Migrants : les échecs d’un #programme_de_retour_volontaire financé par l’#UE
#EU #Development #Cooperation with #Sub-Saharan #Africa 2013-2018: Policies, funding, results
How have EU overall development policies and the EU’s overall policies vis-à-vis Sub-Saharan Africa in particular evolved in the period 2013-2018 and what explains the developments that have taken place?2. How has EU development spending in Sub-Saharan Africa developed in the period 2013-2018 and what explains these developments?3.What is known of the results accomplished by EU development aid in Sub-Saharan Africa and what explains these accomplishments?
This study analyses these questions on the basis of a comprehensive desk review of key EU policy documents, data on EU development cooperation as well as available evaluation material of the EU institutionson EU external assistance. While broad in coverage, the study pays particular attention to EU policies and development spending in specific areas that are priority themes for the Dutch government as communicated to the parliament.
Authors: Alexei Jones, Niels Keijzer, Ina Friesen and Pauline Veron, study for the evaluation department (IOB) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, May 2020
= ▻https://ecdpm.org/publications/eu-development-cooperation-sub-saharan-africa-2013-2018-policies-funding-resu
ajouté à la métaliste :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/733358#message768701
Hundreds of migrants stuck in Niger amid #coronavirus pandemic
While countries across Africa have been closing their borders as part of efforts to contain the coronavirus pandemic, migrants and people on the move are paying a high price.
Over the past two weeks, hundreds of women, men and children have been stuck in Niger, a country that represents a traditional corridor of transit for seasonal labourers from West Africa heading to Libya or Algeria, as well as people hoping to move further to Europe across the Mediterranean Sea.
“We’re being overwhelmed by requests of support,” said Barbara Rijks, Niger director for the International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Deportations from Algeria to Niger have been a continuing trend since late 2016, with figures decreasing last year only to begin growing again from February onwards. The migrants, who were arrested during police roundups in Algeria’s coastal cities and forced to travel for days in overloaded trucks, were usually offered assistance by the IOM to return to their countries of origin.
But now amid the pandemic, they are forced to quarantine in tent facilities set up in the military border post of Assamaka, where temperatures touch 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit), or in the southern city of Arlit.
With borders closed all across West Africa, they risk being stuck in Niger much longer than they expected.
“We’re extremely worried,” said Abderahmane Maouli, the mayor of Arlit, a city that hosts one of the six IOM transit centres in Niger and a new facility for those that end their quarantine in Assamaka.
“Despite the border closure, we see that movements are continuing: People travel through minor routes to avoid border controls and reach Arlit without going through the quarantine, and this is a major public health issue for our community,” Maouli told Al Jazeera.
The deportation of more than 8,000 people by Algeria since January this year, he says, had already put local welfare services under strain.
Migrants receiving assistance in Madama, a military outpost close to the border between Niger and Libya [ Courtesy: IOM Niger]
An uncommon push-back operation happened also in late March at the border between Niger and Libya, where a convoy of travellers was intercepted and sent back in the middle of the desert, forcing the IOM to organise humanitarian assistance.
The quarantine of these groups and other travellers - in a makeshift camp set up in record time - fosters worries from both migrants and local communities in a country already standing at the bottom of the United Nations human development index and facing deadly seasonal outbreaks of malaria and measles. Some 1,400 doctors are operational in Niger, according to the government, serving a population of about 22 million.
“A first warning sign,” Rijks told Al Jazeera, “was the arrival of 767 people, half of which foreigners, at the border between Niger and Algeria, on March 19: From that moment on, we registered continuous arrivals and each one of these people needs to quarantine for 14 days.”
Later in March, a convoy of pick-up cars carrying 256 people was pushed-back by Libyan militiamen close to Tummo, a military outpost marking the frontier between Niger and Libya, some 900 kilometres (559 miles) northeast of Agadez, where their perilous desert crossing started.
Blocked in the garrison village of Madama, Nigeriens and migrants mostly from Nigeria, Ghana and Burkina Faso suffered the unmerciful Saharan heat for days before receiving humanitarian assistance by the IOM and Niger’s Civil Protection Department that organised their transfer to Agadez. Their drivers were arrested for breaching anti-smuggling rules.
The new quarantine center set up in Agadez by IOM, for people returning from Libya [Courtesy: IOM Niger]
In Agadez, a once-coveted tourist destination for Europeans willing to explore Saharan dunes, they were lodged in a tent facility set up by the IOM alongside the main sports arena, where football games have been temporarily suspended due to the coronavirus pandemic.
“It’s been a huge challenge, we had to boost our activities in less than one week, adopting hygienic measures in our six transit centres, that are already at full capacity, and opening up new structures to lodge people quarantining,” Rijks said.
Another 44 people were found at Assamaka in the night between April 4-5 and welcomed at IOM’s quarantine site, where Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres, or MSF) and the International Federation of the Red Cross provide medical and psychosocial assistance.
’Humanitarian corridors’
IOM operations in Niger scaled up after the government enforced anti-smuggling measures in 2015, to prevent migrants from taking dangerous Saharan trails to Libya or Algeria.
In the span of a few years, the number of crossings reduced, from about 330,000 in 2016 to 100,000 in 2018, while hundreds of “passeurs” - the French word for smugglers and middlemen active in the transportation business - were jailed.
As a consequence, more and more people ended up being blocked in the country and turned to the organisation’s voluntary return programmes. From 2017 to early 2020, some 32,000 migrants returned home from Niger with IOM assistance.
“People were usually staying for a few weeks in transit centres, where we arranged travel documents with consulates, before going back to their country of origin, while now they’re stuck in our transit centres and this adds frustrations,” said Rijks.
She hopes that - despite border closures - governments in West Africa will agree soon on organising “humanitarian corridors to return their citizens from Niger”.
While Rijks noted that countries are willing to receive back their citizens, the closure of land and air transportation routes, coupled with the need to set up costly quarantine facilities for returnees on arrival, put more strain on an already fragile logistic organisation.
Currently, 2,371 people - mostly Nigerians, Guineans, Cameroonians and Malians - are lodged in the IOM’s six transit centres, Rijks said, while the size and number of new facilities set up to quarantine migrants are increasing by the day.
’Perfect storm’
Niger has confirmed 342 coronavirus cases and 11 deaths as of Thursday, with the vast majority of cases found in the capital, Niamey. The country has introduced a series of containment measures to slow the spread of COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus, including the closure of international borders, a ban on gatherings and non-essential activities and a night curfew.
In addition to migrants on the move, humanitarian organisations are particularly concerned about the fate of 420,000 refugees and internally displaced Nigeriens who escaped violence by armed groups along the country’s borders with Nigeria, Chad, Mali and Burkina Faso. These people often live in crowded settlements, where physical distancing is a luxury.
“On top of displacement caused by jihadists, malnutrition risks and socio-economic vulnerability, COVID-19 represents the perfect storm for Niger,” said Alessandra Morelli, country director for the UN’s refugee agency (UNHCR), pointing also at the interruption of evacuation flights for refugees from Libyan detention centres who are temporarily hosted in Niger while awaiting opportunities to resettle to Europe or North America.
Morelli said the programme was launched in 2017 to offer “a vital lifeline” for the most vulnerable refugees detained in Libya.
“We took them out of prisons, brought them here by plane and assisted them in their asylum and resettlement claim.”
About 3,000 people have been evacuated to Niger so far and more than 2,300 resettled to Canada, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, France and other countries.
All operations are currently suspended.
While the number of coronavirus cases grow by the day, with deepening worries over the effect of a severe outbreak in already fragile countries in the region, some refugees hosted in the reception centre of Hamdallaye started producing soap for local communities.
“It’s a sign of hope in the midst of this situation,” said Morelli, whose WhatsApp account blinks continuously with information on new displacements and violence along Niger’s sealed borders.
►https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/hundreds-migrants-stuck-niger-coronavirus-pandemic-200409131745319.html
@_kg_ j’ai créé un tag sur seenthis qui peut t’être utile : #expulsions_sud-sud
COVID-19 RESPONSE : NIGER
#IOM #return_migration #stranded_migrants
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/845788
#Métaliste on #return_migration
#North_Africa/#Europe —> #Sub-Saharan_Africa
#migration #expulsion #deportation #south-south_deportation #IOM #explusions_sud-sud
Info collection on return policy by @cdb_77 ▻https://seenthis.net/messages/889199
#Mali
►https://seenthis.net/messages/857432
►https://seenthis.net/messages/878256 (Europe-Mali/Nigeria)
#Nigeria
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/871428 (Europe-Nigeria)
►https://seenthis.net/messages/878256 (Europe-Mali/Nigeria)
Début de la constitution d’une #métaliste sur le sujet #migrations et #développement
Déconstruction de l’idée : augmentation du #développement pour freiner la migration (et notamment l’émigration), en lien aussi avec la question du #codéveloppement :
Does Development Reduce Migration ?
►https://seenthis.net/messages/526083
Think Development in Poor Countries Will Reduce Migration ? The Numbers Say Otherwise
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/448596
#co-développement
Des guides/manuels/rapports qui déconstruisent les #mythes et #préjugés en lien avec migrations & développement :
5 idées reçues à déconstruire sur les liens entre migrations & développement
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/733048
Un texte de #Hein_de_Haas :
Why Development Will Not Stop Migration
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/813007
Ici des liens sur aide au développement comme moyen de freiner l’immigration, mais sans pour autant être critiques sur ce sujet (#root_causes) :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/743909
#paix #promotion_de_la_paix
Une brève déconstruction du slogan « Aiutiamoli a casa loro » :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/758076
Autres liens sur le même sujet :
Casa
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/614952
Le Conseil fédéral teste les capacités d’un renforcement limité de la coopération avec l’#Erythrée
►https://seenthis.net/messages/538851
L’UE annonce une nouvelle aide pour s’attaquer aux causes profondes de la migration au #Sénégal
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/536665
L’UE va annoncer une enveloppe de 100 millions d’euros d’aide au développement en faveur du #Soudan afin de remédier aux causes profondes de la migration irrégulière et des déplacements forcés
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/487453
En pleine crise migratoire, l’#aide_au_développement divise
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/461710
Changement de politique de la #Suisse : l’aide au développement comme instrument de lutte contre la pauvreté à instrument de gestion de la migration :
L’#aide_au_développement peut-elle réguler l’immigration ?
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/772981
Sénégal :
Parmi les leviers dont dispose la France, l’aide publique au développement, dont le budget total doit atteindre 0,55% du PIB en 2022. Environ 2 milliards d’euros de cette aide ont été distribués au Sénégal depuis 2007 : des « efforts » qui doivent « produire des résultats sur l’immigration irrégulière », souligne Matignon.
►https://seenthis.net/messages/811609
De manière plus générale, non ciblée sur le Sénégal...
#France : L’APD, un levier au service de la politique migratoire
►https://seenthis.net/messages/822578
La question des #remittances :
▻https://seenthis.net/tag/remittances
v. notamment:
Accelerated remittances growth to low- and middle-income countries in 2018
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/742235
Il faudra faire une longue liste du lien toujours plus étroit entre #aide_au_développement et migrations (#conditionnalité de l’aide)...
Warum es schwierig ist, Entwicklungshilfe und Migrationspolitik zu verknüpfen
►https://seenthis.net/messages/719752
« Il faut renforcer le lien entre coopération internationale et politique migratoire »
►https://seenthis.net/messages/564720
Principales conclusions Conseil européen 25/26 juin 2015 en matière de migration :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/385634
v. aussi, même si je n’ai pas encore lu dans les détails les conditions liées à cette nouvelle enveloppe d’aide :
L’Union européenne renforce son soutien au développement du #Sahel
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/741869
Dans le documentaire (produit par Arte) "Etats africains, portiers de l’Europe" on parle aussi de conditionnalité de l’aide :
►https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hu7VvY5fs7Y
#Nasser_Bourita sur la migration : « Les pays africains ne sont pas des gardes-frontières »
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/691948
Il budget oscuro tra cooperazione e migrazione
►https://seenthis.net/messages/660235
Fonds européens : donner envie de rester et réussir en Afrique
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/647177
La migration n’est pas une crise
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/641888
Migranti : Mogherini, Ue cambiato approccio, ora Africa partner
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/633324
EU’s secret ultimatum to Afghanistan : accept 80,000 deportees or lose aid
►https://seenthis.net/messages/528689
#Afghanistan
Le cas du #Niger où les les cartes entre enjeux sécuritaires et enjeux humanitaires sont brouillées :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/801799
Dictators as Gatekeepers for Europe : Outsourcing EU border controls to Africa
Increasingly, the billions Europe pays for migration control are described as official development assistance (ODA), more widely known as development aid, supposedly for poverty relief and humanitarian assistance. The EU is spending billions buying African leaders as gatekeepers, including dictators and suspected war criminals. And the real beneficiaries are the military and technology corporations involved in the implementation.
►https://seenthis.net/messages/805117
#Gambie :
Jammeh’s ousting ended years of severe repression and corruption that had discouraged donor countries from cooperating with The Gambia. When he left, the country quickly established positive relations with the EU which has become its most important development partner (▻https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/gambia_en/58850/A%20comprehensive%20overview%20of%20the%20new%20chapter%20of%20The%20Gam). It provides €55 million in budgetary support and runs three projects (▻https://ec.europa.eu/trustfundforafrica/region/sahel-lake-chad/gambia_en) to address the root causes of destabilisation, forced displacement and irregular migration. But the moratorium was a stress test for this new relationship.
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/812067
Comment l’Europe contrôle ses frontières en #Tunisie ?
►https://seenthis.net/messages/833041
voir aussi le projet #Integrated_System_for_Maritime_Surveillance (#ISMariS) : ►https://seenthis.net/messages/866952
Politiques du non-accueil en #Tunisie : des acteurs humanitaires au service des politiques sécuritaires européennes :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/859823
#Mauritanie. Un partenariat européen au goût amer
La Mauritanie a reçu entre 2007 et 2013 huit millions d’euros dans le cadre du #Fonds_européen_de_développement afin d’« appuyer et de renforcer les capacités de gestion, de suivi et de planification des flux migratoires » à travers notamment la révision du dispositif pénal relatif aux migrations.
►https://seenthis.net/messages/858930
La mise en œuvre du fonds fiduciaire d’urgence au #Niger :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/889596#message889597
La mise en œuvre du fonds fiduciaire d’urgence au #Mali :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/889596#message889598
Rapport :
#EU #Development #Cooperation with #Sub-Saharan #Africa 2013-2018 : Policies, funding, results
–-> une des thématiques prioritaires = adressing #root_causes of irregular migration
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/859599
Budget européen pour la migration : plus de contrôles aux frontières, moins de respect pour les droits humains :
Le budget 2014 ne comprenait pas de dimension extérieure. Cette variable n’a été introduite qu’en 2015 avec la création du Fonds fiduciaire de l’UE pour l’Afrique (4,7 milliards d’euros) et une enveloppe financière destinée à soutenir la mise en œuvre de la déclaration UE-Turquie de mars 2016 (6 milliards d’euros), qui a été tant décriée. Ces deux lignes budgétaires s’inscrivent dans la dangereuse logique de conditionnalité entre migration et développement : l’aide au développement est liée à l’acceptation, par les pays tiers concernés, de contrôles migratoires ou d’autres tâches liées aux migrations. En outre, au moins 10% du budget prévu pour l’Instrument de voisinage, de développement et de coopération internationale (#NDICI) est réservé pour des projets de gestion des migrations dans les pays d’origine et de transit. Ces projets ont rarement un rapport avec les activités de développement.
►https://seenthis.net/messages/867813
#Neighbourhood_Development_and_International_Cooperation_Instrument
Sur la #conditionnalité_négative_migrations-développement :
#condizionalità_negativa_migrazione-sviluppo con il blocco dei fondi per la cooperazione allo sviluppo qualora la Tunisia non si impegnasse nel blocco delle partenze
–-> ici appliquée par l’#Italie à la Tunisie :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/871980
Novembre 2020 :
Le #Parlement_européen vote pour conditionner son aide au développement au contrôle des migrations
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/893256
L’#UE et le #Niger signent un nouvel accord pour lutter contre les trafiquants d’êtres humains
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/967929
Et l’opacité des fonds pour le développement, qui, en réalité, sont utilisés en grande mesure pour fermer les frontières :
$2bn EU-Africa ’anti-migration’ fund too opaque, say critics
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/641297
La logica di esternalizzazione come pilastro della politica d’immigrazione
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/580567
The #EU_Trust_Fund_for_Africa. Trapped between aid policy and migration politics
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/823503
#fonds_fiduciaire_d’urgence #trust_fund #fonds_pour_l'afrique
–-> Fil de discussion sur le financement de l’#Ethiopie et de l’#Erythrée, notamment via le Trust Fund for Africa :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/731749#message765340
#Civipol, la multinazionale francese che vende sicurezza in Africa
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/601336
Durchsichtige Afrikaner
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/550025
Quand l’#aide_au_développement finance des #barbelés
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/423516
Au #Soudan notamment, où des fonds pour le développement (et versé par les agences de développement, notamment la #GIZ allemande) sont détournés et utilisés par des #milices pour arrêter les migrants (voire pour alimenter le juteux business du trafic d’êtres humains) :
Sudan does not benefit from any direct EU financial support. No EU funding is decentralized or channeled through the Sudanese government.
“All EU-funded activities in Sudan are implemented by EU member states development agencies, the UN, international organizations and NGOs, who are closely scrutinized through strict and regular monitoring during projects’ implementation,” the spokesperson added.
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/804166#message804170
EU aid and development funding has provided €215 million for border security in Morocco since 2001
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/812633
#Maroc
Et les fonds vers le #Nigeria, avec cette question posée...
For example, consider initiatives to create jobs for young people in Nigeria. Would those be development projects or trade projects? Or are they actually migration projects (the idea being that young people wouldn’t migrate if they could find work)?
►https://seenthis.net/messages/815068
–—
Plainte déposée à la #cour_des_comptes_européenne contre l’Europe complice des horreurs perpétrées en #Libye :
L’UE a alloué, en juillet 2017, 91,3 millions d’euros au programme « #Gestion_intégrée_des_frontières_et_des_migrations_en_Libye » (#GIF) qui doit durer jusqu’à la fin de 2021. Ce programme a pour objectif « d’améliorer la capacité de la Libye à contrôler ses frontières et à assurer le sauvetage en mer, d’une manière pleinement conforme aux obligations et aux normes internationales en matière de droits de l’homme. » Ces #fonds ont été engagés par le biais du #Fonds_fiduciaire_d’urgence_de_l’Union_européenne_pour_la stabilité_et_la_lutte_contre_les_causes_profondes_des-migrations_irrégulières_et_des personnes_déplacées_en_Afrique (#EUTFA), lui-même principalement financé par le #Fonds_européen_de_développement.
►https://seenthis.net/messages/848481
Migrants : les échecs d’un programme de retour volontaire financé par l’UE
►https://seenthis.net/messages/862586
Rapport ASGI :
Profili critici delle attività delle ONG italiane nei centri di detenzione in Libia con fondi A.I.C.S.
–-> Tra queste troviamo : #Emergenza_Sorrisi, #Helpcode (già #CCS), #CEFA, #CESVI, #Terre_des_Hommes_Italia, #Fondation_Suisse_de_Deminage, #GVC (già #We_World), #Istituto_di_Cooperazione_Universitaria, #Consorzio_Italiano_Rifugiati (#CIR), #Fondazione_Albero_della_Vita.
I progetti, alcuni dei quali sono ancora in corso di realizzazione, sono stati finanziati con 6 milioni di euro dall’Agenzia Italiana per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo (AICS).
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/871507
Et sur la part croissante du budget des Etats consacrée aux dépenses en matière de #contrôles_frontaliers au détriment des fonds pour le développement
►https://seenthis.net/messages/608653
Liens sur les budgets nationaux (européens) de la #coopération_internationale au développement et le fait que dans ce budget les frais d’#accueil des #réfugiés et #demandeurs_d'asile sur le territoire y est inclus :
La crise des #réfugiés chamboule l’#aide_au_développement
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/480592
IRIN | Les budgets d’aide étrangère amputés par la crise des réfugiés
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/430853
Les frais de l’#asile sont intégrés à l’#aide_au_développement
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/388606
#coopération_au_développement
Quand les Etats financent, via l’aide au développement aussi, des dictateurs...
#Erythrée :
Eritrea, l’UE finanzia il regime di Afewerki mentre ogni giorno fuggono migliaia di persone
►https://seenthis.net/messages/405308
Migranti, Italia e Ue dialogano con l’Africa delle dittature
►https://seenthis.net/messages/318425
Le Trust fund pour construire des #routes en Erythrée, routes construites via du #travail_forcé (les routes seraient en effet construites par des personnes enrôlées dans le #national_service) :
Gli attivisti eritrei denunciano la Ue : “Finanzia il lavoro forzato”
►https://seenthis.net/messages/772509
Mais il y a aussi du matériel sur cette métaliste en lien avec l’#externalisation :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/731749
White masks in #Tunisia
▻http://africasacountry.com/2017/01/white-masks-in-tunisia
Tunisia has a problem with its African roots. Racial discrimination and xenophobia is outrageously commonplace for black Tunisians and African immigrants and completely unrecognized and unaccounted for among public institutions and governmental parties. Despite the emphasis on the Islamic coda that prohibits discrimination against fellow black Muslims and Act 21 of the national constitution which […]
#ESSAYS #blackness #Fanon #MENA #migration #North_Africa #race #sub-Saharan_Africa