#toro

#visualisation #villes #aménagement_urbain #urbanisme #urbanisme #ressources_pédagogiques #rivières_urbaines #urbanisation #sous-sol #patrimoine_hydrique #histoire #Canada #mémoire #Toronto

Espagne : les #dockers du #port de Barcelone refusent de charger les #navires transportant des armes à destination d’Israël

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- « Aucune cause ne justifie la mort de civils », déclare le syndicat des dockers OEPB dans un #communiqué

Les dockers du port espagnol de Barcelone ont annoncé qu’ils refuseraient de charger ou de décharger des navires transportant des armes à destination d’Israël, à la lumière des attaques de ce pays contre Gaza.

« En tant que collectif de travailleurs, nous avons l’obligation et l’engagement de respecter et de défendre avec véhémence la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme », a déclaré l’OEPB, le seul syndicat représentant quelque 1 200 dockers du port, dans un communiqué.

« C’est pourquoi nous avons décidé en assemblée de ne pas autoriser les navires contenant du matériel de guerre à opérer dans notre port, dans le seul but de protéger toute population civile », a ajouté le communiqué, notant qu’"aucune cause ne justifie la mort de civils".

L’OEPB appelle à un cessez-le-feu immédiat et à un règlement pacifique des conflits en cours dans le monde, et notamment du conflit israélo-palestinien.

Les Nations unies devraient abandonner leur position de complicité, due à l’inaction ou à leur renoncement dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, a ajouté le communiqué.

Israël mène, depuis un mois, une offensive aérienne et terrestre contre la Bande de Gaza, à la suite de l’attaque transfrontalière menée par le mouvement de résistance palestinien Hamas le 7 octobre dernier.

Le ministère palestinien de la Santé a déclaré, mardi, que le bilan des victimes de l’intensification des attaques israéliennes sur la Bande de Gaza depuis le 7 octobre s’élevait à 10 328 morts.

Quelque 4 237 enfants et 2 719 femmes figurent parmi les victimes de l’agression israélienne, a précisé le porte-parole du ministère, Ashraf al-Qudra, lors d’une conférence de presse.

Plus de 25 956 autres personnes ont été blessées à la suite des attaques des forces israéliennes sur Gaza, a-t-il ajouté.

Le nombre de morts israéliens s’élève quant à lui à près de 1 600, selon les chiffres officiels.

Outre le grand nombre de victimes et les déplacements massifs, les approvisionnements en produits essentiels viennent à manquer pour les 2,3 millions d’habitants de la Bande de Gaza, en raison du siège israélien, qui s’ajoute au blocus imposé par Israël à l’enclave côtière palestinienne.

▻https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/espagne-les-dockers-du-port-de-barcelone-refusent-de-charger-les-navires-transportant-des-armes-%C3%A0-destination-disra%C3%ABl/3046909

#Genova, Barcellona, #Sidney. I lavoratori portuali si rifiutano di caricare le navi con le armi per Israele

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Diverse organizzazioni di lavoratori portuali hanno indetto mobilitazioni e iniziative per protestare contro i bombardamenti della striscia di #Gaza. Venerdì prossimo a Genova si svolgerà il presidio indetto dai portuali del capoluogo ligure. La mobilitazione raccoglie l’appello lanciato lo scorso 16 ottobre dai sindacati palestinesi per “smettere di armare Israele”. I lavoratori dello scalo genovese si rifiutano di gestire l’imbarco di carichi di armi diretti in Israele (e non solo). Un’iniziativa simile è in atto nel porto di Sidney, in Australia, dove si protesta contro l’attracco di una nave della compagnia israeliana #Zim. All’appello dei colleghi palestinesi hanno aderito ieri anche i lavoratori dello scalo di Barcellona, annunciando che impediranno “le attività delle navi che portano materiale bellico”. Come lavoratori, si legge nel comunicato degli spagnoli, “difendiamo con veemenza la Dichiarazione universale dei diritti dell’uomo“, aggiungendo che “nessuna causa giustifica il sacrificio dei civili”. In Belgio a rifiutarsi di caricare armi sono da alcune settimane gli addetti aeroportuali che nel comunicato spiegano “caricare e scaricare ordigni bellici contribuisce all’uccisione di innocenti“. Solidarietà con i lavoratori palestinesi è arrivata inoltre dal sindacato francese Cgt, così come è molto attivo il coordinamento dei sindacati greci #Pame.

Negli Stati Uniti, nei pressi di Seattle, sono invece stati un centinaio di attivisti a bloccare il porto di #Tacoma, mossi dal sospetto che la #Cape_Orlando, nave statunitense alla fonda, trasportasse munizioni ed armamenti per Israele. La nave era già stata fermata alcuni giorni prima nello scalo di #Oakland, nella baia di San Francisco. Iniziative di questo genere si stanno moltiplicando. Nei giorni scorsi gli attivisti avevano bloccato tutte le entrate di un impianto della statunitense #Boeing destinato alla fabbricazione di armamenti nei pressi di St Louis. Manifestazioni si sono svolte alla sede londinese di #Leonardo, gruppo italiano che ad Israele fornisce gli elicotteri Apache. Il 26 ottobre scorso un centinaio di persone avevano invece bloccato l’accesso alla filiale britannica dell’azienda di armi israeliana #Elbit_Systems.

▻https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2023/11/07/genova-barcellona-sidney-i-lavoratori-portuali-si-rifiutano-di-caricare-le-navi-con-le-armi-per-israele/7345757
#Gênes

La logistica di guerra

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Venerdì 10 novembre i lavoratori del porto di Genova hanno lanciato un blocco della logistica di guerra. I porti sono uno snodo fondamentale della circolazione delle armi impiegate in ogni dove.
A Genova è stato osservato un carico di pannelli per pagode militari che verrà destinato ad una delle navi della compagnia saudita Bahri.
Dal terminal dei traghetti nelle scorse settimane sono stati caricati camion militari dell’Iveco destinati alla Tunisia, con ogni probabilità destinati alla repressione dei migranti.
Le organizzazioni operaie palestinesi hanno fatto appello alla solidarietà internazionalista, alla lotta degli sfruttati contro tutti i padroni a partire da quelli direttamente coinvolti nel conflitto.
Nel porto di Genova opera una compagnia merci, l’israeliana ZIM, che il 10 novembre gli antimilitaristi puntano a bloccare.
Inceppare il meccanismo è un obiettivo concreto che salda l’opposizione alla guerra con la lotta alla produzione e circolazione delle armi.
L’appuntamento per il presidio/picchetto è alle 6 del mattino al varco San Benigno.
Ne abbiamo parlato con Christian, un lavoratore del porto dell’assemblea contro la guerra e la repressione.

▻https://www.rivoluzioneanarchica.it/genova-fermare-la-logistica-di-guerra
#logistique

En 2021, à Gênes:
I #camalli genovesi in lotta contro le navi della morte

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Porti bloccati contro l’invio di armi a Israele

Genova, Barcellona, #Oackland, #Tacoma, Sidney. I lavoratori portuali si rifiutano di caricare le navi con le armi per Israele

L’appello lanciato lo scorso 16 ottobre dai sindacati palestinesi per “smettere di armare Israele” è stato raccolto dai sindacati in diversi paesi.

Diverse organizzazioni di lavoratori portuali hanno indetto mobilitazioni e iniziative per protestare contro i bombardamenti della striscia di Gaza. Venerdì prossimo a Genova si svolgerà il presidio indetto dai portuali del capoluogo ligure. La mobilitazione raccoglie l’appello lanciato lo scorso 16 ottobre dai sindacati palestinesi per “smettere di armare Israele”. I lavoratori dello scalo genovese si rifiutano di gestire l’imbarco di carichi di armi diretti in Israele (e non solo).

“Mentre da quasi due anni in Ucraina si combatte una guerra fra blocchi di paesi capitalisti, mentre lo stato d’Israele massacra i palestinesi, mentre la guerra nucleare è dietro l’angolo, il Porto di Genova continua a caratterizzarsi come snodo della logistica di guerra: imbarchi di camion militari diretti alla Tunisia per il contrasto dei flussi migratori, passaggio di navi della ZIM, principale compagnia navale israeliana, nuovi materiali militari per l’aeronautica Saudita pronti per la prossima Bahri. Questo è quello che sta dietro ai varchi del porto di Genova. Basta traffici di armi in porto. Solidarietà internazionalista agli oppressi/e palestinesi. Il nemico è in casa nostra. Guerra alla Guerra” si legge nel comunicato che invita alla partecipazione.

Anche i lavoratori del porto australiano di Sidney, stanno protestando contro l’attracco di una nave della compagnia israeliana Zim. All’appello dei sindacati palestinesi. E’ di ieri la dichiarazione della Organización de Estibadores Portuarios di Barcellona (OEPB) i cui aderenti si rifiuteranno di caricare armi destinate al conflitto israelo-palestinese dal porto catalano. E’ la risposta all’appello lanciato dai sindacati palestinesi per fermare «i crimini di guerra di Israele» sin dall’inizio dell’invasione di Gaza

In Belgio già da alcune settimane a rifiutarsi di caricare armi sono i lavoratori aeroportuali che nel comunicato spiegano “caricare e scaricare ordigni bellici contribuisce all’uccisione di innocenti“. Solidarietà con i lavoratori palestinesi è arrivata inoltre dal sindacato francese Cgt, così dal sindacato greco Pame che il 2 novembre ha bloccato l’aeroporto di Atene per protesta contro i bombardamenti israeliani.

Negli Stati Uniti, nei pressi di Seattle, sono invece stati un centinaio di attivisti a bloccare il porto di Tacoma, mossi dal sospetto che la Cape Orlando, nave statunitense alla fonda, trasportasse munizioni ed armamenti per Israele. La nave era già stata fermata alcuni giorni prima nello scalo di Oakland, nella baia di San Francisco. Iniziative di questo genere si stanno moltiplicando. Nei giorni scorsi gli attivisti avevano bloccato tutte le entrate di un impianto della statunitense Boeing destinato alla fabbricazione di armamenti nei pressi di St Louis.

Manifestazioni si sono svolte alla sede londinese di Leonardo, gruppo italiano che ad Israele fornisce gli elicotteri Apache. Il 26 ottobre scorso un centinaio di persone avevano invece bloccato l’accesso alla filiale britannica dell’azienda di armi israeliana Elbit Systems.

Di fronte al genocidio dei palestinesi in corso a Gaza, in tutto il mondo sta montando un’ondata di indignazione che chiede il boicottaggio degli apparati militari ed economici di Israele, con un movimento che somiglia molto a quello che portò alla fine del regime di apartheid in Sudafrica.

A livello internazionale da anni è attiva in tal senso la campagna BDS (Boicottaggio, Disinvestimento, Sanzioni) verso Israele che le autorità di Tel Aviv temono moltissimo e contro cui hanno creato un apposito dipartimento, lanciando una contro campagna di criminalizzazione del Bds in vari paesi europei e negli USA. Un tentativo evidentemente destinato a fallire.

▻https://www.osservatoriorepressione.info/porti-bloccati-linvio-armi-israele

#Graffiti seen during the recent port blockade in #Tacoma, Washington targeting carrying weapons to Israel.

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Reste des îlots d’espoir.

Genova: In centinaia bloccano il porto contro l’invio di armi a Israele

E’ iniziato all’alba, presso il porto di Genova, il presidio per impedire il passaggio della nave della #ZIM, carica di armamenti e diretta a Israele.

Dal varco San Benigno già centinaia le persone solidali con il popolo palestinese, tra lavoratori del porto, studenti, cittadini e realtà che vanno dal sindacalismo di base alle associazioni pacifiste e che si sono ritrovati questa mattina uniti sotto gli slogan “la guerra comincia da qui” “fermiamo le navi della morte”. Oltre al varco della ZIM bloccato anche il varco dei traghetti.

Oltre al varco della ZIM, la principale compagnia logistica di Israele, è stato bloccato anche il varco dei traghetti.

Il cielo di Genova si è anche illuminato di rosso (clicca qui per il video: ▻https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=348645561154990) con una serie di torce, a simulare quello che, tutti i giorni, accade a Gaza con l’occupazione militare israeliana: “i popoli in rivolta – dicono camalli e solidali – scrivono la storia”.

«Sono cinque anni che facciano una serie di blocchi, scioperi, presidi, azioni anche con la comunità europea per contrastare i traffici. Principalmente contro la compagnia Bahri. Nel 2019 siamo riusciti a evitare che una nave dell’azienda saudita caricasse dal porto di Genova armi che sarebbero state utilizzate in Yemen», spiega Josè Nivoi, sindacalista dell’Usb dopo essere stato per 16 anni un lavoratore del porto: «Nella nostra chat abbiamo condiviso anche un piccolo manuale, scritto insieme all’osservatorio Weapon Watch, su come identificare i container che contengono armi. Perché ci sono degli obblighi internazionali, ad esempio, che costringono le compagnie ad applicare una serie di adesivi utili per quando i vigili del fuoco devono intervenire in caso di incendio. Che rendono riconoscibili i carichi. Mentre in altre navi le armi sono facilmente individuabili, visibili ad occhio nudo».

Nel 2021 il Collettivo autonomo dei lavoratori portuali di Genova, insieme quelli di Napoli e Livorno ha anche cercato di bloccare una nave israeliana che stava trasportando missili italiani a Tel Aviv: «Non siamo riusciti a fermarla perché abbiamo saputo troppo tardi, dalle carte d’imbarco, che cosa trasportava. Ma da quel momento sono iniziate le nostre operazioni in solidarietà con il popolo palestinese. E abbiamo deciso di accogliere l’appello lanciato lo scorso 16 ottobre dai sindacati palestinesi per “smettere di armare Israele”. Rifiutando di gestire l’imbarco di carichi di armi. Non vogliamo essere complici della guerra».
A convocare l’iniziativa l’Assemblea contro la guerra e la repressione. “Mentre da quasi due anni in Ucraina si combatte una guerra fra blocchi di paesi capitalisti, mentre lo stato d’Israele massacra i palestinesi, mentre la guerra nucleare è dietro l’angolo, il Porto di Genova continua a caratterizzarsi come snodo della logistica di guerra: imbarchi di camion militari diretti alla Tunisia per il contrasto dei flussi migratori, passaggio di navi della ZIM, principale compagnia navale israeliana, nuovi materiali militari per l’aeronautica Saudita pronti per la prossima Bahri. Questo è quello che sta dietro ai varchi del porto di Genova. Basta traffici di armi in porto. Solidarietà internazionalista agli oppressi/e palestinesi. Il nemico è in casa nostra. Guerra alla Guerra” si legge nel comunicato che invitava alla partecipazione.
L’iniziativa di oggi raccoglie l’invito dei sindacati palestinesi, che nei giorni scorsi avevano diffuso un appello nel quale chiedono ai lavoratori delle industrie coinvolte di rifiutarsi di costruire armi destinate ad Israele, di rifiutarsi di trasportare armi ad Israele, di passare mozioni e risoluzioni al proprio interno volte a questi obiettivi, di agire contro le aziende complicitamente coinvolte nell’implementare il brutale ed illegale assedio messo in atto da Israele, in particolare se hanno contratti con la vostra istituzione, di mettere pressione sui governi per fermare tutti i commerci militari ed in armi con Israele, e nel caso degli Stati Uniti, per interrompere il proprio sostegno economico diretto.a lottare e a opporci con tutta la nostra forza a questa guerra, boicottandola praticamente con i mezzi che abbiamo a disposizione e quindi chiediamo a tutte e tutti di partecipare al presidio.

Il collegamento dal porto di Genova con Rosangela della redazione di Radio Onda d’Urto e le interviste ai manifestanti: ▻https://www.radiondadurto.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Rosangela-da-Genova.mp3

Le interviste ai partecipanti: ▻https://www.radiondadurto.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/interviste-Rosangela-due.mp3

Il blocco del molo è poi diventato corteo fino alla sede della compagnia israeliana ZIM dove si è verificato un fitto lancio di uova piene di vernice rossa. La cronaca di Rosangela della Redazione di Radio Onda d’Urto: ▻https://www.radiondadurto.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Rosi-da-sede-Zim-Genova.mp3

Ancora interviste ai partecipanti: ▻https://www.radiondadurto.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/interviste-Rosangela-tre.mp3

Corrispondenza conclusiva con un bilancio dell’iniziativa di Riccardo del Collettivo autonomo lavoratori portuali: ▻https://www.radiondadurto.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Corrispondenza-conclusiva-di-Riccardo-Calp-Genova.mp3

▻https://www.osservatoriorepressione.info/genova-centinaia-bloccano-porto-linvio-armi-israele
#camalli

Shutting Down the Port of Tacoma

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Since October 7, the Israeli military has killed over 10,000 people in Palestine, almost half of whom were children. In response, people around the world have mobilized in solidarity. Many are seeking ways to proceed from demanding a ceasefire to using direct action to hinder the United States government from channeling arms to Israel. Despite the cold weather on Monday, November 6, several hundred people showed up at the Port of Tacoma in Washington State to block access to a shipping vessel that was scheduled to deliver equipment to the Israeli military.

In the following text, participants review the history of port blockades in the Puget Sound, share their experience at the protest, and seek to offer inspiration for continued transoceanic solidarity.
Escalating Resistance

On Thursday, November 2, demonstrators protesting the bombing and invasion of Gaza blocked a freeway in Durham, North Carolina and shut down 30th Street Station in Philadelphia. Early on Friday, November 3, at the Port of Oakland in California, demonstrators managed to board the United States Ready Reserve Fleet’s MV Cape Orlando, which was scheduled to depart for Tacoma to pick up military equipment bound for Israel. The Cape Orlando is owned by the Department of Transportation, directed by the Department of Defense, and managed and crewed by commercial mariners. After an hours-long standoff, the Coast Guard finally managed to get the protesters off the boat.

Afterwards, word spread that there would be another protest when the boat arrived in Tacoma. The event was announced by a coalition of national organizations and their local chapters: Falastiniyat (a Palestinian diaspora feminist collective), Samidoun (a national Palestinian prisoner support network), and the Arab Resource & Organizing Center, which had also participated in organizing the protest in Oakland.

The mobilization in Tacoma was originally scheduled for 2:30 pm on Sunday, November 5, but the organizers changed the time due to updated information about the ship’s arrival, calling for people to show up at 5 am on Monday. Despite fears that the last-minute change would undercut momentum, several hundred demonstrators turned out that morning. The blockade itself consisted of a continual picket at multiple points, bolstered by quite a few drivers who were willing to risk the authorities impounding their cars.

All of the workers that the ILWU deployed for the day shift were blocked from loading the ship. Stopping the port workers from loading it was widely understood as the goal of the blockade; unfortunately, however, this did not prevent the military cargo from reaching the ship. Acting as scabs, the United States military stepped in to load it, apparently having been snuck into the port on Coast Guard vessels.

Now that the fog of war is lifting, we can review the events of the day in detail.

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Drawing on Decades of Port Blockades

The Pacific Northwest has a long history of port shutdowns.

In 1984, port workers in the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) coordinated with anti-Apartheid activists and refused to unload cargo ships from South Africa. Between 2006 and 2009, the Port Militarization Resistance movement repeatedly blockaded the ports of Olympia and Tacoma to protest against the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2011 and 2012, participants in Occupy/Decolonize Seattle organized in solidarity with port workers in the ILWU in Longview and shut down the Port of Seattle, among other ports.

In 2014, demonstrators blockaded the Port of Tacoma using the slogan Block the Boat, singing “Our ports will be blocked to Israel’s ships until Gaza’s ports are free.” One of the participants was the mother of Rachel Corrie, a student who was murdered in Gaza by the Israeli military in 2002 while attempting to prevent them from demolishing the homes of Palestinian families. In 2015, an activist chained herself to a support ship for Royal Dutch Shell’s exploratory oil drilling plans, using the slogan Shell No. In 2021, Block the Boat protesters delayed the unloading of the Israeli-operated ZIM San Diego ship for weeks. The Arab Resource & Organizing Center played a part in organizing the Block the Boat protests.

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Today, the Port of Tacoma appears to be the preferred loading point for military equipment in the region—perhaps because the Port Militarization Resistance successfully shut down logistics at the Port of Olympia, while Tacoma police were able to use enough violent force to keep the Port of Tacoma open for military shipments to Iraq and Afghanistan. The various port blockades fostered years of organizing between ILWU workers, marginalized migrant truck workers, environmentalists, and anti-war activists. New tactics of kayaktivism emerged out of anti-extractivism struggles in Seattle, where seafaring affinity groups were able to outmaneuver both the Coast Guard and the environmental nonprofit organizations that wanted to keep things symbolic. On one occasion, a kayaking group managed to run a Shell vessel aground without being apprehended. Some participants brought reinforced banners to the demonstration on Monday, November 6, 2023, because they remembered how police used force to clear away less-equipped demonstrators during the “Block the Boat” picket at the Port of Seattle in 2021.

Over the years, these port blockades have inspired other innovations in the genre. In November 2017, demonstrators blockaded the railroad tracks that pass through Olympia.1 At a time when Indigenous water protector and land defense struggles were escalating and locals wanted to act in solidarity, blockading the port seemed prohibitively challenging, so they chose a section of railroad tracks via which fracking proppants were sent to the port. This occupation was arguably more defensible and effective than a port blockade would have been, lasting well over a week. It may indicate a future field for experimentation.
Gathering at the Port

The Port of Tacoma and the nearby ICE detention center are located in an industrial area that also houses a police academy. They are only accessible through narrow choke points; in the past, police have taken advantage of these to target and harass protesters. The preceding action at the Port of Oakland took place in a more urban terrain; as protesters prepared for the ship to dock in Tacoma, concerns grew about the various possibilities for repression. Veterans of the Port Militarization Resistance and other logistically-minded individuals compiled lists of considerations to take into account when carrying out an action at this particular port.

On Monday morning, people showed up with positive energy and reinforced banners. Hundreds of people coordinated to bring in supplies and additional waves of picketers. The plan was to establish a picket line at every of the three entrances into Pier 7. As it turned out, the police preemptively blocked the entrances, sitting in their vehicles behind the Port fence. Demonstrators marched in circles, chanting, while others gathered material with which to create impromptu barricades.

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Other anarchists remained at a distance, standing by to do jail support and advising the participants on security precautions. Others set up at the nearby casino, investigating and squashing rumors in the growing signal groups and helping to link people to the information or communication loops they needed. Whether autonomously or in conversation with the organizers, all of them did their best to contribute to the unfolding action.

The demonstration successfully accomplished what some had thought might be impossible, preventing the ILWU workers from loading the military shipment. Unexpectedly, this was not enough. Even seasoned longshoremen were surprised that the military could be brought in to act as scabs by loading the ship.

Could we have focused instead on blocking the equipment from reaching the port in the first place? According to publicly available shift screens, the cargo that was eventually loaded onto the ship had already arrived at the port before the action’s originally planned 2:30 pm start time on November 5. Considering that Sunday afternoon was arguably the earliest that anyone could mobilize a mass action on such short notice, it is not surprising that the idea of blocking the cargo was abandoned in favor of blocking the ILWU workers. Of course, if the information that military supplies were entering the port had circulated earlier, something else might have been possible.

The organizers chose the approach of blocking the workers in spite of the tension it was bound to cause with the ILWU Local 23. Our contacts in the ILWU describe the Local 23 president as a Zionist; most workers in Local 23 were supposedly against the action, despite respecting the picket.2 The president allegedly went so far as to suggest bringing in ILWU workers on boats, a plan that the military apparently rejected.

There were rumors that a flotilla of kayaks was organizing to impede the Orlando’s departure the following morning. In the end, a canoe piloted by members of the Puyallup, Nisqually, and other Coast Salish peoples and accompanied by a few kayakers blocked the ship’s path for a short time on November 6, but nothing materialized for November 7.

This intervention is an important reminder of the ethical and strategic necessity of working with Indigenous groups who know the land and water and preserve a living memory of struggle against colonial violence that includes repeatedly outmaneuvering the United States military.

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The ship departed, but one Stryker Armored Personnel Carrier that was scheduled for work according the ILWU shift screens was not loaded, presumably due to the picket. Given the military work-crew’s inexperience in loading shipping containers, it’s unclear how much of the shipment was completely loaded in the time allotted for the ship, as ports hold to a strict schedule in order not to disrupt capital’s global supply chains.
Evaluation

The main organizers received feedback in the course of the protest and adapted their strategy as the situation changed, shifting their communication to articulate what they were trying to do and explaining their choices rather than simply appealing to their authority as an organization or as Palestinians. Nonetheless, some participants have expressed displeasure about how things unfolded. It was difficult to get comprehensive information about what was going on, and this hindered people from making their own decisions and acting autonomously. Some anarchists who were on the ground report that the vessel was still being loaded when the organizers called off the event; others question the choice not to reveal the fact that the military was loading the equipment while the demonstration still had numbers and momentum.

It is hard to determine to what extent organizers intentionally withheld information. We believe that it is important to offer constructive feedback and principled criticism while resisting the temptation to make assumptions about others’ intentions (or, at worst, to engage in snitch-jacketing, which can undermine efforts to respond to actual infiltration and security breaches in the movement and often contributes to misdiagnosing the problems in play).

Cooperating with the authorities—especially at the expense of other radicals—is always unacceptable. This is a staple of events dominated by authoritarian organizations. Fortunately, nothing of this kind appears to have occurred during the blockade on November 6. Those on either side of this debate should be careful to resist knee-jerk reactions and to avoid projecting bad intentions onto imagined all-white “adventurists” or repressive “peace police.”

In that spirit, we will spell out our concern. The organizers simultaneously announced that the weapons had been loaded onto the ship, and at the same time, declared victory. This fosters room for suspicion that the original intention had been to “block the boat” symbolically without actually hampering the weapons shipment, in order to create the impression of achieving a “movement win” without any substantive impact. Such empty victories can deflate movements and momentum, sowing distrust in the hundreds of people who showed up on short notice with the intention of stopping weapons from reaching Israel. It might be better to acknowledge failure, admitting that despite our best efforts, the authorities succeeded in their goal, and affirming that we have to step up our efforts if we want to save lives in Gaza. We need organizers to be honest with us so we know what we are up against.

It’s important to highlight that ultimately it was the military that loaded the ship, not the ILWU. This move was unprecedented, just like the military spying on demonstrators during the Port Militarization Resistance. But it should not have been unexpected. From now on, we should bear in mind that the military is prepared to intervene directly in the logistics of capitalism.

This also highlights a weakness in the strategy of blocking a ship by means of a picket line and blockading the streets around the terminal. To have actually stopped the ship, a much more disruptive action would have been called for, potentially including storming the terminal itself and risking police violence and arrests. This isn’t to say that storming the port would have been practical, nor to argue that there is never any reason to blockade the terminal in the way that we did. Rather, the point is that the mechanics of war-capitalism are more pervasive and adaptable than the strategies that people employed to block it in Oakland and Tacoma. Any form of escalation will require more militancy and risk tolerance.

At the same time, we should be honest about our capabilities, our limits, and the challenges we face. Although many people were prepared to engage in a picket, storming a secured facility involves different considerations and material preparation, and demands a cool-headed assessment of benefits versus consequences. We should not simply blame the organizers for the fact that it did not happen. A powerful enough movement cannot be held back, not even by its leaders.

Considering that the United States military outmaneuvered the picket strategy—and in view of the grave stakes of what is occurring Palestine—”Why not storm the port?” might be a good starting point for future strategizing. Yet from this point forward, the port is only going to become more and more secure. Another approach would be to pan back from the port, looking for points of intervention outside it. In this regard, the rail blockade in Olympia in 2017 might offer a promising example.

Likewise, while we should explore ways to resolve differences when we have to work together, we can also look for ways to share information and coordinate while organizing autonomously. We might not be able to reach consensus about what strategy to use, but we can explore where we agree and diverge, acquire and circulate intelligence, and try many different strategies at once.

The logic and logistics of the ruling order are intertwined all the world over. Israeli weapons helped Azerbaijan invade the Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in September. The technologies of surveillance, occupation, and repression, refined from besieging Gaza and fragmenting the West Bank, are deployed along the deadly southern border of the United States. The FBI calls Israeli tech firms when they need to hack into someone’s phone. Everything is connected, from the ports on the Salish Sea to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean.

Here’s to mutiny in the belly of the empire. If not us, then who? If not now, then when?

https://cdn.crimethinc.com/assets/articles/2023/11/09/2.jpg

▻https://pugetsoundanarchists.org/shutting-down-the-port-of-tacoma

Des #syndicats du monde entier tentent d’empêcher les livraisons d’armes vers Israël

#Liège, Gênes, Barcelone, #Melbourne, #Oakland, #Toronto et peut-être bientôt différents ports français… Depuis le début du bombardement de Gaza, des syndicats ont tenté de bloquer des livraisons d’armes vers Israël, rappelant la tradition de lutte internationaliste du syndicalisme. Des initiatives insuffisantes pour entraver l’armement du pays, mais qui ont le mérite de mettre les États exportateurs d’armes face à leurs responsabilités.

Peut-on compter sur la solidarité internationaliste des syndicats pour mettre fin à l’attaque de Gaza ? C’est en tout cas ce que veut croire la coordination syndicale Workers in Palestine. Composée de dizaines de syndicats palestiniens rassemblant travailleurs agricoles, pharmaciens ou encore enseignants, elle a lancé un appel aux travailleurs du monde entier afin d’entraver l’acheminement de matériel militaire vers Israël.

« Nous lançons cet appel alors que nous constatons des tentatives visant à interdire et à réduire au silence toute forme de solidarité avec le peuple palestinien. Nous vous demandons de vous exprimer et d’agir face à l’injustice, comme les syndicats l’ont fait historiquement », écrivait-elle le 16 octobre. Dans la foulée, elle appelait à deux journées d’actions internationales les 9 et 10 novembre pour empêcher les livraisons d’armes.

Tradition de lutte anti-impérialiste du syndicalisme

En rappelant la tradition internationaliste du syndicalisme, Workers in Palestine inscrit son appel dans l’histoire des luttes syndicales contre les guerres impérialistes et coloniales. Une tradition qui n’est pas étrangère aux syndicats Français. Ainsi, en 1949, une grève organisée par les dockers de la CGT sur le port de Marseille permettait de bloquer plusieurs bateaux destinés à acheminer des armes vers l’Indochine, alors en pleine guerre de décolonisation. Et ce mode d’action n’a pas été oublié depuis. En 2019, les dockers du port de Gênes se sont mis en grève afin de ne pas avoir à charger un navire soupçonné de transporter des armes (françaises) vers l’Arabie Saoudite. « On a aussi fait des actions pendant la guerre en Irak », se remémore Didier Lebbe, secrétaire permanent de la CNE, un des syndicats belge qui a récemment refusé de transporter des armes vers Israël.

Qu’ils répondent consciemment à l’appel de Workers in Palestine ou non, des syndicats et des collectifs citoyens ont organisé des actions sur des lieux stratégiques du commerce d’armes depuis le début des bombardements sur Gaza. Des blocages et des manifestations ont eu lieu sur les ports de Tacoma aux Etat-unis, ou encore à Melbourne, en Australie ou à Toronto au Canada. A Barcelone, des dockers ont déclaré vouloir refuser de charger ou de décharger tout matériel militaire en lien avec les bombardements à Gaza. Nous avons choisi de nous attarder sur quatre de ces initiatives.

A Gênes, les dockers visent une entreprise de matériel militaire

« De 2019 à aujourd’hui, nous avons bloqué presque deux fois par an les navires transportant des armes vers des zones de guerre comme le Yémen, le Kurdistan, l’Afrique et Gaza », explique Josè Nivoi, docker génois et syndicaliste à l’Unions Sindicale di Base (USB). C’est dans la continuité de ces actions qu’il s’est mobilisé avec ses collègues et son syndicat, à l’appel de Workers in Palestine. Vendredi 10 novembre, près de 400 personnes ont manifesté devant le port de Gênes pour protester contre l’envoi d’armes en Israël. Les dockers ont ensuite marché vers les locaux de Zim integrated Shipping Service, une entreprise israélienne de transport de marchandises et de matériel militaire.

Après l’attaque du Hamas le 7 octobre, cette dernière a proposé son aide à Israël afin d’y acheminer du matériel. « Nous avons des camarades qui surveillent les navires et peuvent voir s’il y a des armes à bord », glisse le docker. Il ajoute que cette action s’inscrit dans la tradition, encore très forte à Gênes, des mobilisation anti-fasciste et anti-impérialsites : « Nous avons toujours été solidaires des peuples qui luttent pour l’autodétermination, et la question palestinienne fait partie de ces luttes. Nous sommes des travailleurs internationalistes et c’est pourquoi nous voulons nous battre pour essayer de changer les choses », explique le docker.

En Angleterre, une usine d’armes bloquée temporairement

Le même jour, près de 400 syndicalistes ont bloqué l’usine d’armes de l’entreprise BAE, à Rochester en Angleterre. L’usine d’arme fabrique notamment des « systèmes d’interception actif » pour les jet F35, « utilisés actuellement par Israël pour bombarder Gaza », écrivent les syndicats organisateurs de cette mobilisation. Art, culture, éducation, santé, sept organisations syndicales se sont retrouvées sous le mot d’ordre « Travailleurs pour une Palestine libre », répondant également à l’appel des syndicats palestiniens du 16 octobre.

« L’industrie d’armement britannique, subventionnée par de l’argent public, est impliquée dans les massacres de Palestiniens. Nous sommes ici aujourd’hui pour perturber la machine de guerre israélienne et prendre position contre la complicité de notre gouvernement et nous exhortons les travailleurs de tout le Royaume-Uni à prendre des mesures similaires sur leurs lieux de travail et dans leurs communautés », explique une professeur qui manifestait vendredi à Dorchester.

En Belgique les syndicats de l’aviation refusent de charger des armes vers Israël

Si les avions de passagers ne relient plus Israël et la Belgique depuis l’attaque du Hamas, des avions cargos continuent de transporter des armes vers l’État hébreu, selon des syndicats. « On constate même une augmentation des vols cargo depuis Liège vers Tel Aviv », confie Christian Delcourt, porte-parole de l’aéroport de Liège, à la presse belge. Un phénomène qui n’a pas échappé aux travailleurs de ces sites. « Dans le courant du mois d’octobre, des manutentionnaires nous ont informés qu’ils chargeaient des armes dans des avions civils commerciaux. D’habitude, ces cargaisons doivent être transportées par des avions militaires. Mais quoi qu’il en soit, il n’était pas question pour eux de participer à une guerre, particulièrement quand on sait que des civils sont massacrés », explique Didier Lebbe, secrétaire permanent de la CNE. Le syndicat chrétien, majoritaire dans ces aéroports, prend alors contact avec trois autres syndicats du secteur pour rédiger un communiqué commun. « Alors qu’un génocide est en cours en Palestine, les travailleurs des différents aéroports de Belgique voient des armes partir vers des zones de guerre », écrivent-ils fin octobre. L’initiative fait en partie mouche : « parmi les deux compagnies aériennes qui effectuent ces livraisons, l’une d’elle les a arrêtées. L’autre, c’est une compagnie israélienne », soutient Didier Lebbe.

En France, les dockers s’organisent

En France, si aucun syndicat n’a pour l’instant appelé à des actions sur les lieux de travail, la fédération CGT Ports et docks pourrait bientôt rejoindre le mouvement international. La semaine prochaine, au port du Pirée à Athènes,12 organisations syndicales de dockers et portuaires européennes, membres de l’EDC (European Dockworkers Council )doivent se réunir pour une assemblée générale. « Au niveau français, on va pousser pour obtenir une journée d’arrêt de travail dans tous les ports européens pour manifester notre volonté d’un processus de paix, et dénoncer tous les conflits armés », affirme Tony Hautbois, secrétaire général de la fédération CGT Ports et docks. La possibilité d’un boycott des syndicats sur le transport d’armes vers Israël sera aussi en débat, il pourrait déboucher sur une position commune entre ces syndicats, qui regroupent 20 000 dockers à travers l’Europe.

D’autres syndicats français ont également mis en avant la nécessité d’une action sur l’outil de travail pour empêcher les livraisons d’armes vers Israël. La fédération Sud-Rail a ainsi appelé à s’exprimer dans la rue « mais aussi avec les méthodes de la lutte des classes, comme la grève ». Sur le réseau social X (ex-Twitter), l’union locale CGT de Guingamp a relayé l’appel de Workers in Palestine.

Des actions symboliques qui ne pèsent pas réellement sur le conflit…

Pourtant, même si les initiatives syndicales essaiment, elles ne suffisent pas à entraver la capacité d’armement d’Israël. « Même si la vente de matériel militaire était bloquée en France, cela ne pèserait pas beaucoup. On estime que notre pays vend environ 20 millions d’euros de composants militaires par an à Israël. C’est incomparable avec ce que l’on vend aux Emirats arabes unis, par exemple », explique Patrice Bouveret, cofondateur de l’Observatoire des armements, centre d’étude antimilitariste basé à Lyon. A cela s’ajoutent les ventes de biens dits « à double usage », des composants qui peuvent servir pour produire du matériel militaire, ou non. « Mais il s’agit de matériel d’une telle précision qu’il est bien souvent utilisé uniquement pour les armes », commente Patrice Bouveret. Ces biens représentent une somme évaluée à 34 millions par le ministère de l’économie dans un rapport (voir tableau p. 38) remis aux parlementaires en juin 2023.

« Le principal fournisseur d’armes à Israël, ce sont les États-Unis : près de 4 milliards d’euros de vente d’armes. Les américains entreposent également des stocks d’armes en Israël dans laquelle cette dernière peut puiser. Enfin, comme Israël a des capacités de production, elle peut importer des composants moins chers, qu’elle pourra elle-même transformer », continue Patrice Bouveret.

…mais qui mettent les États face à leurs responsabilités

Ces actions ont toutefois le mérite de poser la question de la responsabilité des États producteurs ou exportateurs d’armes dans les bombardements israéliens sur la bande de Gaza et sa population. Alors que 10 000 personnes sont mortes sous les bombes israéliennes, dont 4000 enfants, les termes « nettoyage ethnique », « génocide », ou « crimes de guerre » commencent à se faire entendre dans les plus hautes instances internationales. « La punition collective infligée par Israël aux civils palestiniens est également un crime de guerre, tout comme l’évacuation forcée illégale de civils », a déclaré Volker Türk, Haut Commissaire des Nations unies pour les réfugiés, le 8 novembre.

Les accords et traités internationaux sont très clairs sur l’implication de pays tiers dans la commission de crimes de guerre, notamment par le biais de la vente d’armes. Le traité sur le commerce des armes (TCA), interdit tout transfert d’armes qui pourrait être employé dans le cadre de crimes de guerre. Amnesty international a déjà alerté sur l’implication de la France dans la vente d’armes à l’Arabie Saoudite, accusée de bombarder sans distinction la population civile au Yémen, où elle mène une guerre contre les rebelles Houthis, depuis huit ans.

Quant à savoir si les bombardement israéliens constituent un crime de guerre ou un génocide, c’est à la cour pénale Internationale d’en décider. Une plainte pour « génocide » a déjà été déposée par une centaines de palestiniens, tandis que la France enquête déjà sur de possibles « crimes de guerre » du Hamas. Reporter sans Frontière a aussi déposé une plainte pour « crimes de guerres » après la mort de journalistes palestiniens et israéliens. Enfin, l’ONU enquête actuellement en Israël et en Palestine sur de possibles crimes de guerres, en lien avec l’attaque du Hamas le 7 octobre, ou les bombardements israéliens sur la bande de Gaza depuis un mois.

▻https://rapportsdeforce.fr/linternationale/des-syndicats-du-monde-entier-tentent-dempecher-les-livraisons-darme

Voir l’attaque de bâtiments affichant les logos de l’union_européenne dans la 3 iéme vidéo.

Quelques manifestations dans le monde contre le #pass_vaccinal
S’informer !

#Italie : #Rome ►https://twitter.com/backtolife_2019/status/1482468161345703936 (January 15, 2022)

#Pologne : #Varsovie ►https://twitter.com/backtolife_2019/status/1482468161345703936 (January 23, 2022)

#Espagne : #Valence ▻https://twitter.com/imkyuti/status/1482453077164793856 (January 15, 2022)

#Nouvelle-Zélande : #Auckland, les Māoris protestent ▻https://twitter.com/NVMemes4Liberty/status/1484755312590528514 (January 22, 2022)

#Kazakhstan : ▻https://twitter.com/Red_Pill_Led/status/1479965978570244099 (January 8, 2022)

#Canada : #Toronto ▻https://twitter.com/TheMarieOakes/status/1485050782093389826 (January 23, 2022)
#Ottawa, les chauffeurs routiers et leurs camions sont en route pour une manif : ▻https://twitter.com/EpicetoutSo/status/1485072242191081473 ( January 23, 2022)

#Tchéquie : #Prague ▻https://twitter.com/RadioGenova/status/1481891560929255426 (January 14, 2022)

#Australie : #Brisbane ▻https://twitter.com/Peteuk001/status/1484975065062068227 (January 22, 2022)

#Tunisie : La police ▻https://twitter.com/RadioGenova/status/1482035270648320004 (January 16, 2022)

#Autriche : ▻https://twitter.com/ElectionWiz/status/1482372828284559361 (January 15, 2022)

#Pays-Bas : #Amsterdam ▻https://twitter.com/based__uk/status/1482710336239247362 (January 16, 2022)

#Royaume-Uni : #Londres ▻https://twitter.com/iii_chromatic/status/1485170934927732736 (January 23, 2022)

#Allemagne : #Hamburg ▻https://twitter.com/IngwerBaum/status/1484962899735060485 (January 23, 2022)

#Suède : #Stockholm ▻https://twitter.com/AnonymeCitoyen/status/1484904469276024833 (January 22, 2022)

#Belgique : #Bruxelles ▻https://twitter.com/AnonymeCitoyen/status/1485249720796827649

▻https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=lev8Cf-NOxg&feature=emb_logo

1. Londres
▻https://rf.proxycast.org/3a8fc016-0780-4f8c-bef9-6c62e0a46b79/21994-10.02.2021-ITEMA_22569777-2021Y43351S0041.mp3

2. Toronto
▻https://rf.proxycast.org/45ae3538-ab31-4a16-b1ea-440ad30c6344/21994-10.03.2021-ITEMA_22596553-2021Y43351S0069.mp3

The #Banker_Ladies tells the stories of Ginelle, Aisha and Mabinty, three Black women in #Toronto creating diverse financial services for their communities through #Rotating_Saving_and_Credit_Associations (#ROSCA).

Known by cultural names these self-managed money collectives function at the intersection of the social and business and are fundamentally anchored in reciprocity, trust and community development. Based on professor Caroline Shenaz Hossein’s research, the film posits that there is a Black Social Economy in which ROSCAs are at its very core. Though hidden in the social economy ROSCAs contribute to Canada’s legacy of mutual aid and economic cooperation.

#finance #femmes #femmes_noires #réciprocité #film #film_documentaire #aide_mutuelle #coopération_économique #Black_Social_Economy #intersectionnalité

The Black Social Economy in the Americas. Exploring Diverse Community-Based Markets

https://images.springer.com/sgw/books/medium/9781137602787.jpg

This pioneering book explores the meaning of the term “Black social economy,” a self-help sector that remains autonomous from the state and business sectors. With the Western Hemisphere’s ignoble history of enslavement and violence towards African peoples, and the strong anti-black racism that still pervades society, the African diaspora in the Americas has turned to alternative practices of socio-economic organization. Conscientious and collective organizing is thus a means of creating meaningful livelihoods. In this volume, fourteen scholars explore the concept of the “Black social economy,” bringing together innovative research on the lived experience of Afro-descendants in business and society in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, and the United States. The case studies in this book feature horrific legacies of enslavement, colonization, and racism, and they recount the myriad ways that persons of African heritage have built humane alternatives to the dominant market economy that excludes them. Together, they shed necessary light on the ways in which the Black race has been overlooked in the social economy literature.

▻https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781137602787
#livre

Voir aussi :

Allégations d’inconduites sexuelles : Ubisoft dans la tourmente
Jean-François Codère, Isabelle Massé, Isabelle Dubé, La Presse, le 27 juin 2020
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/864163

#Ubisoft #Montréal #Toronto #Paris #harcèlement_sexuel #sexisme #femmes #MeToo

#urban_matter

Je ne l’ai pas vu, mais pour compléter la liste, un #documentaire sur la gentrification à #Montréal, Québec :

Quartiers sous tension ( #Carole_Laganière, 2017, 1h)
▻https://ici.radio-canada.ca/tele/1001-VIES/2015/episodes/387382/1001-vies-quartiers-sous-tension

Qui va avec : Gentriville, web-documentaire d’Emmanuelle Walter et Marie Sterlin
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/606507

« On te dit logements sociaux ! » par la Gang du ghetto CACV - RAP - Montréal

►https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Wec6x99m7g

Et d’autres #chansons sur la gentrification :

Watsky - Kill a Hipster (2013)
►https://seenthis.net/messages/715146
►https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LTLuzkqpZc

Hurray For the Riff Raff - Rican Beach (2016)
►https://seenthis.net/messages/592274
►https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYVzsmpF--4

Terrie Odabi : Gentrification Blues (2017)
►https://seenthis.net/messages/674669
►https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYQJK9dsFCU

Ry Cooder - Gentrification (2018)
►https://seenthis.net/messages/746324
►https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In3A8IXBWlo

#Musique #Musique_et_politique

#fortress_Europe

En #Belgique, on coupe les arbres pour voir les exilés qui veulent traverser l’autoroute :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/689641
#migrations #réfugiés

–---

Carte du mobilier anti-sdf à #Bruxelles :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/898161

En #France

#Montpellier :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/688698

#Ile_de_France :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/554332

#Calais (et #Coquelle) :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/929147
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/936816
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/973121
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/993535

–------------------

A #Paris
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/751012

Toujours à Paris, des blocs de #pierres à #Porte_de_la_chapelle #La_Chapelle :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/573068
►https://seenthis.net/messages/570452
Place de la République à Paris :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/742525

Et à Paris, d’autres techniques anti-réfugiés et anti-sdf compilées par @sinehebdo : #couvertures #grilles #grillages #bennes :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/570951
Et sur les grillages aussi :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/557438
A Paris, il y a aussi les #cages_anti-SDF :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/235874

#Paris : une #banque retire son dispositif #anti-SDF après un tollé sur les réseaux sociaux
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/794877

–--------------------

#Grenoble :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/791758
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/762706

–-----------------------

*#Angoulême
►https://seenthis.net/messages/769639

–----------------------------

Ville non mentionnée :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/769636

En #Serbie, à #Belgrade :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/518134
Sur cette liste il y a aussi #Calais

A #Oslo, en #Norvège :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/389670

A #Montréal, au #Canada :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/265970

#Angleterre #UK

#Londres
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/265429

#Italie

#Rome :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/769635

Des initiatives de #résistance et/ou #dénonciation :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/650079
#cartographie #visualisation

▻https://seenthis.net/messages/769642

Le collectif #Design_for_everyone, en Belgique :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/736108

Liste initiée par @vanderling, dans laquelle il y a des exemples de bancs anti-sdf, mais aussi des initiatives pour les dénoncer, notamment dans le domaine de l’#art :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/671004

Le #prix #pics_d'or de la Fondation Abbé Pierre :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/760118
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/760101

#Film « This Is the Best Way to Fight Back Against London’s Anti-homeless Spikes »
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/391224

#Irlande

Probablement #Dublin :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/769637

Paris : Un dispositif anti-SDF retiré d’une banque après un tollé sur les réseaux sociaux
J.-L. D., 20 Minutes, le 28 juillet 2019
►https://seenthis.net/messages/794770

Quels sont les pires dispositifs anti-SDF « primés » par la Fondation Abbé-Pierre
Delphine Bancaud, 20 Minutes, le 13 février 2019
►https://seenthis.net/messages/794770

Site web de la Fondation Abbé-Pierre consacré à ces dispositifs anti-SDF en France, et qui organise la cérémonie des « Pics d’or » :
►https://soyonshumains.fr
►https://seenthis.net/messages/650079

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A #Toronto :

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Europe Benefits by Bankrolling an Anti-Migrant Effort. Niger Pays a Price.

Niger has been well paid for drastically reducing the number of African migrants using the country as a conduit to Europe. But the effort has hurt parts of the economy and raised security concerns.

The heavily armed troops are positioned around oases in Niger’s vast northern desert, where temperatures routinely climb beyond 100 degrees.

While both Al Qaeda and the Islamic State have branches operating in the area, the mission of the government forces here is not to combat jihadism.

Instead, these Nigerien soldiers are battling human smugglers, who transport migrants across the harsh landscape, where hundreds of miles of dunes separate solitary trees.

The migrants are hoping to reach neighboring Libya, and from there, try a treacherous, often deadly crossing of the Mediterranean to reach Europe.

The toll of the military engagement is high. Some smugglers are armed, militants are rife and the terrain is unforgiving: Each mission, lasting two weeks, requires 50 new truck tires to replace the ones shredded in the blistering, rocky sand.

But the operation has had an impact: Niger has drastically reduced the number of people moving north to Libya through its territory over the past two years.

The country is being paid handsomely for its efforts, by a Europe eager to reduce the migrant flow. The European Union announced at the end of last year it would provide Niger with one billion euros, or about $1.16 billion, in development aid through 2020, with hundreds of millions of that earmarked for anti-migration projects. Germany, France and Italy also provide aid on their own.

It is part of a much broader European Union strategy to keep migrants from its shores, including paying billions of euros to Turkey and more than $100 million to aid agencies in Sudan.

Italy has been accused of paying off militias in Libya to keep migrants at bay. And here in Niger, some military officials angrily contend that France financed a former rebel leader who remains a threat, prioritizing its desire to stop migration over Niger’s national security interests.

Since passing a law against human trafficking in 2015, Niger has directed its military to arrest and jail migrant smugglers, confiscate their vehicles and bring the migrants they traffic to the police or the International Organization for Migration, or I.O.M. The migrants are then given a choice whether to continue on their journey — and risk being detained again, or worse — or given a free ride back to their home country.

The law’s effect has been significant. At the peak in 2015, there were 5,000 to 7,000 migrants a week traveling through Niger to Libya. The criminalization of smuggling has reduced those numbers to about 1,000 people a week now, according to I.O.M. figures.

At the same time, more migrants are leaving Libya, fleeing the rampant insecurity and racist violence targeting sub-Saharan Africans there.

As a result, the overall flow of people has now gone into a notable reverse: For the last two years, more African migrants have been leaving Libya to return to their homelands than entering the country from Niger, according to the I.O.M.

One of Niger’s biggest bus companies, Rimbo, used to send four migrant-filled buses each day from the country’s capital in the south, Niamey, to the northern city of Agadez, a jumping off point for the trip to the Libyan border.

Now, the company has signed a two-year contract with the I.O.M. to carry migrants the other way, so they can be repatriated.

On a recent breezy evening in Niamey, a convoy of four Rimbo buses rolled through the dusty streets after an arduous 20-hour drive from Agadez, carrying 400 migrants. They were headed back home to countries across West Africa, including Guinea, Ivory Coast and Nigeria.

For leaders in Europe, this change in migrant flows is welcome news, and a testament to Niger’s dedication to shared goals.

“Niger really became one of our best allies in the region,” said Raul Mateus Paula, the bloc’s ambassador to Niger.

But the country’s achievement has also come with considerable costs, including on those migrants still determined to make it to Libya, who take more risks than ever before. Drivers now take routes hundreds of miles away from water points and go through mined areas to avoid military patrols. When smugglers learn the military is in the area, they often abandon migrants in the desert to escape arrest.

This has led to dozens of deaths by dehydration over the past two years, prompting Niger’s civil protection agency and the I.O.M. to launch weekly rescue patrols.

The agency’s head, Adam Kamassi, said his team usually rescues between 20 to 50 people every time it goes out. On those trips, it nearly always finds three or four bodies.

The crackdown on human smuggling has also been accompanied by economic decline and security concerns for Niger.

The government’s closure of migrant routes has caused an increase in unemployment and an uptick in other criminal activity like drug smuggling and robbery, according to a Niger military intelligence document.

“I know of about 20 people who have become bandits for lack of work,” said Mahamadou Issouf, who has been driving migrants from Agadez to southern Libya since 2005, but who no longer has work.

Earlier this year, the army caught him driving 31 migrants near a spot in the desert called the Puit d’Espoir, or Well of Hope. While the army released him in this case, drivers who worked for him have been imprisoned and two of his trucks impounded.

The military intelligence document also noted that since the crackdown, towns along the migrant route are having a hard time paying for essential services like schools and health clinics, which had relied on money from migration and the industries feeding it.

For example, the health clinic in Dirkou, once a major migrant way station in northern Niger, now has fewer paying clients because the number of migrants seeking has dwindled. Store owners who relied on the steady flow of people traveling through have gone bankrupt.

Hassan Mohammed is another former migrant smuggler who lost his livelihood in the crackdown.

A native of Dirkou, Mr. Mohammed, 31, began driving migrants across the desert in 2002, earning enough in the process to buy two Toyota pickup trucks. The smuggling operation grew enough that he began employing his younger brothers to drive.

Today, Mr. Mohammed’s brothers are in prison, serving the six-month sentences convicted smuggler drivers face. His two pickup trucks are gathering dust, along with a few dozen other confiscated vehicles, on a Niger army base. With no income, Mr. Mohammed now relies on the generosity of friends to survive.

With Europe as a primary beneficiary of the smuggling crackdown, the European Union is eager to keep the effort in place, and some of the bloc’s aid finances a project to convert former smugglers into entrepreneurs. But the project is still in its pilot stage more than two years after the migrant crackdown began.

Ibrahim Yacouba, the former foreign minister of Niger, who resigned earlier this year, said, “There are lots of announcements of millions of euros in funding, but in the lived reality of those who are in the industry, there has been no change.”

The crackdown has also raised security concerns, as France has taken additional steps to stop migration along the Niger-Libya border that go beyond its asylum-processing center.

From its military base in the northern Nigerien outpost of Madama, France funded last year an ethnic Toubou militia in southern Libya, with the goal of using the group to help stop smugglers, according to Nigerien security officials.

This rankled the Nigerien military because the militia is headed by an ex-Nigerien rebel, Barka Sidimi, who is considered a major security risk by the country’s officials. To military leaders, this was an example of a European anti-migrant policy taking precedent over Niger’s own security.

A French military spokesperson said, “We don’t have information about the collaboration you speak of.”

Despite the country’s progress in reducing the flow of migrants, Nigerien officials know the problem of human smugglers using the country as a conduit is not going away.

“The fight against clandestine migration is not winnable,’’ said Mohamed Bazoum, Niger’s interior minister.

Even as Libya has experienced a net drop in migrants, new routes have opened up: More migrants are now entering Algeria and transiting to Morocco to attempt a Mediterranean crossing there, according to Giuseppe Loprete, who recently left his post after being the I.O.M.’s director in Niger for four years.

But despite the drawbacks that come with it, the smuggling crackdown will continue, at least for now, according to Mr. Bazoum, the interior minister. Migrant smuggling and trafficking, he said, “creates a context of a criminal economy, and we are against all forms of economic crime to preserve the stability and security of our country.”

For Mr. Mohammed, the former smuggler, the crackdown has left him idle and dejected, with no employment prospects.

“There’s no project for any of us here,” he said. “There’s nothing going on. I only sleep and wake up.”

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Le 25 Octobre 2018, le Chef de Mission de l’ OIM Niger, M. Martin Wyss, a remis à la Police Nationale-Niger ??️via son Directeur Général Adjoint, M. Oumarou Moussa, le premier prototype du poste frontière mobile, en présence du #Directeur_de_la_Surveillance_du_Territoire (#DST) des partenaires techniques et financiers.

Ce camion aménagé avec deux bureaux et une salle d’attente, des climatiseurs et une connectivité satellitaire, est autonome en électricité grâce à des panneaux solaires amovibles et une turbine éolienne. Il aura pour fonction d’appuyer des postes de contrôle aux frontières, établir un poste frontalier temporaire ou venir en soutien de mouvements massifs de personnes à travers les frontières.

Ce prototype unique au monde a été entièrement développé et conceptualisé par l’unité de #gestion_des_frontières de l’#OIM_Niger, pour l’adapter au mieux aux contraintes atmosphériques et topographiques du Niger.

Il a été financé par le Canada’s International Development – Global Affairs Canada ??️

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Crédits photos : OIM Niger / Daniel Kouawo

source : ▻https://www.facebook.com/IBMNiger/posts/1230027903804111

#OIM #IOM #frontière_mobile #Canada

Remise du système MIDAS et inauguration du parc de vaccination à Makalondi

L’ OIM Niger a procédé à la remise du #système_MIDAS au niveau du poste de police de #Makalondi (Burkina Faso - Niger).

MIDAS saisit automatiquement les informations biographiques et biométriques des voyageurs à partir de lecteurs de documents, d’#empreintes_digitales et de #webcams. Il est la propriété entière et souveraine du Gouvernement du Niger.

Le sytème permet d’enregistrer pour mieux sécuriser et filtrer les individus mal intentionnés, mais aussi de mieux connaître les flux pour ensuite adapter les politiques de développement sur les axes d’échange.

A la même occasion, le Gouverneur de Tillabéri et l’OIM ont inauguré un par de vaccination le long d’un couloir de transhumance de la CEDEAO.

Ce projet a été réalisé grâce au don du peuple Japonais.

▻https://www.facebook.com/IBMNiger/videos/483536085494618
#surveillance #biométrie #MIDAS

Le mardi 28 aout 2018, s’est tenu la cérémonie de remise du système MIDAS au poste de police frontalier de Makalondi (frontière Burkina faso). Cette cérémonie organisée par l’OIM Niger dans le cadre du projet « #NICOLE – Renforcement de la coopération interservices pour la sécurité des frontières au Niger » sous financement du Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan a enregistré la remarquable participation du gouverneur de la région de Tillabéri, le directeur de la surveillance du Territoire (DST), les responsables régionaux, départementaux et communaux de la police Nationale et de l’élevage, les autorités locales et coutumières du département de #Torodi et de la commune rurale de #Makalondi ainsi que de l’#Eucap_Sahel_Niger. MIDAS (#Migration_Information_and_Data_Analysis_System) qui est un système d’information et de gestion des données migratoires développé par l’OIM en 2009 et opérationnel dans 19 pays est aujourd’hui également opérationnel au niveau du poste frontière de Makalondi. Cette cérémonie était aussi l’occasion d’inaugurer le parc de vaccination pour bétail réalisé dans le cadre du même projet par l’OIM afin de soutenir les capacités de résilience des communautés frontalières de la localité.
toutes les autorités présentes à la cérémonie ont tenues à exprimer leur immense gratitute envers l’OIM pour son appui au gouvernement du Niger dans son combat pour la sécurisation des frontières.

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Information reçu d’une chercheuse qui est sur le terrain au Niger, regardez le CV du nouveau chef IOM Niger...

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Niger grapples with migration and its porous borders

Europe has been grappling with the migration problem on its side of the Mediterranean for several years now with little sign of bringing the situation under control, but there is also an African frontline, on the edges of the Sahara, and the improverished nation of Niger is one of the hotspots. The situation here is similarly out of control, and EU funds have been made available to try and persude people smugglers to give up their business. However, much of the money has gone to waste, and the situation has in some ways evolved into something worse. Euronews’ Valerie Gauriat has just returned from Niger. This is her report.

Scores of four-wheel drives have just arrived from Libya, at the checkpoint of the city of Agadez, in central Niger, Western Africa’s gateway to the Sahara.

Every week, convoys like these travel both ways, crossing the thousand kilometers of desert that separate the two countries.

Travelers are exhausted after a 5-day journey.

Many are Nigerian workers, fleeing renewed violence in Libya, but many others are migrants from other western African countries.

“When we get to Libya, they lock us up. And when we work we don’t get paid,” said one Senegalese man.

“What happened, we can’t describe it. We can’t talk about everything that goes on, because it’s bad, it’s so bad !” said another, from Burkina Fasso.

Many have already tried to cross the Mediterranean to reach Europe.

“We paid for it, but we never went. They caught us and locked us up. I want to go home to Senegal now, that’s my hope,” said another man.

Mohamed Tchiba organised this convoy. This former Touareg rebel is a well-known figure in Agadez’s migration business, which is a long-standing, flourishing activity despite a law against irregular migration which made it illegal two years ago.

EU-funded reconversion projects were launched to offset the losses, but Mohamed refuses to give up his livelihood.

“I’m a smuggler, even now I’m a smuggler! Because I’ve heard that in town they are giving us something to give up this job. But they did not give me anything. And I do not know any other work than this one,” he told us.

We head to Agadez, where we find dozens of vehicles in a car park. They were confiscated from the smugglers who were arrested by the police, and are a slowly-rusting symbol of the fight against irregular immigration.

But that didn’t go down well with the local population. The law hit the local economy hard

Travelers departing for Libya were once Ibrahim’s main source of revenue, but now customers for his water cans are scarce. The layoffs of workers after the closure of gold mines in the area did not help.

“Before, we sold 400 to 500 water cans every week to migrants, and cans were also sent to the mine. But they closed the road to Libya, they closed the mines, everything is closed. And these young people stay here without working or doing anything, without food. If they get up in the morning, and they go to bed at night, without eating anything, what will prevent them one day from going to steal something?” wonders trader Oumarou Chehou.

Friday prayers are one of the few occasions when the city comes to life.

We go to meet with the President of the so-called Association for former migration workers.

He takes us to meet one of the former smugglers. After stopping their activity they have benefited from an EU-funded reconversion programme.

Abdouramane Ghali received a stock of chairs, pots, and loudspeakers, which he rents out for celebrations. We ask him how business is going.

"It depends on God ... I used to make much more money before; I could get up to 800 euros a week; now it’s barely 30 euros a week,” he says.

Abdouramane is still among the luckiest. Out of 7000 people involved in the migration business, less than 400 have so far benefited from the reconversion package: about 2000 euros per project. That’s not enough to get by, says the president of the Former Smugglers’ Association, Bachir Amma.

“We respected the law, we are no longer working, we stopped, and now it’s the State of Niger and the European Union which abandoned us. People are here, they have families, they have children, and they have nothing. We eat with our savings. The money we made before, that’s what feeds us now, you see. It’s really difficult, it’s very hard for us,” he says.

We catch up with Abdouramane the next morning. He has just delivered his equipment to one of his customers, Abba Seidou, also a former smuggler, who is now a taxi driver. Abba is celebrating the birth of his first child, a rare opportunity to forget his worries.

“Since it’s a very wonderful day, it strengthened my heart, to go and get chairs, so that people, even if there is nothing, they can sit down if they come to your house. The times are hard for immigration, now; but with the small funds we get, people can get by. It’s going to be okay,” the proud father says. Lots of other children gather round.

“These kids are called the” talibe “, or street kids,” reports euronews’ Valerie Gauriat. "And the celebration is a chance for them to get some food. Since the anti-smuggling law was implemented, there are more and more of them in the streets of Agadez.”

The European Union has committed to spending more than one billion euros on development aid in a country classified as one of the poorest in the world. Niger is also one of the main beneficiaries of the European emergency fund created in 2015 to address migration issues in Africa. But for the vice-president of the region of Agadez, these funds were only a bargaining chip for the law against irregular immigration, which in his eyes, only serves the interests of Europe.

Valerie Gauriat:

“Niger has received significant funding from the European Union. Do you believe these funds are not used properly?”

Vice-President of the Agadez Regional Council, Aklou Sidi Sidi:

“First of all the funding is insufficient. When we look at it, Turkey has received huge amounts of money, a lot more than Niger. And even armed groups in Libya received much more money than Niger. Today, we are sitting here, we are the abyss of asylum seekers, refugees, migrants, displaced people. Agadez is an abyss,” he sighs.

In the heart of the Sahel region, Niger is home to some 300,000 displaced people and refugees. They are a less and less transitory presence, which weighs on the region of Agadez. One center managed by the International Office for Migration hosts migrants who have agreed to return to their countries of origin. But the procedures sometimes take months, and the center is saturated.

“80 percent of the migrants do not have any identification, they do not have any documents. That means that after registration we have to go through the procedure of the travel authorisation, and we have to coordinate this with the embassies and consulates of each country. That is the main issue and the challenge that we are facing every day. We have around 1000 people in this area, an area that’s supposed to receive 400 or 500 people. We have mattresses piled up because people sleep outside here because we’re over our capacity. Many people are waiting on the other side. So we need to move these people as quickly as possible so we can let others come,” says the IOM’s transit centre manager, Lincoln Gaingar.

Returning to their country is not an option for many who transit through Niger. Among them are several hundred Sudanese, supervised by the UNHCR. Many fled the Darfur conflict, and endured hell in Libyan detention centres. Some have been waiting for months for an answer to their asylum request.

Badererdeen Abdul Kareem dreams of completing his veterinary studies in the West.

“Since I finished my university life I lost almost half of my life because of the wars, traveling from Sudan to Libya. I don’t want to lose my life again. So it’s time to start my life, it’s time to work, it’s time to educate. Staying in Niger for nothing or staying in Niger for a long time, for me it’s not good.”

But the only short-term perspective for these men is to escape the promiscuity of the reception center. Faced with the influx of asylum seekers, the UNHCR has opened another site outside the city.

We meet Ibrahim Abulaye, also Sudanese, who spent years in refugee camps in Chad, and then Libya. He is 20 years old.

“It was really very difficult, but thank God I’m alive. What I can really say is that since we cannot go back home, we are looking for a place that is more favourable to us, where we can be safe, and have a better chance in life.”

Hope for a better life is closer for those who have been evacuated from Libyan prisons as part of an emergency rescue plan launched last year by the UNHCR. Welcomed in Niamey, the capital of Niger, they must be resettled in third countries.

After fleeing their country, Somalia, these women were tortured in Libyan detention centers. They are waiting for resettlement in France.

“There are many problems in my country, and I had my own. I have severe stomach injuries. The only reason I left my country was to escape from these problems, and find a safe place where I could find hope. People like me need hope,” said one of them.

A dozen countries, most of them European, have pledged to welcome some 2,600 refugees evacuated from Libya to Niger. But less than 400 have so far been resettled.

“The solidarity is there. There has to be a sense of urgency also to reinstall them, to welcome them in the countries that have been offering these places. It is important to avoid a long stay in Niger, and that they continue their journey onwards,” says the UNHCR’s Alessandra Morelli in Niamey.

The slowness of the countries offering asylum to respect their commitments has disappointed the Niger government. But what Niger’s Interior minister Mohamed Bazoum most regrets is a lack of foresight in Europe, when it comes to stemming irregular immigration.

“I am rather in favor of more control, but I am especially in favor of seeing European countries working together to promote another relationship with African countries. A relationship based on issuing visas on the basis of the needs that can be expressed by companies. It is because this work is not done properly, that we have finally accepted that the only possible migration is illegal migration,” he complains.

Estimated from 5 to 7,000 per week in 2015, the number of migrants leaving for Libya has fallen tenfold, according to the Niger authorities. But the traficking continues, on increasingly dangerous routes.

The desert, it is said in Agadez, has become more deadly than the Mediterranean.

We meet another one of the smugglers who for lack of alternatives says he has resumed his activities, even if he faces years in prison.

“This law is as if we had been gathered together and had knives put under our throats, to slit our throats. Some of us were locked up, others fled the country, others lost everything,” he says.

He takes us to one of the former transit areas where migrants were gathered before leaving for Libya, when it was allowed. The building has since been destroyed. Customers are rarer, and the price of crossings has tripled. In addition to the risk of being stopped by the police and army patrols, travelers have to dodge attacks by arms and drug traffickers who roam the desert.

“Often the military are on a mission, they don’t want to waste time, so sometimes they will tell you,’we can find an arrangement, what do you offer?’ We give them money to leave. We must also avoid bandits. There are armed people everywhere in the bush. We have to take byways to get around them. We know that it’s dangerous. But for us, the most dangerous thing is not to be able to feed your family! That’s the biggest danger!”

We entered one of the so-called ghettos outside Agadez, where candidates for the trip to Europe through Libya hide out, until smugglers pick them up. We are led to a house where a group of young people are waiting for their trip to be organized by their smuggler.

They have all have already tried to cross the desert, but were abandoned by their drivers, fleeing army patrols, and were saved in the nick of time. Several of their fellow travelers died of thirst and exhaustion.

Mohamed Balde is an asylum seeker from Guinea.

“The desert is a huge risk. There are many who have died, but people are not discouraged. Why are they coming? One should just ask the question!” he says. “All the time, there are meetings between West African leaders and the leaders of the European Union, to give out money, so that the migrants don’t get through. We say that’s a crime. It is their interests that they serve, not the interests of our continent. To stop immigration, they should invest in Africa, in companies, so that young people can work.”

Drogba Sumaru is an asylum seeker from the Ivory Coast.

“It’s no use giving money to people, or putting soldiers in the desert, or removing all the boats on the Mediterranean, to stop immigration! It won’t help, I will keep going on. There are thousands of young people in Africa, ready to go, always. Because there is nothing. There is nothing to keep them in their countries. When they think of the suffering of their families, when they think that they have no future. They will always be ready, ready for anything. They will always be ready to risk their lives,” he concludes.

▻https://www.euronews.com/2018/10/26/niger-grapples-with-migration-and-its-porous-borders

Europe’s « Migrant Hunters »

The checkpoint on the way out of the Saharan town of Agadez in Niger is nothing more than a long metal chain that stretches across the road. On a Monday afternoon in March, a handful of pickup trucks and lorries loaded with migrants mostly from southern Niger waited quietly at the barrier to embark on the long journey up through the Ténéré desert. An overweight officer inspected the vehicles and then invited the drivers to show him their paperwork inside a somber-looking shack on the side of the road, where money most likely changed hands.

Every Monday afternoon a convoy, protected by an escort of three military pickups, two mounted with machine guns, begins its arduous journey toward Dirkou, 435 miles away, on the road to the Libyan border. Protection has long been needed against highwaymen—or, as they’re called locally, coupeurs de route. These disgruntled Tuareg youths and former rebels roam the foothills of the Aïr Mountains just beyond Agadez. If a vehicle slips out of view of the escort for even a moment, the coupeurs seize the opportunity, chasing and shooting at the overloaded vehicles to relieve the passengers of their money and phones—or sometimes even to take the cars. A cautious driver sticks close behind the soldiers, even if they are pitifully slow, stopping frequently to sleep, eat, drink tea, or extract bribes from drivers trying to avoid the checkpoints.

The first 60 miles out of Agadez—a journey of about two hours through the mountains—were the most hazardous. But then we reached the dusty Ténéré plain. As darkness fell, lighter vehicles picked up speed, making good headway during the night as the cold hardened the sand. Sleepy migrants, legs dangling over the side of the tailboard, held on to branches attached to the frame of the vehicle to keep from falling off.

The following day, there was a stop at Puits Espoir (“Hope’s Well”), midway between Agadez and Dirkou. It was dug 15 years ago to keep those whose transport had broken down in the desert from dying of thirst. But the well’s Arabic name, Bir Tawil, which means “the Deep Well,” is perhaps more apt. The well drops nearly 200 feet, and without a long enough rope to reach the water below, migrants and drivers can perish at its edge. The escort soldiers told me that the bodies of 11 who died in this way are buried in the sand inside a nearby enclosure built from car scraps. Travelers took a nap under its shade or beside the walls around the well, which were graffitied by those who had passed through. There was “Dec 2016 from Tanzania to Libya” or “Flavio—Solo from Guinea.” After Espoir, most vehicles abandon the slow convoy and go off on their own, risking attacks by coupeurs for a quicker journey toward Libya.

PROXY BORDER GUARDS

Before mid-2016, there were between 100 and 200 vehicles, mostly pickups, each filled with around 30 migrants heading for Libya, that were making such a journey every week. Since mid-2016, however, under pressure from the European Union, and with promises of financial support, the Niger government began cracking down on the northward flow of sub-Saharans, arresting drivers and confiscating cars, sometimes at the Agadez checkpoint itself. Now there are only a few cars transporting passengers, most of them Nigeriens who have managed to convince soldiers at the checkpoint—often with the help of a bribe—that they do not intend to go all the way to Europe but will end their journey in Libya.

“To close Libya’s southern border is to close Europe’s southern border,” Marco Minniti, Italy’s interior minister, said in April at a meeting in Rome with representatives of three cross-border Saharan tribes, the Tubu, Awlad Suleiman Arabs, and Tuareg. The leaders agreed to form a border force to stop migrants entering Libya from traveling to Europe, reportedly at the demand of, and under the prospect of money from, the Italian government. All three communities are interested in resolving the deadly conflicts that have beset the country since the fall of Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi in 2011 and hope Italy will compensate them monetarily for their casualties (in tribal conflicts, a payment is needed to end a fight) as well as fund reconstruction and development of neglected southern Libya. Italy, of course, is keen on halting the flow of migrants reaching its shores and sees these Saharan groups, which have the potential to intervene before migrants even get to Libya, as plausible proxies.

Some tribal leaders in southern Libya—mostly Tubu and Tuareg—look favorably on Italy’s and Europe’s overtures and suggested that the EU should cooperate directly with local militias to secure the border. But their tribes largely benefit from smuggling migrants, and they also made clear this business will not stop unless development aid and compensation for the smugglers is provided. “The EU wants to use us against migrants and terrorism,” a Tubu militia leader told me, off-the-record, on the side of a meeting in the European Parliament last year. “But we have our own problems. What alternative can we propose to our youth, who live off trafficking?”

With or without the EU, some of the newly armed groups in Libya are selling themselves as migrant hunters. “We arrested more than 18,000 migrants,” a militia chief told me, with a hauteur that reminded me of the anti-immigrant sentiment spreading across Europe. “We don’t want just to please the EU, we protect our youths and our territory!”

It seems rather reckless, however, in a largely stateless stretch of the Sahara, for Europe to empower militias as proxy border guards, some of whom are the very smugglers whose operations the EU is trying to thwart. The precedent in Sudan is not encouraging. Last year, Khartoum received funding from the EU that was intended to help it restrict outward migration. The best the government could do was redeploy at the Sudanese-Libyan border the notorious Rapid Support Forces, recruited among Darfur’s Janjaweed militias, which have wreaked havoc in the province since 2003. In due course, their leader, Brigadier General Dagalo, also known as “Hemeti,” claimed to have arrested 20,000 migrants and then threatened to reopen the border if the EU did not pay an additional sum. The EU had already given Sudan and Niger 140 million euros each in 2016. And the Libyan rival factions are catching on, understanding well that the migrant crisis gives them a chance to blackmail European leaders worried about the success of far-right anti-immigrant groups in their elections. In February, with elections looming in the Netherlands and France, the EU made a deal to keep migrants in Libya, on the model of its March 2016 agreement with Turkey, with the Tripoli-based, internationally recognized Government of National Accord, despite the fact it has little control over the country. In August, the GNA’s main rival, eastern Libya’s strongman Khalifa Haftar, claimed that blocking migrants at Libya’s southern borders would cost one billion euros a year over 20 years and asked France, his closest ally in Europe, to provide him with military equipment such as helicopters, drones, armored vehicles, and night vision goggles. Needless to say, Haftar did not get the equipment.

THE HUB

Dirkou became a migrant hub about 25 years ago and remains a thriving market town whose residents make a living mostly off of road transport to and from Libya. Smuggling people across Libya’s southern borders became semiofficial practice in 1992, as Qaddafi sought to circumvent the UN’s air traffic embargo. This, in turn, opened up an opportunity for ambitious facilitators who could get their hands on a vehicle, a period that came to be known locally as “the Marlboro era.” Planes and trucks, contravening the embargo, delivered cigarettes to Dirkou, where there was already an airstrip long enough for cargo planes. They then sold their contraband to Libyan smugglers, who took them north with help from Nigerien authorities.

Smuggling was possible at the time only if the government was involved, explained Bakri, one of the drivers I met in Dirkou (and who requested his name be changed). Gradually, cigarettes were replaced by Moroccan cannabis, which was driven down from around the Algerian border through Mali and Niger. Tuareg rebels, who had been involved in sporadic insurgencies against the governments of Mali and Niger, began to attack the convoys to steal their cargoes for reselling. The traffickers eventually enlisted them to serve as their protectors, guides, or drivers.

That process began in the 1990s and 2000s when the Niger government and Tuareg rebels held regular peace talks and struck deals that allowed former insurgents to be integrated into the Niger armed forces. Hundreds of fighters who were left to fend for themselves, however, fell back on banditry or drug trafficking, and it wasn’t long before the authorities decided that they should be encouraged to transport migrants to Libya instead. Many now own vehicles that had been captured from the army in the course of the rebellion. These were cleared through customs at half the normal fee, and the Ministry of Transport awarded a great number of them licenses. It was decided that the new fleet of migrant facilitators would take passengers at the bus station in Agadez.

In 2011, after the NATO-backed revolution in Libya had toppled Qaddafi, newly formed Tubu militias took control of most of the country’s arms stockpiles, as well as its southern borderlands. Many young Tubu men from Libya or Niger stole or, like Bakri, who dropped out of the university to become a smuggler, bought a good pickup truck for carrying passengers. The new wave of drivers who acquired their cars during the turmoil were known in Arabic as sawag NATO, or “NATO drivers.”

“If the number of migrants increased,” Bakri told me, “it’s mostly because NATO overthrew Qaddafi.” Qaddafi was able to regulate the flow of migrants into Europe and used it as a bargaining chip. In 2008, he signed a friendship treaty with Italy, which was then led by Silvio Berlusconi. In exchange for Libya’s help to block the migrants, “Il Cavaliere” launched the construction of a $5 billion highway in Libya. Crucially, however, Qaddafi’s regime provided paid work for hundreds of thousands of sub-Saharans, who had no need to cross the Mediterranean. Since 2011, Libya has become a much more dangerous place, especially for migrants. They are held and often tortured by smugglers on the pretext that they owe money and used for slave labor and prostitution until their families can pay off the debt.

In May 2015, under EU pressure, Niger adopted a law that made assistance to any foreigner illegal on the grounds that it constituted migrant trafficking. Critics noted that the legislation contradicts Niger’s membership in the visa-free ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States), from which most migrants traveling between Niger and Libya hail (they numbered 400,000 in 2016). The law was not enforced until the middle of last year, when the police began arresting drivers and “coaxers”—the regional term for all intermediaries on the human-smuggling routes up through West Africa. They jailed about 100 of them and confiscated another 100 vehicles. Three months later, the EU congratulated itself for a spectacular drop in migrant flows from Niger to Libya. But the announcement was based on International Organization for Migration (IOM) data, which the UN agency has since acknowledged to be incorrect, owing to a “technical problem” with its database.

Saddiq, whose name has also been changed, is a coaxer in Agadez. He told me that migrants were still arriving in the town in the hope of heading north. “The police are from southern Niger and they are not familiar with the desert,” he said. “For every car arrested, 20 get through.” The cars have gotten faster. One of Saddiq’s drivers traded his old one for a Toyota Tundra, which can reach 120 miles per hour on hard sand. Meanwhile, groups of migrants have gotten smaller and are thus lighter loads. New “roads” have already been pounded out through the desert. Drivers pick up migrants as far south as the Nigerien-Nigerian border, keeping clear of towns and checkpoints. “Tubu drivers have been going up with GPS to open new roads along the Niger-Algeria border,” said Saddiq. “They meet the drug traffickers and exchange food and advice.”

On these new roads, risks are higher for drivers and passengers. Vehicles get lost, break down, and run out of fuel. Thirst is a constant danger, and, as drivers and the IOM warned, deaths increased during the 2017 dry season, which began in May. Drivers pursued by patrols are likely to aim for a high-speed getaway, which means abandoning their passengers in the desert. “Because we couldn’t take the main road, bandits attacked us,” Aji, a Gambian migrant, told me as he recounted his failed attempt to get to Libya last December. “Only 30 kilometers from Agadez, bandits shot at us, killed two drivers and injured 17 passengers, including myself.” They took everything he owned. He was brought back to the hospital in Agadez for treatment for his wounded leg. He was broke and his spirits were low. “I no longer want to go to Libya,” he said.

New liabilities for the smugglers drive up their prices: the fare for a ride from Agadez to Libya before the Niger government decided to curtail the northward flow was around $250. Now it is $500 or more. People with enough money travel in small, elite groups of three to five for up to $1,700 per head. Migrants without enough cash can travel on credit, but they risk falling into debt bondage once in Libya. Even with the higher fees, smugglers’ revenues have not increased. Saddiq’s has fallen from $5,000 a month to around $2,000. Costs, including lavish bribes to Niger’s security forces, have risen sharply. Still, the pace of the trade remains brisk. “I have a brand-new vehicle ready for 22 passengers,” Saddiq told me. That evening, as he loaded up his passengers with their light luggage and jerry cans of water, a motorbike went ahead of it with its headlights off to make sure that the coast was clear.

“Many won’t give up this work, but those who continue are stuntmen,” grumbled one of Saddiq’s colleagues, a Tuareg former rebel who has been driving migrants for more than 15 years. Feeling chased by the authorities, or forced to pay them bribes twice as much as before, Tuareg and Tubu drivers are increasingly angry with the Nigerien government and what they call “the diktat of Europe.” He thought there might be better money in other activities. “What should we do? Become terrorists?” he said, somewhat provocatively. “I should go up to Libya and enlist with Daesh [the Islamic State, or ISIS]. They’re the ones who offer the best pay.”

https://seenthis.net/local/cache-vignettes/L600xH338/06dsc_1118jp08e3-1619e.jpg

►https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/niger/2017-08-31/europes-migrant-hunters
#Agadez #réfugiés #Niger #désert_du_Ténéré #passeurs #smugglers #smuggling #Dirkou #routes_migratoires #parcours_migratoires

Sfidare la morte per fuggire dal Niger

In Niger i militari inseguono i migranti. Ordini dall’alto: quello che vuole l’Europa. Che per questo li paga. I profughi cercano così altri percorsi. Passano per il deserto, per piste più pericolose. Con il rischio di morire disidratati

▻http://espresso.repubblica.it/polopoly_fs/1.308980!/httpImage/image.JPG_gen/derivatives/gallery_990/image.JPG
▻http://espresso.repubblica.it/polopoly_fs/1.308979!/httpImage/image.JPG_gen/derivatives/gallery_990/image.JPG

https://i.imgur.com/5MV19OZ.png

A line in the sand

In late 2016, Agadez made headlines when Niger became one of the European Union (EU)’s prime partners in the fight against irregular migration. The arrest of human smugglers and the confiscation of their 4x4 trucks resulted in a decrease in the number of migrants travelling through the region.

Given Agadez’s economic dependence on the migration industry, Clingendael’s Conflict Research Unit investigated the costs of these measures for the local population, their authorities and regional security. We invite you to work with our data and explore our findings.

https://i.imgur.com/kZPYDGu.png

Sur l’axe Niamey-Agadez, les bus transportant les candidats au rêve européen se vident

Quand l’Europe renvoie la crise migratoire de l’autre côté de la Méditerranée (2). Le pouvoir nigérien a durci ses contrôles d’identité afin d’enrayer le flux de migrants qui convergent au Niger pour rallier la Libye.

▻http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/01/sur-l-axe-niamey-agadez-les-bus-transportant-les-candidats-au-reve-europeen-

Quel lunedì che ha cambiato la migrazione in Niger

Nella prima storia della sua trilogia sul Niger per Open Migration, Giacomo Zandonini ci raccontava com’è cambiata la vita di un ex passeur di migranti dopo l’applicazione delle misure restrittive da parte del governo. In questa seconda storia, sfida i pericoli del Sahara insieme ai migranti e racconta come la chiusura della rotta di Agadez abbia spinto la locale economia al dettaglio verso le mani di un sistema mafioso.

▻http://openmigration.org/analisi/quel-lunedi-che-ha-cambiato-la-migrazione-in-niger
#fermeture_des_frontières #mafia

En anglais:
▻http://openmigration.org/en/analyses/the-monday-that-changed-migration-in-niger

In Niger, Europe’s Empty Promises Hinder Efforts to Move Beyond Smuggling

The story of one former desert driver and his struggle to escape the migration trade reveals the limits of an E.U. scheme to offer alternatives to the Sahara smugglers. Giacomo Zandonini reports from Agadez.

https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20171228111958/Issa-Tahir-left-Kore-Yesko-right-and-a_.jpg?w=640&fit=max&q=60&dpr=2#.jpg

In Niger’s desert, Europe’s migration crackdown pinches wallets

“We worry for the people who used to provide services to the migrants. Now they’ve been put in a risky situation too.”

▻http://news.trust.org/item/20180327003253-3wunx

Agadez, aux portes du Sahara

Dans la foulée de la ’crise des migrants’ de 2015, l’Union Européenne a signé une série d’accords avec des pays tiers. Parmi ceux-ci, un deal avec le Niger qui provoque des morts anonymes par centaines dans le désert du Sahara. Médecins du Monde est présente à Agadez pour soigner les migrants. Récit.

▻https://spark.adobe.com/page/47HkbWVoG4nif

« A Agadez, on est passé de 350 migrants par jour à 100 par semaine »

Journée spéciale sur RFI ce 23 mai. La radio mondiale propose des reportages et des interviews sur Agadez, la grande ville-carrefour du Nord-Niger, qui tente de tourner le dos à l’émigration clandestine. Notre reporter, Bineta Diagne essaie notamment de savoir si les quelque 5 000 à 6 000 passeurs, transporteurs et rabatteurs, qui vivent du trafic des migrants, sont en mesure de se reconvertir. Au Niger, Mohamed Bazoum est ministre d’Etat, ministre de l’Intérieur et de la Sécurité publique. En ligne de Niamey, il répond aux questions de Christophe Boisbouvier.

▻http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20180523-agadez-on-est-passe-350-migrants-jour-100-semaine

Des contacts sur place ont confirmé à Karine Gatelier (Modus Operandi, association grenobloise) et moi-même que les arrivées à Agadez baissent.
La question reste :

Les itinéraires changent : vers où ?

Niger: la difficile #reconversion d’Agadez

Le Niger est un pays de transit et de départ de l’émigration irrégulière vers l’Europe. Depuis fin 2016, les autorités tentent de lutter contre ce phénomène. Les efforts des autorités se concentrent autour de la ville d’Agadez, dans le centre du pays. Située aux portes du désert du Ténéré et classée patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco, Agadez a, pendant plusieurs années, attiré énormément de touristes amoureux du désert. Mais l’insécurité a changé la donne de cette région, qui s’est progressivement développée autour d’une économie parallèle reposant sur la migration. Aujourd’hui encore, les habitants cherchent de nouveaux débouchés.

▻http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180523-niger-difficile-reconversion-agadez
#tourisme

Au #Sahara, voyager devient un crime

La France s’est émue lorsque Mamadou Gassama, un Malien de 22 ans, sans papiers, a sauvé un enfant de 4 ans d’une (probable) chute fatale à Paris. Une figure de « migrant extraordinaire » comme les médias savent régulièrement en créer, mais une figure qui ne devrait pas faire oublier tous les autres, « les statistiques, les sans-nom, les numéros. » Ni tous celles et ceux qui n’ont aucune intention de venir en Europe, mais qui sont néanmoins victimes des nouvelles politiques migratoires européennes et africaines mises en œuvre à l’abri des regards, à l’intérieur même du continent africain.

Les migrations vers et à travers le Sahara ne constituent certes pas un phénomène nouveau. Mais à partir du début des années 2000, la focalisation des médias et des pouvoirs publics sur la seule minorité d’individus qui, après avoir traversé le Sahara, traversent également la Méditerranée, a favorisé l’assimilation de l’ensemble de ces circulations intra-africaines à des migrations économiques à destination de l’Europe.

Ce point de vue, qui repose sur des représentations partielles et partiales des faits, éloignées des réalités de terrain observées par les chercheurs, sert depuis lors de base de légitimation à la mise en œuvre de politiques migratoires restrictives en Afrique.

Le Sahara, zone de contrôle

L’Europe (Union européenne et certains États), des organisations internationales (notamment l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM)) et des structures ad hoc (#Frontex, #EUCAP_Sahel_Niger), avec la coopération plus ou moins volontariste des autorités nationales des pays concernés, participent ainsi au durcissement législatif mis en place dans les pays du Maghreb au cours des années 2000, puis en Afrique de l’Ouest la décennie suivante, ainsi qu’au renforcement de la surveillance et du contrôle des espaces désertiques et des populations mobiles.

Le Sahara est ainsi transformé en une vaste « #zone-frontière » où les migrants peuvent partout et en permanence être contrôlés, catégorisés, triés, incités à faire demi-tour voire être arrêtés.

Cette nouvelle manière de « gérer » les #circulations_migratoires dans la région pose de nombreux problèmes, y compris juridiques. Ainsi, les ressortissants des États membres de la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (#CEDEAO), qui ont officiellement le droit de circuler librement au sein de l’#espace_communautaire, se font régulièrement arrêter lorsqu’ils se dirigent vers les frontières septentrionales du #Mali ou du #Niger.

Le Niger, nouveau garde-frontière de l’Europe

Dans ce pays, les migrations internationales n’étaient jusqu’à récemment pas considérées comme un problème à résoudre et ne faisaient pas l’objet d’une politique spécifique.

Ces dernières années, tandis que le directeur général de l’OIM affirmait – sans chiffre à l’appui – qu’il y a dorénavant autant de décès de migrants au Sahara qu’en Méditerranée, l’UE continuait de mettre le gouvernement nigérien sous pression pour en finir avec « le modèle économique des passeurs ».

Si des projets et programmes sont, depuis des années, mis en œuvre dans le pays pour y parvenir, les moyens financiers et matériels dédiés ont récemment été décuplés, à l’instar de l’ensemble des moyens destinés à lutter contre les migrations irrégulières supposées être à destination de l’Europe.

Ainsi, le budget annuel de l’OIM a été multiplié par 7,5 en 20 ans (passant de 240 millions d’euros en 1998 à 1,8 milliard d’euros en 2018), celui de Frontex par 45 en 12 ans (passant de 6 millions d’euros en 2005 à 281 millions d’euros en 2017), celui d’EUCAP Sahel Niger par 2,5 en 5 ans (passant de moins de 10 millions d’euros en 2012 à 26 millions d’euros en 2017), tandis que depuis 2015 le Fonds fiduciaire d’urgence pour l’Afrique a été lancé par l’UE avec un budget de 2,5 milliards d’euros destinés à lutter contre les « causes profondes de la migration irrégulière » sur le continent, et notamment au Sahel.

Ceci est particulièrement visible dans la région d’Agadez, dans le nord du pays, qui est plus que jamais considérée par les experts européens comme « le lieu où passe la plupart des flux de [migrants irréguliers] qui vont en Libye puis en Europe par la route de la Méditerranée centrale ».

La migration criminalisée

La mission européenne EUCAP Sahel Niger, lancée en 2012 et qui a ouvert une antenne permanente à Agadez en 2017, apparaît comme un des outils clés de la politique migratoire et sécuritaire européenne dans ce pays. Cette mission vise à « assister les autorités nigériennes locales et nationales, ainsi que les forces de sécurité, dans le développement de politiques, de techniques et de procédures permettant d’améliorer le contrôle et la lutte contre les migrations irrégulières », et d’articuler cela avec la « lutte anti-terroriste » et contre « les activités criminelles associées ».

Outre cette imbrication officialisée des préoccupations migratoires et sécuritaires, EUCAP Sahel Niger et le nouveau Cadre de partenariat pour les migrations, mis en place par l’UE en juin 2016 en collaboration avec le gouvernement nigérien, visent directement à mettre en application la loi nigérienne n°2015-36 de mai 2015 sur le trafic de migrants, elle-même faite sur mesure pour s’accorder aux attentes européennes en la matière.

Cette loi, qui vise à « prévenir et combattre le trafic illicite de migrants » dans le pays, définit comme trafiquant de migrants « toute personne qui, intentionnellement et pour en tirer, directement ou indirectement, un avantage financier ou un autre avantage matériel, assure l’entrée ou la sortie illégale au Niger » d’un ressortissant étranger.
Jusqu’à 45 000 euros d’amende et 30 ans de prison

Dans la région d’#Agadez frontalière de la Libye et de l’Algérie, les gens qui organisent les transports des passagers, tels les chauffeurs-guides en possession de véhicules pick-up tout-terrain leur permettant de transporter une trentaine de voyageurs, sont dorénavant accusés de participer à un « trafic illicite de migrants », et peuvent être arrêtés et condamnés.

Transporter ou même simplement loger, dans le nord du Niger, des ressortissants étrangers (en situation irrégulière ou non) fait ainsi encourir des amendes allant jusqu’à 30 millions de francs CFA (45 000 euros) et des peines pouvant s’élever à 30 ans de prison.

Et, cerise sur le gâteau de la répression aveugle, il est précisé que « la tentative des infractions prévue par la présente loi est punie des mêmes peines. » Nul besoin donc de franchir irrégulièrement une frontière internationale pour être incriminé.

Résultat, à plusieurs centaines de kilomètres des frontières, des transporteurs, « passeurs » avérés ou supposés, requalifiés en « trafiquants », jugés sur leurs intentions et non leurs actes, peuvent dorénavant être arrêtés. Pour les autorités nationales, comme pour leurs homologues européens, il s’agit ainsi d’organiser le plus efficacement possible une lutte préventive contre « l’émigration irrégulière » à destination de l’Europe.

Cette aberration juridique permet d’arrêter et de condamner des individus dans leur propre pays sur la seule base d’intentions supposées : c’est-à-dire sans qu’aucune infraction n’ait été commise, sur la simple supposition de l’intention d’entrer illégalement dans un autre pays.

Cette mesure a été prise au mépris de la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples (article 12.2) et de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme (article 13.2), qui stipulent que « toute personne a le droit de quitter tout pays, y compris le sien ».

Au mépris également du principe de présomption d’innocence, fondateur de tous les grands systèmes légaux. En somme, une suspension du droit et de la morale qui reflète toute la violence inique des logiques de lutte contre les migrations africaines supposées être à destination de l’Europe.
Des « passeurs » sans « passages »

La présomption de culpabilité a ainsi permis de nombreuses arrestations suivies de peines d’emprisonnement, particulièrement dans la région d’Agadez, perçue comme une région de transit pour celles et ceux qui souhaitent se rendre en Europe, tandis que les migrations vers le Sud ne font l’objet d’aucun contrôle de ce type.

La loi de 2015 permet en effet aux forces de l’ordre et de sécurité du Niger d’arrêter des chauffeurs nigériens à l’intérieur même de leur pays, y compris lorsque leurs passagers sont en situation régulière au Niger. Cette loi a permis de créer juridiquement la catégorie de « passeur » sans qu’il y ait nécessairement passage de frontière.

La question des migrations vers et à travers le Sahara semble ainsi dorénavant traitée par le gouvernement nigérien, et par ses partenaires internationaux, à travers des dispositifs dérivés du droit de la guerre, et particulièrement de la « guerre contre le terrorisme » et de l’institutionnalisation de lois d’exception qui va avec.

Malgré cela, si le Niger est peu à peu devenu un pays cobaye des politiques antimigrations de l’Union européenne, nul doute pour autant qu’aucune police n’est en mesure d’empêcher totalement les gens de circuler, si ce n’est localement et temporairement – certainement pas dans la durée et à l’échelle du Sahara.

https://images.theconversation.com/files/220994/original/file-20180530-120505-1xr5c0y.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip#.jpg

Adapter le voyage

Migrants et transporteurs s’adaptent et contournent désormais les principales villes et leurs #check-points, entraînant une hausse des tarifs de transport entre le Niger et l’Afrique du Nord. Ces #tarifs, qui ont toujours fortement varié selon les véhicules, les destinations et les périodes, sont passés d’environ 100 000 francs CFA (150 euros) en moyenne par personne vers 2010, à plusieurs centaines de milliers de francs CFA en 2017 (parfois plus de 500 euros). Les voyages à travers le Sahara sont ainsi plus onéreux et plus discrets, mais aussi plus difficiles et plus risqués qu’auparavant, car en prenant des routes inhabituelles, moins fréquentées, les transporteurs ne minimisent pas seulement les risques de se faire arrêter, mais aussi ceux de se faire secourir en cas de pannes ou d’attaques par des bandits.

Comme le montre l’article Manufacturing Smugglers : From Irregular to Clandestine Mobility in the Sahara, cette « clandestinisation » (►http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0002716217744529) généralisée du transport de migrants s’accompagne d’une diminution, voire d’une disparition, du contrôle social jusque-là exercé sur les différents acteurs, entre eux, mais aussi par leurs proches ou par les agents de l’État qui ponctionnaient illégalement leurs activités.

Il était en effet aisé, jusqu’à récemment, de savoir qui était parti d’où, quel jour, avec combien de passagers, et de savoir si tous étaient arrivés à bon port. Ce qui incitait chacun à rester dans les limites morales de l’acceptable. Ces dernières années, entre les risques pris volontairement par les transporteurs et les migrants, et les abandons de passagers dans le désert, il ne serait pas étonnant que le nombre de morts sur les pistes sahariennes ait augmenté.
Une vraie fausse réduction des flux

Récemment, l’OIM a pu clamer une diminution des volumes des flux migratoires passant par le Niger, et des représentants de l’UE et de gouvernements sur les deux continents ont pu se féliciter de l’efficacité des mesures mises en œuvre, clamant unanimement la nécessité de poursuivre leur effort.

Mais de l’accord même des agents de l’#OIM, seul organisme à produire des chiffres en la matière au Sahara, il ne s’agit en fait que d’une diminution du nombre de personnes passant par ses points de contrôle, ce qui ne nous dit finalement rien sur le volume global des flux à travers le pays. Or, malgré toutes les mesures sécuritaires mises en place, la toute petite partie de la population qui a décidé de voyager ainsi va sans doute continuer à le faire, quel qu’en soit le risque.

▻https://theconversation.com/au-sahara-voyager-devient-un-crime-96825
#Afrique_de_l'Ouest #mobilité #libre_circulation #frontières #externalisation #fermeture_des_frontières #migrations #asile #réfugiés #IOM #contrôles_frontaliers #déstructuration #passeurs #smugglers

New terrorist threat as EU stance on migrants triggers disquiet in Niger

Efforts to buttress Europe’s borders have left people smugglers in Niger jobless and ripe for exploitation by jihadist groups

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https://i.imgur.com/Eak9zQF.jpg

Thank you to the new EU Ambassador to #Niger @DenisaIonete for visiting IOM’s transit centre for #migrants in #Agadez last week. @europeaid @IOMatEU @dueniger #AfricaTrustFund

▻https://twitter.com/OIM_Niger/status/1054298154714259457/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euron

Déclaration de fin de mission du Rapporteur Spécial des Nations Unies sur les droits de l’homme des migrants, Felipe González Morales, lors de sa visite au Niger (1-8 octobre, 2018)

L’externalisation de la gestion de la migration du Niger par le biais de l’OIM

En raison de ses capacités limitées, le gouvernement du Niger s’appuie depuis 2014 largement sur l’OIM pour répondre à la situation des personnes migrantes expulsées de l’Algérie ou forcées de revenir de pays voisins tels que la Libye et le Mali. À leur arrivée dans l’un des six centres de transit de l’OIM, et sous réserve qu’ils s’engagent à leur retour, l’OIM leur offre un abri, de la nourriture, une assistance médicale et psychosociale, des documents de voyage/d’identité et le transport vers leur pays d’origine. Depuis 2015, 11 936 migrants ont été rapatriés dans leur pays d’origine dans le cadre du programme d’AVR de l’OIM, la plupart en Guinée Conakry, au Mali et au Cameroun.

Au cours de ma visite, j’ai eu l’occasion de m’entretenir avec de nombreux hommes, femmes et enfants vivant dans les centres de transit de l’OIM à Agadez et à Niamey, inscrits au programme d’AVR. Certains d’entre eux ont indiqué qu’ils ne pouvaient plus supporter les violations des droits de l’homme (ayant été victimes de discrimination raciale, d’arrestations arbitraires, de torture, d’expulsion collective, d’exploitation sexuelle et par le travail pendant leur migration) et de la situation difficile dans les centres de transit et souhaitaient retourner dans leur pays d’origine. D’autres ont indiqué qu’ils s’étaient inscrits au programme d’AVR parce que c’était la seule assistance qui leur était offerte, et beaucoup d’entre eux m’ont dit que dès leur retour dans leur pays d’origine, ils essaieraient de migrer à nouveau.

En effet, quand le programme d’AVR est la seule option disponible pour ceux qui ont été expulsés ou forcés de rentrer, et qu’aucune autre alternative réelle n’est proposée à ceux qui ne veulent pas s’y inscrire, y compris ceux qui se trouvent dans une situation vulnérable et qui ont été victimes de multiples violations des droits de l’homme, des questions se posent quant à la véritable nature volontaire de ces retours si l’on considère l’ensemble du parcours qu’ils ont effectué. De plus, l’inscription à un programme d’AVR ne peut pas prévaloir sur le fait que la plupart de ces migrants sont à l’origine victimes d’expulsions illégales, en violation des principes fondamentaux du droit international.

L’absence d’évaluations individuelles efficaces et fondées sur les droits de l’homme menées auprès des migrants rapatriés, faites dans le respect du principe fondamental de non-refoulement et des garanties d’une procédure régulière, est un autre sujet de préoccupation. Un grand nombre de personnes migrantes inscrites au programme d’AVR sont victimes de multiples violations des droits de l’homme (par exemple, subies au cours de leur migration et dans les pays de transit) et ont besoin d’une protection fondée sur le droit international. Cependant, très peu de personnes sont orientées vers une demande d’asile/procédure de détermination du statut de réfugié, et les autres sont traitées en vue de leur retour. L’objectif ultime des programmes d’AVR, à savoir le retour des migrants, ne peut pas prévaloir sur les considérations en lien avec les droits de l’homme pour chaque cas. Cela soulève également des préoccupations en termes de responsabilité, d’accès à la justice et de recours pour les migrants victimes de violations des droits de l’homme.

Rôle des bailleurs de fonds internationaux et en particulier de l’UE

Bien que les principaux responsables gouvernementaux ont souligné que l’objectif de réduction des migrations vers le nord était principalement une décision de politique nationale, il est nécessaire de souligner le rôle et la responsabilité de la communauté internationale et des bailleurs de fond à cet égard. En effet, plusieurs sources ont déclaré que la politique nigérienne en matière de migration est fortement influencée et principalement conduite selon les demandes de l’Union européenne et de ses États membres en matière de contrôle de la migration en échange d’un soutien financier. Par exemple, le fait que le Fonds fiduciaire de l’Union européenne apporte un soutien financier à l’OIM en grande partie pour sensibiliser et renvoyer les migrants dans leur pays d’origine, même lorsque le caractère volontaire est souvent discutable, compromet son approche fondée sur les droits dans la coopération pour le développement. De plus, d’après mes échanges avec l’Union européenne, aucun soutien n’est prévu pour les migrants qui ne sont ni des réfugiés ni pour ceux qui n’ont pas accepté d’être renvoyés volontairement dans leur pays d’origine. En outre, le rôle et le soutien de l’UE dans l’adoption et la mise en œuvre de la loi sur le trafic illicite de migrants remettent en question son principe de « ne pas nuire » compte tenu des préoccupations en matière de droits de l’homme liées à la mise en œuvre et exécution de la loi.

►https://www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23698&LangID=F
#droits_humains #droits_de_l'homme_des_migrants #Niger #asile #migrations #réfugiés

African migration ’a trickle’ thanks to trafficking ban across the Sahara

The number of migrants trying to cross the Mediterranean for Europe has been dropping and that is partly because of tougher measures introduced on the migrant routes, as Mike Thomson reports from Niger.

In a small dusty courtyard near the centre of Agadez, a town on the fringes of the Sahara desert, Bachir Amma, eats lunch with his family.

A line of plastic chairs, clinging to the shadow of the mud walls, are the only visible furniture.

Mr Amma, a former people smuggler, dressed in a faded blue denim shirt and jeans, has clearly known better days.

"I stopped trafficking migrants to the Libyan border when the new law came in.

"It’s very, very strict. If you’re caught you get a long time in jail and they confiscate your vehicle.

“If the law was eased I would go back to people trafficking, that’s for sure. It earned me as much as $6,000 (£4,700) a week, far more money than anything I can do now.”
Traffickers jailed

The law Mr Amma mentioned, which banned the transport of migrants through northern Niger, was brought in by the government in 2015 following pressure from European countries.

Before then such work was entirely legal, as Niger is a member of the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) that permits the free movement of people.

Police even provided armed escorts for the convoys involved. But since the law was passed many traffickers have been jailed and hundreds of their vehicles confiscated.

Before 2015, the Agadez region was home to more than 6,000 people traffickers like Mr Amma, according to figures from the UN’s International Organization for Migration (IOM) .

Collectively they transported around 340,000 Europe-bound migrants through the Sahara desert to Libya.
Migration in reverse

Since the clampdown this torrent has become a relative trickle.

In fact, more African migrants, who have ended up in Niger and experienced or heard of the terrible dangers and difficulties of getting to Europe, have decided to return home.

This year alone 16,000 have decided to accept offers from the IOM to fly them back.

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A large and boisterous IOM-run transit centre in Agadez is home to hundreds of weary, homesick migrants.

In one large hut around 20 young men, from a variety of West African countries, attend a class on how to set up a small business when they get home.

Among them is 27-year-old Umar Sankoh from Sierra Leone, who was dumped in the Sahara by a trafficker when he was unable to pay him more money.

“The struggle is so hard in the desert, so difficult to find your way. You don’t have food, you don’t have nothing, even water you can’t drink. It’s so terrible,” he said.

Now, Mr Sankoh has given up his dreams of a better life in Europe and only has one thought in mind: "I want to go home.

"My family will be happy because it’s been a long time so they must believe I am dead.

“If they see me now they’ll think, ’Oh my God, God is working!’”
Coast guards intercept vessels

Many thousands of migrants who make it to Libya are sold on by their traffickers to kidnappers who try and get thousands of dollars from their families back home.

Those who cannot pay are often tortured, sometimes while being forced to ask relatives for money over the phone, and held in atrocious conditions for months.

With much of the country in the grip of civil war, such gangs can operate there with impunity.

In an effort to curb the number of migrants making for southern Europe by boat, thousands of whom have drowned on the way, coast guards trained by the European Union (EU) try and stop or intercept often flimsy vessels.

Those on board are then taken to detention centres, where they are exposed to squalid, hugely overcrowded conditions and sometimes beatings and forced hard labour.
Legal resettlement offers

In November 2017, the EU funded a special programme to evacuate the most vulnerable refugees in centres like these.

Under this scheme, which is run by the UN’s refugee agency (UNHCR), a little more than 2,200 people have since been flown to the comparative safety of neighbouring Niger.

There, in a compound in the capital, Niamey, they wait for the chance to be resettled in a European country, including the UK, as well as Canada and the US.

So far just under 1,000 have been resettled and 264 accepted for resettlement.

The rest await news of their fate.

▻https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46802548
#cartographie

Commentaire de Alizée Daouchy via la mailing-list Migreurop:

Rien de très nouveau dans cet article, il traite des routes migratoires dans le Sahara mais ne s’intéresse qu’au cas d’Agadez.
L’auteur qualifie les « flux » dans le Sahara de « migration in reverse ». Alors qu’avant l’adoption de la loi contre le trafic de migrants (2015), 340 000 personnes traversaient le désert du Sahara vers la Libye (sans préciser pour quelle(s) année(s)), en 2018, 16 000 personnes ont été ’retournées’ dans leur pays d’origine par l’#OIM.

Pour autant, des ’trafiquants’ continuent leurs activités en empruntant des routes plus dangereuses pour éviter les forces de l’ordre. A ce sujet la représentante de l’UNHCR au Niger rappelle que : la communauté internationale ("we, the international Community, the UNHCR") considère que pour chaque mort en Méditerranée, il y en aurait au moins deux dans le désert". Mais toujours pas de sources concernant ces chiffres.

#migrations_inversées #migrations_inverses

After crackdown, what do people employed in migration market do?

Thousands in Niger were employed as middlemen until the government, aided by the EU, targeted undocumented migration.

A group of women are squeezed into a modest room, ready to take their class in a popular district of Agadez, the largest city in central Niger.

A blackboard hangs on the wall and Mahaman Alkassoum, chalk in hand, is ready to begin.

A former people smuggler, he is an unusual professor.

His round face and shy expression clash with the image of the ruthless trafficker.

“We’re here to help you organise your savings, so that your activities will become profitable,” Alkassoum tells the women, before drawing a timeline to illustrate the different stages of starting a business.

Until mid-2016, both he and the women in the room were employed in Agadez’s huge migration market, which offered economic opportunities for thousands of people in an immense desert region, bordering with Algeria, Libya and Chad.

Alkassoum used to pack his pick-up truck with up to 25 migrants at once, driving them across the Sahara from Agadez to the southern Libyan city of Sebha, earning up to 1,500 euros ($1,706) a month - five times the salary of a local policeman.

All of us suffered with the end of migration in Agadez. We’re toasting peanuts every day and thinking of new ways to earn something.

Habi Amaloze, former cook for migrants

The women, his current students, were employed as cooks in the ghettos and yards where migrants were hosted during their stay in town.

At times, they fed 100 people a day and earned about 200 euros ($227) a month.

For decades, the passage of western African migrants heading to Libya, and eventually to Italian shores, happened in daylight, in full view - and in most cases with the complicity of Niger security forces.

According to a 2016 study by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), migrants in transit had injected about 100 million euros ($113.8m) into the local economy,

But the “golden age” of migration through Agadez ended abruptly in the summer of 2016 when the government of Niger launched a crackdown on people smuggling.

More than 300 drivers, middlemen and managers of ghettos, have been arrested since then, convincing other colleagues - like Alkassoum and his students - to abandon their activity.

The driver’s new career as a community organiser began right after, when most locals involved in the smuggling business realised they had to somehow reinvent their lives.

At first, a few hundred men, former drivers or managers of ghettos, decided to set up an informal association, with the idea of raising funds between members to launch small commercial activities.

But the project didn’t really work, Alkassoum recounts. In early 2018, the leader of the group, a renowned smuggler, disappeared with some of the funds.

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Alkassoum, at the time the association’s secretary, got discouraged.

That was the moment when their female colleagues showed up.

Most of them were wives or sisters of smugglers, who were cooking for the migrants inside ghettos and, all of a sudden, had also seen their source of income disappear.

Resorting to an old experience as a youth leader, Alkassoum decided to help them launch new businesses, through lessons on community participation and bookkeeping.

As of mid-2018, more than 70 women had joined.

“At first we met to share our common suffering after losing our jobs, but soon we realised we needed to do more,” says Fatoumata Adiguini at the end of the class.

They decided to launch small businesses, dividing themselves into subgroups, each one developing a specific idea.

Habi Amaloze, a thin Tuareg woman, heads one of the groups: 17 women that called themselves “banda badantchi” - meaning “no difference” in Hausa - to share their common situation.

The banda badantchi started with the cheapest possible activity, shelling and toasting peanuts to sell on the streets.

https://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/2019/2/21/9a88aeafbd8a474da59803592c1a7e78_18.jpg

Other groups collected small sums to buy a sheep, chicks or a sewing machine.

“We started with what we had, which was almost nothing, but we dream to be able one day to open up a restaurant or a small farming activity,” explains Amaloze.

While most men left Agadez to find opportunities elsewhere, the women never stopped meeting and built relations of trust.

Besides raising their children, they have another motivation: working with migrants has freed them from marital control, something they are not willing or ready to lose.

According to Rhissa Feltou, the mayor of Agadez, the crackdown on northbound migration responded to European requests more than to local needs.

Since 2015, the European Union earmarked 230 million euros ($261.7m) from its Emergency Trust Fund of Africa for projects in Niger, making it the main beneficiary of a fund created to “address the root causes of migration”.

Among the projects, the creation of a police investigative unit, where French and Spanish policemen helped their Nigerien counterparts to track and arrest smugglers.

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Another project, known under its acronym Paiera, aimed at relieving the effect of the migration crackdown in Agadez, included a compensation scheme for smugglers who left their old job. The eight million-euro ($9.2m) fund was managed by the High Authority for the Consolidation of Peace, a state office tasked with reducing conflicts in border areas.

After endless negotiations between local authorities, EU representatives and a committee representing smugglers, a list of 6,550 smuggling actors operating in the region of Agadez, was finalised in 2017.

But two years after the project’s launch, only 371 of them received small sums, about 2,300 euros ($2,616) per person, to start new activities.

The High Authority for the Consolidation of Peace told Al Jazeera that an additional eight million-euro fund is available for a second phase of the project, to be launched in March 2019, allowing at least 600 more ex-smugglers to be funded.

But Feltou, the city’s mayor, isn’t optimistic.

“We waited too much and it’s still unclear when and how these new provisions will be delivered,” he explains.

Finding viable job opportunities for thousands of drivers, managers of ghettos, middlemen, cooks or water can sellers, who lost their main source of income in a country the United Nations dubbed as the last in its human development index in 2018, is not an easy task.

For the European Union, nonetheless, this cooperation has been a success. Northbound movements registered by the IOM along the main desert trail from Agadez to the Libyan border, dropped from 298,000 people a year in 2016 to about 50,000 in 2018.

In a January 2019 report, the EU commission described such a cooperation with Niger as “constructive and fruitful”.

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Just like other women in her group, Habi Amaloze was disregarded by Brussels-funded programmes like Paiera.

But the crackdown changed her life dramatically.

Her brother, who helped her after her husband died years ago, was arrested in 2017, forcing the family to leave their rented house.

With seven children, ranging from five to 13 years old, and a sick mother, they settled in a makeshift space used to store building material. Among piles of bricks, they built two shacks out of sticks, paperboard and plastic bags, to keep them safe from sand storms.

“This is all we have now,” Amaloze says, pointing to a few burned pots and a mat.

In seven years of work as a cook in her brother’s ghetto, she fed tens of thousands of migrants. Now she can hardly feed her family.

“At that time I earned at least 35,000 [West African franc] a week [about $60], now it can be as low as 2,000 [$3.4], enough to cook macaroni once a day for the kids, but no sauce,” she says, her voice breaking.

Only one of her children still attends school.

Her experience is familiar among the women she meets weekly. “All of us suffered with the end of migration in Agadez,” she says.

Through their groups, they found hope and solidarity. But their future is still uncertain.

“We’re toasting peanuts every day and thinking of new ways to earn something,” Hamaloze says with a mix of bitterness and determination. “But, like all our former colleagues, we need real opportunities otherwise migration through Agadez and the Sahara will resume, in a more violent and painful way than before.”

https://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/2019/2/21/c58f97b1fcca406c80aee33b413a8c76_18.jpg

▻https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/chroniques/526678/la-rage-de-la-solitude
source : ▻https://urbania.ca/article/moi-pis-les-incels-le-point-de-vue-dune-lesbienne

▻https://seenthis.net/messages/693066
►https://seenthis.net/messages/689702

Une rare tournure bienveillante d’un #vol à l’étalage à #Toronto - le policier dans un #vidéo d’un interview avec une chaîne canadienne [1’50’’]

▻https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUmXuTDGO6E

Discretion used in shoplifting call

publié 2017-08-09

PC Niran Jeyanesan responded to a shoplifting call where a young man attempted to take a shirt, tie and socks from a department store. After speaking to the young man, it was discovered that he had been going through some rough times and no means of getting the clothing he needed for an upcoming job interview. The officers decided not to charge the young man, and even purchase the items for him, so that he would be able to take the steps needed to turn his life around.

#Canada #police #entretien d’embauche

#taureau #symbole