hui. Puis il y a eu 2011, et moi aussi, comme beaucoup de monde, j’ai cru à la fin du problème djihadiste au moment de la mort de Ben Laden et des “printemps arabes”. »

    VINGT VÉTÉRANS SE SUICIDENT CHAQUE JOUR À TRAVERS LE PAYS, MAIS LES AMÉRICAINS NE PARLENT QUE DE « HÉROS » ET DE TEMPS GLORIEUX. NUL NE DOUTE DE LA PUISSANCE DU PAYS NI DE SES VALEURS FONDAMENTALES, MÊME LORSQU’ELLES SONT UN TEMPS TRAHIES.

    « C’est une question de temps. Al-Qaida et l’EI seront vaincus, prédit David Petraeus. Pour moi, la leçon de ces quinze années est que, malgré les erreurs commises le long du chemin, et alors qu’on prétend que les démocraties ne peuvent prétendument pas mener de “guerre longue”, cela se révèle être faux. Je ne pense pas que ce combat soit sans fin. C’est la guerre d’une génération. »

    Une guerre qui évolue : à la fin des années Bush, 180 000 soldats américains étaient déployés sur le champ de bataille ; à la fin des années Obama, presque tous sont rentrés chez eux, et le combat est principalement mené par les forces spéciales et les drones, en appui d’armées étrangères. Et, puisque la certitude est de faire face à une « guerre longue », celle-ci évoluera encore dans les années à venir, selon la façon dont le président élu Donald Trump abordera les questions stratégiques et militaires.

    La force des Etats-Unis réside peut-être là, dans ce paradoxe : le pays vit en même temps l’apogée du scepticisme et l’apogée du patriotisme. Alors que l’Amérique n’a enchaîné quasiment que des erreurs et des défaites depuis quinze ans – mis à part la mise hors d’état de nuire de Ben Laden et des organisateurs du ­11-Septembre –, nul ne doute de la victoire. Vingt vétérans se suicident chaque jour à travers le pays, mais les Américains ne parlent que de « héros » et de temps glorieux. Nul ne doute de la puissance du pays ni de ses valeurs fondamentales, même lorsqu’elles sont un temps trahies.

    Personne, mis à part l’écrivain Kevin Powers ou le chercheur Marc Sageman, ne mentionne les victimes autres qu’américaines, les morts, les blessés, les torturés, les vies ravagées. « Je ne veux pas savoir combien de gens nous avons tués depuis quinze ans… » : ces mots de Dick Couch pourraient être ceux d’une majorité d’Américains. Eux veillent (un peu) à panser les plaies de leurs blessés, ils célèbrent leurs morts, ils vouent un culte à leurs guerriers, et la minute d’après ils pensent à autre chose.

    Ils vivent en paix. Malgré leur peur irrationnelle d’un ennemi invisible, les Américains vivent en paix. D’où l’étonnement de les entendre parfois évoquer une « guerre sans fin ». D’où l’étonnement, alors que la menace ne fut jamais existentielle, lorsqu’ils laissent percevoir une peur qui confine parfois à la panique.

    Les Etats-Unis ne se perçoivent pas vraiment comme étant en guerre : ils vivent entre paix et peur. Et pourtant la crainte d’une « guerre sans fin » est très présente. Les Américains sont en fait dans l’illusion que guerre et paix appartiennent à des sphères différentes, cloisonnées, et que la guerre est l’affaire exclusive des militaires. Cette « guerre sans fin » de l’Amérique est une guerre non déclarée, indéfinie, sans véritable visage, ni territoire ni front. Plus qu’une guerre sans fin, c’est une guerre sans limites. C’est peut-être, après tout, la pire des guerres. Celle qui envahit les esprits. Celle qui empoisonne une société. Une guerre qui change un pays pour toujours, sans même qu’au fond, il sache très bien pourquoi…

    Au Lincoln Memorial, à Washington, le 19 septembre 2016.

  • Donald Trump salue « l’intelligence » de Poutine face aux sanctions américaines
    http://www.brujitafr.fr/2017/01/donald-trump-salue-l-intelligence-de-poutine-face-aux-sanctions-americaine

    Les autorités américaines ont décidé le 29 décembre d’expulser 35 diplomates russes et fermer deux sites de la Fédération à New-York et dans le Maryland. Les accusations d’ingérence de Mos... * Ce pied de nez, acclamé par le successeur d’Obama à la Maison...

  • Soupçons de cyberattaques : Barack Obama expulse 35 diplomates russes des États-Unis
    https://www.crashdebug.fr/international/12923-soupcons-de-cyberattaques-barack-obama-expulse-35-diplomates-russes

    "Ces actions ont été prises en réponse au harcèlement russe de diplomates américains et aux actions de ces diplomates que nous estimons ne pas correspondre à la pratique diplomatique", a déclaré un haut responsable américain.

    Un haut responsable américain a fait savoir jeudi 29 décembre que les États-Unis venaient d’expulser 35 agents russes à Washington et San Francisco, et ont fermé deux centres russes à New York et dans le Maryland, en réaction aux soupçons de harcèlement des diplomates américains par Moscou.

    La même source a précisé que les 35 diplomates disposent de 72 heures pour quitter le territoire américain. Pari ailleurs, l’accès aux deux centres sera interdit à tout responsable russe à compter du vendredi 30 décembre à midi.

    "Ces actions ont été prises en réponse au (...)

    #En_vedette #Actualités_internationales #International

  • Comment rendre les #algorithmes responsables ?
    http://www.internetactu.net/a-lire-ailleurs/comment-rendre-les-algorithmes-responsables

    Nicholas Diakopoulos (@ndiakopoulos, de l’université du Maryland et Sorelle Friedler (@khphd), de l’Institut de recherche Data & Society, viennent de publier dans la Technology Review, une synthèse de leurs recherches établissant 5 principes pour rendre les algorithmes responsables. A savoir : La responsabilité : « Pour tout système algorithmique, il doit y avoir (...)

    #A_lire_ailleurs #Enjeux #éthique #nossystemes

  • Nuclear Facilities Attack Database (NuFAD)
    About START | START.umd.edu

    Je poste ici pour archivage.

    http://www.start.umd.edu/nuclear-facilities-attack-database-nufad
    http://www.start.umd.edu/about/about-start

    The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism—better known as START—is a university-based research and education center comprised of an international network of scholars committed to the scientific study of the causes and human consequences of terrorism in the United States and around the world.

    A Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence headquartered at the University of Maryland, START supports the research efforts of leading social scientists at more than 50 academic and research institutions, each of whom is conducting original investigations into fundamental questions about terrorism, including:

    What is the nature of terrorism in the world today? How has terrorist activity evolved over time? How does terrorism vary across geographies? And what do these trends indicate about likely future terrorism?
    Under what conditions does an individual or a group turn to terrorism to pursue its goals? What is the nature of the radicalization process?
    How does terrorism end? What are the processes of deradicalization and disengagement from terrorism for groups and individuals?
    What actions can governments take to counter the threat of terrorism?
    What impact does terrorism and the threat of terrorism have on communities, and how can societies enhance their resilience to minimize the potential impacts of future attacks?

    #nucléaire #database #base_de_données #statistiques