• #TAF | Les transferts Dublin vers l’Italie soumis à des conditions plus strictes

    Dans sa #jurisprudence récente, le Tribunal administratif fédéral (TAF) avait déjà constaté, s’agissant de la prise en charge des familles transférées vers l’Italie dans le cadre du #règlement_Dublin, que les assurances données par les autorités italiennes suite à l’entrée en vigueur du #décret_Salvini étaient trop générales. L’arrêt E-962/2019 confirme et concrétise cette jurisprudence : le transfert des familles en Italie doit être suspendu, tant et aussi longtemps que les autorités italiennes n’ont pas fourni des garanties plus concrètes et précises sur les conditions actuelles de leur prise en charge. Le TAF étend en outre son analyse aux personnes souffrant de graves problèmes de santé et nécessitant une prise en charge immédiate à leur arrivée en Italie. Pour ces dernières, les autorités suisses doivent désormais obtenir de leurs homologues italiennes des garanties formelles que les personnes concernées auront accès, dès leur arrivée en Italie, à des soins médicaux et à un hébergement adapté.

    Le communiqué du Tribunal administratif fédéral (TAF) que nous reproduisons ci-dessous a été diffusé le 17 janvier 2020. Il correspond à l’arrêt daté du même jour : E-962 2019 : https://asile.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/E-962_2019.pdf

    En septembre 2019, l’OSAR alertait sur les conditions d’accueil en Italie “Italie, une prise en charge toujours insuffisante“ : https://asile.ch/2019/09/27/osar-italie-une-prise-en-charge-toujours-insuffisante

    Le blog Le temps des réfugiés rédigé par Jasmine Caye a repris l’information le 24 septembre en y apportant d’autres liens utiles dans le billet “Pourquoi la Suisse doit stopper les transferts Dublin vers l’Italie” : https://blogs.letemps.ch/jasmine-caye/category/migrants-et-refugies

    Vous trouverez ici le feuillet de présentation “Dublin. Comment ça marche ? ” (https://asile.ch/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DUBLIN_commentcamarche.pdf) réalisé par Vivre Ensemble en 2018, qui rappelle le fonctionnement des accords de Dublin.

    https://asile.ch/2020/01/20/taf-les-transferts-dublin-vers-litalie-soumis-a-des-conditions-plus-strictes
    #justice #Suisse #Dublin #renvois_Dublin #Italie #asile #migrations #réfugiés

    ping @isskein @karine4

    • L’asile selon Dublin III : les renvois vers l’Italie sont problématiques

      La Suisse renvoie régulièrement des requérant-e-s d’asile vers l’Italie conformément au règlement Dublin entré en vigueur en décembre 2008 (Dublin III depuis 2013). Pourtant, les conditions de survie dans ce pays dit sûr sont extrêmement précaires pour les requérant-e-s d’asile. Divers rapports et appels d’organisations de la société civile dénoncent les conditions d’accueil en Italie ainsi que le formalisme excessif des renvois par la Suisse. L’Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugié-e-s (OSAR) a effectué une nouvelle enquête de terrain et sorti un rapport courant 2016 sur les conditions d’accueils en Italie et l’application par la Suisse des accords Dublin. Selon l’OSAR les « rapports [précédents paru en 2009 et 2013] n’ont pas provoqué jusqu’ici une remise en question fondamentale de la pratique de transferts en Italie au sein des autorités suisses compétentes en matière d’asile. Les autorités et les tribunaux ont trop peu tenu compte des constats résultants du rapport de 2013 ». L’OSAR souligne que « L’Italie ne dispose toujours pas d’un système d’accueil cohérent, global et durable ; l’accueil y est basé sur des mesures d’urgence à court terme et est fortement fragmenté ».
      Conditions déplorables et absence de protection en Italie

      En Italie, les requérant-e-s d’asile - mais aussi les réfugié-e-s reconnu-e-s ! - n’ont aucune garantie de pouvoir être hébergé-e-s et bon nombre se retrouvent à la rue après leur renvoi. Malgré une augmentation de leurs capacités d’accueil, celles-ci sont totalement surchargées, si bien que la grande majorité des requérant-e-s se retrouve ainsi à dormir dans des parcs ou des maisons vides, ne survivant qu’à l’aide d’organisations caritatives. En hiver, leur situation devient dramatique.

      Selon Caritas Rome, la situation est encore plus précaire pour les « renvoyé-e-s » les plus vulnérables, comme les mineur-e-s, les femmes enceintes, les malades ou les personnes traumatisées. Malgré un statut prioritaire, les centres d’hébergement ne sont pas toujours capables de les recevoir, la liste d’attente étant très longue. Elles se retrouvent donc trop souvent sans protection, sans aide à l’intégration ni accès assuré à l’alimentation ou aux soins médicaux les plus basiques.

      Europe, un flipper géant ?

      Si l’ancien Office fédéral des migrations (ODM, maintenant SEM) estimait en avril 2009 pouvoir tirer un bilan positif des accords de Dublin, les Observatoires du droit d’asile et des étrangers en Suisse étaient critiques : « Nos observations sont claires, avait écrit l’ODAE romand : des personnes qui fuient de graves persécutions ne trouvent désormais plus en Europe de terre d’asile, mais sont renvoyées de pays en pays, comme des caisses de marchandise. De plus, les renvois s’effectuent la plupart du temps vers des pays du sud de l’Europe dont la politique d’asile est défaillante. »

      La création en 2015 des « centres de crise- Hotspots » accélère encore ces processus. En effet, Amnesty dénonce les méthodes violentes utilisées notamment pour la prise d’empreintes ainsi que l’évaluation précipitée des personnes venant d’arriver, ce qui risque de les priver de la possibilité de demander l’asile ainsi que des protections auxquelles elles ont droit. L’association souligne que « l’accent mis par l’Europe sur une augmentation des expulsions, qu’importe si cela implique des accords avec des gouvernements bien connus pour leurs violations des droits humains, a pour conséquence le renvoi de personnes vers des endroits où elles risquent d’être exposées à la torture ou à d’autres graves violations des droits humains. »

      Ainsi, l’Italie a été condamnée à plusieurs reprises par la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme pour ne pas avoir respecté le principe de non-refoulement. Le bon fonctionnement dont se vante le SEM qualifie en fait une gestion purement administrative de flux, une gestion qui ne semble pas se soucier de la vie des êtres humains.
      Stop aux renvois vers l’Italie

      Face à cette situation, plusieurs organisations de la société civile attendent de la Suisse qu’elle renonce aux renvois Dublin vers l’Italie, notamment pour les personnes vulnérables. L’OSAR notamment, dénonce « le Secrétariat d’Etat aux migrations (SEM) ne renonce à des transferts en Italie que dans des cas exceptionnels. Le Tribunal administratif fédéral (TAF) se rallie largement à cette pratique, de sorte qu’il n’existe guère non plus de perspectives au niveau judiciaire ». Amnesty relève que de « telles pratiques contreviennent aux Conventions des Nations unies relatives aux droits de l’enfant et aux droits des personnes handicapées, et au droit humain à la famille. […] Dans le cas des mineurs, les autorités suisses ont le devoir de respecter l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant dans chaque décision, que l’enfant soit ou non accompagné d’un adulte. »
      Application aveugle

      Ceci fait ressortir l’usage excessif et l’application aveugle que la Suisse fait des accords Dublin (voir notre article sur le sujet). La Suisse a la possibilité, au travers de la clause de souveraineté de mener elle-même la procédure d’asile et de renvoi lorsque l’Etat Dublin compétent n’offre pas de garantie quant au respect des conventions mentionnées. Indépendamment de cette possibilité, la Suisse a le devoir, selon l’art. 3 par. 2 Dublin III de poursuivre la procédure d’asile dans un autre Etat membre ou en Suisse « lorsqu’il est impossible de transférer un demandeur vers l’État membre initialement désigné comme responsable parce qu’il y a de sérieuses raisons de croire qu’il existe dans cet État membre des défaillances systémiques dans la procédure d’asile et les conditions d’accueil des demandeurs, qui entraînent un risque de traitement inhumain ou dégradant au sens de l’article 4 de la charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne ».
      Arrêt Tarakhel

      Par ailleurs, l’arrêt Tarakhel de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en 2014 (voir notre article) implique que la Suisse se doit d’analyser au cas par cas la situation des requérant-e-s en cas de renvoi vers l’Italie, d’autant plus lorsque des enfants sont parmi eux. Le renvoi ne pourra alors avoir lieu que lorsque le premier pays d’accueil, en l’occurrence l’Italie, pourra garantir que les requérant-e-s d’asile puissent être accueilli-e-s dans le respect des droits de l’enfant et de la dignité humaine.

      Suisse des records

      Malgré l’arrêt de la CrEDH et la marge de manœuvre dont dispose la Suisse, elle reste le pays effectuant le plus de renvois Dublin vers l’Italie. Le rapport de l’OSAR fait état qu’en 2015 sur 24’990 demandes, 11’073 émanaient de la Suisse seule. Cependant, l’Italie n’a reconnu sa responsabilité que dans 4’886 de ces cas. Cela signifie qu’une majorité des demandes de transferts de la Suisse ont été adressées à tort à l’Italie. De plus, la Suisse n’a accueilli à ce jour que 112 demandeurs/ demandeuses d’asile en provenance de l’Italie au travers du programme de relocalisation, chiffre minime en comparaison des renvois effectués et montrant une fois encore un grave défaut de solidarité.

      Autres pays dans le colimateur

      Suite à une large mobilisation et un arrêt de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en janvier 2011, les renvois vers la Grèce, autre pays largement dénoncé pour ses conditions d’accueil, dans le cadre des accords Dublin ont été suspendus en août 2011 par le Tribunal administratif fédéral, jusqu’à ce que la Grèce respecte à nouveau les standards communs (voir notre article sur le sujet). La société civile appelle depuis presque dix ans à une même décision pour les renvois vers l’Italie. Les renvois vers d’autres pays tels que la Hongrie sont de plus fortement dénoncés.

      https://www.humanrights.ch/fr/droits-humains-suisse/interieure/asile/loi/lasile-selon-dublin-ii-renvois-vers-litalie-grece-problematiques?force=1

    • Les personnes requérantes d’asile en Italie menacées de violations des droits humains

      Les personnes requérantes d’asile en Italie font face à des conditions de vie misérables. Le Tribunal administratif fédéral a ainsi dernièrement demandé au Secrétariat d’Etat aux migrations (SEM) de se pencher de manière plus approfondie sur la situation en Italie. Comme en atteste un rapport publié récemment par l’Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés (OSAR), les personnes requérantes d’asile renvoyées en Italie dans le cadre d’une procédure Dublin ont rarement accès à un hébergement adéquat et leurs droits fondamentaux ne sont pas garantis. C’est pourquoi l’OSAR recommande de renoncer aux transferts vers l’Italie. 21.01.2020

      Bien que le nombre de personnes réfugiées traversant la Méditerranée centrale pour rejoindre l’Italie ne cesse de baisser, les conditions de vie des personnes requérantes d’asile dans le pays ont connu une détérioration majeure. En effet, le système d’accueil a fait l’objet de réductions financières massives et d’un durcissement de la législation. Dans son dernier rapport sur les conditions d’accueil en Italie (https://www.osar.ch/assets/herkunftslaender/dublin/italien/200121-italy-reception-conditions-en.pdf), l’OSAR apporte des preuves détaillées des effets dramatiques sur les personnes requérantes d’asile des changements législatifs introduits en octobre 2018 par l’ancien ministre de l’Intérieur Matteo Salvini.

      Le quatrième rapport de l’OSAR sur les conditions d’accueil en Italie s’appuie notamment sur une mission d’enquête à l’automne 2019 et sur de nombreux entretiens menés avec des expert-e-s, des employé-e-s des autorités italiennes, ainsi qu’avec le personnel du HCR et d’organisations non gouvernementales en Italie.

      L’OSAR a ainsi constaté qu’il n’existait plus d’hébergements adéquats, en particulier pour les personnes requérantes d’asile vulnérables, telles que les familles avec des enfants en bas âge ou les victimes de la traite des êtres humains. En outre, les personnes qui ont déjà été hébergées en Italie avant de poursuivre leur route vers un autre pays perdent leur droit à une place d’hébergement et donc à toutes les prestations de l’État. Elles risquent ainsi fortement de subir des violations des droits humains.

      Le système social italien repose sur la solidarité familiale. Or, les personnes requérantes d’asile n’ont pas de famille sur place pour les soutenir. Elles se retrouvent ainsi souvent dans une situation de grande précarité, même si elles bénéficient d’un statut de protection, et sont exposées à un risque d’exploitation et de dénuement matériel extrême.
      Adapter la pratique Dublin

      La Suisse a adopté une application très stricte des règles Dublin. Elle renvoie ainsi systématiquement les personnes requérantes d’asile dans le pays où elles ont pour la première fois foulé le sol européen, à savoir l’Italie pour la plupart. Bien que le règlement Dublin III prévoie explicitement une clause de prise en charge volontaire, la Suisse n’en fait que peu usage. A la lumière des récentes constatations qu’elle a faites sur place, l’OSAR recommande de renoncer aux transferts vers l’Italie. Elle demande en particulier aux autorités suisses de ne pas transférer de personnes vulnérables en Italie et d’examiner leurs demandes d’asile en Suisse.

      Le Tribunal administratif fédéral ainsi que plusieurs tribunaux allemands ont partiellement reconnu la situation problématique en Italie dans leur jurisprudence actuelle et ont approuvé plusieurs recours. Dans divers arrêts de l’année dernière, le Tribunal administratif fédéral a demandé au SEM d’évaluer de manière plus approfondie la situation en Italie. Les tribunaux se sont appuyés, entre autres, sur divers rapports de l’OSAR. Dans son rapport de suivi de décembre 2018 (https://www.refugeecouncil.ch/assets/herkunftslaender/dublin/italien/monitoreringsrapport-2018.pdf), l’OSAR a documenté les conditions d’accueil exécrables auxquelles sont confrontées les personnes requérantes d’asile vulnérables en Italie. Les renseignements fournis par l’OSAR en mai 2019 (https://www.fluechtlingshilfe.ch/assets/herkunftslaender/dublin/italien/190508-auskunft-italien.pdf) donnaient déjà un survol des principaux changements législatifs en Italie. Le rapport complet qui est publié aujourd’hui montre l’impact de ces changements tant au niveau juridique que pratique. Il souligne la nécessité pour les autorités suisses de clarifier davantage la situation en Italie et d’adapter leur pratique.

      https://www.osar.ch/medias/communiques-de-presse/2020/les-personnes-requerantes-dasile-en-italie-menacees-de-violations-des-droits-hu

  • La France propose d’aider la Grèce à reconduire des #déboutés de l’asile

    En visite à Athènes, ce lundi 20 janvier, le secrétaire d’État français à l’Intérieur Laurent Nuñez a confirmé l’accueil dans les prochains mois de 400 demandeurs d’asile actuellement présents en Grèce. Il a par ailleurs déclaré que la France proposait son aide à la Grèce pour « faciliter les reconduites » dans leur pays d’origine des déboutés du droit d’asile.

    Quatre cents demandeurs d’asile présents en Grèce - dont Paris avait annoncé l’accueil dès le mois de décembre - devraient progressivement arriver sur le territoire français d’ici l’été prochain. Le chiffre reste symbolique au vu des près de 10 000 arrivées par mois en Grèce depuis l’été, mais il permet néanmoins à Paris d’appeler a davantage de solidarité européenne.

    « La Grèce a fait l’objet d’un pic migratoire important depuis l’été dernier, souligne le secrétaire d’État Laurent Nunez. Et donc la position de la France, c’est de considérer que dans ce genre de situation, il est normal que nous puissions accueillir par solidarité, en relocalisation, un certain nombre de demandeurs d’asile qui sont, ici, en Grèce, c’est ce que nous allons faire pour 400 personnes, des personnes qui sont particulièrement vulnérables. Et vous savez que dans le cadre de la réflexion en cours sur la gestion globale du système d’asile, cette question des relocalisations est au cœur des discussions. »

    La Commission européenne travaille en effet à redéfinir la législation de l’Union en termes de migrations. Un projet de « Nouveau pacte », qui doit être présenté d’ici au printemps. Les tensions croissantes entre Athènes et Ankara, qui participent aussi des difficultés migratoires actuelles de la Grèce, ne faisaient, elles, pas partie de la communication officielle.

    Par ailleurs, la France a proposé son aide lundi à la Grèce pour « faciliter les reconduites » dans leur pays d’origine des déboutés du droit d’asile, a indiqué Laurent Nuñez. Avec « notre #ambassade à Athènes, nous allons aider la Grèce à obtenir des autorisations de reconduite (...) notamment des #laissez-passer_consulaires qui sont parfois difficiles à obtenir » à la faveur des « #relations_privilégiées » de la France avec « certains pays », a-t-il précisé. Il s’agirait surtout de pays africains, selon une source grecque proche du dossier.

    http://www.rfi.fr/europe/20200120-france-nunez-asile-aider-grece-migrants
    #renvois #expulsions #aide #Grèce #France #aide #Afrique #externalisation

    Une étrange idée de la #solidarité... La France joue la carte des « relations privilégiées »... = relations coloniales...
    #colonialisme #continuité_coloniale #rapports_coloniaux

    ping @isskein @karine4

    Ajouté à cette métaliste sur l’externalisation :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/731749

    • Migrants. La France propose d’aider la Grèce à renvoyer les déboutés de l’asile

      La France a proposé son aide lundi à la Grèce pour « faciliter les reconduites » dans leur pays d’origine des déboutés du droit d’asile, a indiqué le secrétaire d’État français à l’Intérieur, Laurent Nuñez, en visite à Athènes.

      Soulignant la "solidarité" française envers la Grèce, première porte d’entrée des migrants en Europe en 2019, Laurent Nuñez a confirmé que la France accueillerait à l’été prochain 400 demandeurs d’asile "surtout des familles en grande vulnérabilité" se trouvant actuellement en Grèce.

      "Nous allons étudier avec nos amis grecs la possibilité d’organiser des vols groupés pour faciliter les reconduites de personnes qui ne sont pas en besoin de protection dans leurs pays", a également déclaré le secrétaire d’État, à l’issue d’entretiens avec Georges Koumoutsakos, ministre adjoint grec à l’Immigration et l’Asile.

      Ces vols franco-grecs pourront être organisés avec "le concours de Frontex", l’Agence de protection des frontières européennes, a-t-il ajouté.
      L’envoi de 24 experts français

      Avec "notre ambassade à Athènes, nous allons aider la Grèce à obtenir des autorisations de reconduite […] notamment des laissez-passer consulaires qui sont parfois difficiles à obtenir" à la faveur des "relations privilégiées" de la France avec "certains pays", a précisé Laurent Nuñez. Il s’agirait surtout de pays africains, selon une source grecque proche du dossier.

      Laurent Nuñez a aussi annoncé l’envoi en Grèce de 24 experts français pour aider le gouvernement grec à traiter le flot de demandes d’asile.

      Le gouvernement conservateur de Kyriakos Mitsotakis a durci l’octroi de l’asile et insisté sur le rapatriement des déboutés de l’asile, une question critiquée par de nombreuses ONG de défense des migrants.
      400 demandeurs d’asile accueillis en France

      La France avait annoncé mi-décembre qu’elle accueillerait 400 demandeurs d’asile. M. Nuñez a parlé d’"une mesure ponctuelle" pour répondre à une situation "d’urgence" en Grèce.

      Outre la France, le Portugal s’est dit prêt à partager le fardeau migratoire en acceptant de relocaliser 1 000 demandeurs d’asile.

      Athènes ne cesse de demander "plus de solidarité" européenne sur cette question après une hausse importante des arrivées sur son territoire et la détérioration des conditions de vie dans les camps surpeuplés de migrants.

      https://www.ouest-france.fr/europe/grece/migrants-la-france-propose-d-aider-la-grece-renvoyer-les-deboutes-de-l-

  • En #Algérie, près de 11000 #migrants_subsahariens expulsés en #2019

    L’Algérie poursuit les expulsions de migrants subsahariens vers le nord du Niger, comme tout au long de l’année 2019. Après des #arrestations au cours de la semaine dernière, un convoi de plusieurs centaines de personnes était en route ce mercredi pour la frontière.

    Transmise le 13 janvier aux responsables de 30 régions du pays par le ministère des Affaires étrangères, une circulaire publiée dans la presse explique le déroulement d’une opération d’expulsion de migrants subsahariens vers la frontière avec le Niger.

    Des bus ont convergé des régions du nord et du centre du pays vers la ville de Ghardaïa, à 600 kilomètres au sud d’Alger. Le 13 janvier au soir, selon un témoin, plusieurs dizaines de bus transportant des migrants étaient arrivés dans la ville. Ces personnes ont été arrêtées par les forces de sécurité dans les jours précédents.

    Réseaux de mendicité

    La plupart sont originaires du Niger. Alger s’appuie sur un accord passé avec Niamey en 2014 (http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20151016-niger-algerie-reprise-expulsions-departs-volontaires-agadez-tamanrasset) pour rapatrier ces personnes, impliquées dans des réseaux de #mendicité, que l’Algérie considère comme des réseaux criminels. Mais au cours des arrestations, les forces de l’ordre arrêtent aussi des ressortissants d’autres nationalités.

    En 2019, des expulsions ont eu lieu chaque mois. Selon les données de l’Organisation internationale des migrations qui enregistre les migrants qui le souhaitent à leur arrivée dans le nord du Niger, presque 11 000 personnes ont été expulsées de janvier à novembre, dont 358 qui n’étaient pas nigériennes.


    www.rfi.fr/afrique/20200115-algerie-reprise-expulsions-migrants-niger ##migrants_sub-sahariens
    #Niger #renvois #expulsions #statistiques #chiffres #migrants_nigériens #déportation #refoulement #refoulements

    ping @karine4 @_kg_
    signalé par @pascaline via la mailing-list Migreurop

    Ajouté à la métaliste sur les expulsions de l’Algérie vers le Niger :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/748397

  • Germany : Number of deportations fell in 2019

    Despite the rising number of asylum seekers ordered to leave Germany, deportation figures fell in 2019. But the reasons why are more complicated than it may seem.

    Germany deported fewer asylum seekers in 2019 than the year before, despite a rise in the number of people ordered to leave and the government’s promise to see through more deportations, German newspaper Welt am Sonntag reported on Sunday.

    Referring to federal police data, Welt am Sonntag reported that Germany deported 20,587 people between January and November last year, compared to 23,617 the year before.

    Even without figures from December, which will be available next week, the data shows that fewer rejected asylum seekers were deported in 2019 than in 2018. Since May last year, no more than 2,000 rejected asylum-seekers were deported each month.

    Annual deportation figures in Germany have fallen consistently since 2016, when Germany carried out 25,375 deportations.

    That year, German Chancellor Angela Merkel had said her government wanted to carry out a larger number of deportations.

    “It needs to be clear: if someone’s asylum request is rejected, they must leave the country,” she had said at a gathering of her conservative Christian Democrats in the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

    Number of rejected cases rises

    Germany issued deportation orders for 248,861 asylum seekers as of November 2019, an increase of 5% over the year before, according to figures seen by Welt am Sonntag.

    Of these cases, 200,598 were so-called “geduldete,” or tolerated persons. In such cases, the person has received orders to leave, but the state is temporarily unable to complete the deportation.

    The most common reason for a delay is that an asylum seeker lacks the necessary travel documents. If the person’s identity cannot be verified, the home country will not issue travel documents.

    In some cases, rejected asylum seekers receive the right to stay in Germany through another channel, for example by giving birth to a German child or marrying a German citizen, reported Welt am Sonntag, citing the Interior Ministry’s report on the decrease in figures.

    Failed deportation attempts

    Another reason is that police are often unable to carry out a deportation.

    In the first three quarters of 2019, police were unable to carry out 20,210 deportations because the person in question was not at home.

    Only a small minority of people are taken into police custody prior to the day of their deportation. For that reason, many people with deportation orders are able to evade arrest.

    A further 2,839 deportations could not be completed after the person was taken into custody. Reasons included acts of resistance or because the airplane pilot declined to take them.

    https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/22028/germany-number-of-deportations-fell-in-2019
    #renvois #expulsions #Allemagne #asile #migrations #réfugiés #déboutés #chiffres #statistiques #2019

    –—

    L’Allemagne, une #machine_à_expulser pas si parfaite que ça ?
    https://seenthis.net/messages/675738
    ... et en particulier sur les renvois vers l’Afghanistan :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/805059

    ping @_kg_ @isskein

  • Unzureichende medizinische Versorgung in AHE

    Darmstadt, 3.1.2020

    Seit dem 9. Dezember 2019 ist Mohamed B., 32 Jahre, in der
    Abschiebehafteinrichtung Darmstadt-Eberstadt inhaftiert. Er ist aufgrund politischer Verfolgung aus seinem Heimatland Guinea geflohen. Dort setzte er sich in der Oppositionspartei UFDG für Demokratie und Korruptionsbekämpfung ein. Nun soll er spätestens Anfang Februar diesen Jahres wegen des Dublin-Systems nach Italien abgeschoben werden.

    B. leidet schon seit längerer Zeit an starker Wassereinlagerung in seinen Füßen sowie an Herz- und Nierenschmerzen. Die Beschwerden haben sich seit seiner Inhaftierung deutlich verschlechtert. Er kann aktuell nicht mehr beschwerdefrei gehen und muss die meiste Zeit im Bett liegen. Seiner Aussage nach, war sogar mindestens ein diensthabender Beamter über den stark geschwollenen Zustand seiner Füße erstaunt. Dennoch hatte er seit dem 20. Dezember keine ärztliche Visite mehr erhalten - trotz wiederholtem Erbittens dieser, sowie mehrfacher Versprechungen einer solchen für den nächsten Tag durch verschiedene Beamt*innen.

    Auch wir vom Bündnis Community 4 All haben am 30.12.19 sowohl das Gefängnispersonal, als auch die Sozialarbeiterin, die Seelsorger und den Beirat der AHE über den kritischen Gesundheitszustand informiert. Dennoch ist diesbezüglich nichts passiert. Im Gegenteil wurde ihm seitens des Gefängnispersonals mitgeteilt, er habe „keinen Anspruch auf eine ärztliche Untersuchung und sollte nur die Medikamente nehmen“.

    Laut B. sind dies 10-12 Tabletten täglich, die enorme
    gesundheitsbeeinträchtigende Nebenwirkungen, wie Unwohlsein, Schlaflosigkeit, Kopf-, Bauch- und Gelenkschmerzen, hätten.
    Erst während des Verfassens dieser Pressemitteilung, bekam er nach nun exakt zwei Wochen, eine ärztliche Behandlung. Er sagte hiernach, dass sich die behandelnde Ärztin auch sehr überrascht über den Zustand seiner Füße zeigte, allerdings keine weitere Behandlung veranlasste, während er weiterhin stark leide.

    Wir als Community 4 All halten es für absolut unrechtmäßig und
    menschenverachtend, dass Menschen in dieser Stadt offenbar einen völlig unzureichenden Zugang zu medizinischer Versorgung haben und fordern deutlich diese allen Gefangenen umgehend zu gewährleisten – auch zwischen den Jahren!

    Dieser aktuelle Vorfall zeigt erneut in aller Deutlichkeit, dass die Institution Abschiebegefängnis eine Blackbox ohne öffentliche Kontrolle ist, in der solche Vorfälle vorprogrammiert sind.

    Alle Abschiebegefängnisse ersatzlos schließen!

    Flucht ist kein Verbrechen!

    Originalstatement von Mohamed B. - 2.1.20:

    Mon nom est Mohamed B., je suis née le ../../1987 à Conakry/Guinée. Je suis diplômé en sciences de l’éducation depuis 2012 à l’institut supérieur des sciences et l’éducation de Guinée( ISSEG) et j’ai exercé la fonction d’enseignant dans mon pays. Actuellement je suis demandeur d’asile en République Fédérale d’Allemagne.

    En effet, j’ai fui mon pays le 21/04/2018 à cause des persécutions politiques mais aussi pour la cause des enseignants, j’ai été torturé et reçu des menaces de mort en laissant derrière moi un enfant qui avait 1 an dans ce combat.

    A l’aide de notre parti politique UFDG présidé par Elhadj Cellou Dalein Diallo, je me suis retrouvé en République fédérale d’Allemagne le 08/08/2018 sans papier en passant par l’Italie. Après 3 mois de demande d’asile ici, j’ai été confronter à un problème de Dublin de l’Italie alors qu’en passant dans ce pays je n’ai effectué aucune demande d’asyle, et ma condition de santé ne me permettait de rester de vivre sur la route. J’ai tout fait pour contester cette desicion du Bureau d’immigration en le payant 500 € mais ça n’a pas marché. J’ai été expulsé pour l’Italie malgré toute mes consultations.

    L’importance dans tout ça est que j’ai commencé à parler la langue allemande après 4 mois d’école mais surtout avec mes propres efforts.

    Après mon expulsion, l’Italie m’a déjà confirmé que je n’ai pas de … là-bas. Je me suis retourné en ici et en raccourci c’était toujours la même chose. Actuellement je suis dans un centre d’expulsion (Abschiebungshafte Darmstadt) Marienburgstr. 78 / 64297 Darmstadt. Ça fait presque un mois de puis que je suis là et
    dans une condition déplorable. Je suis malade, ma condition de santé est très critique : j’ai un problème de cœur, et tout mes deux pieds sont enflés que je ne n’arrive même pas à marcher, je ne ressens que la douleur. Ça fait 3 semaines que je prends régulièrement les médicaments, je prends 10 à 12 comprimés par jour qui ne font que me doper et me créer d’autres problèmes de santé : le malaise, l’insomnie, maux de tête, maux de ventre,
    douleur articulaire.

    Cela fait 2 semaines je réclame une visite médicale et même le médecin de ce centre ne vient pas. D’ailleurs d’après les agents de garde, quand on l’appelle elle dit que « je n’ai pas droit à une visite médicale, et que je dois seulement prendre des médicaments » qui
    créent d’autres problèmes à ma santé.

    Je me sens aujourd’hui triste, abandonné, ridiculisé, minimisé que je considère dans cette prison comme une sorte de torture. Je suis démunis de mes droit de l’homme ici tandis que la République Fédérale d’Allemagne est un pays de droit et de la liberté.
    Même s’ils doivent m’expulser de ce pays mais que ça soit que je me trouve en bonne état de santé. Je n’ai pas peur de l’expulsion, des dizaines de personnes sont morts devant dans les manifestations alors je ne crains en rien, c’est seulement ma santé qui est la plus importante.

    Alors j’appelle à votre aide pour que je retrouve ma santé et continuer mes procédures de demande d’asile dans de bonnes conditions.

    Merci pour votre bonne compréhension et je vous remercie.

    Source: via HFR Mailing list —>

    Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,

    anbei eine aktuelle Pressemitteilung zu einem Fall von unzureichender medizinischer Versorgung in der Abschiebungshafteinrichtung Darmstadt unseres Bündnisses ‚Community4All – Solidarische Gemeinschaften statt
    Abschiebegefängnis’. Wir senden Ihnen unsere PM aus aktuellem Anlass, mit der Bitte um zeitnahe Veröffentlichung.

    Angehängt sind neben der PM ein Statement des Betroffenen im Original (Französisch, sowie als Übersetzung).

    #Allemagne #Darmstadt #Community4All #asyle #migration #détention #centre_d'expulsion #santé #accès_aux_soins

  • #Côte_d’Ivoire : World-Renowned Photojournalist Reza Trains #Returned_Migrants, Journalists in Photography

    “Photography is a universal language which can help express feelings and convey emotions without using words,” said #Reza_Deghati, the internationally acclaimed news photographer, who began his celebrated career 40 years ago, after he left his native Iran.

    This month, he is sharing his expertise, and his enthusiasm, with migrants returning to their African homeland after hard journeys abroad. “Photography allows returnees to gain self-confidence and rediscover themselves,” he explained. “Learning how to take a good picture of their daily lives helps them value their life and show us their side of their own story.”

    During the dates 6-8 December, Reza Deghati worked in collaboration with the International Organization for Migration (#IOM) which organized a three-day photography training event in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Six young photographers participated in the training here in the Ivorian capital.

    After learning the technical aspects of photography, the participants trained their newly acquired skills on by visiting reintegration and recreational activities organized by IOM for returned migrants and community members. For instance, the participants attended a street art painting performed by returned migrants on the walls of a school rehabilitated by other returnees.

    The aim of this pilot project was to offer returned migrants an opportunity to become visual storytellers of their daily life back home and help local journalists change the narrative on migration in the country.

    “I couldn’t finish the first level of high school last year because I left for Algeria,” said 17-year-old Laciné who now is back at school as part of the reintegration assistance he received from IOM after returning to Côte d’Ivoire.

    “For me, this training is a new start as it can help me show others what I have experienced and what I am experiencing without using words,” Laciné explained.

    The training will be followed by a three-month coaching by IOM photographer Mohamed Diabaté, and the photographs taken by the participants will be exhibited in Spring 2020.

    “Learning photography means learning to look at the world in a different way,” Diabaté said. The IOM Côte d’Ivoire photographer and filmmaker added: “It also gives a new dimension to the returnees’ daily lives and it shows a reality that someone else cannot grasp. It enables us to see through their eyes.”

    This training is the first of a series that will be organized by IOM across West Africa in 2020. It was organized in the frame of an EU-IOM Joint Initiative for Migrant Protection and Reintegration in the Sahel and Lake Chad regions.

    One participant, reporter Benjamin B., explained what he gained from the sessions with Reza Deghati this way: “As a journalist, I have a pen, and I can write. Words can explain reality. But the pictures will show it. If I have both skills, I can better write about migration.”

    https://www.iom.int/news/cote-divoire-world-renowned-photojournalist-reza-trains-returned-migrants-journ
    #photographie #photojournalisme #asile #migrations #réfugiés #renvois #réfugiés_ivoiriens #réintégration #OIM #returnees #expulsion #art #Mohamed_Diabaté #cours_de_photo #Afrique_de_l'Ouest

    Il n’y a pas de limites à l’indécence de l’OIM :

    The aim of this pilot project was to offer returned migrants an opportunity to become visual storytellers of their daily life back home and help local journalists change the narrative on migration in the country.
    This training is the first of a series that will be organized by IOM across West Africa in 2020. It was organized in the frame of an #EU-IOM_Joint_Initiative_for_Migrant_Protection_and_Reintegration_in_the_Sahel_and_Lake_Chad_regions (https://migrationjointinitiative.org).

    ping @albertocampiphoto @philippe_de_jonckheere @_kg_ @isskein @karine4 @reka

    Ajouté à cette métaliste sur les campagnes de #dissuasion à l’émigration (intégré à la métaliste plus générale sur l’externalisation des frontières) :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/731749#message765326

  • #Macomer, il Cpr affidato alla società svizzera Ors

    Il contratto è stato firmato all’inizio del mese, ancora incerta la data di apertura Nell’appalto la gestione di tutti i servizi del centro per il rimpatrio degli immigrati

    https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/nuoro/cronaca/2019/12/15/news/macomer-il-cpr-affidato-alla-societa-svizzera-ors-1.38217425
    #asile #migrations #réfugiés #déboutés #renvois #CPR #rétention #détention_administrative #Italie #ORS #privatisation

    Ajouté à la métaliste sur ORS:
    https://seenthis.net/messages/802341#message818363

    • Sardegna – Il CPR di Macomer apre il 18 dicembre

      Ieri sulla stampa locale (https://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/news-sardegna/nuoro-provincia/2019/12/08/il-cpr-di-macomer-riapre-il-18-dicembre-in-arrivo-un-centinaio-di-136-96) è stata annunciata l’apertura del CPR di Macomer, in provincia di Nuoro, per il 18 dicembre 2019, quando verranno detenute nel nuovo lager le prime 50 persone.

      L’ex casa circondariale di Macomer, sita alla periferia della cittadina, nella Zona Industriale di Bonu Trau, era vuota dal 2014. Dopo la decisione di trasformarla in un CPR negli ultimi mesi erano stati effettuati dei lavori di ristrutturazione da parte del 2° reparto genio dell’Aeronautica Militare, conclusi ad ottobre.

      Lo scorso 8 novembre la Prefettura di Nuoro aveva aggiudicato (www.prefettura.it/FILES/AllegatiPag/1210/Decreto_prefettizio_di_aggiudicazione_ORS_Italia_S.r.l..doc) definitivamente “l’appalto dei servizi di gestione e funzionamento del Centro di Permanenza per i Rimpatri (C.P.R.) di Macomer (NU) per una ricettività iniziale di 50 posti elevabili a 100” alla ORS Italia srl. Il 3 dicembre era stato stipulato il contratto dell’importo di 570.000 euro per 12 mesi.


      ORS Service AG (https://www.ors.ch/it-IT/Home) è una società privata svizzera che da 25 anni si occupa della gestione dei richiedenti asilo in Svizzera, Austria e Germania. Con “10.000 richiedenti asilo e profughi assistiti quotidianamente, ORS è già oggi tra le società private leader nel campo dell’assistenza ai migranti prevalentemente nei Paesi di lingua tedesca.” Nell’estate del 2018 la ORS “inizia ad attuare la propria strategia di crescita nei Paesi europei del Mediterraneo. Come prima nazione è stata scelta l’Italia con la fondazione di una società affiliata, la ORS Italia S.r.l. (https://www.ors.ch/ORSS/media/ORSSMediaLibrary/22082018-Comunicato-stampa-ORS-Italia.pdf), con sede a Roma. La nuova controllata, costituita a metà luglio 2018, partecipa in Italia a bandi di gara nei settori dell’alloggiamento, dell’assistenza, della consulenza sociale e dell’integrazione per profughi e richiedenti asilo.” Un’interessante inchiesta “sull’intreccio globale di politica e finanza” che si cela dietro la ORS era stata pubblicata in Italia nel gennaio di quest’anno, è possibile leggerla a questo link: https://valori.it/ors-finanza-rifugiati-italia.

      Il nuovo CPR di Macomer, come si legge nel bando (https://valori.it/ors-finanza-rifugiati-italia), è strutturato su tre padiglioni, due destinati alla detenzione e uno alle attività amministrative e gestionali. Sono previsti al momento 40 posti nelle celle del padiglione B e 10 in quelle del padiglione C, in celle da 2 a 4 posti. La ristrutturazione ha riguardato tra le altre cose i muri perimetrali, nuove recinzioni e l’impianto di videosorveglianza interno ed esterno.

      Il nuovo campo di concentramento di Macomer nelle intenzioni degli ultimi governi è destinato soprattutto ad agevolare le deportazioni delle persone che sbarcano in Sardegna. Nel corso di quest’anno fino al 6 dicembre sono quasi mille le persone che sono riuscite a sbarcare autonomamente sulle coste dell’isola, di queste 992 di origine algerina. Dopo essere state intercettate in prossimità della costa o braccate e inseguite dalle forze dell’ordine subito dopo gli sbarchi, le persone migranti vengono portate nel “centro di identificazione e prima accoglienza” che ha sede nell’ex scuola di polizia penitenziaria di Monastir, in pratica un hotspot dove è presente anche personale dell’agenzia europea Frontex. Qui di solito ricevono un decreto di espulsione entro 7 giorni e vengono successivamente trasferite in nave sul continente, dove tante riprovano a continuare il viaggio. Nei primi sei mesi del 2019 erano state 25 le persone deportate in Algeria. Ai primi di ottobre il governo italiano ha presentato un decreto su 13 paesi d’origine “sicuri”, tra i quali è compresa anche l’Algeria. Questa lista, nelle intenzioni del governo, dovrebbe accelerare le procedure burocratiche e facilitare le deportazioni nei paesi d’origine definiti sicuri.

      https://hurriya.noblogs.org/post/2019/12/09/sardegna-cpr-macomer-apre-18-dicembre
      #Sardaigne

    • CPR Macomer

      Opened on January 20, 2020, the Macomer CPR (Centro di Permanenza per i Rimpatri) is the first detention centre in Sardinia. The facility can hold up to 100 people for a maximum period of 180 days (Law Decree 113/2018). As highlighted by Francesca Mazzuzi in an article written a few days after the opening of the centre, “the opening of the CPR was presented by the regional government as an important choice to revive the (impoverished) local economy and an indispensable one to discourage the migratory flow of young Harragas from Algeria to the coasts of south-western Sardinia. This is a (migratory) route that has been active for almost fifteen years and through which around 750 people arrived in 2019. It is a well-known phenomenon and despite the alarmist tones regularly used by local media it can hardly be called an emergency.” The new detention facility was designed to confine these group of young men, as well as other illegalised migrants.

      Located in Macomer, an Italian town of 9,861 inhabitants in the province of Nuoro, the building where the immigration detention centre is operating used to be a maximum-security prison which was closed in 2014 for not meeting the minimum statutory parameters envisaged for prison institutions (Bottazzo & Bleggi 2019, p. 103). The facility, where illegalised non-citizens are now held, has been remodelled in the last few years in order to “guarantee its security as well as the security of the local population”.

      For the first three years the centre will be run by Ors Italia, a subsidiary of the Ors Group, a multinational company operating in Switzerland, Austria and Germany and already involved in the management of reception centres for asylum seekers. Ors Italia won the public tender promoted by the Prefecture of Nuoro thanks to their low bid offer, thus raising widespread concerns for their interest in making profit rather than safeguarding migrants’ human rights. The Ors has indeed been involved in various scandals, such as the one following a report by Amnesty International for the bad management of the Traiskirchen centre in Austria. To address these concerns a parliamentary inquiry was also presented on January 17, 2020 by the MP Erasmo Palazzotto.

      Notably, opposition to this project was raised since its very beginning. In addition to local political actors, opponents included local residents concerned with their security but also activists and civil society groups engaged in safeguarding migrants’ rights. In particular, a group named ‘No CPR Macomer’ was created. They organised a demonstration on February 2020 to challenge the creation of the Macomer detention centre and, overall, to contest the Italian policies of migration control.

      https://borderlandscapes.law.ox.ac.uk/location/cpr-macomer

    • Bufera sul Cpr di Macomer: «Aggressioni? Vogliamo la verità»

      Si rincorrono le voci di presunte aggressioni all’interno della struttura, ma dalla Prefettura di Nuoro nessuna conferma.

      Non si placa la tensione intorno al Cpr di Macomer, il primo Centro in Sardegna di permanenza e rimpatri per i migranti.

      Dopo le polemiche sulla sua apertura, adesso si rincorrono le voci su presunti episodi di violenza e aggressioni, mai confermati dalla Prefettura né dalle forze dell’ordine, ma a livello politico monta la polemica.

      «La gestione interna del Cpr non compete al Comune ma alla Prefettura», spiega il sindaco facente funzioni Rosanna Ledda.

      L’opposizione replica aspramente: «È lei che deve informarsi dalla Prefettura e dire con chiarezza e trasparenza cosa sta succedendo nel Cpr, è un diritto dei macomeresi sapere se hanno in città una struttura che è una polveriera o se le voci che si rincorrono sono infondate - dice Arturo Uleri della lista Uniamoci di Macomer, dimessosi qualche giorno fa insieme al suo collega Daniele Nieddu proprio perché in disaccordo sull’apertura del Centro -. Tutti i giorni si vedono movimenti strani: ieri notte abbiamo sentito un’ambulanza correre all’impazzata verso l’uscita sud nel paese seguita dalle forze dell’ordine. Sono cose che preoccupano, così come ci preoccupa il fatto che da più parti si dice che qualcuno dei migranti è stato rimesso in libertà. Chiediamo al sindaco e al prefetto se queste voci sono vere, le risposte ci sono dovute», chiarisce l’esponente dell’opposizione.

      A placare gli animi non è servito neppure il via libera della Prefettura all’istituzione di un organismo di controllo e raccordo con la Regione, il Comune e la società che gestisce il Cpr.

      https://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/news-sardegna/nuoro-provincia/2020/02/14/bufera-sul-cpr-di-macomer-aggressioni-vogliamo-la-verita-136-987010.html

    • Macomer, ancora danneggiamenti all’interno del Cpr

      Si rincorrono voci di devastazioni all’interno della struttura che ospita migranti irregolari

      Al Cpr di Macomer ancora una notte di inferno.

      Un gruppo di ospiti dell’unico centro in Sardegna per la permanenza e rimpatrio dei migranti irregolari, durante la notte ha dato fuoco ad un mucchio di carta, facendo scattare il sistema antincendio. In poco tempo la struttura è stata allagata, creando disagi agli altri ospiti, che hanno dovuto trascorrere una notte in bianco tra le proteste.

      Disordini, minacce, aggressioni e anche devastazioni, sarebbero ormai all’ordine del giorno all’interno di quella struttura che è stata aperta soltanto 28 giorni fa.

      Voci di episodi di violenza, aggressioni al personale sanitario, rimbalzano ormai quotidianamente dall’interno della struttura. Voci mai confermate (ma manco smentite) dalla Prefettura, che però sono rimbalzate fino a Roma, con una lettera al ministro Lamorgese da parte del parlamentare della Lega, Eugenio Zoffili.

      Una situazione che però non si sta ripercuotendo all’esterno, anche se a Macomer le preoccupazioni e le polemiche non mancano.

      Sotto attacco la Giunta comunale, anche se Rossana Ledda, sindaco facenti funzioni, cerca di dare una spiegazione a quanto sta avvenendo nell’ex carcere.

      «Si tratta di problemi di gestione interna al Cpr, nella quale il Comune non ha nessuna competenza e che si spera di poter argomentare, appena sarà costituito l’organismo di controllo, per il quale abbiamo il via libera della Prefettura. Possiamo però dire che all’esterno non si registrano lacune». La tensione è però alle stelle.

      https://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/news-sardegna/nuoro-provincia/2020/02/14/macomer-ancora-danneggiamenti-all-interno-del-cpr-136-987058.html

    • Detenzione multinazionale

      Inaugurato il 20 gennaio il Centro per il rimpatrio di Macomer in Sardegna. La struttura di detenzione è gestita dalla Ors Italia, una holding elvetica. La Ors è solo una delle multinazionali straniere entrate nel giro d’affari milionario del sistema accoglienza italiano. Su Nigrizia di gennaio maggiori approfondimenti.

      È stato inaugurato lunedì 20 gennaio il Centro per il rimpatrio (Cpr) di Macomer. L’ex carcere di massima sicurezza, chiuso nel 2015, perché inadeguato secondo i parametri minimi previsti dalla legge, è stato rinnovato e convertito in struttura di detenzione dei migranti che sbarcheranno sull’isola. Inizialmente saranno 50 i posti fruibili. Una volta a regime, si stima, diventeranno 100.

      La casa circondariale, che risponde secondo le istituzioni a un’esigenza di contenimento e deterrente per la rotta Algeria-Sardegna (750 gli sbarchi nel 2019, 172 le persone approdate sulle coste da inizio anno), è gestita da Ors Italia srl, una costola dell’elvetica Ors che gestisce in Svizzera e Germania diversi centri per migranti. La holding, che ha alle spalle sostenitori internazionali importanti, che vanno dalla Barclays a fondi sauditi, dall’alta finanza statunitense a politici elvetici, è solo una delle multinazionali scese in campo nel sistema accoglienza in Italia.

      Sul mensile Nigrizia di gennaio si approfondisce il giro d’affari milionario che ruota attorno ai Cpr nel nostro paese, dove sbarcano non solo persone, ma anche società straniere impegnate nel business carcerario. Oltre all’Ors Italia, c’è ad esempio la francese Gepsa (Gestion d’établissement pénitentiaires services auciliares), che dal 2012 partecipa ai bandi italiani, assicurandosi la gestione di diversi Cie (Centri di identificazione ed espulsione) e Cas (Centri d’accoglienza straordinaria), per un totale di 1.300 persone.

      Nelle gare al ribasso per gli appalti delle strutture detentive per stranieri, sempre più spesso le piccole realtà di gestione del sistema accoglienza scompaiono. Fagocitate da grandi realtà che riescono a essere maggiormente concorrenziali. Sulla sparizione dei piccoli Cas, ma anche sul rifiuto di una parte sempre più crescente del terzo settore a diventare mero controllore dei migranti, come richiesto dal decreto sicurezza, dà approfondita notizia la seconda parte del rapporto di Open Polis e ActionAid “La sicurezza dell’esclusione”.

      Da inizio anno sono già due le morti avvenute all’interno dei Cpr: il 18 gennaio a Gradisca d’Isonzo è morto, secondo le testimonianze per un pestaggio delle forze dell’ordine, il giovane georgiano Vakhtang Enukidzeù; il 12, a Caltanissetta, nel Cpr di Pian del Lago, è deceduto, secondo il medico legale per “cause naturali”, il tunisino Aymed.

      In entrambe le strutture, come anche nei Centri di Torino, Bari e Trapani, da inizio anno si registrano rivolte dei migranti che protestano per le condizioni disumane in cui sono costretti a vivere.

      https://www.nigrizia.it/notizia/detenzione-multinazionale

    • New Literature Study: Links between migration, integration and return

      Today I present you a new literature study on the links between migration, integration, and return we (SFM, ICMPD) have carried out for the State Secretariat for Migration SEM.

      The literature review is available as a report in German and in a French translation, with a summary by the government also available. The literature examines the interdependencies of migration, integration, and return with a focus on Switzerland.

      We cite research highlighting that waiting periods and unemployment in the asylum system in the long term lead to higher costs for the host society if asylum seekers will eventually stay — as is often the case for applicants from some countries of origin. Early language acquisition and learning job-related skills make sense in two respects: they open up greater prospects for asylum seekers if they remain in Switzerland, but also if they return to their country of origin.

      We show that migrants leave their country of origin for many different reasons. Nowhere in the literature did we find clear indications that offering integration measures such as language courses or qualification measures would have a discernible influence on the decision to migrate to a particular country. While policies more generally may play a role, such specific active integration policies do not seem to affect work migration, asylum migration, or family reunification.

      The reseearch literture is clear that early and intensive promotion of integration leads to long-term cost savings for those people who remain in Switzerland. The economy benefits from domestic workers who, thanks to good preparation, gain a foothold in working life more quickly and can pay for themselves. In addition, successful professional integration and economic independence in Switzerland can also help migrants to become involved in development in their country of origin. The decision to return, however, seems to depend on various factors, and in the case of asylum migration depends primarily on the situation in the country of origin.


      https://druedin.com/2019/12/20/new-literature-study-links-between-migration-integration-and-return

  • Les tensions entre la #Suisse et le #Sri_Lanka atteignent leur paroxysme

    Un profond désaccord provoque une crise entre la Suisse et le Sri Lanka. Une employée de l’ambassade helvétique de Colombo, traumatisée après un enlèvement, a été interrogée pendant plus de 20 heures par la justice locale et se trouve toujours en détention.

    Un drame s’est joué le 25 novembre à l’ambassade de Suisse à Colombo. Mais les autorités sri lankaises et helvétiques ne sont pas d’accord sur la façon dont il s’est déroulé.

    D’après le département suisse des Affaires étrangères (https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/fr/dfae/dfae/aktuell/news.html/content/eda/fr/meta/news/2019/12/2/77350), une employée de l’ambassade a été enlevée et menacée par des inconnus durant deux heures, afin qu’elle dévoile des informations diplomatiques sensibles. Le DFAE considère l’incident comme « très grave et constituant une attaque inacceptable contre l’une de ses missions diplomatiques et ses employés ». Berne a convoqué l’ambassadeur du Sri Lanka en Suisse.

    Pourquoi une telle attaque ?
    Fin de l’infobox

    Des médias suisses et sri lankais ont lié cette affaire à la fuite d’un fonctionnaire de haut-rang.

    D’après le quotidien zurichois Neue Zürcher Zeitung, l’officier de police Nishantha Silva aurait quitté le Sri Lanka le 24 novembre. Il avait auparavant mené des investigations sur le président Gotabaya Rajapaksa, élu huit jours plus tôt. Par crainte de représailles, l’officier aurait fui à Genève où il aurait demandé l’asile.

    Que s’est-il vraiment passé ?
    Fin de l’infobox

    Les événements restent peu clairs. L’employée aurait été arrêtée dans la rue contre sa volonté et contrainte de monter dans un véhicule où elle aurait été menacée par des inconnus pour révéler des informations, a déclaré l’ambassade de Colombo. Des médias affirment que les agresseurs voulaient en savoir plus sur les Sri Lankais ayant déposé une demande d’asile en Suisse. Traumatisée, l’employée n’aurait pas été en mesure de signaler l’incident. Le DFAE a indiqué qu’elle ne pouvait pour l’instant pas être entendue par la police pour des raisons médicales.

    Pourquoi la situation s’est-elle envenimée ?
    Fin de l’infobox

    Le Sri Lanka a mis la pression sur la Suisse :

    Le 1er décembre, le ministère sri lankais des Affaires étrangères affirme qu’il doute de la version des faits donnée par l’employée.
    Le 3 décembre, il interdit à l’employée de quitter le pays et l’appelle à faire une déclaration sur son enlèvement auprès de la police.
    L’ambassade suisse présente un certificat médical.
    Le 8 décembre, un premier entretien se déroule malgré tout. Il durera 8 heures.
    Le 9 décembre, a lieu un deuxième entretien durant 6 heures. Un examen médical est effectué pour déterminer si l’employée a subi des violences physiques lors de son enlèvement. L’interdiction de quitter le pays est prolongée jusqu’au 12 décembre.
    Le 10 décembre se tient un nouvel entretien. Les médias locaux rapportent que les questions intensives des autorités ont conduit l’employée à contredire certaines de ses déclarations précédentes.
    L’employée a été convoquée à nouveau ce 12 décembre pour un entretien et son interdiction de quitter le pays a été prolongée au 17 décembre.

    Que se cache-t-il derrière cette affaire ?
    Fin de l’infobox

    Il faut préciser que l’enquête sur l’attaque de l’employée a été confiée au Département sri lankais des investigations criminelles, qui est aussi responsable de l’enquête sur la fuite de l’officier de police.

    L’affaire fait sensation au Sri Lanka et est utilisée à des fins politiques : des proches du président affirment que l’enlèvement a été mis en scène pour détourner l’attention de l’évasion de l’officier de police. Mais surtout pour discréditer le nouveau gouvernement au niveau international. En fait, ces politiciens accusent la Suisse et en particulier l’ambassadeur à Colombo de mener une campagne contre le nouveau gouvernement sri lankais.
    Gotabaya Rajapaksa est le frère de l’ancien président Mahinda Rajapaksa. Selon Thomas Guterson, correspondant de la radio-télévision suisse alémanique SRF en Asie du Sud-Est, « Mahinda a dirigé le pays comme une entreprise familiale entre 2005 et 2015, tous les postes importants étaient occupés par ses frères. Aujourd’hui, il est de retour en tant que frère du nouveau président élu. Des souvenirs se réveillent chez les minorités : les Rajapaksa ont mis fin de façon sanglante à la guerre civile avec les Tigres tamouls en 2009 — des milliers de civils tamouls ont perdu la vie. Gotabaya était à ce moment-là chef militaire. »

    Pourquoi la Suisse est-elle dans le viseur du nouveau gouvernement ?
    Fin de l’infobox

    Lors de ses sessions à Genève, le Conseil des droits de l’homme revient régulièrement sur la situation au Sri Lanka, notamment pour tenter de faire la lumière sur les crimes commis par les frères Rajapaksa contre la communauté tamoule. Le gouvernement sri lankais considère ce procédé comme une campagne de l’Occident contre son pays.

    Pendant des décennies, la Suisse a été un pays d’accueil privilégié pour les réfugiés tamouls, dont la communauté s’élève aujourd’hui à environ 50’000 personnes. Le Secrétariat d’État aux migrations a repris les renvois vers le Sri Lanka et a expulsé de force une trentaine de personnes depuis le début de l’année, d’après les chiffres de l’Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés. L’OSAR appelle d’ailleurs le gouvernement suisse à stopper immédiatement les renvois, car la situation des personnes critiques envers le gouvernement sri lankais s’est fortement dégradée depuis l’élection du nouveau président.

    https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/politique/diplomatie_les-tensions-entre-la-suisse-et-le-sri-lanka-atteignent-leur-paroxysme/45431146
    #renvois #expulsions #asile #migrations #réfugiés #enlèvement #ambassade

    • Stop aux renvois vers le Sri Lanka

      Depuis que #Gotabaya_Rajapaksa a remporté mi-novembre l’élection présidentielle au Sri Lanka, la situation pour les personnes critiques à l’égard du gouvernement s’est considérablement dégradée.

      L’inspecteur de police sri-lankais de haut rang Nishanta Silva, qui dirigeait les enquêtes contre la famille Rajapaksa concernant des accusations de corruption et des violations des droits humains, a fui le pays après avoir reçu des menaces de mort. Il a dû déposé entre-temps une demande d’asile en Suisse. Après sa fuite, la télévision nationale a diffusé des photographies d’autres fonctionnaires de police chargés de l’enquête, les qualifiant de « corrompus » et de « traîtres ».

      Moins de dix jours après l’élection de Rajapaksa, une employée de l’ambassade de Suisse à Colombo a été enlevée par des inconnus et apparemment contrainte à divulguer des informations sur le départ de Silva et d’autres personnes requérantes d’asile se trouvant en Suisse.

      Depuis l’entrée en fonction de Rajapaksa, l’Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés (OSAR) a reçu de nombreuses informations faisant état de menaces à l’encontre d’activistes critiques et de journalistes.

      L’OSAR se dit très préoccupée par cette évolution. Elle estime qu’il faut partir du principe que les personnes qui se sont montrées critiques envers la famille Rajapaksa sont actuellement en danger au Sri Lanka. On peut également s’attendre à ce que les autorités renforcent à nouveau leur offensive contre les anciens Tigres tamouls présumés.

      Depuis le début de l’année 2019 et jusqu’à fin octobre, les autorités suisses ont renvoyé de force 27 personnes vers le Sri Lanka. Vu la situation actuelle, l’OSAR estime qu’aucun renvoi vers le Sri Lanka ne doit être effectué. Le Secrétariat d’État aux migrations (SEM) doit procéder à une analyse précise de la situation actuelle et adapter en conséquence sa pratique en matière d’asile. La Suisse a également signé avec le Sri Lanka en 2018 une déclaration d’intention relative à un partenariat migratoire. Selon un rapport du Conseil fédéral, un partenariat migratoire implique une bonne gouvernance. Or, dans la situation actuelle, celle-ci est plus que jamais remise en question.

      En raison de cette évolution, l’OSAR demande :

      Une nouvelle analyse de la situation par le SEM ainsi qu’une adaptation de la pratique en matière d’asile qui tienne entièrement compte de la nouvelle situation.
      Un arrêt immédiat des renvois vers le Sri Lanka jusqu’à nouvel ordre.
      De suspendre le partenariat migratoire et de vérifier si les conditions sont toujours réunies.

      https://www.osar.ch/news/archives/2019/new-page-1.html

  • Namibia turns away fleeing SA refugees

    The Namibian government has turned desperate immigrants, who fled South Africa last month following a recent wave of xenophobic attacks, away because they are not recognised as asylum seekers. Home Affairs Commissioner for Refugees Likius Valombola told New Era yesterday that the 42 foreign nationals were being deported back to South Africa.

    A screening process is underway at Noordoewer to deport them. He added that 11 had already returned to South Africa and have since been integrated into the community.

    “They are being returned to South Africa. If there are those genuine ones, then the Namibian government is ready to take them in,” he assured.

    The African News Agency (ANA) reported this week that 53 foreign nationals fled South Africa following attacks on foreigners in that country.

    According to Valombola, the foreign nationals were illegally in the country because they did not go through legal procedures to seek asylum status.

    “I am aware there are a number of refugees who desired to come to Namibia from South Africa. We received close to 200 refugees from South Africa during the violence in that country around June, July and August. Of recently, it is not clear why these asylum seekers are coming to Namibia,” he said. Equally, he noted, there are about 400 refugees who wanted to come to Namibia but were blocked by South Africa.

    He explained that such a blockage was due to the commitment by the South Africa government, who assured they have the desire and capacity to protect the immigrants. However, Valombola made it clear that it is up to an individual who wishes to come to Namibia to follow proper procedures by approaching the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in South Africa, who will then engage the Namibian authorities.

    ANA quoted //Kharas police chief David Indongo as saying the 53 foreign nationals who had camped at the Osire refugee camp were transported on Saturday morning by immigration officials to the southern border settlement of Noordoewer in preparation for their deportation this week. In this regard, Valombola denied that these refugees camped at Osire.

    “I called that commissioner and told him that these people were never at Osire refugee settlement. For them to go to Osire, one has to be authorised. Any person-seeking asylum should report himself or herself to a police officer or immigration officer, then they will inform us to make arrangements to transport them to the settlement.

    If they did go to Osire, then they did it illegally,” he clarified. Valombola revealed that these refugees entered the country via trucks coming to Namibia from South Africa. The refugees, who include 14 men, 13 women and 26 children, were being accommodated at the EHW Baard Primary School hostel in Noordoewer.

    According to the Namibian police, the majority of the refugees are Congolese and Angolan nationals who have South African-issued asylum permits.

    The 53 formed part of more than 600 refugees and asylum seekers who had camped at the UN’s High Commission for Refugees offices in Cape Town and Pretoria while demanding to be taken to safer countries.

    https://reliefweb.int/report/namibia/namibia-turns-away-fleeing-sa-refugees
    #Afrique_du_Sud #Namibie #réfugiés #asile #migrations #xénophobie #racisme #refoulement #renvois #expulsions #push-back #Noordoewer

  • UNHCR in talks to send African migrants to ‘safe’ countries, let others stay

    UN’s refugee body confirms talks with Israeli and foreign governments on a deal that would enable some asylum seekers to stay in Israel permanently, resettle others.

    Israel is in negotiations with the United Nations High Commission on Refugees to resettle a portion of African asylum seekers in third countries deemed by the UN to be “safe,” possibly including Western countries, in exchange for some of the refugees to be given permanent residency in Israel.

    The deal would likely halt Israel’s current campaign to deport thousands of asylum seekers to African countries, widely believed to be Rwanda and Uganda.

    “Such an arrangement could be realized, though the necessary details need to be worked out,” said Sharon Harel, the external relations officer at the UNHCR office in Israel.

    She declined to name the countries interested in absorbing the refugees or what percentage of the refugees would be able to stay in Israel. Since 2013, the UNHCR, working with a number of different countries, has resettled 2,400 asylum seekers in third countries which they consider safe, including the US and Canada.

    Harel said was confident that an agreement could offer a viable solution for the approximately 38,000 African asylum seekers currently in Israel. “We would see such an arrangement as a win-win for the refugees as well as the State of Israel,” said Harel.

    The Prime Minister’s Office refused multiple requests for comment.

    The UNHCR, as well as a number of human rights organizations have expressed dismay with Israel’s program of deporting asylum seekers to third countries, which were officially unnamed. Reports have named Rwanda and Uganda, which are listed by the UN as “areas of concern.”

    “Due to the secrecy surrounding this policy and the lack of transparency concerning its implementation, it has been very difficult for UNHCR to follow up and systematically monitor the situation of people relocated to these African countries,” the UNHCR said in a statement in November. “UNHCR, however, is concerned that these persons have not found adequate safety or a durable solution to their plight and that many have subsequently attempted dangerous onward movements within Africa or to Europe.”

    Israel has deported approximately 4,000 asylum seekers to Rwanda and Uganda since December 2013, when the deportation program started.

    A new law shuttering a holding facility and forcing asylum seekers to leave or go to jail has seen Israel kick off a fresh deportation campaign this week. Israel began handing out deportation notices to asylum seekers renewing their two-month visa on Sunday.

    According to reports, the government hopes to deport 600 asylum seekers per month for the first year. People with open asylum applications cannot be deported before the applications are resolved.

    On Monday, Netanyahu slammed international criticism of the handling of the asylum seeker situation as “a campaign of lies.”

    “International law places obligations on countries and it also gives them rights. There is an obligation to accept refugees, and we accept refugees,” he said, “but international law also gives the right to a country to remove from its borders illegal migrants. We have no obligation to allow illegal labor migrants who are not refugees to remain here.”

    Netanyahu also claimed that George Soros was funding protests against the deportations, a claim that Soros quickly denied.

    Thousands of asylum seekers protested on Wednesday in front of the Rwandan embassy, part of a number of protests against the deportation in front of at least ten Rwandan embassies and consulates around the world. Protesters carried signs reading, “We will not fall into despair, we will stop this deportation,” “Recognizing refugees is a moral requirement,” “We don’t believe the racists,” and “Kagame — We’re not for sale.”

    Eritrean activists have said that they believe around 20 deported asylum seekers have lost their lives in dangerous attempts to reach Europe.

    Deportees to Rwanda have told The Times of Israel, and it has been widely reported in foreign media, that they are kept for a few days in a private home and then taken to the border with South Sudan or Uganda in the middle of the night. They are told to cross without documents, and to request asylum seeker status in the new country when they cross the border.

    The negotiations between the UNHCR, Israel, and other countries was first mentioned in activist Rabbi Susan Silverman’s op-ed in the New York Times on Wednesday. Silverman, the initiator of the Miklat Israel/Israel sanctuary initiative, which encourages people to hide Africans slated for deportations in their home, wrote that the UNHCR could resettle up to half of Israel’s asylum seekers, if Netanyahu agrees to cooperate. “This would provide the prime minister with a domestic political victory and a legacy lifeline,” she wrote.

    “Willing deportation” means that an asylum seeker has signed an agreement with the Interior Ministry that they are leaving Israel under their own free will, generally after being made to decide between incarceration and deportation.

    Asylum seekers who sign documents that they are willingly leaving the country receive a deportation grant of $3,500.

    Backers of the asylum seekers’ protest insist that Israel has not been doing the minimum required by the 1951 Refugee Convention to ascertain whether the migrants are refugees. Between 2009 and 2017, 15,400 people opened files seeking asylum with the PIBA Office. Israel denied asylum seeker status to 6,600 people, and 8,800 applications for asylum are still open. Israel has recognized refugee status for one Sudanese and 10 Eritreans, out of thousands of applications for asylum, an acceptance rate of 0.056%.

    The European Union has recognized asylum claims from 90% of Eritreans who apply for refugee status and 56% of Sudanese, according to the European Stability Institute.

    Harel, the spokesperson for UNHCR in Israel, noted there had been some “gaps” in the procedural requirements for asylum seekers. Asylum seekers from Eritrea and Sudan who arrived in Israel before 2012 were originally not required to file requests for asylum. The policy change in 2012 was not formally announced and led to a lot of confusion among asylum seekers as to what they were required to do.

    Anyone who wants to open an application for asylum must wait overnight, sometimes multiple times, in long lines outside of the Interior Ministry’s Population Immigration and Border Authority office.

    Anat Perez, a 25-year resident of Neve Shaanan who is also part of the Central Bus Station Neighborhood Watch group, which supports the deportations, said she does not believe that the UNHCR negotiations will amount to much. “The United Nations can make all types of decisions, but at the end it’s really about what Israel decides will do,” said Perez. “All of these issues were checked by the High Court. Israel is answering all of the requirements in terms of the law.”

    “I think if they are deported, things will get better for us,” said Perez. Perez added that she was frustrated by all calls that she and other activists who support the deportations are racists or Nazis. “They can’t judge us, they need to deal with South Tel Aviv’s Israeli residents with more respect. They don’t understand the problems,” she said.

    Halefom Sultan, a 33-year-old father of two from Eritrea and one of the central organizers of the protest outside the Rwandan embassy on Wednesday, said he supports the UN negotiations that would send some asylum seekers to a third country, one that is deemed safe by the UN, and allow some asylum seekers to stay in Israel.

    “They need to safeguard our life in the place we are located,” said Sultan. “It doesn’t matter where we are, we need safety. If it’s done by the UN and done in a safe way that ensures our security, I support it.”

    “This is an important move; it should have happened a while back,” said Mutasim Ali, a law student and activist who is the only Sudanese to have received refugee status in Israel. “This is the role UNHCR is supposed to play. It’s unfortunate that Israel still wants to relocate people when they have the ability to accept them, but we support the UNHCR’s approach.”

    https://www.timesofisrael.com/unhcr-in-talks-to-send-african-migrants-to-safe-countries-let-others-
    #Rwanda #Ouganda #Israël #asile #migrations #réfugiés #expulsion #renvois #réinstallation #déportation #réfugiés_africains #pays_tiers #externalisation

    sur la “#solution_rwandaise”, voir
    https://seenthis.net/messages/796723

  • OSAR | Stop aux renvois vers le Sri Lanka
    https://asile.ch/2019/12/09/osar-stop-aux-renvois-vers-le-sri-lanka

    Depuis l’élection présidentielle remportée par Gotabaya Rajapaksa en novembre 2019, la situation des personnes critiques vis-à-vis du gouvernement s’est fortement dégradée selon l’Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés (OSAR) qui a reçu de nombreuses informations faisant état de menaces à l’encontre d’activistes critiques et de journalistes. Sur fond d’enlèvement d’une employée de l’ambassade suisse à Colombo […]

  • From Zagreb to Bihać (Video): Croatian Police Kidnapped Nigerian Students and Transferred them to BiH!

    On November 12, two Nigerian students arrived in Pula to participate in the World Intercollegiate Championship. After the competition, on November 17, they arrived in Zagreb. They were stopped on the street and arrested by the police. Then they were taken to a forest near Velika Kladuša and under threat of weapons, forced to cross into the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

    Eighteen-year-old student Abia Uchenna Alexandro from Nigeria arrived in Croatia on November 12 this year to participate in the fifth World Intercollegiate Championship in Pula. He represented the Federal University of Technology Owerri in a table tennis competition. After completing the competition, together with four other colleagues, he returned to Zagreb from where he was scheduled to fly to Istanbul on November 18.

    After arriving in Zagreb, with his colleague Eboh Kenneth Chinedu, he settled into a hostel and went out for a walk in the city.

    – On entering the tram we were stopped by the police. They took us to the police station. We tried to explain who we were and that our documents were in the hostel. They did not pay attention to what we were saying, Kenneth Chinedu told Eboh Žurnal.

    WALK, OR I’LL SHOOT

    – We don’t know what time it was, but it was dark ... They took us out of the station and put us in a van. They drove us to an unknown place. Two police officers told us ‘you are going to Bosnia’. I’ve never been to Bosnia. I came by plane to Zagreb, I told them I didn’t know Bosnia. They told us no, you are going to Bosnia. After a while, the van stopped and we were pushed into the bushes. I refused to go into the woods, then the cop told me if I didn’t move he was going to shoot me, says Eboha Kenneth.

    In an interview with Žurnal, Nigerian students said they were scared and did not know what to do. The migrants, who were forced by Croatian police, together with them, to cross over to the territory of BiH through the forest, took them to a camp in Velika Kladuša.

    – Our passports and all belongings remained in Zagreb. I managed to call a colleague from the camp, who was with us in the competition, to send us passports. We don’t know what to do, the visa for Croatia expires today, says Kenneth Chinedu.

    The Miral Camp is managed by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Žurnal was briefly explained that, following the confirmation from the competition organizers that they were indeed students with duly issued visas, they had informed the organization “Your Rights” in Sarajevo which would take over their case.

    The organization did not respond to calls from the Žurnal’s journalists.

    FILMED BY CROATIAN TV

    The Inter-University Sports Committee, the organizer of the Pula World Cup, says it has been informed of the case. Speaking to Žurnal, Committee Representative Alberto Tanghetti said that there were a total of five participants from Nigeria, four students and a professor, and that they all had regularly isdued visas.

    – These two students were in the competition, they had a Croatian visa, return plane tickets from Zagreb to Istanbul and from Istanbul to Lagos. So they had a visa to come to the competition, they had their return tickets ... At the competition, they were filmed by Croatian television. On Sunday 17/11, they traveled to Zagreb because they had a flight to Istanbul on Monday. Seven days later, I received a call from the camp, informing me that they have two Nigerian students taken by the Croatian police to BiH. I don’t understand how it happened because the police in Pula were informed that they were here, Thanghetti says.

    They said that they will call the University of Pula, inform the Croatian MUP and see how they can help students.

    Vidéo:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvFYJAZK8Lk&feature=emb_logo

    https://zurnal.info/novost/22588/croatian-police-kidnapped-nigerian-students-and-transferred-them-to-bih
    #migrerrance #migrations #Croatie #Bosnie #étudiants #université #études #renvois #expulsions

    • Croatia ’wrongly deports’ Nigerian table tennis players to Bosnia

      Two students visiting Croatia say they were wrongly suspected of undocumented migration and kicked out of the country.

      Croatian police have deported two Nigerian table-tennis players to Bosnia and Herzegovina, claiming they were in the country illegally, despite the pair having arrived in Croatia with valid visas.

      Abie Uchenna Alexandra and Kenneth Chinedu, students from Owerri Technical University in Nigeria, arrived in Zagreb on November 12 to participate in the sport’s World University Championships in Pula, according to Hina, the government-owned national news agency.

      https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/croatia-wrongly-deports-nigerian-table-tennis-players-bosnia-191204183710

    • Hrvatska policija kidnapovala nigerijske studente i prebacila ih u BiH!

      Dvojica studenata iz Nigerije 12. novembra doputovali su u Pulu kako bi učestvovali na Svjetskom međusveučilišnom prvenstvu. Nakon završetka takmičenja, 17. novembra, doputovali su u Zagreb. Na ulici ih je zaustavila i privela policija. Odvezli su ih u šumu u blizini Velike Kladuše i pod prijetnjom oružjem natjerali da pređu na teritoriju Bosne i Hercegovine.

      Osamnaestogodišnji student Abia Uchenna Alexandro iz Nigerije doputovao je 12. novembra ove godine u Hrvatsku da bi učestvovao na petom Svjetskom međusveučilišnom prvenstvu u Puli. Predstavljao je Federalni univerzitet tehnologija Owerri na takmičenju iz stonog tenisa. Nakon završetka takmičenja, zajedno sa jos četiri kolege, vratio se u Zagreb odakle je trebao 18. novembra letjeti za Istanbul.

      Nakon dolaska u Zagreb, sa kolegom Eboh Kenneth Chinedu, smjestio se u hostel i izašao u šetnju gradom.

      – Na ulasku u tramvaj zaustavila nas je policija. Odvezli su nas u policijsku stanicu. Pokušali smo im objasniti ko smo i da su nam dokumenti u hostelu. Nisu obraćali pažnju na ono što govorimo, kaže za Žurnal Eboh Kenneth Chinedu.

      HODAJ ILI ĆU PUCATI

      – Ne znamo koliko je sati bilo, ali bio je mrak... Izveli su nas iz stanice i stavili u kombi. Odvezli su nas na nepoznato mjesto. Dvojica policajaca su nam rekli idete u Bosnu. Ja nikada nisam bio u Bosni. Došao sam avionom u Zagreb, rekao sam im da ne znam Bosnu. Rekli su nam ne, vi idete u Bosnu. Nakon nekog vremena kombi je stao i gurnuli su nas u žbunje. Odbio sam ići u šumu, onda mi je policajac rekao ako se ne pomjerim da će me upucati, kaže Eboha Kenneth.

      U razgovoru za Žurnal nigerijski studenti kazu da su bili preplašeni i da nisu znali šta da rade. Migranti, koje je Hrvatska policija zajedno s njima natjerala da kroz šumu pređu na teritoriju BiH, su ih odveli u kamp u Velikoj Kladuši.

      – Naši pasoši i sve stvari su ostale u Zagrebu. Uspio sam iz kampa pozvati kolegu koji je zajedno sa nama bio na takmičenju da nam pošalje pasoše. Ne znamo šta da radimo, viza za Hrvatsku nam ističe danas, kaže Kenneth Chinedu.

      Kampom Miral upravlja Međunarodna organizacija za migracije IOM. Za Žurnal su samo kratko rekli da su o slučaju nigerijskih studenata, nakon što su dobili potvrdu od organizatora takmičenja da su oni stvarno studenti sa uredno izdatim vizama, obavijestili organizaciju Vaša prava iz Sarajeva koja će preuzeti njihov slučaj.

      Iz ove organizacije nisu odgovarali na pozive iz redakcije Žurnala.

      SNIMALA IH HRVATSKA TELEVIZIJA

      Iz Međusveučilišnog sportskog komiteta, organizatora svjetskog prvenstva u Puli, tvrde da su obaviješteni o slučaju. U razgovoru za Žurnal predstavnik Komiteta Alberto Tanghetti kaže da je bilo ukupno pet učesnika iz Nigerije, četiri studenta i profesor, te da su svi imali uredne vize.

      – Ta dva studenta su bila na takmičenju, imali su hrvatsku vizu, povratne avionske karte iz Zagreba za Istanbul i iz Istanbula za Lagos. Znači, imali su vizu da dođu na takmičenje, imali su povratne karte... Na takmičenju ih je snimala hrvatska televizija. U nedjelju 17. 11 putovali su u Zagreb jer su u ponedjeljak imali let za istanbul. Sedam dana kasnije primio sam poziv iz kampa da se kod njih nalaze dvojica studenata iz Nigerije koje je hrvatska policija odvela u BiH. Ne razumijem kako se to desilo jer je policija u Puli bila obaviještena da su tu, kaže Thanghetti.

      Iz ove organizacije kazu da ce nazvati Univerzitet u Puli, obavijestiti MUP Hrvatske i vidjeti kako mogu pomoći studentima.

      https://zurnal.info/novost/22587/hrvatska-policija-kidnapovala-nigerijske-studente-i-prebacila-ih-u-bih

  • Maroc : Les refoulements des Subsahariens vers la frontière avec l’Algérie reprennent

    Cette semaine, les autorités marocaines ont mené à nouveau des raids sur des camps de migrants à #Nador, procédant par la même occasion au #déplacement_forcé d’un groupe de 90 Subsahariens vers la frontière avec l’#Algérie. Une action qui indigne les associatifs et militants des droits humains, dont l’AMDH et le GADEM.

    Les conditions météorologiques difficiles en ce début d’hiver ne semblent pas empêcher les autorités marocaines à Nador de poursuivre les campagnes de #déplacements_forcés de migrants subsahariens loin des côtes méditerranéennes.

    Jeudi, la section Nador de l’Association marocaine des droits humains (AMDH) a affirmé avoir « constaté deux bus devant le centre d’enfermement d’Arekmane à Nador, au bord desquels 90 #migrants_subsahariens viennent d’être éloignés de nuit et dans un #froid glacial vers la région désertique de la frontière algéro-marocain ».

    « Ces bus ne s’arrêtent qu’une fois à l’extrême sud de #Jerada ou #Oujda, dans une désertique où il #neige des fois et où il fait très froid actuellement », compète Omar Naji, président de l’AMDH-Nador, joint ce vendredi par Yabiladi.


    https://twitter.com/NadorAmdh/status/1197587135072747522?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E11

    Conditions difficiles et risques sécuritaires sur une frontière théoriquement fermée

    Pour le militant, « ce ne sont plus des déplacements vers le Sud, et notamment Tiznit et nous n’avons pas encore d’explications ». Il rappelle que c’était déjà le cas en 2013 et 2014 lorsque ces migrants étaient plutôt renvoyés vers les frontières Est du royaume. « Ces déplacements avaient pourtant cessé pour une période. Si ces migrants ne sont pas interpellés par l’armée algérienne, ils retournent à Nador et dans le nord », déplore-t-il.

    Cette campagne de déplacements forcés depuis les villes du nord semble reprendre. Mercredi, l’AMDH a dénoncé un assaut mené par les autorités marocaines sur des maisons louées par des migrants dans l’optique de les déplacer aussi. Il risquent tout autant un déplacement forcé vers le Sud ou éventuellement vers la frontière avec l’Algérie. Le même jour, des attaques nocturnes contre les campements des migrants à Nador ont été dénoncées par l’ONG via sa page Facebook.

    Contactée par Yabiladi, la coordinatrice général du Groupe antiraciste d’accompagnement et de défense des étrangers et migrants (GADEM), Camille Denis, précise ne pas avoir plus d’informations sur cette nouvelle campagne. Mais elle rappelle que ces déplacements forcés vers la frontière avec l’Algérie ne sont pas une pratique nouvelle. « Déjà l’année dernière, le GADEM avait soulevé cette question pour le cas d’un groupe de migrants et en 2016 aussi. La pratique avait diminué depuis l’annonce de la politique migratoire du royaume mais n’a jamais cessé », nous rappelle-t-elle.

    « Au-delà des conditions météorologiques difficiles actuellement, ces déplacements forcés soulèvent de sérieuses questions sur les risques sécuritaires pour ces migrants qui, pour certains qui passent du côté algérien, peuvent être renvoyés vers le Niger », déplore-t-elle.

    Des migrants déplacés de Nador qui finissent au Mali ?

    Et c’est d’ailleurs le cas. Jointe par notre rédaction, Aimée Lokaké, présidente de la Communauté congolaise au Maroc et membre du Conseil des migrants subsahariens au Maroc rapporte le cas d’une migrante subsaharienne. « J’ai l’appelée et elle m’a indiqué qu’elle était à Nador avant d’être déplacée avec d’autres migrants vers l’Algérie, qui les a à son tour expulsés vers le #Niger. Elle se retrouve actuellement au Mali », informe-t-elle. « Ce qui se passe en route et ce qu’ils subissent, on ne le sait pas. Mais nous sommes dans le devoir de protéger les humains », ajoute-t-elle.

    « J’ai appelé des ressortissants à Oujda qui m’ont indiqué qu’il s’agit de migrants en situation administrative irrégulière qui voulaient faire la traversée », informe-t-elle encore. Aimée Lokaké insiste aussi sur la nécessité d’encadrer ces personnes et les sensibiliser « au lieu de les déplacer comme ça, surtout qu’un drame peut leur arriver alors que leurs familles croient qu’ils se trouvent ici au Maroc ».

    Président ODT-I (syndicat pour les travailleurs migrants), Amadou Sadio Baldé dénonce aussi ces déplacements. « A l’état où nous sommes, soit une phase de l’intégration de migrants, nous déplorons ces déplacements et la précarité qu’ils occasionnent. Nous ne pouvons pas cautionner ces actes », affirme-t-il.

    Pour lui, « l’intégration étant un processus long, le Maroc doit prendre en considération la situation de ces migrants et leurs conditions ».

    https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/85882/maroc-refoulements-subsahariens-vers-frontiere.html

    #Algérie #renvois #expulsions #migrations #réfugiés #asile #abandon #désert #frontières #refoulements #push-back #refoulement

    ping @isskein @karine4

    Voir aussi le fil de discussion commencé en 2017, qui relate des mêmes refoulements jusqu’en 2018 :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/627118

  • Le #campement sauvage près de la gare de #Grenoble sur le point d’être démantelé

    #Lionel_Beffre, le préfet de l’#Isère a annoncé ce mardi 19 novembre l’#évacuation imminente du campement de migrants situé entre la gare de Grenoble et le quartier Saint-Bruno. Une annonce intervenue lors de la présentation du dispositif mis en place dans le cadre du plan d’#hébergement_d’urgence hivernal. D’après Droit au logement, l’expulsion est imminente et aura lieu dès ce jeudi matin à 7 h 30.

    Alors qu’il présentait le plan d’hébergement d’urgence hivernal 2019-2020, Lionel Beffre, le préfet de l’Isère a annoncé le prochain démantèlement du camp de migrants situé sous l’estacade entre la gare de Grenoble et le quartier Saint-Bruno.


    Ce campement, déjà plusieurs fois évacué, notamment au mois de juin, abrite sous des tentes plusieurs dizaines de personnes, dont des enfants. Leurs profils ? Des demandeurs d’asile et des migrants, arrivés pour la plupart des Balkans, n’ayant pas encore fait de demande administrative d’asile.

    En toile de fond, un nouveau duel à fleurets mouchetés entre le représentant de l’État et la #Ville_de_Grenoble. La #municipalité demandant au préfet « de respecter les compétences de l’État et de la loi pour mettre toutes les personnes à l’abri à Grenoble […] pour que personne ne reste dans le plus grand dénuement après l’évacuation […] », rapporte le Dauphiné libéré.

    « Les services de l’État seront mobilisés pour procéder à l’évacuation »

    « Nous serons amenés prochainement à prendre nos responsabilités parce que ce campement devient dangereux à bien des égards », a ainsi prévenu Lionel Beffre. « Des immondices en tous genres, des braséros de fortune dans lesquels sont brûlés du bois, des cartons... Sans oublier la production de fumées incommodantes », liste le haut fonctionnaire. De surcroît, ajoute-t-il, « il y a parmi les occupants des passeurs, voire des dealers. Mais aussi et surtout la présence d’enfants dans une situation préoccupante ».

    Devant l’état sanitaire déplorable du campement, Corinne Torre. cheffe de mission à Médecins sans frontières (MSF) venue à Grenoble le visiter, avait rappelé à l’État ses responsabilités. Pour mémoire, Eric Piolle avait signé, en avril dernier avec treize autres édiles, une lettre adressée au gouvernement dénonçant les conditions d’accueil des migrants.

    « J’ai fait savoir au maire de Grenoble, puisque le pouvoir de police lui appartient, qu’il pouvait prendre un arrêté pour mettre un terme à cette situation et mettre ces personnes à l’abri », déclare Lionel Beffre. Une décision dont il pense « qu’elle ne viendra pas » et qu’en conséquence, « les services de l’État procéderont à l’évacuation ».

    Par ailleurs, le préfet assure qu’il prendra « des mesures empêchant que d’autres personnes en difficulté se réinstallent sur le site ». De quoi rappeler, dans un autre registre, les dix-neuf blocs rocheux destinés à dissuader « les passeurs et les locataires d’emplacements » installés par la mairie de Grenoble au mois de juillet dernier.

    « Nous ne reconduisons pas assez vite à la frontière les demandeurs d’asile déboutés »

    Pourquoi des demandeurs d’asile se retrouvent-ils dans ce genre ce campement ? « Parce que nous n’avons pas assez de places d’hébergement et n’arrivons pas à reconduire assez vite à la frontière les demandeurs d’asile déboutés ». Si c’était le cas, « ces derniers n’occuperaient pas des places indument, pérennisant ainsi au fil du temps leur situation », explique le préfet.

    « Aujourd’hui nous sommes dans une situation où le droit d’asile est très clairement dévoyé », lance Lionel Beffre. Qui s’en explique. « Une partie non négligeable des ces demandeurs d’asile sont originaires des Balkans. Or, dans ces pays-là, même si ça a été le cas dans le passé, il n’y a plus de dictatures, persécutions ou oppressions qui sont le fondement du droit d’asile », expose le préfet.

    Pour le haut fonctionnaire, les chances qu’ont donc leurs ressortissant d’obtenir le sésame du droit d’asile est très minime, « de l’ordre de 10 à 15 % ». Pour les autres, « notre devoir c’est de les accueillir dans des lieux spécialisés », conclut le préfet. Notamment pour les accompagner dans la constitution de leur dossier de l’Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides (Ofpra).

    Si aucune date n’a été officiellement annoncée pour l’expulsion, elle aura lieu ce jeudi 21 novembre au matin selon Droit au logement. Qui déplore qu’« au moins un tiers des familles, si ce n’est plus, ne seront pas relogées, et laissées dans le froid, sans tente ni lieu ou s’installer, après un tri humain effectué par l’État. » Le Dal appelle ainsi à un rassemblement en solidarité à 7 h 30 en face du camp, côté Saint-Bruno.

    https://www.placegrenet.fr/2019/11/20/campement-gare-de-grenoble-demantele/268584
    #SDF #sans-abrisme #sans-abri #démantèlement #destruction #campement_sauvage #préfecture #migrations #asile #réfugiés #hébergement #logement #déboutés #expulsions #renvois

    ping @karine4 @albertocampiphoto

  • Why return from Europe is causing problems for The Gambia

    Roughly 38,500 Gambians left the country through ‘irregular’ means between 2013 and 2017. Today, almost every family has ties abroad. The influx of immigrants to Europe and elsewhere was caused by political oppression under the long-serving former president Yahya Jammeh. His oppressive politics also severely affected the economic prospects of The Gambia’s young population.

    As a result, a large number of citizens, mostly young men, sought asylum in Europe. But very few have been allowed to stay. Even more were turned away when Jammeh was toppled after elections in 2017 and the country returned to democracy. More recently, there has been a big push from European Union (EU) member states to return failed asylum seekers back home to The Gambia.

    The question of returns is particularly volatile in the west African nation of 2 million people, reflected in the country’s and European press.

    A slight increase in Gambian deportations began in November 2018 after the EU and the government agreed on a ‘good practice’ agreement for efficient return procedures.

    This intensified cooperation became possible due to the governmental change in 2017, with President Adama Barrow becoming President after the elections, as we found in our research on the political economy of migration governance in The Gambia.

    Despite initial cooperation with the EU on returns, in March 2019 Barrow’s government imposed a moratorium on any further deportations of its nationals from the EU. After a standoff of several months, the moratorium has now been lifted. Though only temporary, the moratorium was an important tool for the government to manage problems with its domestic legitimacy.
    Relationship challenges

    Jammeh’s ousting ended years of severe repression and corruption that had discouraged donor countries from cooperating with The Gambia. When he left, the country quickly established positive relations with the EU which has become its most important development partner. It provides €55 million in budgetary support and runs three projects to address the root causes of destabilisation, forced displacement and irregular migration. But the moratorium was a stress test for this new relationship.

    Before the moratorium was imposed in March 2019, the government had started to tentatively cooperate with the EU on return matters. For example, it sent regular missions to Europe to issue nationals with identification documents to facilitate their return.

    Relations began to sour when European governments increased returns in a way that authorities in The Gambia viewed as inconsistent with the ‘good practice’ agreement. The agreement stipulates that return numbers should not overstretch the country’s capacity to receive returnees. It also states that adequate notice must be given before asylum seekers are returned. Both of these provisions were allegedly breached.
    Problems at home

    The incoming returns quickly led to heated debates among the population and on social media. The rumblings peaked in February 2019 with one particular return flight from Germany. Authorities in Banjul claimed they had not been well informed about it and initially refused entry. Public demonstrations followed in March. The moratorium, which European partners had already been notified about, was declared shortly afterwards.

    The moratorium can be linked to diplomatic and technical inefficiencies, but it is also based on a more fundamental problem for Barrow’s government. By cooperating with the EU on returns, they risk their domestic legitimacy because by and large, most Gambians in Europe do not want to return home.

    The initial euphoria that surrounded the democratic transition is wearing off. Many reform processes such as in the security sector and in the media environment are dragging. The economic situation of many has not improved. Allowing more deportations from the EU is perceived as betrayal by many migrants and their families.

    The government is frequently suspected to play an active role in returns and is accused of witholding information about their dealings with the EU and member states like Germany. Incidentally, President Barrow is currently seeking to extend his rule beyond the three-year transition period originally agreed upon, ending in January 2020. Opposition to these plans is widespread.

    In these politically tense times, pressing a pause button on returns fulfilled a symbolic function by defending Gambians against foreign national interests. The recent lifting of the moratorium is politically very risky. It paves the way for more of the deeply unpopular chartered return operations.

    What next?

    On the whole, The Gambia has little room to manoeuvre. It is highly dependent on the EU’s goodwill and financial support for its reforms process. In line with the development focus of the EU, the position of the government is to prepare the ground for more “humane” repatriations, which will need more time and joint efforts.

    This would include better and more comprehensive reintegration opportunities for returned migrants. Reintegration is already the focus of various projects funded by the European Union Trust Fund. Programmes like the International Organisation for Migration’s ‘Post-Arrival Reintegration Assistance’ for returnees from Europe are up and running. However, they only serve a limited number of returnees and cannot meet all their needs.

    It is important to note that the role of the Gambian state in providing reintegration support has been marginal.

    With the lifting of the moratorium EU-Gambia cooperation stands at a crossroads. If EU member states maintain their hardline returnee approach The Gambia’s new government will continue to struggle with its legitimacy challenges. This could potentially jeopardise democratisation efforts.

    In the alternative, the EU could take a more cooperative stance by working on more holistic, development-oriented solutions. A starting point would be to move away from plans to return high numbers of failed asylum seekers. Sending back large numbers of migrants has never been feasible.

    The Gambian government will be more honest about its migration dealings with the EU if the agreements are fair and practical. Most importantly, if Gambians had access to fair and practical migration pathways this would lessen cases of irregular migration, which continue to remain high.

    Without a greater share of legal migration, the issue of return will continue to be particularly contentious.

    https://theconversation.com/why-return-from-europe-is-causing-problems-for-the-gambia-124036
    #Gambie #retour #renvois #expulsions #réfugiés_gambiens #développement #coopération_au_développement #aide_au_développement #conditionnalité_de_l'aide #Allemagne #moratoire #réintégration #European_Union_Trust_Fund #Trust_Fund #Post-Arrival_Reintegration_Assistance #OIM #IOM
    ping @karine4 @_kg_

    J’ai ajouté « #deportees » dans la liste des #mots autour de la migration :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/414225
    Et plus précisément ici : https://seenthis.net/messages/414225#message812066
    #terminologie #vocabulaire
    ping @sinehebdo

    Ajouté à la métaliste développement-migrations, autour de la conditionnalité de l’aide :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/733358#message768701

  • Asile, #relocalisation et #retour des migrants : il est temps de renforcer la lutte contre les disparités entre les objectifs et les résultats

    Dans le cadre de l’audit objet du présent rapport, nous avons cherché à déterminer si le soutien en faveur de la Grèce et de l’Italie financé par l’UE a permis à cette dernière d’atteindre ses objectifs et si les procédures d’asile et de retour étaient efficaces et rapides. Nous avons également vérifié si les valeurs cibles et les objectifs des programmes temporaires de #relocalisation d’urgence avaient été atteints. Nous concluons qu’il existe des disparités entre les objectifs du soutien de l’UE et les résultats obtenus. Les valeurs cibles des programmes de #relocalisation_d'urgence n’ont pas été atteintes. Bien que les capacités des autorités grecques et italiennes aient augmenté, la mise en oeuvre des procédures d’asile continue à pâtir de longs délais de traitement et à présenter des goulets d’étranglement. Comme pour le reste de l’UE, les retours de migrants effectués depuis la Grèce et l’Italie sont peu nombreux pour les raisons que nous exposons dans le présent rapport.

    https://www.eca.europa.eu/fr/Pages/DocItem.aspx?did=51988
    #audit #cour_des_comptes #asile #migrations #réfugiés #EU #UE #Grèce #Italie #aide_financière #procédure_d'asile #expulsions #renvois ##cour_des_comptes_européenne #argent #budget

    Dans le rapport il y a plein de graphiques intéressants...

    Grèce :

    Italie :

    ping @isskein

    • La Cour des comptes de l’UE critique les disparités en matière de gestion des migrations en Grèce et en Italie

      Le 13 novembre 2019, la Cour des comptes de l’Union européenne (UE) publiait son rapport d’audit « Asile, relocalisation et retour des migrants : il est temps de renforcer la lutte contre les disparités entre les objectifs et les résultats ». Ce #rapport examine le soutien financier et opérationnel de l’UE en faveur de la Grèce et de l’Italie. Il évalue dans quelles mesures les objectifs ont été atteints et si les procédures d’asile et de retour étaient efficaces et rapides. Le rapport couvre la période 2015-2018. La Cour des comptes s’est intéressée à l’#accueil des requérants d’asile, à la procédure d’asile, au système #EURODAC et au fonctionnement du système #Dublin, aux #relocalisations des requérants d’asile vers d’autres pays de l’UE et enfin à l’efficacité des renvois vers les pays d’origine. Le rapport est truffé de recommandations qui vont inévitablement influencer les décisions des autorités suisses.

      Diminuer la pression sur la Grèce et l’Italie

      Selon les auditeurs, les mesures de l’UE visant à diminuer la pression migratoire sur la Grèce et l’Italie doivent être améliorées et intensifiées. Ils déplorent la lenteur excessive des procédures d’asile. En Italie, les demandes d’asile déposées en 2015 ont pris en moyenne quatre ans pour parvenir au stade du recours final, tandis que les demandeurs d’asile arrivant sur les îles grecques fin 2018 se voyaient attribuer une date limite pour les entretiens jusqu’en 2023.

      Parallèlement à l’accélération des procédures d’asile, les auditeurs recommandent d’améliorer les logements sur les #îles grecques, en particulier pour les nombreux requérants mineurs non accompagnés qui logent dans des conditions abominables. A ce sujet la Cour des comptes précisent ce qui suit :

      “À #Samos, nous avons visité la section du centre (#hotspot) réservée aux mineurs, qui consiste en sept conteneurs, abritant chacun une salle de bain et deux salles de séjour. Certains conteneurs n’avaient ni portes, ni fenêtres et n’étaient équipés ni de lits ni d’appareils de conditionnement de l’air. Chaque conteneur pouvait officiellement accueillir huit à dix mineurs, mais en hébergeait environ 16 non accompagnés, dont certains étaient même obligés de dormir par terre. Seuls des garçons séjournaient dans la section pour mineurs. Soixante-dix-huit mineurs non accompagnés étaient hébergés sous tente ou dans des maisons abandonnées situées à l’extérieur du point d’accès et devenues des annexes officieuses de celui-ci. Neuf filles non accompagnées dormaient au sol dans un conteneur de 10 m2 situé à côté du bureau de police, sans toilette ni douche.“

      Au moment de la publication du rapport, le maire de l’île de Samos Georgios Stantzos mentionnait l’audit et mettait en garde les autorités grecques contre les conséquences des conditions de vie « primitives » imposées aux réfugiés sur l’île.

      Trop de mouvements secondaires dans l’UE

      Concernant l’enregistrement des empreintes digitales dans le système EURODAC, la situation s’est beaucoup améliorée dans les centres hotspots en Italie et en Grèce. Cependant, entre 2015 et 2018, la Cour a remarqué un volume élevé de mouvements secondaires dans l’UE ce qui a rendu l’application du mécanisme de Dublin difficile. Les données EUROSTAT traduisent aussi de faibles taux de transferts Dublin qui s’expliquent selon les auditeurs, par la fuite ou la disparition des personnes concernées, des raisons humanitaires, des décisions de justice en suspens et des cas de regroupement familial (1).
      Les réinstallations très insatisfaisantes

      Les États membres de l’UE se sont juridiquement engagés à réinstaller 98 256 migrants, sur un objectif initial fixé à 160 000. Or seuls 34 705 ont été effectivement réinstallés (21 999 depuis la Grèce et 12 706 depuis l’Italie). Selon les auditeurs, la performance insuffisante de ces programmes s’explique surtout par le faible nombre de requérants potentiellement éligibles enregistrés en vue d’une relocalisation, surtout parce que les autorités grecques et italiennes ont eu de la peine à ‘identifier les candidats. Une fois les migrants enregistrés en vue d’une relocalisation, la solidarité à leur égard a mieux fonctionné. Les auditeurs ont cependant relevé un certain nombre de faiblesses opérationnelles dans le processus de relocalisation (2).

      Augmentation des renvois vers les pays d’origines

      Pour la Cour des comptes, le fossé entre le nombre de décisions négatives et le nombre de renvois exécutés depuis la Grèce, l’Italie ou le reste de l’UE, est trop important. Le taux de renvois des ressortissants de pays tiers ayant reçu l’ordre de quitter l’UE était d’environ 40 % en 2018 et de 20 % en Grèce et en Italie. En s’inspirant de certains centres de renvois destinés aux personnes qui acceptent volontairement de rentrer vers leurs pays d’origine, la Cour des comptes recommande différentes mesures qui permettront de faciliter les renvois dont l’ouverture de nouveaux centres de détention et l’offre plus systématique de programmes de réintégration dans les pays d’origine.

      Conclusion

      Le rapport de la Cour des comptes de l’UE est une mine d’information pour comprendre le fonctionnement des centres hotspots en Grèce et en Italie. Globalement, sa lecture donne le sentiment que l’UE se dirige à grands pas vers une prolifération de centre hotspots, un raccourcissement des procédures d’asile et une armada de mesures facilitant l’exécution des renvois vers les pays d’origine.

      https://blogs.letemps.ch/jasmine-caye/2019/11/19/la-cour-des-comptes-de-lue-critique-les-disparites-en-matiere-de-gesti
      #mineurs_non_accompagnés #MNA #hotspots #empreintes_digitales #mouvements_secondaires

    • Migrants relocation: EU states fail on sharing refugees

      A mandatory 2015 scheme to dispatch people seeking international protection from Greece and Italy across the European Union did not deliver promised results, say EU auditors.

      Although member states took in some 35,000 people from both countries, the EU auditors say at least 445,000 Eritreans, Iraqis and Syrians may have been potentially eligible in Greece alone.

      The lead author of the report, Leo Brincat, told reporters in Brussels on Wednesday (13 November) that another 36,000 could have also been possibly relocated from Italy.

      “But when it boils down to the total migrants relocated, you will find 21,999 in the case of Greece and 12,706 in the case of Italy,” he said.

      The EU auditors say the migrants relocated at the time represented only around four percent of all the asylum seekers in Italy and around 22 percent in Greece.

      Despite being repeatedly billed as a success by the European Commission, the two-year scheme had also caused massive rifts with some member states – leading to EU court battles in Luxembourg.

      When it was first launched among interior ministers in late 2015, the mandatory nature of the proposal was forced through by a vote, overturning objections from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia.

      Only last month, the advocate-general at the EU court in Luxembourg had declared the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland likely broke EU law for refusing to take in refugees from the 2015 scheme. While the Czech Republic took 12 people, both Hungary and Poland refused to host anyone at all.

      Similar battles have for years played out behind closed doors as legislators grapple with deadlocked internal EU asylum reforms.

      The concepts of sharing out asylum seekers, also known as relocation, are at the core of that deadlock.

      Politics aside, Brincat’s report honed in on the so-called “temporary emergency relocation scheme” whereby EU states had agreed to take in some 160,000 people from Greece and Italy over a period spanning from September 2015 to September 2017.

      Large numbers of people at the time were coming up through the Western Balkans into Hungary and onto Germany, while others were crossing from Turkey onto the Greek islands.

      After the EU cut a deal with Turkey early 2016, the set legal target of 160,000 had been reduced to just over 98,000.

      When the scheme finally ended in September 2017, only around 35,000 people had been relocated to member states along with Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

      “In our view, relocation was really a demonstration of European solidarity and with almost a 100 percent of eligible candidates in Greece and in Italy having been successfully relocated,” a European Commission spokeswoman said on Wednesday.
      Bottlenecks and other problems

      The EU auditors present a different view. They point out Greek and Italian authorities lacked the staff to properly identify people who could have been relocated, resulting in low registrations.

      They also say EU states only took in people from Greece who arrived before the deal was cut with Turkey in March 2016.

      Another issue was member states had vastly different asylum-recognition rates. For instance, asylum-recognition rates for Afghanis varied from six percent to 98 percent, depending on the member state. Iraqis had similarly variable rates.

      Some migrants also simply didn’t trust relocation concept. Others likely baulked at the idea being sent to a country where they had no cultural, language or family ties.

      Almost all of the 332 people sent to Lithuania, for example, packed up and left.

      EU Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker had even poked fun of it in late 2016. He had said asylum seekers from Greece and Italy were hard pressed to relocate to his home country of Luxembourg.

      “We found 53 after explaining to them that it was close to Germany. They are no longer there [Luxembourg],” he said.

      https://voxeurop.eu/en/2019/migration-5124053

  • C’était 2007, et #François_Gemenne, alors doctorant, a écrit ce texte...

    Carte blanche François Gemenne Doctorant au Centre d’études de l’ethnicité et des migrations (Cedem) de l’Université de Liège Client nº 338 983 492 de #Brussels_Airlines : La courageuse #révolte des personnels navigants face aux #déportations par #avion

    En novembre dernier, j’ai pris un vol de Brussels Airlines (qui, à l’époque, s’appelait encore SN Brussels Airlines) à destination de Nairobi. À l’arrière de l’avion se trouvait une dame d’une cinquantaine d’années, que deux policiers ramenaient de force dans son pays. Peu avant le décollage, la dame a commencé à crier et à pleurer, suscitant une gêne évidente chez les autres passagers. J’ai beau savoir que ces déportations de demandeurs d’asile déboutés sont régulièrement organisées sur les vols réguliers des compagnies commerciales, c’était la première fois que j’en étais le témoin direct.

    Cette déportation n’a donné lieu à aucun incident particulier : il y a eu des cris, des larmes, des supplications et des menottes, mais, pour autant que je m’en sois rendu compte, pas de coups. Il n’en va pas toujours ainsi, et l’exemple de Semira Adamu sera toujours là pour nous le rappeler.

    J’ai passé le plus clair du vol à m’en vouloir de ne pas avoir protesté davantage, de ne pas être descendu de l’appareil, et de m’être finalement rendu complice de cette expulsion. Je me souviens en avoir beaucoup voulu au personnel de cabine pour sa professionnelle indifférence, qui m’apparaissait comme une caution tacite des méthodes employées. À mon retour, j’avais écrit à la direction de la compagnie, pour me désoler que celle-ci se rende complice de cette politique de déportations. On avait poliment accusé réception de ma protestation, sans plus. Et depuis, je m’étais étonné que les compagnies aériennes, les pilotes, les hôtesses et les stewards, acceptent que l’État utilise ainsi leurs avions pour ramener de force chez eux ceux qui n’avaient commis d’autre crime que celui de vouloir habiter chez nous.

    Voici pourtant que les pilotes et les personnels navigants d’Air France font maintenant savoir à leur direction qu’ils en ont marre, et que leur métier est de faire voyager les gens, pas de les déporter contre leur gré. Leur révolte est courageuse, et leur dégoût salutaire.

    On apprend aussi que les pilotes d’Air Canada ont émis la même revendication il y a quelque temps, et que la compagnie canadienne a depuis cessé de transporter les demandeurs d’asile déboutés. On apprend même que c’est tout le groupe Star Alliance, la première alliance aérienne mondiale, qui comprend notamment la Lufthansa et Air Canada, qui envisage d’arrêter les déportations.

    Dans ce concert, les pilotes de Brussels Airlines restent étrangement muets. Sans vouloir souffler des idées à leurs syndicats, il me semble qu’ils sont actuellement en position de force par rapport à leur direction, et que ce serait le moment où jamais de mettre cette revendication sur la table. Si la direction de Brussels Airlines tient vraiment à garder ses pilotes, elle aurait ainsi l’occasion de prouver sa bonne volonté.

    La démarche des pilotes d’Air France est louable, mais elle n’est pourtant pas totalement étrangère à des motivations commerciales. Car c’est également l’image de marque de la compagnie qui est en jeu. Quand j’ai émis une timide protestation auprès d’une hôtesse du vol de Nairobi, en novembre dernier, c’est bien ce souci qu’elle avait à l’esprit quand elle m’a placidement répondu de ne pas m’en faire, et que les cris cesseraient rapidement après le décollage. Tant d’argent investi dans le confort des sièges, la réduction des files d’attente aux comptoirs d’enregistrement, le design des uniformes et des fuselages, tout cela réduit à néant par des cris, des pleurs et des échauffourées à l’arrière de l’appareil ? Quand des déportés menottés meurent à l’arrière des Airbus tricolores, le ciel cesse rapidement d’être le plus bel endroit de la terre.

    Les déportations à bord d’appareils commerciaux ont pourtant un mérite : elles assurent la publicité de cette politique. Que se passerait-il si, demain, Brussels Airlines ou Air France refusaient de se rendre encore complices de cette politique ? On peut difficilement imaginer que l’État organise les déportations sur RyanAir. Plus vraisemblablement, on affréterait alors des trains spéciaux et des vols charter. Ça coûterait plus cher, beaucoup plus cher. Pour autant, on doute fort que nos gouvernements réalisent qu’il serait infiniment plus économique, et même rentable, de laisser simplement ces gens s’installer chez nous.

    Par contre, nous ne saurions plus rien des expulsions qui ont lieu jour après jour. Aurions-nous vraiment été mis au courant de la mort de Semira Adamu, si elle avait été tuée dans un avion militaire ? Des passagers pourraient-ils encore s’indigner, se révolter quand des déportés sont violentés par les policiers ?

    Notre Constitution et nos lois prévoient et organisent la publicité des débats parlementaires et judiciaires. L’État, par souci d’économie, a organisé de facto la publicité des déportations. Chaque vol commercial qui s’envole avec un passager menotté à bord nous rappelle que, collectivement, nous avons un problème. Et que tous les passagers, dans leur indifférence, à commencer par la mienne, en portent une part de responsabilité.

    Récemment, comme tous les clients de Brussels Airlines, j’ai reçu un courrier me demandant s’il était important pour moi de recevoir un journal à bord, ou qu’un repas me soit servi en vol. On ne m’a pas demandé, par contre, s’il était important pour moi que tous les passagers aient librement consenti à leur présence dans l’avion. C’est pourtant une question à laquelle j’aurais volontiers répondu.

    https://www.lesoir.be/art/la-courageuse-revolte-des-personnels-navigants-face-aux_t-20070713-00CCQG.htm
    #résistance #pilotes #asile #migrations #expulsions #renvois

    Ajouté à cette métaliste sur la #résistance de #passagers (mais aussi de #pilotes) aux #renvois_forcés :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/725457

  • Department of Education criticised for secretly sharing children’s data

    Information commissioner acts after complaint that data is used for immigration enforcement.
    The UK’s privacy regulator has criticised the Department for Education (DfE) for secretly sharing children’s personal data with the Home Office, triggering fears it could be used for immigration enforcement as part of the government’s hostile environment policy.

    Acting on a complaint by the campaigning organisation, Against Borders for Children (ABC), the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) ruled that the DfE had failed to comply fully with its data protection obligations and may face further regulatory action.

    Pupil data is routinely collected by schools, according to the human rights organisation Liberty, representing the complainant, but teachers and parents were unaware in this case that the children’s information could be shared with immigration enforcement and result in their families being deported.

    In a letter to Liberty, seen by the Guardian, the ICO says its investigations team is now considering whether to take further action against the DfE for “wide ranging and serious concerns” highlighted in this case and in response to further concerns raised by “a number of other sources”.

    The ICO only upheld part of the complaint, but its letter said concerns raised had “highlighted deficiencies in the processing of pupil personal data by the DfE”, adding: “Our view is that the DfE is failing to comply fully with its data protection obligations, primarily in the areas of transparency and accountability, where there are far reaching issues, impacting a huge number of individuals in a variety of ways.”

    According to Liberty, the complaint arose out of events which followed the signing of a memorandum of understanding in June 2015, by which the DfE agreed to pass the personal details of up to 1,500 school children to the Home Office each month as part of a policy to create a hostile environment for migrants.

    Parents and campaigners became concerned the following year when the DfE asked schools to start collecting data on children’s nationality and country of birth. This resulted in a mass boycott by families who were worried it might be used for immigration enforcement.

    Following legal action brought in April 2018 by ABC, again represented by Liberty, the DfE announced it would no longer ask schools to collect nationality and country of birth data but, according to Liberty, the DfE’s actions left many parents afraid to send their children to school.

    Liberty lawyer Lara ten Caten said: “Data sharing is just one part of the government’s discredited hostile environment which has left people too afraid to do things like send their children to school, report crime or seek medical help. It’s time to redesign our immigration system so it respects people’s rights and treats everyone with dignity.”

    Liberty called on the DfE to delete children’s nationality and country of birth data that had been collected and urged all political parties to make manifesto commitments to introduce a data firewall which separated public services from immigration enforcement.

    The ABC’s Kojo Kyerewaa said: “The ICO decision has shown that the DfE cannot be trusted with children’s personal data. Without public debate or clear notification, schools have been covertly incorporated as part of Home Office immigration enforcement. These checks have put vulnerable children in further danger as parents are taken away via immigration detention and forced removals.”

    The DfE, unable to respond because of general election purdah constraints, referred to answers to earlier parliamentary questions, which said the department collected data on the nationality and country of birth of pupils via the school census between autumn 2016 and summer 2018.

    “The Home Office can only request information from the Department for Education for immigration enforcement purposes in circumstances where they have clear evidence a child may be at risk or there is evidence of illegal activity, including illegal immigration,” it said.

    An ICO spokesperson said: “As a non-departmental government body, the ICO has to consider its responsibilities during the pre-election period. Our regulatory work continues as usual but we will not be commenting publicly on every issue raised during the general election. We will, however, be closely monitoring how personal data is being used during political campaigning and making sure that all parties and campaigns are aware of their responsibilities under data protection and direct marketing laws.”

    https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/nov/12/department-of-education-criticised-for-secretly-sharing-childrens-data

    #école #enfants #enfance #surveillance #données #migrations #réfugiés #asile #sans-papiers #renvois #expulsions
    ping @etraces

  • Corps européen de garde-frontières et de garde-côtes : le Conseil adopte un règlement révisé.

    Le Conseil a adopté ce jour un nouveau règlement relatif au corps européen de garde-frontières et de garde-côtes, qui constitue un élément important de l’approche globale de l’UE en matière de gestion des migrations et des frontières.

    L’Agence européenne de garde-frontières et de garde-côtes (Frontex) est renforcée en termes de #personnel et d’#équipements_techniques. En outre, son #mandat est élargi en vue de soutenir l’action des États membres, notamment en matière de #contrôle_des_frontières, de #retour et de #coopération avec les #pays_tiers. Le nouveau règlement intégrera dans le cadre du corps européen de garde-frontières et de garde-côtes le système européen de surveillance des frontières (#Eurosur), afin d’améliorer son fonctionnement.

    Le bon fonctionnement de la gestion des #frontières_extérieures est essentiel au maintien d’un #espace_Schengen pleinement fonctionnel et à une gestion des migrations efficace et humaine. Les nouvelles règles permettront à Frontex de jouer un rôle plus important dans le soutien aux États membres pour le contrôle aux frontières, les retours et la coopération avec les pays tiers.
    Maria Ohisalo, ministre finlandaise de l’intérieur

    #Contingent permanent de garde-frontières et de garde-côtes et experts en matière de retour

    Pour assurer une gestion cohérente des frontières extérieures de l’UE et être en mesure de répondre aux crises, Frontex aura à sa disposition un #contingent_permanent. Ce contingent, qui sera mis en place progressivement, comprendra jusqu’à 10 000 agents opérationnels d’ici 2027. Il sera notamment composé de membres du #personnel_opérationnel de Frontex, ainsi que de #personnes_détachées par les États membres pour une longue durée ou déployées pour une courte durée, et d’une réserve de réaction rapide qui sera maintenue jusqu’à la fin de 2024.

    #Retours

    Les règles envisagées permettront à Frontex d’apporter un soutien technique et opérationnel aux États membres dans le cadre des opérations de retour. L’Agence apportera un soutien soit à la demande de l’État membre concerné soit de sa propre initiative et en accord avec l’État membre concerné. Ce soutien portera sur toutes les phases du retour, des activités préparatoires au retour aux activités consécutives au retour et consécutives à l’arrivée.

    Coopération avec les pays tiers

    Les règles envisagées contribueront à renforcer la coopération avec les pays tiers, en élargissant le champ d’action de l’Agence, sans limiter les possibilités d’opérations conjointes aux seuls pays voisins.

    https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/press/press-releases/2019/11/08/european-border-and-coast-guard-council-adopts-revised-regulation/?amp;utm_medium=email
    #Frontex #règlement #frontières #EU #UE #contrôles_frontaliers #renvois #expulsions

    Pour télécharger le règlement :
    https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/PE-33-2019-INIT/en/pdf

    ping @isskein

  • The two contrasting sides of German refugee policy

    ‘They try to integrate some people while really try to get rid of others.’

    Four years after Chancellor Angela Merkel opened the doors to around one million refugees and asylum seekers, Germany continues to mull over the long-term consequences of its great welcome. It still grapples with fundamental questions about how refugees should integrate and, for the tens of thousands of asylum seekers whose futures remain in limbo, who should be allowed to stay and who will be returned home?

    Mohammad Zarzorie, a Syrian engineer, counts himself a success story. After fleeing to Germany via Greece and the Balkans in 2015, he received his refugee status within months, quickly learned to speak German, and through an employment fair soon found his job at a chromium plating manufacturer on the outskirts of Munich.

    Two years later, his wife followed him, and although a housing crisis means they must live in an apartment attached to the factory, he has found peace and contentment here in the industrial heartland of Bavaria, in southern Germany.

    “From a land that’s under war to (there) being nothing difficult for you to start your life in another safe country, it wasn’t difficult for me,” says Zarzorie, a university teaching assistant before conflict erupted in Syria.

    “There was no challenge,” Zarzorie says. “Here in Germany they have this benefits system. They help you a lot to start integrating with society.”

    Returning to the engineering work he was pursuing in Syria has been the foundation on which he has built a new life, and he eagerly wants more Syrians in Germany to enter employment. “I think they must (work) because you can’t start your life if you don’t work,” he says.

    But not all new arrivals to Germany share his good fortune and have the opportunity to work.

    Bavaria, Zarzorie’s new home, is consistently one of the most conservative and anti-migrant states in Germany. It has deported more than 1,700 people so far this year, and drawn severe criticism from human rights groups for continuing to send hundreds of migrants to Afghanistan, which no other German state considers a safe country for return.

    “The image is deliberately created that refugees do not want to work, or are inactive, and this increases resentment against refugees.”

    “Sometimes you need to make things clear to people who are naive and confused and think that migration is nothing more than making things a bit more multicultural,” Bavaria’s Interior Minister Joachim Herrmann said in August. “Asylum law applies, but we cannot accept everyone. Because that overburdens us.”

    “It’s paradoxical,” says Gülseren Demirel, responsible for migration and integration for the Bavarian Green Party, which opposes Herrmann’s Christian Social Union. “The Bavarian economy is strong and also offers jobs that can’t be staffed. The chambers of commerce and civil society groups try to integrate the refugees, but the political conditions do not allow this.

    “The consequence is that refugees are not allowed to work and can’t develop any perspectives,” she adds. “The image is deliberately created that refugees do not want to work, or are inactive, and this increases resentment against refugees.”
    Rejected, but ‘tolerated’

    Bringing new arrivals into the workforce has been the cornerstone of Germany’s integration efforts since 2015.

    The benefits are two-fold: they can become self-dependent and assimilate socially, while at the same time plugging the country’s severe labour shortage, which has left almost 1.4 million positions vacant and will require 250,000 immigrants per year to address.

    The results have exceeded expectations. Around 36 percent of refugees between 15 and 60 – around 380,000 to 400,000 people – are now in employment, according to Germany’s Institute for Employment Research, which expects that number to rise to around 40 percent before the end of the year. While many remain in low-wage work as cleaners or security personnel, half are in skilled professions.

    But around a quarter of a million migrants who have had their asylum cases rejected remain in the country, despite being required to leave. Of these, 191,000 have been granted a ‘toleration’ – a temporary status meaning their deportation has been postponed for reasons such as illness, family ties to a person with residency, or a lack of travel documents.

    Around 11,500 failed asylum seekers were deported in the first half of this year – a slight decline on 2018. But the possibility of deportation remains a very real fear for those with ‘tolerations’, which are usually provided on a rolling basis, lasting only a few weeks or months at a time.

    Even if they attempt to find work and learn the language, they often find themselves subject to arbitrary decisions at the hands of Germany’s formidable bureaucracy.

    The decision on whether to grant asylum is made at a national level, but once a person’s claim has been rejected what follows is largely determined by state or local administrations, which are granted wide discretion, leading to wildly divergent situations depending on where a person is located.

    “(Local offices) often decide whether you can get a work permit, and you need a work permit for getting an apprenticeship permit, which then is very often the way for consolidating your right to stay,” explains Simon Sperling, a researcher at the University of Osnabruck’s Institute of Migration Research and Intercultural Studies.
    ‘It’s not how I was before’

    Like Zarzorie, Johnson Nsiah, from Ghana, also arrived in Germany after crossing the Mediterranean in 2015. He was sent to live in Kempten, a large town in Bavaria around two hours drive west of Munich.

    After fleeing his home when a local dispute threatened his life, he crossed the Sahara to Libya, where he worked as a builder and painter for two years. There, he met Julia*, a Nigerian woman, and helped her escape from her abusive employer. The employer then threatened to kill them both, forcing them to pay for space aboard an inflatable boat, which was intercepted by an Italian navy ship that brought them to Europe.

    The couple are now married. Julia, along with their two children – a four-year-old born in Italy and a two-year old born in Kempten – have the right to remain in Germany, but Nsiah’s asylum claim has been rejected and he is required to leave the country.

    Because of his family, Nsiah has been granted a ‘toleration’, in the form of a paper slip, valid for six months, which fixes the boundaries of his life. It does not permit him to work, travel outside Bavaria, or live outside the apartment block in which his family resides – a former mental hospital repurposed to house over 100 asylum seekers and refugees.

    The local administrative office has demanded Nsiah return to Ghana to obtain a passport, which he says is financially impossible and would amount to a death sentence due to the continued threats made against him. The restrictions have put a heavy toll on his mental and physical health. Stress has contributed to painful migraines that caused him to drop out of language classes.

    “It’s not how I was before,” he says, gesturing towards the hearing aids protruding from both his ears. “Because of stress, all those things, they make me like this.”

    Nsiah believes his many years of experience should easily lead to a job in construction or painting, and it angers him that that he is limited to cleaning the apartment building for 60c an hour while other Ghanaians he met in 2015 have been working freely in Hamburg and Stuttgart for years.
    Separation by nationality

    In June, the German parliament approved a raft of new asylum laws, including some measures to strengthen the rights of rejected asylum seekers in steady jobs, but also others that lengthened maximum stays in detention centres and streamlined deportations.

    For Sperling, the origins of this contradictory approach date back to 2015, when German authorities quietly began to separate arrivals based on their nationality, which greatly influences their chances of a successful asylum application.

    “The politics is very ambivalent in this sense: they try to integrate some people while really try to get rid of others.”

    Syrians, Iraqis, and Eritreans were all deemed to have good prospects and shuffled quickly into courses to help them integrate and find work. Others, especially those from West Africa and the Balkans, had a less favourable outlook, and so received minimal assistance.

    “Germany invested in language courses and things like that, but at the same time also really pushed forward to isolate and disintegrate certain groups, especially people who are said to not have have good prospects to stay,” he says.

    “The politics is very ambivalent in this sense: they try to integrate some people while really try to get rid of others.”

    But while some have undeniably built new lives of great promise, the lives of many of those 2015 arrivals remain in limbo.

    On the street, Nsiah says, Germans have racially abused him and berated him for refusing to work, a bitter irony not lost on him.

    “It’s not our fault. No refugee here doesn’t want to work,” he says, his voice smarting.

    “The only thing I need to be happy... (is) to work and take care of my family, to live with my family, because my wife doesn’t have anybody and I cannot leave her alone with these children.”
    The two extremes

    The local immigration office in Bavaria has shown a reluctance to grant permits for work or to access to three-year apprenticeships, which if pursued by someone like Nsiah would almost certainly lead to a job offer and a secure residence permit.

    It also frequently imposes restrictions on movement with breaches punishable by heavy fines. An Iraqi man in Kempten showed The New Humanitarian a picture of his seriously ill wife lying on a hospital bed in Saxony, whom he cannot visit because his pass restricts him to Bavaria; while an Iranian man said that for eight years his pass did not permit him to stray beyond the town boundary.

    Moving to another district or state might be beneficial, but these onerous stipulations, combined with a chronic shortage of rental accommodation throughout Bavaria, make it nearly impossible for those on low or non-existent incomes.

    Zarzorie, meanwhile, hopes to find his own house in Munich, raise children and finish the master’s degree he first embarked upon in Aleppo.

    There is still adjusting to do, to what he calls the different “life-cycle” in Munich. Unlike his memories of Syria, in which cafés and streets buzzed with chatter until the early hours of the morning, the boulevards here fall quiet long before midnight.

    That’s why he’s drawn most evenings to Marienplatz, a square in the city’s old quarter where its historic town hall overlooks modern cafes and restaurants, and the crowds stay out late enough that it almost reminds him of home.

    https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2019/11/11/German-refugee-integration-policy
    #Allemagne #intégration #asile #migrations #réfugiés #renvois #machine_à_expulser #politique_d'asile #réfugiés_syriens #catégorisation #nationalité #réfugiés_irakiens #réfugiés_érythréens #réfugiés_afghans #renvois #expulsion

    ping @_kg_

  • The business of building walls

    Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Europe is once again known for its border walls. This time Europe is divided not so much by ideology as by perceived fear of refugees and migrants, some of the world’s most vulnerable people.

    Who killed the dream of a more open Europe? What gave rise to this new era of walls? There are clearly many reasons – the increasing displacement of people by conflict, repression and impoverishment, the rise of security politics in the wake of 9/11, the economic and social insecurity felt across Europe after the 2008 financial crisis – to name a few. But one group has by far the most to gain from the rise of new walls – the businesses that build them. Their influence in shaping a world of walls needs much deeper examination.

    This report explores the business of building walls, which has both fuelled and benefited from a massive expansion of public spending on border security by the European Union (EU) and its member states. Some of the corporate beneficiaries are also global players, tapping into a global market for border security estimated to be worth approximately €17.5 billion in 2018, with annual growth of at least 8% expected in coming years.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAuv1QyP8l0&feature=emb_logo

    It is important to look both beyond and behind Europe’s walls and fencing, because the real barriers to contemporary migration are not so much the fencing, but the vast array of technology that underpins it, from the radar systems to the drones to the surveillance cameras to the biometric fingerprinting systems. Similarly, some of Europe’s most dangerous walls are not even physical or on land. The ships, aircrafts and drones used to patrol the Mediterranean have created a maritime wall and a graveyard for the thousands of migrants and refugees who have no legal passage to safety or to exercise their right to seek asylum.

    This renders meaningless the European Commission’s publicized statements that it does not fund walls and fences. Commission spokesperson Alexander Winterstein, for example, rejecting Hungary’s request to reimburse half the costs of the fences built on its borders with Croatia and Serbia, said: ‘We do support border management measures at external borders. These can be surveillance measures. They can be border control equipment...But fences, we do not finance’. In other words, the Commission is willing to pay for anything that fortifies a border as long as it is not seen to be building the walls themselves.

    This report is a sequel to Building Walls – Fear and securitization in the European Union, co-published in 2018 with Centre Delàs and Stop Wapenhandel, which first measured and identified the walls that criss-cross Europe. This new report focuses on the businesses that have profited from three different kinds of wall in Europe:

    The construction companies contracted to build the land walls built by EU member states and the Schengen Area together with the security and technology companies that provide the necessary accompanying technology, equipment and services;

    The shipping and arms companies that provide the ships, aircraft, helicopters, drones that underpin Europe’s maritime walls seeking to control migratory flows in the Mediterranean, including Frontex operations, Operation Sophia and Italian operation Mare Nostrum;
    And the IT and security companies contracted to develop, run, expand and maintain EU’s systems that monitor the movement of people – such as SIS II (Schengen Information System) and EES (Entry/Exit Scheme) – which underpin Europe’s virtual walls.

    Booming budgets

    The flow of money from taxpayers to wall-builders has been highly lucrative and constantly growing. The report finds that companies have reaped the profits from at least €900 million spent by EU countries on land walls and fences since the end of the Cold War. The partial data (in scope and years) means actual costs will be at least €1 billion. In addition, companies that provide technology and services that accompany walls have also benefited from some of the steady stream of funding from the EU – in particular the External Borders Fund (€1.7 billion, 2007-2013) and the Internal Security Fund – Borders Fund (€2.76 billion, 2014-2020).

    EU spending on maritime walls has totalled at least €676.4 million between 2006 to 2017 (including €534 million spent by Frontex, €28.4 million spent by the EU on Operation Sophia and €114 million spent by Italy on Operation Mare Nostrum) and would be much more if you include all the operations by Mediterranean country coastguards. Total spending on Europe’s virtual wall equalled at least €999.4m between 2000 and 2019. (All these estimates are partial ones because walls are funded by many different funding mechanisms and due to lack of data transparency).

    This boom in border budgets is set to grow. Under its budget for the next EU budget cycle (2021–2027) the European Commission has earmarked €8.02 billion to its Integrated Border Management Fund (2021-2027), €11.27bn to Frontex (of which €2.2 billion will be used for acquiring, maintaining and operating air, sea and land assets) and at least €1.9 billion total spending (2000-2027) on its identity databases and Eurosur (the European Border Surveillance System).
    The big arm industry players

    Three giant European military and security companies in particular play a critical role in Europe’s many types of borders. These are Thales, Leonardo and Airbus.

    Thales is a French arms and security company, with a significant presence in the Netherlands, that produces radar and sensor systems, used by many ships in border security. Thales systems, were used, for example, by Dutch and Portuguese ships deployed in Frontex operations. Thales also produces maritime surveillance systems for drones and is working on developing border surveillance infrastructure for Eurosur, researching how to track and control refugees before they reach Europe by using smartphone apps, as well as exploring the use of High Altitude Pseudo Satellites (HAPS) for border security, for the European Space Agency and Frontex. Thales currently provides the security system for the highly militarised port in Calais. Its acquisition in 2019 of Gemalto, a large (biometric) identity security company, makes it a significant player in the development and maintenance of EU’s virtual walls. It has participated in 27 EU research projects on border security.
    Italian arms company Leonardo (formerly Finmeccanica or Leonardo-Finmeccanica) is a leading supplier of helicopters for border security, used by Italy in the Mare Nostrum, Hera and Sophia operations. It has also been one of the main providers of UAVs (or drones) for Europe’s borders, awarded a €67.1 million contract in 2017 by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) to supply them for EU coast-guard agencies. Leonardo was also a member of a consortium, awarded €142.1 million in 2019 to implement and maintain EU’s virtual walls, namely its EES. It jointly owns Telespazio with Thales, involved in EU satellite observation projects (REACT and Copernicus) used for border surveillance. Leonardo has participated in 24 EU research projects on border security and control, including the development of Eurosur.
    Pan-European arms giant Airbus is a key supplier of helicopters used in patrolling maritime and some land borders, deployed by Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania and Spain, including in maritime Operations Sophia, Poseidon and Triton. Airbus and its subsidiaries have participated in at least 13 EU-funded border security research projects including OCEAN2020, PERSEUS and LOBOS.
    The significant role of these arms companies is not surprising. As Border Wars (2016), showed these companies through their membership of the lobby groups – European Organisation for Security (EOS) and the AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe (ASD) – have played a significant role in influencing the direction of EU border policy. Perversely, these firms are also among the top four biggest European arms dealers to the Middle East and North Africa, thus contributing to the conflicts that cause forced migration.

    Indra has been another significant corporate player in border control in Spain and the Mediterranean. It won a series of contracts to fortify Ceuta and Melilla (Spanish enclaves in northern Morocco). Indra also developed the SIVE border control system (with radar, sensors and vision systems), which is in place on most of Spain’s borders, as well as in Portugal and Romania. In July 2018 it won a €10 million contract to manage SIVE at several locations for two years. Indra is very active in lobbying the EU and is a major beneficiary of EU research funding, coordinating the PERSEUS project to further develop Eurosur and the Seahorse Network, a network between police forces in Mediterranean countries (both in Europe and Africa) to stop migration.

    Israeli arms firms are also notable winners of EU border contracts. In 2018, Frontex selected the Heron drone from Israel Aerospace Industries for pilot-testing surveillance flights in the Mediterranean. In 2015, Israeli firm Elbit sold six of its Hermes UAVs to the Switzerland’s Border Guard, in a controversial €230 million deal. It has since signed a UAV contract with the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), as a subcontractor for the Portuguese company CEIIA (2018), as well as contracts to supply technology for three patrol vessels for the Hellenic Coast Guard (2019).
    Land wall contractors

    Most of the walls and fences that have been rapidly erected across Europe have been built by national construction companies, but one European company has dominated the field: European Security Fencing, a Spanish producer of razor wire, in particular a coiled wire known as concertinas. It is most known for the razor wire on the fences around Ceuta and Melilla. It also delivered the razor wire for the fence on the border between Hungary and Serbia, and its concertinas were installed on the borders between Bulgaria and Turkey and Austria and Slovenia, as well as at Calais, and for a few days on the border between Hungary and Slovenia before being removed. Given its long-term market monopoly, its concertinas are very likely used at other borders in Europe.

    Other contractors providing both walls and associated technology include DAT-CON (Croatia, Cyprus, Macedonia, Moldova, Slovenia and Ukraine), Geo Alpinbau (Austria/Slovenia), Indra, Dragados, Ferrovial, Proyectos Y Tecnología Sallén and Eulen (Spain/Morocco), Patstroy Bourgas, Infra Expert, Patengineeringstroy, Geostroy Engineering, Metallic-Ivan Mihaylov and Indra (Bulgaria/Turkey), Nordecon and Defendec (Estonia/Russia), DAK Acélszerkezeti Kft and SIA Ceļu būvniecības sabiedrība IGATE (Latvia/Russia), Gintrėja (Lithuania/Russia), Minis and Legi-SGS(Slovenia/Croatia), Groupe CW, Jackson’s Fencing, Sorhea, Vinci/Eurovia and Zaun Ltd (France/UK).

    In many cases, the actual costs of the walls and associated technologies exceed original estimates. There have also been many allegations and legal charges of corruption, in some cases because projects were given to corporate friends of government officials. In Slovenia, for example, accusations of corruption concerning the border wall contract have led to a continuing three-year legal battle for access to documents that has reached the Supreme Court. Despite this, the EU’s External Borders Fund has been a critical financial supporter of technological infrastructure and services in many of the member states’ border operations. In Macedonia, for example, the EU has provided €9 million for patrol vehicles, night-vision cameras, heartbeat detectors and technical support for border guards to help it manage its southern border.
    Maritime wall profiteers

    The data about which ships, helicopters and aircraft are used in Europe’s maritime operations is not transparent and therefore it is difficult to get a full picture. Our research shows, however, that the key corporations involved include the European arms giants Airbus and Leonardo, as well as large shipbuilding companies including Dutch Damen and Italian Fincantieri.

    Damen’s patrol vessels have been used for border operations by Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Portugal, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden and the UK as well as in key Frontex operations (Poseidon, Triton and Themis), Operation Sophia and in supporting NATO’s role in Operation Poseidon. Outside Europe, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey use Damen vessels for border security, often in cooperation with the EU or its member states. Turkey’s €20 million purchase of six Damen vessels for its coast guard in 2006, for example, was financed through the EU Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace (IcSP), intended for peace-building and conflict prevention.

    The sale of Damen vessels to Libya unveils the potential troubling human costs of this corporate trade. In 2012, Damen supplied four patrol vessels to the Libyan Coast Guard, sold as civil equipment in order to avoid a Dutch arms export license. Researchers have since found out, however, that the ships were not only sold with mounting points for weapons, but were then armed and used to stop refugee boats. Several incidents involving these ships have been reported, including one where some 20 or 30 refugees drowned. Damen has refused to comment, saying it had agreed with the Libyan government not to disclose information about the ships.

    In addition to Damen, many national shipbuilders play a significant role in maritime operations as they were invariably prioritised by the countries contributing to each Frontex or other Mediterranean operation. Hence, all the ships Italy contributed to Operation Sophia were built by Fincantieri, while all Spanish ships come from Navantia and its predecessors. Similarly, France purchases from DCN/DCNS, now Naval Group, and all German ships were built by several German shipyards (Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, HDW, Lürssen Gruppe). Other companies in Frontex operations have included Greek company, Motomarine Shipyards, which produced the Panther 57 Fast Patrol Boats used by the Hellenic Coast Guard, Hellenic Shipyards and Israel Shipyards.

    Austrian company Schiebel is a significant player in maritime aerial surveillance through its supply of S-100 drones. In November 2018, EMSA selected the company for a €24 million maritime surveillance contract for a range of operations including border security. Since 2017, Schiebel has also won contracts from Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The company has a controversial record, with its drones sold to a number of countries experiencing armed conflict or governed by repressive regimes such as Libya, Myanmar, the UAE and Yemen.

    Finland and the Netherlands deployed Dornier aircraft to Operation Hermes and Operation Poseidon respectively, and to Operation Triton. Dornier is now part of the US subsidiary of the Israeli arms company Elbit Systems. CAE Aviation (Luxembourg), DEA Aviation (UK) and EASP Air (Netherlands) have all received contracts for aircraft surveillance work for Frontex. Airbus, French Dassault Aviation, Leonardo and US Lockheed Martin were the most important suppliers of aircraft used in Operation Sophia.

    The EU and its member states defend their maritime operations by publicising their role in rescuing refugees at sea, but this is not their primary goal, as Frontex director Fabrice Leggeri made clear in April 2015, saying that Frontex has no mandate for ‘proactive search-and-rescue action[s]’ and that saving lives should not be a priority. The thwarting and criminalisation of NGO rescue operations in the Mediterranean and the frequent reports of violence and illegal refoulement of refugees, also demonstrates why these maritime operations should be considered more like walls than humanitarian missions.
    Virtual walls

    The major EU contracts for the virtual walls have largely gone to two companies, sometimes as leaders of a consortium. Sopra Steria is the main contractor for the development and maintenance of the Visa Information System (VIS), Schengen Information System (SIS II) and European Dactyloscopy (Eurodac), while GMV has secured a string of contracts for Eurosur. The systems they build help control, monitor and surveil people’s movements across Europe and increasingly beyond.

    Sopra Steria is a French technology consultancy firm that has to date won EU contracts worth a total value of over €150 million. For some of these large contracts Sopra Steria joined consortiums with HP Belgium, Bull and 3M Belgium. Despite considerable business, Sopra Steria has faced considerable criticism for its poor record on delivering projects on time and on budget. Its launch of SIS II was constantly delayed, forcing the Commission to extend contracts and increase budgets. Similarly, Sopra Steria was involved in another consortium, the Trusted Borders consortium, contracted to deliver the UK e-Borders programme, which was eventually terminated in 2010 after constant delays and failure to deliver. Yet it continues to win contracts, in part because it has secured a near-monopoly of knowledge and access to EU officials. The central role that Sopra Steria plays in developing these EU biometric systems has also had a spin-off effect in securing other national contracts, including with Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Romania and Slovenia GMV, a Spanish technology company, has received a succession of large contracts for Eurosur, ever since its testing phase in 2010, worth at least €25 million. It also provides technology to the Spanish Guardia Civil, such as control centres for its Integrated System of External Vigilance (SIVE) border security system as well as software development services to Frontex. It has participated in at least ten EU-funded research projects on border security.

    Most of the large contracts for the virtual walls that did not go to consortia including Sopra Steria were awarded by eu-LISA (European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice) to consortia comprising computer and technology companies including Accenture, Atos Belgium and Morpho (later renamed Idema).
    Lobbying

    As research in our Border Wars series has consistently shown, through effective lobbying, the military and security industry has been very influential in shaping the discourse of EU security and military policies. The industry has succeeded in positioning itself as the experts on border security, pushing the underlying narrative that migration is first and foremost a security threat, to be combatted by security and military means. With this premise, it creates a continuous demand for the ever-expanding catalogue of equipment and services the industry supplies for border security and control.

    Many of the companies listed here, particularly the large arms companies, are involved in the European Organisation for Security (EOS), the most important lobby group on border security. Many of the IT security firms that build EU’s virtual walls are members of the European Biometrics Association (EAB). EOS has an ‘Integrated Border Security Working Group’ to ‘facilitate the development and uptake of better technology solutions for border security both at border checkpoints, and along maritime and land borders’. The working group is chaired by Giorgio Gulienetti of the Italian arms company Leonardo, with Isto Mattila (Laurea University of Applied Science) and Peter Smallridge of Gemalto, a digital security company recently acquired by Thales.

    Company lobbyists and representatives of these lobby organisations regularly meet with EU institutions, including the European Commission, are part of official advisory committees, publish influential proposals, organise meetings between industry, policy-makers and executives and also meet at the plethora of military and security fairs, conferences and seminars. Airbus, Leonardo and Thales together with EOS held 226 registered lobbying meetings with the European Commission between 2014 and 2019. In these meetings representatives of the industry position themselves as the experts on border security, presenting their goods and services as the solution for ‘security threats’ caused by immigration. In 2017, the same group of companies and EOS spent up to €2.65 million on lobbying.

    A similar close relationship can be seen on virtual walls, with the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission arguing openly for public policy to foster the ‘emergence of a vibrant European biometrics industry’.
    A deadly trade and a choice

    The conclusion of this survey of the business of building walls is clear. A Europe full of walls has proved to be very good for the bottom line of a wide range of corporations including arms, security, IT, shipping and construction companies. The EU’s planned budgets for border security for the next decade show it is also a business that will continue to boom.

    This is also a deadly business. The heavy militarisation of Europe’s borders on land and at sea has led refugees and migrants to follow far more hazardous routes and has trapped others in desperate conditions in neighbouring countries like Libya. Many deaths are not recorded, but those that are tracked in the Mediterranean show that the proportion of those who drown trying to reach Europe continues to increase each year.

    This is not an inevitable state of affairs. It is both the result of policy decisions made by the EU and its member states, and corporate decisions to profit from these policies. In a rare principled stand, German razor wire manufacturer Mutanox in 2015 stated it would not sell its product to the Hungarian government arguing: ‘Razor wire is designed to prevent criminal acts, like a burglary. Fleeing children and adults are not criminals’. It is time for other European politicians and business leaders to recognise the same truth: that building walls against the world’s most vulnerable people violates human rights and is an immoral act that history will judge harshly. Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, it is time for Europe to bring down its new walls.

    https://www.tni.org/en/businessbuildingwalls

    #business #murs #barrières_frontalières #militarisation_des_frontières #visualisation #Europe #UE #EU #complexe_militaro-industriel #Airbus #Leonardo #Thales #Indra #Israel_Aerospace_Industries #Elbit #European_Security_Fencing #DAT-CON #Geo_Alpinbau #Dragados #Ferrovial, #Proyectos_Y_Tecnología_Sallén #Eulen #Patstroy_Bourgas #Infra_Expert #Patengineeringstroy #Geostroy_Engineering #Metallic-Ivan_Mihaylov #Nordecon #Defendec #DAK_Acélszerkezeti_Kft #SIA_Ceļu_būvniecības_sabiedrība_IGATE #Gintrėja #Minis #Legi-SGS #Groupe_CW #Jackson’s_Fencing #Sorhea #Vinci #Eurovia #Zaun_Ltd #Damen #Fincantieri #Frontex #Damen #Turquie #Instrument_contributing_to_Stability_and_Peace (#IcSP) #Libye #exernalisation #Operation_Sophia #Navantia #Naval_Group #Flensburger_Schiffbau-Gesellschaft #HDW #Lürssen_Gruppe #Motomarine_Shipyards #Panther_57 #Hellenic_Shipyards #Israel_Shipyards #Schiebel #Dornier #Operation_Hermes #CAE_Aviation #DEA_Aviation #EASP_Air #French_Dassault_Aviation #US_Lockheed_Martin #murs_virtuels #Sopra_Steria #Visa_Information_System (#VIS) #données #Schengen_Information_System (#SIS_II) #European_Dactyloscopy (#Eurodac) #GMV #Eurosur #HP_Belgium #Bull #3M_Belgium #Trusted_Borders_consortium #économie #biométrie #Integrated_System_of_External_Vigilance (#SIVE) #eu-LISA #Accenture #Atos_Belgium #Morpho #Idema #lobby #European_Organisation_for_Security (#EOS) #European_Biometrics_Association (#EAB) #Integrated_Border_Security_Working_Group #Giorgio_Gulienetti #Isto_Mattila #Peter_Smallridge #Gemalto #murs_terrestres #murs_maritimes #coût #chiffres #statistiques #Joint_Research_Centre_of_the_European_Commission #Mutanox #High-Altitude_Pseudo-Satellites (#HAPS)

    Pour télécharger le #rapport :


    https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/business_of_building_walls_-_full_report.pdf

    déjà signalé par @odilon ici :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/809783
    Je le remets ici avec des mots clé de plus

    ping @daphne @marty @isskein @karine4

    • La costruzione di muri: un business

      Trent’anni dopo la caduta del Muro di Berlino, l’Europa fa parlare di sé ancora una volta per i suoi muri di frontiera. Questa volta non è tanto l’ideologia che la divide, quanto la paura di rifugiati e migranti, alcune tra le persone più vulnerabili al mondo.

      Riassunto del rapporto «The Business of Building Walls» [1]:

      Chi ha ucciso il sogno di un’Europa più aperta? Cosa ha dato inizio a questa nuova era dei muri?
      Ci sono evidentemente molte ragioni: il crescente spostamento di persone a causa di conflitti, repressione e impoverimento, l’ascesa di politiche securitarie sulla scia dell’11 settembre, l’insicurezza economica e sociale percepita in Europa dopo la crisi finanziaria del 2008, solo per nominarne alcune. Tuttavia, c’è un gruppo che ha di gran lunga da guadagnare da questo innalzamento di nuovi muri: le imprese che li costruiscono. La loro influenza nel dare forma ad un mondo di muri necessita di un esame più profondo.

      Questo rapporto esplora il business della costruzione di muri, che è stato alimentato e ha beneficiato di un aumento considerevole della spesa pubblica dedicata alla sicurezza delle frontiere dall’Unione Europea (EU) e dai suoi Stati membri. Alcune imprese beneficiarie sono delle multinazionali che approfittano di un mercato globale per la sicurezza delle frontiere che si stima valere approssimativamente 17,5 miliardi di euro nel 2018, con una crescita annuale prevista almeno dell’8% nei prossimi anni.

      È importante guardare sia oltre che dietro i muri e le barriere d’Europa, perché i reali ostacoli alla migrazione contemporanea non sono tanto le recinzioni, quanto la vasta gamma di tecnologie che vi è alla base, dai sistemi radar ai droni, dalle telecamere di sorveglianza ai sistemi biometrici di rilevamento delle impronte digitali. Allo stesso modo, alcuni tra i più pericolosi muri d’Europa non sono nemmeno fisici o sulla terraferma. Le navi, gli aerei e i droni usati per pattugliare il Mediterraneo hanno creato un muro marittimo e un cimitero per i migliaia di migranti e di rifugiati che non hanno un passaggio legale verso la salvezza o per esercitare il loro diritto di asilo.

      Tutto ciò rende insignificanti le dichiarazioni della Commissione Europea secondo le quali essa non finanzierebbe i muri e le recinzioni. Il portavoce della Commissione, Alexander Winterstein, per esempio, nel rifiutare la richiesta dell’Ungheria di rimborsare la metà dei costi delle recinzioni costruite sul suo confine con la Croazia e la Serbia, ha affermato: “Noi sosteniamo le misure di gestione delle frontiere presso i confini esterni. Queste possono consistere in misure di sorveglianza o in equipaggiamento di controllo delle frontiere... . Ma le recinzioni, quelle non le finanziamo”. In altre parole, la Commissione è disposta a pagare per qualunque cosa che fortifichi un confine fintanto che ciò non sia visto come propriamente costruire dei muri.

      Questo rapporto è il seguito di “Building Walls - Fear and securitizazion in the Euopean Union”, co-pubblicato nel 2018 con Centre Delàs e Stop Wapenhandel, che per primi hanno misurato e identificato i muri che attraversano l’Europa.

      Questo nuovo rapporto si focalizza sulle imprese che hanno tratto profitto dai tre differenti tipi di muro in Europa:
      – Le imprese di costruzione ingaggiate per costruire i muri fisici costruiti dagli Stati membri UE e dall’Area Schengen in collaborazione con le imprese esperte in sicurezza e tecnologia che provvedono le tecnologie, l’equipaggiamento e i servizi associati;
      – le imprese di trasporto marittimo e di armamenti che forniscono le navi, gli aerei, gli elicotteri e i droni che costituiscono i muri marittimi dell’Europa per tentare di controllare i flussi migratori nel Mediterraneo, in particolare le operazioni di Frontex, l’operazione Sophia e l’operazione italiana Mare Nostrum;
      – e le imprese specializzate in informatica e in sicurezza incaricate di sviluppare, eseguire, estendere e mantenere i sistemi dell’UE che controllano i movimento delle persone, quali SIS II (Schengen Information System) e EES (Entry/Exii Scheme), che costituiscono i muri virtuali dell’Europa.
      Dei budget fiorenti

      Il flusso di denaro dai contribuenti ai costruttori di muri è stato estremamente lucrativo e non cessa di aumentare. Il report rivela che dalla fine della guerra fredda, le imprese hanno raccolto i profitti di almeno 900 milioni di euro di spese dei paesi dell’UE per i muri fisici e per le recinzioni. Con i dati parziali (sia nella portata e che negli anni), i costi reali raggiungerebbero almeno 1 miliardo di euro. Inoltre, le imprese che forniscono la tecnologia e i servizi che accompagnano i muri hanno ugualmente beneficiato di un flusso costante di finanziamenti da parte dell’UE, in particolare i Fondi per le frontiere esterne (1,7 miliardi di euro, 2007-2013) e i Fondi per la sicurezza interna - Fondi per le Frontiere (2,76 miliardi di euro, 2014-2020).

      Le spese dell’UE per i muri marittimi hanno raggiunto almeno 676,4 milioni di euro tra il 2006 e il 2017 (di cui 534 milioni sono stati spesi da Frontex, 28 milioni dall’UE nell’operazione Sophia e 114 milioni dall’Italia nell’operazione Mare Nostrum) e sarebbero molto superiori se si includessero tutte le operazioni delle guardie costiera nazionali nel Mediterraneo.

      Questa esplosione dei budget per le frontiere ha le condizioni per proseguire. Nel quadro del suo budget per il prossimo ciclo di bilancio dell’Unione Europea (2021-2027), la Commissione europea ha attribuito 8,02 miliardi di euro al suo fondo di gestione integrata delle frontiere (2021-2027), 11,27 miliardi a Frontex (dei quali 2,2 miliardi saranno utilizzati per l’acquisizione, il mantenimento e l’utilizzo di mezzi aerei, marittimi e terrestri) e almeno 1,9 miliardi di euro di spese totali (2000-2027) alle sue banche dati di identificazione e a Eurosur (il sistemo europeo di sorveglianza delle frontiere).
      I principali attori del settore degli armamenti

      Tre giganti europei del settore della difesa e della sicurezza giocano un ruolo cruciale nei differenti tipi di frontiere d’Europa: Thales, Leonardo e Airbus.

      – Thales è un’impresa francese specializzata negli armamenti e nella sicurezza, con una presenza significativa nei Paesi Bassi, che produce sistemi radar e sensori utilizzati da numerose navi della sicurezza frontaliera. I sistemi Thales, per esempio, sono stati utilizzati dalle navi olandesi e portoghesi impiegate nelle operazioni di Frontex.
      Thales produce ugualmente sistemi di sorveglianza marittima per droni e lavora attualmente per sviluppare una infrastruttura di sorveglianza delle frontiere per Eurosus, che permetta di seguire e controllare i rifugiati prima che raggiungano l’Europa con l’aiuto di applicazioni per Smartphone, e studia ugualmente l’utilizzo di “High Altitude Pseudo-Satellites - HAPS” per la sicurezza delle frontiere, per l’Agenzia spaziale europea e Frontex. Thales fornisce attualmente il sistema di sicurezza del porto altamente militarizzato di Calais.
      Con l’acquisto nel 2019 di Gemalto, multinazionale specializzata nella sicurezza e identità (biometrica), Thales diventa un attore importante nello sviluppo e nel mantenimento dei muri virtuali dell’UE. L’impresa ha partecipato a 27 progetti di ricerca dell’UE sulla sicurezza delle frontiere.

      – La società di armamenti italiana Leonardo (originariamente Finmeccanica o Leonardo-Finmeccanica) è uno dei principali fornitori di elicotteri per la sicurezza delle frontiere, utilizzati dalle operazioni Mare Nostrum, Hera e Sophia in Italia. Ha ugualmente fatto parte dei principali fornitori di UAV (o droni), ottenendo un contratto di 67,1 milioni di euro nel 2017 con l’EMSA (Agenzia europea per la sicurezza marittima) per fornire le agenzie di guardia costiera dell’UE.
      Leonardo faceva ugualmente parte di un consorzio che si è visto attribuire un contratto di 142,1 milioni di euro nel 2019 per attuare e assicurare il mantenimento dei muri virtuali dell’UE, ossia il Sistema di entrata/uscita (EES). La società detiene, con Thales, Telespazio, che partecipa ai progetti di osservazione dai satelliti dell’UE (React e Copernicus) utilizzati per controllare le frontiere. Leonardo ha partecipato a 24 progetti di ricerca dell’UE sulla sicurezza e il controllo delle frontiere, tra cui lo sviluppo di Eurosur.

      – Il gigante degli armamenti pan-europei Airbus è un importante fornitore di elicotteri utilizzati nella sorveglianza delle frontiere marittime e di alcune frontiere terrestri, impiegati da Belgio, Francia, Germania, Grecia, Italia, Lituania e Spagna, in particolare nelle operazioni marittime Sophia, Poseidon e Triton. Airbus e le sue filiali hanno partecipato almeno a 13 progetti di ricerca sulla sicurezza delle frontiere finanziati dall’UE, tra cui OCEAN2020, PERSEUS e LOBOS.

      Il ruolo chiave di queste società di armamenti in realtà non è sorprendente. Come è stato dimostrato da “Border Wars” (2016), queste imprese, in quanto appartenenti a lobby come EOS (Organizzazione europea per la sicurezza) e ASD (Associazione delle industrie aerospaziali e della difesa in Europa), hanno ampiamente contribuito a influenzare l’orientamento della politica delle frontiere dell’UE. Paradossalmente, questi stessi marchi fanno ugualmente parte dei quattro più grandi venditori europei di armi al Medio Oriente e all’Africa del Nord, contribuendo così ad alimentare i conflitti all’origine di queste migrazioni forzate.

      Allo stesso modo Indra gioca un ruolo non indifferente nel controllo delle frontiere in Spagna e nel Mediterraneo. L’impresa ha ottenuto una serie di contratti per fortificare Ceuta e Melilla (enclavi spagnole nel Nord del Marocco). Indra ha ugualmente sviluppato il sistema di controllo delle frontiere SIVE (con sistemi radar, di sensori e visivi) che è installato nella maggior parte delle frontiere della Spagna, così come in Portogallo e in Romania. Nel luglio 2018, Indra ha ottenuto un contratto di 10 milioni di euro per assicurare la gestione di SIVE su più siti per due anni. L’impresa è molto attiva nel fare lobby presso l’UE. È ugualmente una dei grandi beneficiari dei finanziamenti per la ricerca dell’UE, che assicurano il coordinamento del progetto PERSEUS per lo sviluppo di Eurosur e il Seahorse Network, la rete di scambio di informazioni tra le forze di polizia dei paesi mediterranei (in Europa e in Africa) per fermare le migrazioni.

      Le società di armamenti israeliane hanno anch’esse ottenuto numerosi contratti nel quadro della sicurezza delle frontiere in UE. Nel 2018, Frontex ha selezionato il drone Heron delle Israel Aerospace Industries per i voli di sorveglianza degli esperimenti pilota nel Mediterraneo. Nel 2015, la società israeliana Elbit Systems ha venduto sei dei suoi droni Hermes al Corpo di guardie di frontiera svizzero, nel quadro di un contratto controverso di 230 milioni di euro. Ha anche firmato in seguito un contratto per droni con l’EMSA (Agenzia europea per la sicurezza marittima), in quanto subappaltatore della società portoghese CEIIA (2018), così come dei contratti per equipaggiare tre navi di pattugliamento per la Hellenic Coast Guard (2019).
      Gli appaltatori dei muri fisici

      La maggioranza di muri e recinzioni che sono stati rapidamente eretti attraverso l’Europa, sono stati costruiti da società di BTP nazionali/società nazionali di costruzioni, ma un’impresa europea ha dominato nel mercato: la European Security Fencing, un produttore spagnolo di filo spinato, in particolare di un filo a spirale chiamato “concertina”. È famosa per aver fornito i fili spinati delle recinzioni che circondano Ceuta e Melilla. L’impresa ha ugualmente dotato di fili spinati le frontiere tra l’Ungheria e la Serbia, e i suoi fili spinati “concertina” sono stati installati alle frontiere tra Bulgaria e Turchia e tra l’Austria e la Slovenia, così come a Calais e, per qualche giorno, alla frontiera tra Ungheria e Slovenia, prima di essere ritirati. Dato che essi detengono il monopolio sul mercato da un po’ di tempo a questa parte, è probabile che i fili spinati “concertina” siano stati utilizzati presso altre frontiere in Europa.

      Tra le altre imprese che hanno fornito i muri e le tecnologie ad essi associate, si trova DAT-CON (Croazia, Cipro, Macedonia, Moldavia, Slovenia e Ucraina), Geo Alpinbau (Austria/Slovenia), Indra, Dragados, Ferrovial, Proyectos Y Tecnología Sallén e Eulen (Spagna/Marocco), Patstroy Bourgas, Infra Expert, Patengineeringstroy, Geostroy Engineering, Metallic-Ivan Mihaylov et Indra (Bulgaria/Turchia), Nordecon e Defendec (Estonia/Russia), DAK Acélszerkezeti Kft e SIA Ceļu būvniecības sabiedrība IGATE (Lettonia/Russia), Gintrėja (Lituania/Russi), Minis e Legi-SGS (Slovenia/Croazia), Groupe CW, Jackson’s Fencing, Sorhea, Vinci/Eurovia e Zaun Ltd (Francia/Regno Unito).

      I costi reali dei muri e delle tecnologie associate superano spesso le stime originali. Numerose accuse e denunce per corruzione sono state allo stesso modo formulate, in certi casi perché i progetti erano stati attribuiti a delle imprese che appartenevano ad amici di alti funzionari. In Slovenia, per esempio, accuse di corruzione riguardanti un contratto per la costruzione di muri alle frontiere hanno portato a tre anni di battaglie legali per avere accesso ai documenti; la questione è passata poi alla Corte suprema.

      Malgrado tutto ciò, il Fondo europeo per le frontiere esterne ha sostenuto finanziariamente le infrastrutture e i servizi tecnologici di numerose operazioni alle frontiere degli Stati membri. In Macedonia, per esempio, l’UE ha versato 9 milioni di euro per finanziare dei veicoli di pattugliamento, delle telecamere a visione notturna, dei rivelatori di battito cardiaco e sostegno tecnico alle guardie di frontiera nell’aiuto della gestione della sua frontiera meridionale.
      Gli speculatori dei muri marittimi

      I dati che permettono di determinare quali imbarcazioni, elicotteri e aerei sono utilizzati nelle operazioni marittime in Europa mancano di trasparenza. È dunque difficile recuperare tutte le informazioni. Le nostre ricerche mostrano comunque che tra le principali società implicate figurano i giganti europei degli armamenti Airbus e Leonardo, così come grandi imprese di costruzione navale come l’olandese Damen e l’italiana Fincantieri.

      Le imbarcazioni di pattugliamento di Damen sono servite per delle operazioni frontaliere portate avanti da Albania, Belgio, Bulgaria, Portogallo, Paesi Bassi, Romania, Svezia e Regno Unito, così come per le vaste operazioni di Frontex (Poseidon, Triton e Themis), per l’operazione Sophia e hanno ugualmente sostento la NATO nell’operazione Poseidon.

      Al di fuori dell’Europa, la Libia, il Marocco, la Tunisia e la Turchia utilizzano delle imbarcazioni Damen per la sicurezza delle frontiere, spesso in collaborazione con l’UE o i suoi Stati membri. Per esempio, le sei navi Damen che la Turchia ha comprato per la sua guardia costiera nel 2006, per un totale di 20 milioni di euro, sono state finanziate attraverso lo strumento europeo che contribuirebbe alla stabilità e alla pace (IcSP), destinato a mantenere la pace e a prevenire i conflitti.

      La vendita di imbarcazioni Damen alla Libia mette in evidenza l’inquietante costo umano di questo commercio. Nel 2012, Damen ha fornito quattro imbarcazioni di pattugliamento alla guardia costiera libica, che sono state vendute come equipaggiamento civile col fine di evitare la licenza di esportazione di armi nei Paesi Bassi. I ricercatori hanno poi scoperto che non solo le imbarcazioni erano state vendute con dei punti di fissaggio per le armi, ma che erano state in seguito armate ed utilizzate per fermare le imbarcazioni di rifugiati. Numerosi incidenti che hanno implicato queste imbarcazioni sono stati segnalati, tra i quali l’annegamento di 20 o 30 rifugiati. Damen si è rifiutata di commentare, dichiarando di aver convenuto col governo libico di non divulgare alcuna informazione riguardante le imbarcazioni.

      Numerosi costruttori navali nazionali, oltre a Damen, giocano un ruolo determinante nelle operizioni marittime poiché sono sistematicamente scelti con priorità dai paesi partecipanti a ogni operazione di Frontex o ad altre operazioni nel Mediterraneo. Tutte le imbarcazioni fornite dall’Italia all’operazione Sophia sono state costruite da Fincantieri e tutte quelle spagnole sono fornite da Navantia e dai suoi predecessori. Allo stesso modo, la Francia si rifornisce da DCN/DCNS, ormai Naval Group, e tutte le imbarcazioni tedesche sono state costruite da diversi cantieri navali tedeschi (Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, HDW, Lürssen Gruppe). Altre imprese hanno partecipato alle operazioni di Frontex, tra cui la società greca Motomarine Shipyards, che ha prodotto i pattugliatori rapidi Panther 57 utilizzati dalla guardia costiera greca, così come la Hellenic Shipyards e la Israel Shipyards.

      La società austriaca Schiebel, che fornisce i droni S-100, gioca un ruolo importante nella sorveglianza aerea delle attività marittime. Nel novembre 2018, è stata selezionata dall’EMSA per un contratto di sorveglianza marittima di 24 milioni di euro riguardante differenti operazioni che includevano la sicurezza delle frontiere. Dal 2017, Schiebel ha ugualmente ottenuto dei contratti con la Croazia, la Danimarca, l’Islanda, l’Italia, il Portogallo e la Spagna. L’impresa ha un passato controverso: ha venduto dei droni a numerosi paesi in conflitto armato o governati da regimi repressivi come la Libia, il Myanmar, gli Emirati Arabi Uniti e lo Yemen.

      La Finlandia e i Paesi Bassi hanno impiegato degli aerei Dornier rispettivamente nel quadro delle operazioni Hermès, Poseidon e Triton. Dornier appartiene ormai alla filiale americana della società di armamenti israeliana Elbit Systems.
      CAE Aviation (Lussemburgo), DEA Aviation (Regno Unito) e EASP Air (Paesi Bassi) hanno tutte ottenuto dei contratti di sorveglianza aerea per Frontex.
      Airbus, Dassault Aviation, Leonardo e l’americana Lockheed Martin hanno fornito il più grande numero di aerei utilizzati per l’operazione Sophia.

      L’UE e i suoi Stati membri difendono le loro operazioni marittime pubblicizzando il loro ruolo nel salvataggio dei rifugiati in mare. Ma non è questo il loro obiettivo principale, come sottolinea il direttore di Frontex Fabrice Leggeri nell’aprile 2015, dichiarando che “le azioni volontarie di ricerca e salvataggio” non fanno parte del mandato affidato a Frontex, e che salvare delle vite non dovrebbe essere una priorità. La criminalizzazione delle operazioni di salvataggio da parte delle ONG, gli ostacoli che esse incontrano, così come la violenza e i respingimenti illegali dei rifugiati, spesso denunciati, illustrano bene il fatto che queste operazioni marittime sono volte soprattutto a costituire muri piuttosto che missioni umanitarie.
      I muri virtuali

      I principali contratti dell’UE legati ai muri virtuali sono stati affidati a due imprese, a volte in quanto leader di un consorzio.
      Sopra Steria è il partner principale per lo sviluppo e il mantenimento del Sistema d’informazione dei visti (SIV), del Sistema di informazione Schengen (SIS II) e di Eurodac (European Dactyloscopy) e GMV ha firmato una serie di contratti per Eurosur. I sistemi che essi concepiscono permettono di controllare e di sorvegliare i movimenti delle persone attraverso l’Europa e, sempre più spesso, al di là delle sue frontiere.

      Sopra Steria è un’impresa francese di servizi per consultazioni in tecnologia che ha, ad oggi, ottenuto dei contratti con l’UE per un valore totale di più di 150 milioni di euro. Nel quadro di alcuni di questi grossi contratti, Sopra Steria ha formato dei consorzi con HP Belgio, Bull e 3M Belgio.

      Malgrado l’ampiezza di questi mercati, Sopra Steria ha ricevuto importanti critiche per la sua mancanza di rigore nel rispetto delle tempistiche e dei budget. Il lancio di SIS II è stato costantemente ritardato, costringendo la Commissione a prolungare i contratti e ad aumentare i budget. Sopra Steria aveva ugualmente fatto parte di un altro consorzio, Trusted Borders, impegnato nello sviluppo del programma e-Borders nel Regno Unito. Quest’ultimo è terminato nel 2010 dopo un accumulo di ritardi e di mancate consegne. Tuttavia, la società ha continuato a ottenere contratti, a causa del suo quasi monopolio di conoscenze e di relazioni con i rappresentanti dell’UE. Il ruolo centrale di Sopra Steria nello sviluppo dei sistemi biometrici dell’UE ha ugualmente portato alla firma di altri contratti nazionali con, tra gli altri, il Belgio, la Bulgaria, la Repubblica ceca, la Finlandia, la Francia, la Germania, la Romania e la Slovenia.

      GMV, un’impresa tecnologica spagnola, ha concluso una serie di grossi contratti per Eurosur, dopo la sua fase sperimentale nel 2010, per almeno 25 milioni di euro. Essa rifornisce ugualmente di tecnologie la Guardia Civil spagnola, tecnologie quali, ad esempio, i centri di controllo del suo Sistema integrato di sorveglianza esterna (SIVE), sistema di sicurezza delle frontiere, così come rifornisce di servizi di sviluppo logistico Frontex. L’impresa ha partecipato ad almeno dieci progetti di ricerca finanziati dall’UE sulla sicurezza delle frontiere.

      La maggior parte dei grossi contratti riguardanti i muri virtuali che non sono stati conclusi con consorzi di cui facesse parte Sopra Steria, sono stati attribuiti da eu-LISA (l’Agenzia europea per la gestione operazionale dei sistemi di informazione su vasta scale in seno allo spazio di libertà, di sicurezza e di giustizia) a dei consorzi di imprese specializzate nell’informazione e nelle nuove tecnologie, tra questi: Accenture, Atos Belgium e Morpho (rinominato Idemia).
      Lobby

      Come testimonia il nostro report “Border Wars”, il settore della difesa e della sicurezza, grazie ad una lobbying efficace, ha un’influenza considerabile nell’elaborazione delle politiche di difesa e di sicurezza dell’UE. Le imprese di questo settore industriale sono riuscite a posizionarsi come esperti della sicurezza delle frontiere, portando avanti il loro discorso secondo il quale la migrazione è prima di tutto una minaccia per la sicurezza che deve essere combattuta tramite mezzi militari e securitari. Questo crea così una domanda continua del catalogo sempre più fornito di equipaggiamenti e servizi che esse forniscono per la sicurezza e il controllo delle frontiere.

      Un numero alto di imprese che abbiamo nominato, in particolare le grandi società di armamenti, fanno parte dell’EOS (Organizzazione europea per la sicurezza), il più importante gruppo di pressione sulla sicurezza delle frontiere.

      Molte imprese informatiche che hanno concepito i muri virtuali dell’UE sono membri dell’EAB (Associazione Europea per la Biometria). L’EOS ha un “Gruppo di lavoro sulla sicurezza integrata delle frontiere” per “permettere lo sviluppo e l’adozione delle migliori soluzioni tecnologiche per la sicurezza delle frontiere sia ai checkpoint che lungo le frontiere marittime e terrestri”.
      Il gruppo di lavoro è presieduto da Giorgio Gulienetti, della società di armi italiana Leonardo, Isto Mattila (diplomato all’università di scienze applicate) e Peter Smallridge di Gemalto, multinazionale specializzata nella sicurezza numerica, recentemente acquisita da Thales.

      I lobbisti di imprese e i rappresentanti di questi gruppi di pressione incontrano regolarmente le istituzioni dell’UE, tra cui la Commissione europea, nel quadro di comitati di consiglio ufficiali, pubblicano proposte influenti, organizzano incontri tra il settore industriale, i policy-makers e i dirigenti e si ritrovano allo stesso modo in tutti i saloni, le conferenze e i seminari sulla difesa e la sicurezza.

      Airbus, Leonardo e Thales e l’EOS hanno anche assistito a 226 riunioni ufficiali di lobby con la Commissione europea tra il 2014 e il 2019. In queste riunioni, i rappresentanti del settore si presentano come esperti della sicurezza delle frontiere, e propongono i loro prodotti e servizi come soluzione alle “minacce alla sicurezza” costituite dall’immigrazione. Nel 2017, queste stesse imprese e l’EOS hanno speso fino a 2,56 milioni di euro in lobbying.

      Si constata una relazione simile per quanto riguarda i muri virtuali: il Centro comune della ricerca della Commissione europea domanda apertamente che le politiche pubbliche favoriscano “l’emergenza di una industria biometrica europea dinamica”.
      Un business mortale, una scelta

      La conclusione di questa inchiesta sul business dell’innalzamento di muri è chiara: la presenza di un’Europa piena di muri si rivela molto fruttuosa per una larga fetta di imprese del settore degli armamenti, della difesa, dell’informatica, del trasporto marittimo e delle imprese di costruzioni. I budget che l’UE ha pianificato per la sicurezza delle frontiere nei prossimi dieci anni mostrano che si tratta di un commercio che continua a prosperare.

      Si tratta altresì di un commercio mortale. A causa della vasta militarizzazione delle frontiere dell’Europa sulla terraferma e in mare, i rifugiati e i migranti intraprendono dei percorsi molto più pericolosi e alcuni si trovano anche intrappolati in terribili condizioni in paesi limitrofi come la Libia. Non vengono registrate tutte le morti, ma quelle che sono registrate nel Mediterraneo mostrano che il numero di migranti che annegano provando a raggiungere l’Europa continua ad aumentare ogni anno.

      Questo stato di cose non è inevitabile. È il risultato sia di decisioni politiche prese dall’UE e dai suoi Stati membri, sia dalle decisioni delle imprese di trarre profitto da queste politiche. Sono rare le imprese che prendono posizione, come il produttore tedesco di filo spinato Mutinox che ha dichiarato nel 2015 che non avrebbe venduto i suoi prodotti al governo ungherese per il seguente motivo: “I fili spinati sono concepiti per impedire atti criminali, come il furto. Dei rifugiati, bambini e adulti, non sono dei criminali”.

      È tempo che altri politici e capi d’impresa riconoscano questa stessa verità: erigere muri contro le popolazioni più vulnerabili viola i diritti umani e costituisce un atto immorale che sarà evidentemente condannato dalla storia.

      Trent’anni dopo la caduta del muro di Berlino, è tempo che l’Europa abbatta i suoi nuovi muri.

      https://www.meltingpot.org/La-costruzione-di-muri-un-business.html

    • How the arms industry drives Fortress Europe’s expansion

      In recent years, rising calls for deterrence have intensified the physical violence migrants face at the EU border. The externalization of the border through deals with sending and transit countries signals the expansion of this securitization process. Financial gains by international arms firms in this militarization trend form an obstacle for policy change.

      In March, April, and May of this year, multiple European countries deployed military forces to their national borders. This was done to assist with controls and patrols in the wake of border closures and other movement restrictions due to the Covid-19 crisis. Poland deployed 1,460 soldiers to the border to support the Border Guard and police as part of a larger military operation in reaction to Covid-19. And the Portuguese police used military drones as a complement to their land border checks. According to overviews from NATO, the Czech Republic, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands (military police), Slovakia, and Slovenia all stationed armed forces at their national borders.

      While some of these deployments have been or will be rolled back as the Corona crisis dies down, they are not exceptional developments. Rather, using armed forces for border security and control has been a common occurrence at EU external borders since the so-called refugee crisis of 2015. They are part of the continuing militarisation of European border and migration policies, which is known to put refugees at risk but is increasingly being expanded to third party countries. Successful lobbying from the military and security industry has been an important driver for these policies, from which large European arms companies have benefited.

      The militarization of borders happens when EU member states send armies to border regions, as they did in Operation Sophia off the Libyan coast. This was the first outright EU military mission to stop migration. But border militarization also includes the use of military equipment for migration control, such as helicopters and patrol vessels, as well as the the EU-wide surveillance system Eurosur, which connects surveillance data from all individual member states. Furthermore, EU countries now have over 1,000 kilometers of walls and fences on their borders. These are rigged with surveillance, monitoring, and detection technologies, and accompanied by an increasing use of drones and other autonomous systems. The EU also funds a constant stream of Research & Technology (R&T) projects to develop new technologies and services to monitor and manage migration.

      This process has been going on for decades. The Schengen Agreement of 1985, and the subsequent creation of the Schengen Area, which coupled the opening of the internal EU borders with robust control at the external borders, can be seen as a starting point for these developments. After 2011, when the so-called ‘Arab Spring’ led to fears of mass migration to Europe, and especially since the ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015, the EU accelerated the boosting and militarising of border security, enormously. Since then, stopping migration has been at the top of the EU agenda.

      An increasingly important part of the process of border militarization isn’t happening at the European borders, but far beyond them. The EU and its member states are incentivizing third party countries to help stop migrants long before they reach Europe. This externalising of borders has taken many forms, from expanding the goals of EUCAP missions in Mali and Niger to include the prevention of irregular migration, to funding and training the Libyan Coast Guard to return refugees back to torture and starvation in the infamous detention centers in Libya. It also includes the donation of border security equipment, for example from Germany to Tunisia, and funding for purchases, such as Turkey’s acquisition of coast guard vessels to strengthen its operational capacities.

      Next to the direct consequences of European border externalisation efforts, these policies cause and worsen problems in the third party countries concerned: diverting development funds and priorities, ruining migration-based economies, and strengthening authoritarian regimes such as those in Chad, Belarus, Eritrea, and Sudan by providing funding, training and equipment to their military and security forces. Precisely these state organs are most responsible for repression and abuses of human rights. All this feeds drivers of migration, including violence, repression, and unemployment. As such, it is almost a guarantee for more refugees in the future.

      EU border security agency Frontex has also extended its operations into non-EU-countries. Ongoing negotiations and conclusions of agreements with Balkan countries resulted in the first operation in Albania having started in May 2019. And this is only a small part of Frontex’ expanding role in recent years. In response to the ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015, the European Commission launched a series of proposals that saw large increases in the powers of the agency, including giving member states binding advice to boost their border security, and giving Frontex the right to intervene in member states’ affairs (even without their consent) by decision of the Commission or Council.

      These proposals also included the creation of a 10,000 person strong standing corps of border guards and a budget to buy or lease its own equipment. Concretely, Frontex started with a budget of €6 million in 2005, which grew to €143 million in 2015. This was then quickly increased again from €239 million in 2016 to €460 million in 2020. The enormous expansion of EU border security and control has been accompanied by rapidly increasing budgets in general. In recent years, billions of euros have been spent on fortifying borders, setting up biometric databases, increasing surveillance capacities, and paying non-EU-countries to play their parts in this expansion process.

      Negotiations about the next seven-year-budget for the EU, the Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027, are still ongoing. In the European Commission’s latest proposal, which is clearly positioned as a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the fund for strengthening member states’ border security, the Integrated Border Management Fund, has been allotted €12.5 billion. Its predecessors, the External Borders Fund (2007-2013) and the Internal Security Fund – Borders (2014-2020), had much smaller budgets: €1.76 billion and €2.70 billion, respectively. For Frontex, €7.5 billion is reserved, with €2.2 billion earmarked for purchasing or leasing equipment such as helicopters, drones, and patrol vessels. These huge budget increases are exemplary of the priority the EU attaches to stopping migration.

      The narrative underlying these policies and budget growths is the perception of migration as a threat; a security problem. As researcher, Ainhoa Ruiz (Centre Delàs) writes, “the securitisation process also includes militarisation,” because “the prevailing paradigm for providing security is based on military principles: the use of force and coercion, more weapons equating to more security, and the achievement of security by eliminating threats.”

      This narrative hasn’t come out of the blue. It is pushed by right wing politicians and often followed by centrist and leftist parties afraid of losing voters. Importantly, it is also promoted by an extensive and successful industrial lobby. According to Martin Lemberg-Pedersen (Assistant Professor in Global Refugee Studies, Aalborg University), arms companies “establish themselves as experts on border security, and use this position to frame immigration to Europe as leading to evermore security threats in need of evermore advanced [security] products.” The narrative of migration as a security problem thus sets the stage for militaries, and the security companies behind the commercial arms lobby, to offer their goods and services as the solution. The range of militarization policies mentioned so far reflects the broad adoption of this narrative.

      The lobby organizations of large European military and security companies regularly interact with the European Commission and EU border agencies. They have meetings, organise roundtables, and see each other at military and security fairs and conferences. Industry representatives also take part in official advisory groups, are invited to present new arms and technologies, and write policy proposals. These proposals can sometimes be so influential that they are adopted as policy, almost unamended.

      This happened, for instance, when the the Commission decided to open up the Instrument contributing to Security and Peace, a fund meant for peace-building and conflict prevention. The fund’s terms were expanded to cover provision of third party countries with non-lethal security equipment, for example, for border security purposes. The new policy document for this turned out to be a step-by-step reproduction of an earlier proposal from lobby organisation, Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe (ASD). Yet, perhaps the most far-reaching success of this kind is the expansion of Frontex, itself, into a European Border Guard. Years before it actually happened, the industry had already been pushing for this outcome.

      The same companies that are at the forefront of the border security and control lobby are, not surprisingly, also the big winners of EU and member states’ contracts in these areas. These include three of the largest European (and global) arms companies, namely, Airbus (Paneuropean), Leonardo (Italy) and Thales (France). These companies are active in many aspects of the border security and control market. Airbus’ and Leonardo’s main product in this field are helicopters, with EU funds paying for many purchases by EU and third countries. Thales provides radar, for example, for border patrol vessels, and is heavily involved in biometric and digital identification, especially after having acquired market leader, Gemalto, last year.

      These three companies are the main beneficiaries of the European anti-migration obsession. At the same time, these very three companies also contribute to new migration streams to Europe’s shores through their trade in arms. They are responsible for significant parts of Europe’s arms exports to countries at war, and they provide the arms used by parties in internal armed conflicts, by human rights violators, and by repressive regimes. These are the forces fueling the reasons for which people are forced to flee in the first place.

      Many other military and security companies also earn up to hundreds of millions of euros from large border security and control projects oriented around logistics and transport. Dutch shipbuilder Damen provided not only many southern European countries with border patrol vessels, but also controversially sold those to Libya and Turkey, among others. Its ships have also been used in Frontex operations, in Operation Sophia, and on the Channel between Calais and Dover.

      The Spanish company, European Security Fencing, provided razor wire for the fences around the Spanish enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla, in Morocco, as well as the fence at Calais and the fences on the borders of Austria, Bulgaria, and Hungary. Frontex, the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), and Greece leased border surveillance drones from Elbit and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). These are Israeli military companies that routinely promote their products as ‘combat-proven’ or ‘battlefield tested’ against Palestinians.

      Civipol, a French public-private company owned by the state, and several large arms producers (including Thales, Airbus, and Safran), run a string of EU-/member state-funded border security projects in third party countries. This includes setting up fingerprint databases of the whole populations of Mali and Senegal, which facilitates identification and deportation of their nationals from Europe. These are just a few examples of the companies that benefit from the billions of euros that the EU and its member states spend on a broad range of purchases and projects in their bid to stop migration.

      The numbers of forcibly displaced people in the world grew to a staggering 79.5 million by the end of last year. Instead of helping to eliminate the root causes of migration, EU border and migration policies, as well as its arms exports to the rest of the world, are bound to lead to more refugees in the future. The consequences of these policies have already been devastating. As experts in the field of migration have repeatedly warned, the militarisation of borders primarily pushes migrants to take alternative migration routes that are often more dangerous and involve the risks of relying on criminal smuggling networks. The Mediterranean Sea has become a sad witness of this, turning into a graveyard for a growing percentage of refugees trying to cross it.

      The EU approach to border security doesn’t stand on its own. Many other countries, in particular Western ones and those with authoritarian leaders, follow the same narrative and policies. Governments all over the world, but particularly those in the US, Australia, and Europe, continue to spend billions of euros on border security and control equipment and services. And they plan to increase budgets even more in the coming years. For military and security companies, this is good news; the global border security market is expected to grow by over 7% annually for the next five years to a total of $65 billion in 2025. It looks like they will belong to the very few winners of increasingly restrictive policies targeting vulnerable people on the run.

      https://crisismag.net/2020/06/27/how-the-arms-industry-drives-fortress-europes-expansion
      #industrie_militaire #covid-19 #coronavirus #frontières_extérieures #Operation_Sophia #Eurosur #surveillance #drones #technologie #EUCAP #externalisation #Albanie #budget #Integrated_Border_Management_Fund #menace #lobby_industriel #Instrument_contributing_to_Security_and_Peace #conflits #paix #prévention_de_conflits #Aerospace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe (#ASD) #Airbus #Leonardo #Thales #hélicoptères #radar #biométrie #identification_digitale #Gemalto #commerce_d'armes #armement #Damen #European_Security_Fencing #barbelé #European_Maritime_Safety_Agency (#EMSA) #Elbit #Israel_Aerospace_Industries (#IAI) #Civipol #Safran #base_de_données

      –—

      Pour @etraces :

      Civipol, a French public-private company owned by the state, and several large arms producers (including Thales, Airbus, and Safran), run a string of EU-/member state-funded border security projects in third party countries. This includes setting up fingerprint databases of the whole populations of Mali and Senegal, which facilitates identification and deportation of their nationals from Europe

    • GUARDING THE FORTRESS. The role of Frontex in the militarisation and securitisation of migration flows in the European Union

      The report focuses on 19 Frontex operations run by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (hereafter Frontex) to explore how the agency is militarising borders and criminalising migrants, undermining fundamental rights to freedom of movement and the right to asylum.

      This report is set in a wider context in which more than 70.8 million people worldwide have been forcibly displaced, according to the 2018 figures from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (UNHCR, 2019). Some of these have reached the borders of the European Union (EU), seeking protection and asylum, but instead have encountered policy responses that mostly aim to halt and intercept migration flows, against the background of securitisation policies in which the governments of EU Member States see migration as a threat. One of the responses to address migration flows is the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (hereafter Frontex), established in 2004 as the EU body in charge of guarding what many have called ‘Fortress Europe’, and whose practices have helped to consolidate the criminalisation of migrants and the securitisation of their movements.

      The report focuses on analysing the tools deployed by Fortress Europe, in this case through Frontex, to prevent the freedom of movement and the right to asylum, from its creation in 2004 to the present day.

      The sources used to write this report were from the EU and Frontex, based on its budgets and annual reports. The analysis focused on the Frontex regulations, the language used and its meaning, as well as the budgetary trends, identifying the most significant items – namely, the joint operations and migrant-return operations.

      A table was compiled of all the joint operations mentioned in the annual reports since the Agency was established in 2005 up to 2018 (see annexes). The joint operations were found on government websites but were not mentioned in the Frontex annual reports. Of these operations, we analysed those of the longest duration, or that have showed recent signs of becoming long-term operations. The joint operations are analysed in terms of their objectives, area of action, the mandates of the personnel deployed, and their most noteworthy characteristics.

      Basically, the research sought to answer the following questions: What policies are being implemented in border areas and in what context? How does Frontex act in response to migration movements? A second objective was to analyse how Frontex securitises the movement of refugees and other migrants, with the aim of contributing to the analysis of the process of border militarisation and the security policies applied to non-EU migrants by the EU and its Member States.

      https://www.tni.org/en/guarding-the-fortress

      Pour télécharger le rapport_
      https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/informe40_eng_ok.pdf

      #rapport #TNI #Transnational_institute

    • #Frontex aircraft : Below the radar against international law

      For three years, Frontex has been chartering small aircraft for the surveillance of the EU’s external borders. First Italy was thus supported, then Croatia followed. Frontex keeps the planes details secret, and the companies also switch off the transponders for position display during operations.

      The European Commission does not want to make public which private surveillance planes Frontex uses in the Mediterranean. In the non-public answer to a parliamentary question, the EU border agency writes that the information on the aircraft is „commercially confidential“ as it contains „personal data and sensitive operational information“.

      Frontex offers EU member states the option of monitoring their external borders using aircraft. For this „Frontex Aerial Surveillance Service“ (FASS), Frontex charters twin-engined airplanes from European companies. Italy first made use of the service in 2017, followed a year later by Croatia. In 2018, Frontex carried out at least 1,800 flight hours under the FASS, no figures are yet available for 2019.

      Air service to be supplemented with #drones

      The FASS flights are carried out under the umbrella of „Multipurpose Aerial Surveillance“, which includes satellite surveillance as well as drones. Before the end of this year, the border agency plans to station large drones in the Mediterranean for up to four years. The situation pictures of the European Union’s „pre-frontier area“ are fed into the surveillance system EUROSUR, whose headquarter is located at Frontex in Warsaw. The national EUROSUR contact points, for example in Spain, Portugal and Italy, also receive this information.

      In addition to private charter planes, Frontex also uses aircraft and helicopters provided by EU Member States, in the central Mediterranean via the „Themis“ mission. The EU Commission also keeps the call signs of the state aircraft operating there secret. They would be considered „sensitive operational information“ and could not be disclosed to MEPs.

      Previously, the FOIA platform „Frag den Staat“ („Ask the State“) had also tried to find out details about the sea and air capacities of the member states in „Themis“. Frontex refused to provide any information on this matter. „Frag den Staat“ lost a case against Frontex before the European Court of Justice and is now to pay 23,700 Euros to the agency for legal fees.

      Real-time tracking with FlightAware

      The confidentiality of Frontex comes as a surprise, because companies that monitor the Mediterranean for the agency are known through a tender. Frontex has signed framework contracts with the Spanish arms group Indra as well as the charter companies CAE Aviation (Canada), Diamond-Executive Aviation (Great Britain) and EASP Air (Netherlands). Frontex is spending up to 14.5 million euros each on the contracts.

      Finally, online service providers such as FlightAware can also be used to draw conclusions about which private and state airplanes are flying for Frontex in the Mediterranean. For real-time positioning, the providers use data from ADS-B transponders, which all larger aircraft must have installed. A worldwide community of non-commercial trackers receives this geodata and feeds it into the Internet. In this way, for example, Italian journalist Sergio Scandura documents practically all movements of Frontex aerial assets in the central Mediterranean.

      Among the aircraft tracked this way are the twin-engined „DA-42“, „DA-62“ and „Beech 350“ of Diamond-Executive Aviation, which patrol the Mediterranean Sea on behalf of Frontex as „Osprey1“, „Osprey3“ and „Tasty“, in former times also „Osprey2“ and „Eagle1“. They are all operated by Diamond-Executive Aviation and take off and land at airports in Malta and Sicily.

      „Push-backs“ become „pull-backs“

      In accordance with the Geneva Convention on Refugees, the EU Border Agency may not return people to states where they are at risk of torture or other serious human rights violations. Libya is not a safe haven; this assessment has been reiterated on several occasions by the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees, among others.

      Because these „push-backs“ are prohibited, Frontex has since 2017 been helping with so-called „pull-backs“ by bringing refugees back to Libya by the Libyan coast guard rather than by EU units. With the „Multipurpose Aerial Surveillance“, Frontex is de facto conducting air reconnaissance for Libya. By November 2019, the EU border agency had notified Libyan authorities about refugee boats on the high seas in at least 42 cases.

      Many international law experts consider this practice illegal. Since Libya would not be able to track down the refugees without the help of Frontex, the agency must take responsibility for the refoulements. The lawyers Omer Shatz and Juan Branco therefore want to sue responsibles of the European Union before the International Criminal Court in The Hague.

      Frontex watches refugees drown

      This is probably the reason why Frontex disguises the exact location of its air surveillance. Private maritime rescue organisations have repeatedly pointed out that Frontex aircrafts occasionally switch off their transponders so that they cannot be tracked via ADS-B. In the answer now available, this is confirmed by the EU Commission. According to this, the visibility of the aircraft would disclose „sensitive operational information“ and, in combination with other kinds of information, „undermine“ the operational objectives.

      The German Ministry of the Interior had already made similar comments on the Federal Police’s assets in Frontex missions, according to which „general tracking“ of their routes in real time would „endanger the success of the mission“.

      However, Frontex claims it did not issue instructions to online service providers to block the real-time position display of its planes, as journalist Scandura described. Nonetheless, the existing concealment of the operations only allows the conclusion that Frontex does not want to be controlled when the deployed aircraft watch refugees drown and Italy and Malta, as neighbouring EU member states, do not provide any assistance.

      https://digit.site36.net/2020/06/11/frontex-aircraft-blind-flight-against-international-law
      #avions #Italie #Croatie #confidentialité #transparence #Frontex_Aerial_Surveillance_Service (#FASS) #Multipurpose_Aerial_Surveillance #satellites #Méditerranée #Thermis #information_sensible #Indra #CAE_Aviation #Diamond-Executive_Aviation #EASP_Air #FlightAware #ADS-B #DA-42 #DA-62 #Beech_350 #Osprey1 #Osprey3 #Tasty #Osprey2 #Eagle1 #Malte #Sicile #pull-back #push-back #refoulement #Sergio_Scandura

    • Walls Must Fall: Ending the deadly politics of border militarisation - webinar recording
      This webinar explored the trajectory and globalization of border militarization and anti-migrant racism across the world, the history, ideologies and actors that have shaped it, the pillars and policies that underpin the border industrial complex, the resistance of migrants, refugees and activists, and the shifting dynamics within this pandemic.

      - #Harsha_Walia, author of Undoing Border Imperialism (2013)
      - #Jille_Belisario, Transnational Migrant Platform-Europe (TMP-E)
      - #Todd_Miller, author of Empire of Borders (2020), Storming the Wall (2019) and TNI’s report More than A Wall (2019)
      - #Kavita_Krishnan, All India Progressive Women’s Association (AIPWA).
      https://www.tni.org/en/article/walls-must-fall
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8B-cJ2bTi8&feature=emb_logo

      #conférence #webinar

    • Le business meurtrier des frontières

      Le 21ème siècle sera-t-il celui des barrières ? Probable, au rythme où les frontières nationales se renforcent. Dans un livre riche et documenté, publié aux éditions Syllepse, le géographe Stéphane Rosière dresse un indispensable état des lieux.

      Une nuit du mois de juin, dans un centre de rétention de l’île de Rhodes, la police grecque vient chercher une vingtaine de migrant·e·s, dont deux bébés. Après un trajet en bus, elle abandonne le groupe dans un canot de sauvetage sans moteur, au milieu des eaux territoriales turques. En août, le New York Times publie une enquête révélant que cette pratique, avec la combinaison de l’arrivée aux affaires du premier ministre conservateur Kyriakos Mitsotakis et de la diffusion de la pandémie de Covid-19, est devenue courante depuis mars.

      Illégales au regard du droit international, ces expulsions illustrent surtout le durcissement constant de la politique migratoire de l’Europe depuis 20 ans. Elles témoignent aussi d’un processus mondial de « pixellisation » des frontières : celles-ci ne se réduisent pas à des lignes mais à un ensemble de points plus ou moins en amont ou en aval (ports, aéroports, eaux territoriales…), où opèrent les polices frontalières.
      La fin de la fin des frontières

      Plus largement, le récent ouvrage de Stéphane Rosière, Frontières de fer, le cloisonnement du monde, permet de prendre la mesure d’un processus en cours de « rebordering » à travers le monde. À la fois synthèse des recherches récentes sur les frontières et résultats des travaux de l’auteur sur la résurgence de barrières frontalières, le livre est une lecture incontournable sur l’évolution contemporaine des frontières nationales.

      D’autant qu’il n’y a pas si longtemps, la mondialisation semblait promettre l’affaissement des frontières, dans la foulée de la disparition de l’Union soviétique et, corollairement, de la généralisation de l’économie de marché. La Guerre froide terminée annonçait la « fin de l’histoire » et, avec elle, la disparition des limites territoriales héritées de l’époque moderne. Au point de ringardiser, rappelle Stéphane Rosière, les études sur les frontières au sein de la géographie des années 1990, parallèlement au succès d’une valorisation tous azimuts de la mobilité dans le discours politique dominant comme dans les sciences sociales.

      Trente ans après, le monde se réveille avec 25 000 kilomètres de barrières frontalières – record pour l’Inde, avec plus de 3 000 kilomètres de clôtures pour prévenir l’immigration depuis le Bangladesh. Barbelés, murs de briques, caméras, détecteurs de mouvements, grilles électrifiées, les dispositifs de contrôle frontalier fleurissent en continu sur les cinq continents.
      L’âge des « murs anti-pauvres »

      La contradiction n’est qu’apparente. Les barrières du 21e siècle ne ferment pas les frontières mais les cloisonnent – d’où le titre du livre. C’est-à-dire que l’objectif n’est pas de supprimer les flux mondialisés – de personnes et encore moins de marchandises ni de capitaux – mais de les contrôler. Les « teichopolitiques », terme qui recouvre, pour Stéphane Rosière, les politiques de cloisonnement de l’espace, matérialisent un « ordre mondial asymétrique et coercitif », dans lequel on valorise la mobilité des plus riches tout en assignant les populations pauvres à résidence.

      De fait, on observe que les barrières frontalières redoublent des discontinuités économiques majeures. Derrière l’argument de la sécurité, elles visent à contenir les mouvements migratoires des régions les plus pauvres vers des pays mieux lotis économiquement : du Mexique vers les États-Unis, bien sûr, ou de l’Afrique vers l’Europe, mais aussi de l’Irak vers l’Arabie Saoudite ou du Pakistan vers l’Iran.

      Les dispositifs de contrôle frontalier sont des outils parmi d’autres d’une « implacable hiérarchisation » des individus en fonction de leur nationalité. Comme l’a montré le géographe Matthew Sparke à propos de la politique migratoire nord-américaine, la population mondiale se trouve divisée entre une classe hypermobile de citoyen·ne·s « business-class » et une masse entravée de citoyen·ne·s « low-cost ». C’est le sens du « passport index » publié chaque année par le cabinet Henley : alors qu’un passeport japonais ou allemand donne accès à plus de 150 pays, ce chiffre descend en-dessous de 30 avec un passeport afghan ou syrien.
      Le business des barrières

      Si les frontières revêtent une dimension économique, c’est aussi parce qu’elles sont un marché juteux. À l’heure où les pays européens ferment des lits d’hôpital faute de moyens, on retiendra ce chiffre ahurissant : entre 2005 et 2016, le budget de Frontex, l’agence en charge du contrôle des frontières de l’Union européenne, est passé de 6,3 à 238,7 millions d’euros. À quoi s’ajoutent les budgets colossaux débloqués pour construire et entretenir les barrières – budgets entourés d’opacité et sur lesquels, témoigne l’auteur, il est particulièrement difficile d’enquêter, faute d’obtenir… des fonds publics.

      L’argent public alimente ainsi une « teichoéconomie » dont les principaux bénéficiaires sont des entreprises du BTP et de la sécurité européennes, nord-américaines, israéliennes et, de plus en plus, indiennes ou saoudiennes. Ce complexe sécuritaro-industriel, identifié par Julien Saada, commercialise des dispositifs de surveillance toujours plus sophistiqués et prospère au rythme de l’inflation de barrières entre pays, mais aussi entre quartiers urbains.

      Un business d’autant plus florissant qu’il s’auto-entretient, dès lors que les mêmes entreprises vendent des armes. On sait que les ventes d’armes, alimentant les guerres, stimulent les migrations : un « cercle vertueux » s’enclenche pour les entreprises du secteur, appelées à la rescousse pour contenir des mouvements de population qu’elles participent à encourager.
      « Mourir aux frontières »

      Bénéfices juteux, profits politiques, les barrières font des heureux. Elles tuent aussi et l’ouvrage de Stéphane Rosière se termine sur un décompte macabre. C’est, dit-il, une « guerre migratoire » qui est en cours. Guerre asymétrique, elle oppose la police armée des puissances économiques à des groupes le plus souvent désarmés, venant de périphéries dominées économiquement et dont on entend contrôler la mobilité. Au nom de la souveraineté des États, cette guerre fait plusieurs milliers de victimes par an et la moindre des choses est de « prendre la pleine mesure de la létalité contemporaine aux frontières ».

      Sur le blog :

      – Une synthèse sur les murs frontaliers : http://geographiesenmouvement.blogs.liberation.fr/2019/01/28/lamour-des-murs

      – Le compte rendu d’un autre livre incontournable sur les frontières : http://geographiesenmouvement.blogs.liberation.fr/2019/08/03/frontieres-en-mouvement

      – Une synthèse sur les barricades à l’échelle intraurbaine : http://geographiesenmouvement.blogs.liberation.fr/2020/10/21/gated-communities-le-paradis-entre-quatre-murs

      http://geographiesenmouvement.blogs.liberation.fr/2020/11/05/le-business-meurtrier-des-frontieres

    • How Private Security Firms Profit Off the Refugee Crisis

      The UK has pumped money to corporations turning #Calais into a bleak fortress.

      Tall white fences lined with barbed wire – welcome to Calais. The city in northern France is an obligatory stop for anyone trying to reach the UK across the channel. But some travellers are more welcome than others, and in recent decades, a slew of private security companies have profited millions of pounds off a very expensive – an unattractive – operation to keep migrants from crossing.

      Every year, thousands of passengers and lorries take the ferry at the Port of Calais-Fréthun, a trading route heavily relied upon by the UK for imports. But the entrance to the port looks more like a maximum-security prison than your typical EU border. Even before Brexit, the UK was never part of the Schengen area, which allows EU residents to move freely across 26 countries. For decades, Britain has strictly controlled its southern border in an attempt to stop migrants and asylum seekers from entering.

      As early as 2000, the Port of Calais was surrounded by a 2.8 metre-high fence to prevent people from jumping into lorries waiting at the ferry departure point. In 1999, the Red Cross set up a refugee camp in the nearby town of Sangatte which quickly became overcrowded. The UK pushed for it to be closed in 2002 and then negotiated a treaty with France to regulate migration between the two countries.

      The 2003 Le Toquet Treaty allowed the UK to check travellers on French soil before their arrival, and France to do the same on UK soil. Although the deal looks fair on paper, in practice it unduly burdens French authorities, as there are more unauthorised migrants trying to reach the UK from France than vice versa.

      The treaty effectively moved the UK border onto French territory, but people still need to cross the channel to request asylum. That’s why thousands of refugees from conflict zones like Syria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Sudan and Somalia have found themselves stranded in Calais, waiting for a chance to cross illegally – often in search of family members who’ve already made it to the UK. Many end up paying people smugglers to hide them in lorries or help them cross by boat.

      These underlying issues came to a head during the Syrian crisis, when refugees began camping out near Calais in 2014. The so-called Calais Jungle became infamous for its squalid conditions, and at its peak, hosted more than 7,000 people. They were all relocated to other centres in France before the camp was bulldozed in 2016. That same year, the UK also decided to build a €2.7 million border wall in Calais to block access to the port from the camp, but the project wasn’t completed until after the camp was cleared, attracting a fair deal of criticism. Between 2015 and 2018, the UK spent over €110 million on border security in France, only to top it up with over €56 million more in 2018.

      But much of this public money actually flows into the accounts of private corporations, hired to build and maintain the high-tech fences and conduct security checks. According to a 2020 report by the NGO Care4Calais, there are more than 40 private security companies working in the city. One of the biggest, Eamus Cork Solutions (ECS), was founded by a former Calais police officer in 2004 and is reported to have benefited at least €30 million from various contracts as of 2016.

      Stéphane Rosière, a geography professor at the University of Reims, wrote his book Iron Borders (only available in French) about the many border walls erected around the world. Rosière calls this the “security-industrial” complex – private firms that have largely replaced the traditional military-industrial sector in Europe since WW2.

      “These companies are getting rich by making security systems adaptable to all types of customers – individuals, companies or states,” he said. According to Rosière, three-quarters of the world’s border security barriers were built in the 21st century.

      Brigitte, a pensioner living close to the former site of the Calais Jungle, has seen her town change drastically over the past two decades. “Everything is cordoned off with wire mesh," she said. "I have the before and after photos, and it’s not a pretty sight. It’s just wire, wire, wire.” For the past 15 years, Brigitte has been opening her garage door for asylum seekers to stop by for a cup of tea and charge their phones and laptops, earning her the nickname "Mama Charge”.

      “For a while, the purpose of these fences and barriers was to stop people from crossing,” said François Guennoc, president of L’Auberge des Migrants, an NGO helping displaced migrants in Calais.

      Migrants have still been desperate enough to try their luck. “They risked a lot to get into the port area, and many of them came back bruised and battered,” Guennoc said. Today, walls and fences are mainly being built to deter people from settling in new camps near Calais after being evicted.

      In the city centre, all public squares have been fenced off. The city’s bridges have been fitted with blue lights and even with randomly-placed bike racks, so people won’t sleep under them.

      “They’ve also been cutting down trees for some time now,” said Brigitte, pointing to a patch near her home that was once woods. Guennoc said the authorities are now placing large rocks in areas where NGOs distribute meals and warm clothes, to prevent displaced people from receiving the donations. “The objective of the measures now is also to make the NGOs’ work more difficult,” he said.

      According to the NGO Refugee Rights Europe, about 1,500 men, women and minors were living in makeshift camps in and around Calais as of April 2020. In July 2020, French police raided a camp of over 500 people, destroying residents’ tents and belongings, in the largest operation since the Calais Jungle was cleared. An investigation by Slate found that smaller camps are cleared almost every day by the French police, even in the middle of winter. NGOs keep providing new tents and basic necessities to displaced residents, but they are frustrated by the waste of resources. The organisations are also concerned about COVID-19 outbreaks in the camps.

      As VICE World News has previously reported, the crackdown is only pushing people to take more desperate measures to get into the UK. Boat crossings reached record-highs in 2020, and four people have died since August 2020 while trying to cross, by land and sea. “When you create an obstacle, people find a way to get around it,” Guennoc said. “If they build a wall all the way along the coast to prevent boat departures, people will go to Normandy – and that has already started.” Crossing the open sea puts migrants at even greater risk.

      Rosière agrees security measures are only further endangering migrants.“All locks eventually open, no matter how complex they may be. It’s just a matter of time.”

      He believes the only parties who stand to profit from the status quo are criminal organisations and private security firms: “At the end of the day, this a messed-up use of public money.”

      https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx8yax/how-private-security-firms-profit-off-the-refugee-crisis

      En français:
      À Calais, la ville s’emmure
      https://www.vice.com/fr/article/wx8yax/a-calais-la-ville-semmure

    • Financing Border Wars. The border industry, its financiers and human rights

      This report seeks to explore and highlight the extent of today’s global border security industry, by focusing on the most important geographical markets—Australia, Europe, USA—listing the human rights violations and risks involved in each sector of the industry, profiling important corporate players and putting a spotlight on the key investors in each company.

      Executive summary

      Migration will be one of the defining human rights issues of the 21st century. The growing pressures to migrate combined with the increasingly militarised state security response will only exacerbate an already desperate situation for refugees and migrants. Refugees already live in a world where human rights are systematically denied. So as the climate crisis deepens and intersects with other economic and political crises, forcing more people from their homes, and as states retreat to ever more authoritarian security-based responses, the situation for upholding and supporting migrants’ rights looks ever bleaker.

      States, most of all those in the richest countries, bear the ultimate responsibility to uphold the human rights of refugees and migrants recognised under International Human Rights Law. Yet corporations are also deeply implicated. It is their finance, their products, their services, their infrastructure that underpins the structures of state migration and border control. In some cases, they are directly involved in human rights violations themselves; in other cases they are indirectly involved as they facilitate the system that systematically denies refugees and migrants their rights. Most of all, through their lobbying, involvement in government ‘expert’ groups, revolving doors with state agencies, it becomes clear that corporations are not just accidental beneficiaries of the militarisation of borders. Rather they actively shape the policies from which they profit and therefore share responsibility for the human rights violations that result.

      This state-corporate fusion is best described as a Border Industrial Complex, drawing on former US President Eisenhower’s warning of the dangers of a Military-Industrial Complex. Indeed it is noticeable that many of the leading border industries today are also military companies, seeking to diversify their security products to a rapidly expanding new market.

      This report seeks to explore and highlight the extent of today’s global border security industry, by focusing on the most important geographical markets—Australia, Europe, USA—listing the human rights violations and risks involved in each sector of the industry, profiling important corporate players and putting a spotlight on the key investors in each company.
      A booming industry

      The border industry is experiencing spectacular growth, seemingly immune to austerity or economic downturns. Market research agencies predict annual growth of the border security market of between 7.2% and 8.6%, reaching a total of $65–68 billion by 2025. The largest expansion is in the global Biometrics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) markets. Markets and Markets forecasts the biometric systems market to double from $33 billion in 2019 to $65.3 billion by 2024—of which biometrics for migration purposes will be a significant sector. It says that the AI market will equal US$190.61 billion by 2025.

      The report investigates five key sectors of the expanding industry: border security (including monitoring, surveillance, walls and fences), biometrics and smart borders, migrant detention, deportation, and audit and consultancy services. From these sectors, it profiles 23 corporations as significant actors: Accenture, Airbus, Booz Allen Hamilton, Classic Air Charter, Cobham, CoreCivic, Deloitte, Elbit, Eurasylum, G4S, GEO Group, IBM, IDEMIA, Leonardo, Lockheed Martin, Mitie, Palantir, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Serco, Sopra Steria, Thales, Thomson Reuters, Unisys.

      – The border security and control field, the technological infrastructure of security and surveillance at the border, is led by US, Australian, European and Israeli firms including Airbus, Elbit, Leonardo, Lockheed Martin, Airbus, Leonardo and Thales— all of which are among the world’s major arms sellers. They benefit not only from border contracts within the EU, US, and Australia but also increasingly from border externalisation programmes funded by these same countries. Jean Pierre Talamoni, head of sales and marketing at Airbus Defence and Space (ADS), said in 2016 that he estimates that two thirds of new military market opportunities over the next 10 years will be in Asia and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Companies are also trying to muscle in on providing the personnel to staff these walls, including border guards.

      - The Smart Borders sector encompasses the use of a broad range of (newer) technologies, including biometrics (such as fingerprints and iris-scans), AI and phone and social media tracking. The goal is to speed up processes for national citizens and other acceptable travellers and stop or deport unwanted migrants through the use of more sophisticated IT and biometric systems. Key corporations include large IT companies, such as IBM and Unisys, and multinational services company Accenture for whom migration is part of their extensive portfolio, as well as small firms, such as IDEMIA and Palantir Technologies, for whom migration-related work is central. The French public–private company Civipol, co-owned by the state and several large French arms companies, is another key player, selected to set up fingerprint databases of the whole population of Mali and Senegal.

      – Deportation. With the exception of the UK and the US, it is uncommon to privatise deportation. The UK has hired British company Mitie for its whole deportation process, while Classic Air Charter dominates in the US. Almost all major commercial airlines, however, are also involved in deportations. Newsweek reported, for example, that in the US, 93% of the 1,386 ICE deportation flights to Latin American countries on commercial airlines in 2019 were facilitated by United Airlines (677), American Airlines (345) and Delta Airlines (266).

      - Detention. The Global Detention Project lists over 1,350 migrant detention centres worldwide, of which over 400 are located in Europe, almost 200 in the US and nine in Australia. In many EU countries, the state manages detention centres, while in other countries (e.g. Australia, UK, USA) there are completely privatised prisons. Many other countries have a mix of public and private involvement, such as state facilities with private guards. Australia outsourced refugee detention to camps outside its territories. Australian service companies Broadspectrum and Canstruct International managed the detention centres, while the private security companies G4S, Paladin Solutions and Wilson Security were contracted for security services, including providing guards. Migrant detention in third countries is also an increasingly important part of EU migration policy, with the EU funding construction of migrant detention centres in ten non-EU countries.

      - Advisory and audit services are a more hidden part of public policies and practices, but can be influential in shaping new policies. A striking example is Civipol, which in 2003 wrote a study on maritime borders for the European Commission, which adopted its key policy recommendations in October 2003 and in later policy documents despite its derogatory language against refugees. Civipol’s study also laid foundations for later measures on border externalisation, including elements of the migration deal with Turkey and the EU’s Operation Sophia. Since 2003 Civipol has received funding for a large number of migration-related projects, especially in African countries. Between 2015 and 2017, it was the fourth most-funded organisation under the EU Trust Fund. Other prominent corporations in this sector include Eurasylum, as well as major international consultancy firms, particularly Deloitte and PricewaterhouseCoopers, for which migration-related work is part of their expansive portfolio.

      Financing the industry

      The markets for military and border control procurement are characterized by massively capital intensive investments and contracts, which would not be possible without the involvement of financial actors. Using data from marketscreener.com, the report shows that the world’s largest investment companies are also among the major shareholders in the border industry.

      – The Vanguard Group owns shares in 15 of the 17 companies, including over 15% of the shares of CoreCivic and GEO Group that manage private prisons and detention facilities.

      - Other important investors are Blackrock, which is a major shareholder in 11 companies, Capital Research and Management (part of the Capital Group), with shares in arms giants Airbus and Lockheed Martin, and State Street Global Advisors (SsgA), which owns over 15% of Lockheed Martin shares and is also a major shareholder in six other companies.

      - Although these giant asset management firms dominate, two of the profiled companies, Cobham and IDEMIA, are currently owned by the private equity firm Advent International. Advent specialises in buyouts and restructuring, and it seems likely that it will attempt to split up Cobham in the hope of making a profit by selling on the component companies to other owners.

      - In addition, three large European arms companies, Airbus, Thales and Leonardo, active in the border security market, are partly owned by the governments of the countries where they are headquartered.

      In all cases, therefore, the financing depends on our money. In the case of state ownership, through our taxes, and in terms of asset management funds, through the way individual savings, pension funds, insurance companies and university endowments are directly invested in these companies via the giant Asset Management Funds. This financing means that the border industry survives on at least the tacit approved use of the public’s funds which makes it vulnerable to social pressure as the human rights costs of the industry become ever more clear.
      Human rights and the border industry

      Universal human rights apply to every single human being, including refugees and migrants. While the International Bill of Human Rights provides the foundation, including defining universal rights that are important in the context of migration, such as the right to life, liberty and security of person, the right to freedom from torture or cruel or inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment, and freedom from discrimination, there are other instruments such as the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention or Geneva Convention) of 1951 that are also relevant. There are also regional agreements, including the Organisation of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) that play a role relevant to the countries that have ratified them.

      Yet despite these important and legally binding human rights agreements, the human rights situation for refugees and migrants has become ever more desperate. States frequently deny their rights under international law, such as the right to seek asylum or non-refoulement principles, or more general rights such as the freedom from torture, cruel or inhumane treatment. There is a gap with regard to effective legal means or grievance mechanisms to counter this or to legally enforce or hold to account states that fail to implement instruments such as the UDHR and the Refugee Convention of 1951. A Permanent Peoples Tribunal in 2019 even concluded that ‘taken together, the immigration and asylum policies and practices of the EU and its Member States constitute a total denial of the fundamental rights of people and migrants, and are veritable crimes against humanity’. A similar conclusion can be made of the US and Australian border and immigration regime.

      The increased militarisation of border security worldwide and state-sanctioned hostility toward migrants has had a deeply detrimental impact on the human rights of refugees and migrants.

      – Increased border security has led to direct violence against refugees, pushbacks with the risk of returning people to unsafe countries and inhumane circumstances (contravening the principle of non-refoulement), and a disturbing rise in avoidable deaths, as countries close off certain migration routes, forcing migrants to look for other, often more dangerous, alternatives and pushing them into the arms of criminal smuggling networks.

      – The increased use of autonomous systems of border security such as drones threaten new dangers related to human rights. There is already evidence that they push migrants to take more dangerous routes, but there is also concern that there is a gradual trend towards weaponized systems that will further threaten migrants’ lives.

      – The rise in deportations has threatened fundamental human rights including the right to family unity, the right to seek asylum, the right to humane treatment in detention, the right to due process, and the rights of children’. There have been many instances of violence in the course of deportations, sometimes resulting in death or permanent harm, against desperate people who try to do everything to prevent being deported. Moreover, deportations often return refugees to unsafe countries, where they face violence, persecution, discrimination and poverty.

      - The widespread detention of migrants also fundamentally undermines their human rights . There have been many reports of violence and neglect by guards and prison authorities, limited access to adequate legal and medical support, a lack of decent food, overcrowding and poor and unhealthy conditions. Privatisation of detention exacerbates these problems, because companies benefit from locking up a growing number of migrants and minimising costs.

      – The building of major migration databases such as EU’s Eurodac and SIS II, VIS gives rise to a range of human rights concerns, including issues of privacy, civil liberties, bias leading to discrimination—worsened by AI processes -, and misuse of collected information. Migrants are already subject to unprecedented levels of surveillance, and are often now treated as guinea pigs where even more intrusive technologies such as facial recognition and social media tracking are tried out without migrants consent.

      The trend towards externalisation of migration policies raises new concerns as it seeks to put the human costs of border militarisation beyond the border and out of public sight. This has led to the EU, US and Australia all cooperating with authoritarian regimes to try and prevent migrants from even getting close to their borders. Moreover as countries donate money, equipment or training to security forces in authoritarian regimes, they end up expanding and strengthening their capacities which leads to a rise in human rights violations more broadly. Nowhere are the human rights consequences of border externalisation policies clearer than in the case of Libya, where the EU and individual member states (in particular Italy and Malta) funding, training and cooperation with security forces and militias have led to violence at the borders, murder, disappearances, rape, enslavement and abuse of migrants in the country and torture in detention centres.

      The 23 corporations profiled in this report have all been involved in or connected to policies and practices that have come under fire because of violations of the human rights of refugees and migrants. As mentioned earlier, sometimes the companies are directly responsible for human rights violations or concerns. In other cases, they are indirectly responsible through their contribution to a border infrastructure that denies human rights and through lobbying to influence policy-making to prioritize militarized responses to migration. 11 of the companies profiled publicly proclaim their commitment to human rights as signatories to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), but as these are weak voluntary codes this has not led to noticeable changes in their business operations related to migration.

      The most prominent examples of direct human rights abuses come from the corporations involved in detention and deportation. Classic Air Charter, Cobham, CoreCivic, Eurasylum, G4S, GEO Group, Mitie and Serco all have faced allegations of violence and abuse by their staff towards migrants. G4S has been one of the companies most often in the spotlight. In 2017, not only were assaults by its staff on migrants at the Brook House immigration removal centre in the UK broadcast by the BBC, but it was also hit with a class suit in Australia by almost 2,000 people who are or were detained at the externalised detention centre on Manus Island, because of physical and psychological injuries as a result of harsh treatment and dangerous conditions. The company eventually settled the case for A$70 million (about $53 million) in the largest-ever human rights class-action settlement. G4S has also faced allegations related to its involvement in deportations.

      The other companies listed all play a pivotal role in the border infrastructure that denies refugees’ human rights. Airbus P-3 Orion surveillance planes of the Australian Air Force, for example, play a part in the highly controversial maritime wall that prevents migrants arriving by boat and leads to their detention in terrible conditions offshore. Lockheed Martin is a leading supplier of border security on the US-Mexico border. Leonardo is one of the main suppliers of drones for Europe’s borders. Thales produces the radar and sensor systems, critical to patrolling the Mediterrean. Elbit Systems provides surveillance technologies to both the EU and US, marketed on their success as technologies used in the separation wall in the Palestinian occupied territories. Accenture, IDEMIA and Sopra Steria manage many border biometric projects. Deloitte has been one of the key consulting companies to the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency since 2003, while PriceWaterhouseCoopers provides similar consultancy services to Frontex and the Australian border forces. IBM, Palantir and UNISYS provide the IT infrastructure that underpins the border and immigration apparatus.
      Time to divest

      The report concludes by calling for campaigns to divest from the border industry. There is a long history of campaigns and movements that call for divestment from industries that support human rights violations—from the campaigns to divest from Apartheid South Africa to more recent campaigns to divest from the fossil fuel industry. The border industry has become an equally morally toxic asset for any financial institution, given the litany of human rights abuses tied to it and the likelihood they will intensify in years to come.

      There are already examples of existing campaigns targeting particular border industries that have borne fruit. A spotlight on US migrant detention, as part of former President Trump’s anti- immigration policies, contributed to six large US banks (Bank of America, BNP Paribas, Fifth Third Bancorp, JPMorgan Chase, SunTrust, and Wells Fargo) publicly announcing that they would not provide new financing to the private prison industry. The two largest public US pension funds, CalSTRS and CalPERS, also decided to divest from the same two companies. Geo Group acknowledged that these acts of ‘public resistance’ hit the company financially, criticising the banks as ‘clearly bow[ing] down to a small group of activists protesting and conducting targeted social media campaigns’.

      Every company involved or accused of human rights violations either denies them or says that they are atypical exceptions to corporate behavior. This report shows however that a militarised border regime built on exclusion will always be a violent apparatus that perpetuates human rights violations. It is a regime that every day locks up refugees in intolerable conditions, separates families causing untold trauma and heartbreak, and causes a devastating death toll as refugees are forced to take unimaginable dangerous journeys because the alternatives are worse. However well-intentioned, any industry that provides services and products for this border regime will bear responsibility for its human consequences and its human rights violations, and over time will suffer their own serious reputational costs for their involvement in this immoral industry. On the other hand, a widespread exodus of the leading corporations on which the border regime depends could force states to change course, and to embrace a politics that protects and upholds the rights of refugees and migrants. Worldwide, social movements and the public are starting to wake up to the human costs of border militarisation and demanding a fundamental change. It is time now for the border industry and their financiers to make a choice.

      https://www.tni.org/en/financingborderwars

      #TNI #rapport
      #industrie_frontalière #militarisation_des_frontières #biométrie #Intelligence_artificielle #AI #IA

      #Accenture #Airbus #Booz_Allen_Hamilton #Classic_Air_Charter #Cobham #CoreCivic #Deloitte #Elbit #Eurasylum #G4S #GEO_Group #IBM #IDEMIA #Leonardo #Lockheed_Martin #Mitie #Palantir #PricewaterhouseCoopers #Serco #Sopra_Steria #Thales #Thomson_Reuters #Unisys
      #contrôles_frontaliers #surveillance #technologie #Jean-Pierre_Talamoni #Airbus_Defence_and_Space (#ADS) #smart_borders #frontières_intelligentes #iris #empreintes_digitales #réseaux_sociaux #IT #Civipol #Mali #Sénégal #renvois #expulsions #déportations #Mitie #Classic_Air_Charter #compagnies_aériennes #United_Airlines #ICE #American_Airlines #Delta_Airlines #rétention #détention_administrative #privatisation #Broadspectrum #Canstruct_International #Paladin_Solutions #Wilson_Security #Operation_Sophia #EU_Trust_Fund #Trust_Fund #externalisation #Eurasylum #Deloitte #PricewaterhouseCoopers #Vanguard_Group #CoreCivic #Blackrock #investisseurs #investissement #Capital_Research_and_Management #Capital_Group #Lockheed_Martin #State_Street_Global_Advisors (#SsgA) #Cobham #IDEMIA #Advent_International #droits_humains #VIS #SIS_II #P-3_Orion #Accenture #Sopra_Steria #Frontex #Australie

    • Outsourcing oppression. How Europe externalises migrant detention beyond its shores

      This report seeks to address the gap and join the dots between Europe’s outsourcing of migrant detention to third countries and the notorious conditions within the migrant detention centres. In a nutshell, Europe calls the shots on migrant detention beyond its shores but is rarely held to account for the deeply oppressive consequences, including arbitrary detention, torture, forced disappearance, violence, sexual violence, and death.

      Key findings

      – The European Union (EU), and its member states, externalise detention to third countries as part of a strategy to keep migrants out at all costs. This leads to migrants being detained and subjected to gross human rights violations in transit countries in Eastern Europe, the Balkans, West Asia and Africa.

      – Candidate countries wishing to join the EU are obligated to detain migrants and stop them from crossing into the EU as a prerequisite for accession to the Union. Funding is made available through pre-accession agreements specifically for the purpose of detaining migrants.

      – Beyond EU candidate countries, this report identifies 22 countries in Africa, Eastern Europe, the Balkans and West Asia where the EU and its member states fund the construction of detention centres, detention related activities such as trainings, or advocate for detention in other ways such as through aggressively pushing for detention legislation or agreeing to relax visa requirements for nationals of these countries in exchange for increased migrant detention.

      - The main goal of detention externalisation is to pre-empt migrants from reaching the external borders of the EU by turning third countries into border outposts. In many cases this involves the EU and its member states propping up and maintaining authoritarian regimes.

      – Europe is in effect following the ‘Australian model’ that has been highly criticised by UN experts and human rights organisations for the torturous conditions inside detention centres. Nevertheless, Europe continues to advance a system that mirrors Australia’s outsourced model, focusing not on guaranteeing the rights of migrants, but instead on deterring and pushing back would-be asylum seekers at all costs.

      - Human rights are systematically violated in detention centres directly and indirectly funded by the EU and its member states, including cases of torture, arbitrary and prolonged detention, sexual violence, no access to legal recourse, humanitarian assistance, or asylum procedures, the detention of victims of trafficking, and many other serious violations in which Europe is implicated.

      - Particularly horrendous is the case of Libya, which continues to receive financial and political support from Europe despite mounting evidence of brutality, enslavement, torture, forced disappearance and death. The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), implement EU policies in Libya and, according to aid officials, actively whitewash the consequences of European policies to safeguard substantial EU funding.

      - Not only does the EU deport and push back migrants to unsafe third countries, it actively finances and coercively pushes for their detention in these countries. Often they have no choice but to sign ‘voluntary’ agreements to be returned to their countries of origin as the only means of getting out of torturous detention facilities.

      - The EU implements a carrot and stick approach, in particular in its dealings with Africa, prolonging colonialist dynamics and uneven power structures – in Niger, for example, the EU pushed for legislation on detention, in exchange for development aid funding.

      – The EU envisages a greater role for migrant detention in third countries going forward, as was evidenced in the European Commission’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum.

      - The EU acts on the premise of containment and deterrence, namely, that if migrants seeking to reach Europe are intercepted and detained along that journey, they will be deterred from making the journey in the first place. This approach completely misses the point that people migrate to survive, often fleeing war and other forms of violence. The EU continues to overlook the structural reasons behind why people flee and the EU’s own role in provoking such migration.

      – The border industrial complex profits from the increased securitisation of borders. Far from being passive spectators, the military and security industry is actively involved in shaping EU border policies by positioning themselves as experts on the issue. We can already see a trend of privatising migrant detention, paralleling what is happening in prison systems worldwide.

      https://www.tni.org/en/outsourcingoppression

      pour télécharger le rapport :
      https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/outsourcingoppression-report-tni.pdf

      #externalisation #rétention #détention #détention_arbitraire #violence #disparitions #disparitions_forcées #violence #violence_sexuelle #morts #mort #décès #Afrique #Europe_de_l'Est #Balkans #Asie #modèle_australien #EU #UE #Union_européenne #torture #Libye #droits_humains #droits_fondamentaux #HCR #UNHCR #OIM #IOM #dissuasion #privatisation

    • Fortress Europe: the millions spent on military-grade tech to deter refugees

      We map out the rising number of #high-tech surveillance and deterrent systems facing asylum seekers along EU borders.

      From military-grade drones to sensor systems and experimental technology, the EU and its members have spent hundreds of millions of euros over the past decade on technologies to track down and keep at bay the refugees on its borders.

      Poland’s border with Belarus is becoming the latest frontline for this technology, with the country approving last month a €350m (£300m) wall with advanced cameras and motion sensors.

      The Guardian has mapped out the result of the EU’s investment: a digital wall on the harsh sea, forest and mountain frontiers, and a technological playground for military and tech companies repurposing products for new markets.

      The EU is central to the push towards using technology on its borders, whether it has been bought by the EU’s border force, Frontex, or financed for member states through EU sources, such as its internal security fund or Horizon 2020, a project to drive innovation.

      In 2018, the EU predicted that the European security market would grow to €128bn (£108bn) by 2020. Beneficiaries are arms and tech companies who heavily courted the EU, raising the concerns of campaigners and MEPs.

      “In effect, none of this stops people from crossing; having drones or helicopters doesn’t stop people from crossing, you just see people taking more risky ways,” says Jack Sapoch, formerly with Border Violence Monitoring Network. “This is a history that’s so long, as security increases on one section of the border, movement continues in another section.”

      Petra Molnar, who runs the migration and technology monitor at Refugee Law Lab, says the EU’s reliance on these companies to develop “hare-brained ideas” into tech for use on its borders is inappropriate.

      “They rely on the private sector to create these toys for them. But there’s very little regulation,” she says. “Some sort of tech bro is having a field day with this.”

      “For me, what’s really sad is that it’s almost a done deal that all this money is being spent on camps, enclosures, surveillance, drones.”

      Air Surveillance

      Refugees and migrants trying to enter the EU by land or sea are watched from the air. Border officers use drones and helicopters in the Balkans, while Greece has airships on its border with Turkey. The most expensive tool is the long-endurance Heron drone operating over the Mediterranean.

      Frontex awarded a €100m (£91m) contract last year for the Heron and Hermes drones made by two Israeli arms companies, both of which had been used by the Israeli military in the Gaza Strip. Capable of flying for more than 30 hours and at heights of 10,000 metres (30,000 feet), the drones beam almost real-time feeds back to Frontex’s HQ in Warsaw.

      Missions mostly start from Malta, focusing on the Libyan search and rescue zone – where the Libyan coastguard will perform “pull backs” when informed by EU forces of boats trying to cross the Mediterranean.

      German MEP Özlem Demirel is campaigning against the EU’s use of drones and links to arms companies, which she says has turned migration into a security issue.

      “The arms industries are saying: ‘This is a security problem, so buy my weapons, buy my drones, buy my surveillance system,’” says Demirel.

      “The EU is always talking about values like human rights, [speaking out] against violations but … week-by-week we see more people dying and we have to question if the EU is breaking its values,” she says.

      Sensors and cameras

      EU air assets are accompanied on the ground by sensors and specialised cameras that border authorities throughout Europe use to spot movement and find people in hiding. They include mobile radars and thermal cameras mounted on vehicles, as well as heartbeat detectors and CO2 monitors used to detect signs of people concealed inside vehicles.

      Greece deploys thermal cameras and sensors along its land border with Turkey, monitoring the feeds from operations centres, such as in Nea Vyssa, near the meeting of the Greek, Turkish and Bulgarian borders. Along the same stretch, in June, Greece deployed a vehicle-mounted sound cannon that blasts “deafening” bursts of up to 162 decibels to force people to turn back.

      Poland is hoping to emulate Greece in response to the crisis on its border with Belarus. In October, its parliament approved a €350m wall that will stretch along half the border and reach up to 5.5 metres (18 feet), equipped with motion detectors and thermal cameras.

      Surveillance centres

      In September, Greece opened a refugee camp on the island of Samos that has been described as prison-like. The €38m (£32m) facility for 3,000 asylum seekers has military-grade fencing and #CCTV to track people’s movements. Access is controlled by fingerprint, turnstiles and X-rays. A private security company and 50 uniformed officers monitor the camp. It is the first of five that Greece has planned; two more opened in November.

      https://twitter.com/_PMolnar/status/1465224733771939841

      At the same time, Greece opened a new surveillance centre on Samos, capable of viewing video feeds from the country’s 35 refugee camps from a wall of monitors. Greece says the “smart” software helps to alert camps of emergencies.

      Artificial intelligence

      The EU spent €4.5m (£3.8m) on a three-year trial of artificial intelligence-powered lie detectors in Greece, Hungary and Latvia. A machine scans refugees and migrants’ facial expressions as they answer questions it poses, deciding whether they have lied and passing the information on to a border officer.

      The last trial finished in late 2019 and was hailed as a success by the EU but academics have called it pseudoscience, arguing that the “micro-expressions” the software analyses cannot be reliably used to judge whether someone is lying. The software is the subject of a court case taken by MEP Patrick Breyer to the European court of justice in Luxembourg, arguing that there should be more public scrutiny of such technology. A decision is expected on 15 December.

      https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/dec/06/fortress-europe-the-millions-spent-on-military-grade-tech-to-deter-refu

  • Terrorist, sagt Erdoğan

    Ein in Deutschland aufgewachsener Kurde wird in die Türkei abgeschoben und flüchtet zurück nach Deutschland. Nun lebt er in einem #Ankerzentrum.

    #Murat_Akgül sitzt in einem Café in der Nürnberger Südstadt und legt einen Finger auf seine Stirn. Dort, wo die Haut noch leicht gerötet ist, ist der Anflug einer Beule zu sehen. Die Narbe ist seine Erinnerung an Bosnien und die Balkanroute. Akgül lebt seit 30 Jahren in Nürnberg, er ist hier aufgewachsen, hat hier die Schule besucht, eine Lehre gemacht, eine Familie gegründet, Eigentumswohnung, vier Kinder. Ende Mai erhielt der Kurde aus dem Südosten der Türkei einen Ausweisungsbescheid.

    Man hat ihn abgeschoben und Akgül ist zurückgeflüchtet. Das ist die Geschichte. Jetzt sitzt er hier, unweit seiner Wohnung, und darf nicht die Nacht dort verbringen. Er muss zurück ins Ankerzentrum Donauwörth. Er scheint noch nicht einmal wütend, nur müde. „Manchmal denke ich“, sagt Murat Akgül, „sie sollen mich einfach nur in Ruhe lassen.“

    Als Akgül Ende Mai der Brief mit dem Ausweisungsbescheid erreicht, hat er eine Niederlassungserlaubnis. Dass er jetzt, als politisch aktiver Kurde in die Türkei abgeschoben werden soll, kann er zuerst nicht glauben. Als Begründung listet der Verfassungsschutz auf 35 Seiten „sicherheitsrechtliche Erkenntnisse“ auf.

    Das heißt: Akgül hat an zahlreichen Demonstrationen, Versammlungen, Kundgebungen und Festen des kurdischen Vereins Medya Volkshaus teilgenommen, das zuweilen auch Funktionäre der #PKK empfängt. Von Teilnehmern dieser Veranstaltungen seien verbotene Parolen gerufen und verbotene Symbole gezeigt worden. Gleichzeitig ist das Medya Volkshaus ein Treffpunkt für Kurdinnen und Kurden in Nürnberg und erhält regelmäßig städtische Kulturförderung.

    Akgül bespricht sich mit seinem Anwalt Peter Holzschuher, klagt gegen den Bescheid und erhebt einen Eilantrag, die Abschiebung bis zur Entscheidung über die Klage auszusetzen. Dass er als Vater deutscher Kinder tatsächlich abgeschoben werden würde, glauben beide nicht. Der Eilantrag wird abgewiesen und Akgül reicht Beschwerde ein. Noch während die Beschwerde bearbeitet wird, seien nicht weniger als acht Polizisten zu ihm nach Hause gekommen: Sie holen ihn aus dem Bett, verfrachten ihn in einen Transporter.

    Am selben Nachmittag landet Akgül in Istanbul. Wenn die türkischen Behörden erfahren, dass er sich auf Demos in Deutschland für die kurdische Sache starkgemacht hat, gilt er hier als Terrorist. Akgül erfindet einen Grund. Zwar hätten die Beamten, im Flughafen wie auf der Station in Istanbul, ihm nicht geglaubt, dass er wegen einer Schlägerei abgeschoben worden sei, doch: Noch liegen den Türken keine Akten zu ihm vor, man lässt ihn gehen.
    Bei 30 Grad sitzen 35 Flüchtende im Lkw

    Akgül kann abtauchen, er schläft bei Bekannten, nirgends bleibt er länger als drei Tage. Dann zurück nach Istanbul. „Zuletzt habe ich die Schlepper gefunden“, sagt er, als spräche er von einer Muschel am Strand. Wie, gefunden? „Die findest du.“ 6.500 Euro soll Akgül bezahlen, damit er zurück nach Deutschland geschleust wird. Er werde mit dem Auto heimgefahren. „Nichts, was sie gesagt haben, hat gestimmt.“ Auf den vier Wochen auf der Balkanroute, sagt er, habe er die Hölle erlebt, den Tod überstanden.

    Die Schlepper hätten eine Gruppe von etwa 30 Menschen übers Telefon gelenkt, Wegmarken genannt, die sie ansteuern sollen. Zwischen Bosnien und Kroatien seien sie durch Urwälder gelaufen. Mit Akgül laufen Mütter und Kinder. Sie durchqueren Flüsse und kriechen durch Schlamm. Ihm schwellen die Füße an, ein Ast knallt ihm gegen die Stirn. Zwei Stunden, hatte es geheißen, am Ende seien sie 15 Stunden unterwegs gewesen. Von dem Wald träumt er heute noch.

    In Kroatien aber wartet ein Lkw, der sie nach Slowenien bringen soll. Bei 30 Grad Außentemperatur quetschen sich 35 Flüchtende auf die Ladefläche. Der Laderaum ist nicht belüftet. Die Menschen hämmern gegen die Wände, bis der Fahrer anhält. Akgül kennt diese Nachrichten aus der Zeitung. Er weiß, wie es sich anfühlt, darüber zu lesen, sagt er: 15 Sekunden Mitleid, dann hat man es vergessen. Jetzt ist er selbst einer von denen. Was ist mit seinem Leben passiert? Ein Stock, in die Verkleidung des Lkws geklemmt, sorgt schließlich dafür, dass etwas Luft ins Innere gelangt.

    In Slowenien wird Akgül von der Polizei aufgegriffen und registriert. Um nicht direkt wieder abgeschoben zu werden, habe er Asyl beantragen müssen. Dann lassen die Behörden ihn weiterziehen, schließlich sind seine Kinder in Deutschland. Ende Juli ist Akgül wieder in Franken. Deutlich ärmer, eine Beule auf der Stirn, aber sonst könnte alles wieder sein, wie es vorher war. Sein Arbeitgeber, eine Reinigungsfirma, hat seine Stelle freigehalten. Er will das hinter sich lassen wie einen bösen Traum.

    Noch in der Aufnahmeeinrichtung in Zirndorf ist er wieder in Handschellen. Bei seiner Abschiebung wurde ein zehn Jahre andauerndes Einreiseverbot verhängt. Er soll sofort wieder abgeschoben werden, zurück in die Türkei, in der ihm eine langjährige Haftstrafe droht. „Ich dachte, die machen Spaß. Die wollen mich erschrecken.“ Über Rechtsanwalt Yunus Ziyal beantragt Akgül nun erneut Asyl. Er frühstückt noch mit seiner Familie, danach muss er nach Donauwörth, Ankerzentrum. Ab sofort soll er sich dreimal wöchentlich bei der Polizei melden.
    Stundenlange „Sicherheitsgespräche“

    Es ist nicht leicht, den Anwalt Ziyal zu erreichen. Zwei Wochen vergehen, Akgül wartet in Donauwörth auf seine Anerkennung als Flüchtling, scheinbar. Ziyal ist am Telefon: „Es hat sich etwas Neues ergeben.“ Der Asylantrag ist laut Dublin-Bescheid unzulässig, Akgül soll nach Slowenien ausreisen. Am Freitag, dem 20. 9., erhebt Ziyal Klage und stellt einen Eilantrag gegen den Bescheid, der nun dem Verwaltungsgericht Augsburg vorliegt.

    Die Klage gegen die erste Ausweisung ist noch immer anhängig. ­Ziyal: „Das ist absurd – er hat Familie, sogar deutsche Kinder hier. Das Dublin-Verfahren stellt die Familieneinheit an erste Stelle.“ Er hält den Bescheid daher für rechtswidrig.

    Ziyal beobachtet generell, dass politisch aktive Kurden in Bayern momentan heftiger verfolgt würden als noch vor einigen Jahren. Die KurdInnen im Umfeld des Medya Volkshauses müssten sich immer wieder stundenlangen „Sicherheitsgesprächen“ unterziehen. Das bayerische Innenministerium bestätigt gegenüber den Nürnberger Nachrichten 29 Ausweisungen in drei Jahren. Die Aktivitäten, die von der Ausländerbehörde als ursächlich für die Abschiebung genannt würden, seien aber allesamt komplett legal: eine Demonstration gegen den IS, Kundgebungen für eine friedliche Lösung der Kurdenfrage, das Neujahrsfest …

    Murat Akgül ist längst kein Einzelfall mehr, aber einer, der heraussticht: nicht nur wegen der Kinder und der Wohnung, sondern auch wegen der Unerbittlichkeit im Vorgehen der deutschen Behörden, die sich die Terrorismusdefinition von Präsident Erdoğan zu eigen zu machen scheinen. Eine Antwort auf die Bitte der taz um Stellungnahme sowohl an das Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge als auch an das Bayerische Landesamt für Asyl und Rückführungen steht aus.

    Auf einer Demonstration in Nürnberg habe Akgül eine Fahne der kurdischen Miliz YPG getragen, so der Verfassungsschutz. Die gilt einerseits als bewaffneter Arm der PKK, wurde vom Westen, sprich: USA, Frankreich, andererseits im Krieg gegen den IS unterstützt. Akgül bestreitet, eine solche Fahne zu besitzen, sagt aber auch: „Zehntausende kurdische Soldaten sind im Krieg gegen den IS gefallen.“ Das Ermittlungsverfahren in dieser Sache – das einzige gegen seine Person – wurde eingestellt.

    Warum jetzt, ist die Frage, die unweigerlich am Ende dieser Geschichte steht. Warum geht der deutsche Staatsschutz so gezielt gegen Kurdinnen und Kurden vor, nachdem jahrelang Ruhe herrschte. „Ich kann da nur spekulieren“, schickt Ziyal vorweg. „Aber: Ich weiß, dass der EU-Türkei-Flüchtlingsdeal in diese Zeit fällt, und ich weiß, dass Erdoğan Deutschland vorgeworfen hat, Terroristen zu unterstützen.“ Die Bundesrepublik pflege viele enge Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zur Türkei und rege sei auch die polizeilich-justizielle Zusammenarbeit.

    Akgül kann jeden Tag eine neue gute oder schlechte Nachricht erreichen, ein neuer Bescheid, die Abweisung seiner Klage. Auch sein Anwalt wagt nur noch Hoffnungen zu formulieren.

    Egal wo, sein Leben wird nie wieder so sein wie vor seiner Abschiebung. Er hat die Balkanroute durchlebt und weiß jetzt, wie sich ein Ankerzentrum anfühlt. Er erzählt von miesen hygienischen Bedingungen, Ratten in „Herden“ und der lähmenden Langeweile, die die Bewohner in den Drogenkonsum treibe. Am lautesten klagt er nicht darüber, sondern über die deutsche Bürokratie, über die Behörden, die einander widersprechen, und Polizisten, die nicht zuhören.

    Nach dem gescheiterten Putschversuch 2016 ist Murat Akgül nicht mehr freiwillig in die Türkei gereist. Gerade jetzt, im Krieg, ist die Situation für einen politisch aktiven Kurden in der Türkei umso dramatischer. „Aber hier, denke ich, ich lebe in einem freien, demokratischen Land. Jeder hat doch das Recht zu demonstrieren. Ich habe mich immer gegen Unterdrückung eingesetzt.“ Natürlich will er hier bleiben, natürlich auch in Zukunft zu Demonstrationen gehen. Aber: „Früher hatte ich nur in der Türkei Angst. Jetzt auch hier.“

    https://taz.de/Abschiebung-in-die-Tuerkei/!5632814
    #Turquie #purge #renvois #expulsions #Allemagne #Kurdes #migrations #réfugiés #réfugiés_kurdes #réfugiés_turcs

    ping @_kg_

  • New Frontex Regulation : corrected version of the text

    The European Parliament is due to approve a corrected version of the new Frontex Regulation, which was originally agreed between the Council and Parliament in April but has been undergoing revision by legal and linguistic specialists.

    See: REGULATION (EU) 2019/... OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of ... on the European Border and Coast Guard and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1052/2013 and (EU) 2016/1624 (http://www.statewatch.org/news/2019/oct/eu-frontex-regulation-ep-approved-corrected-version-2-10-19.pdf)

    And: the version initially agreed between the Parliament and Council in April (http://www.statewatch.org/news/2019/apr/eu-frontex-final-tAnnex%20to%20LIBE%20letter-EBCG-text.pdf)

    The Regulation was proposed in September 2018 and agreement was reached between the Parliament and Council in April 2019. The speed of the legislative process may explain why the text has to be corrected and approved in accordance with Rule 241 of the Parliament’s rules of procedure (https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RULES-9-2019-07-02-RULE-241_EN.html).

    The headline change introduced by the new Regulation is a “standing corps” of 10,000 border guards. The official intention is to introduce the standing corps by 2027, but incoming Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has committed to doing so by 2024 - although an article in DW commented (https://www.dw.com/en/can-the-eus-ursula-von-der-leyen-fulfill-her-promises/a-49625188) that this “looks extremely unlikely, as the member states have repeatedly rejected the move.”

    The new Regulation will also give the agency expanded surveillance powers, an extended mandate in the field of deportations and new possibilities for cooperation with non-EU states. Under its current mandate, Frontex has already begun to operate outside the EU, with an operation launched in Albania in May.

    http://www.statewatch.org/news/2019/oct/eu-new-frontex-reg.htm
    #frontex #frontières #contrôles_frontaliers #gardes-frontières_européens #gardes-frontières #migrations #asile #réfugiés #Albanie #surveillance #renvois #expulsions

    –---

    Sur la coopération avec l’Albanie, voir :
    https://seenthis.net/messages/782260

  • IOM Organizes First Humanitarian #Charter Flight from Algeria to Niger

    This week (15/10), the International Organization for Migration (IOM) organized its first flight for voluntary return from the southern Algerian city of #Tamanrasset to Niger’s capital, #Niamey, carrying 166 Nigerien nationals, in close collaboration with the Governments of Algeria and Niger.

    This is the first movement of its kind for vulnerable Nigerien migrants through IOM voluntary return activities facilitated by the governments of Algeria and Niger and in close cooperation with Air Algérie. This flight was organized to avoid a long tiring journey for migrants in transit by using a shorter way to go home.

    For the first flight, 18 per cent of the returnees, including women and children were selected for their vulnerabilities, including medical needs.

    “The successful return of over 160 vulnerable Nigerien migrants through this inaugural voluntary return flight ensures, safe and humane return of migrants who are in need of assistance to get to their country of origin,” said Paolo Caputo, IOM’s Chief of Mission in Algeria. “This movement is the result of the combined efforts of both IOM missions and the Governments of Algeria and Niger.”

    IOM staff in Algeria provided medical assistance to more than 10 migrants prior to their flight and ensured that all their health needs were addressed during their travel and upon arrival in Niger.

    IOM also provides technical support to the Government of Niger in registering the returned Nigeriens upon arrival in Niger and deliver basic humanitarian assistance before they travel to their communities of origin.

    Since 2016, IOM missions in Niger and Libya have assisted over 7,500 Nigerien migrants with their return from Libya through voluntary humanitarian return operations.

    Upon arrival, the groups of Nigerien migrants returning with IOM-organized flights from both Algeria and Libya receive assistance, such as food and pocket money, to cover their immediate needs, including in-country onward transportation.

    After the migrants have returned to their communities of origin, IOM offers different reintegration support depending on their needs, skills and aspirations. This can include medical assistance, psychosocial support, education, vocational training, setting up an income generating activity, or support for housing and other basic needs.

    “This movement today represents a big step in the right direction for the dignified return of migrants in the region,” said Barbara Rijks, IOM’s Chief of Mission in Niger. “We are grateful for the financial support of the Governments of the United Kingdom and Italy who have made this possible,” she added.


    https://www.iom.int/news/iom-organizes-first-humanitarian-charter-flight-algeria-niger
    #IOM #OIM #Algérie #Niger #renvois #expulsions #retour_volontaire #retours_volontaires #migrations #asile #réfugiés #réfugiés_nigérians #Nigeria #Italie #UK #Angleterre #externalisation #frontières #charters_humanitaires

    Ajouté à cette métaliste sur les refoulements d’Algérie au Niger
    https://seenthis.net/messages/748397
    Ici il s’agit plutôt de migrants abandonnés dans le désert, alors que l’OIM parle de « dignified return », mais je me demande jusqu’à quel point c’est vraiment différent...

    signalé par @pascaline

    ping @karine4 @_kg_ @isskein