person:wolfgang pauli

New NGA global map advances R&D in geophysics and nonproliferation
▻https://www.nga.mil/MediaRoom/PressReleases/Pages/Antineutrino.aspx

A team of researchers led by scientists at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency published a new map Sept. 1 that characterizes the Earth’s radioactivity and offers new and potential future applications for basic science research and nonproliferation efforts.

The Antineutrino Global Map 2015, or AGM2015, is an unprecedented experimentally-informed model of the Earth’s natural and manmade antineutrino flux.

The map uses open-source geophysical data sets and publicly available international antineutrino detection observational data to depict varying levels of radioactivity on Earth.

"The open access availability of these antineutrino maps represents the next generation of cartography and gives important insights into the basic understanding about the interior of our planet,” said Shawn Usman, NGA R&D scientist and lead author of the study.

The neutrino and its antimatter cousin, the antineutrino, are subatomic particles produced by stars of all types, including the Sun, as well as Earth’s atmosphere, supernovae, nuclear reactors, and radioactive materials.

►https://www.nature.com/articles/srep13945

https://media.nature.com/m685/nature-assets/srep/2015/150901/srep13945/images/srep13945-f1.jpg https://media.nature.com/m685/nature-assets/srep/2015/150901/srep13945/images/srep13945-f2.jpg

Le neutrino est une particule élémentaire du modèle standard de la physique des particules. C’est un fermion de spin ½, électriquement neutre. Il en existe trois saveurs : électronique, muonique et tauique.

L’existence du neutrino a été postulée pour la première fois en 1930 par Wolfgang Pauli pour expliquer le spectre continu de la désintégration bêta ainsi que l’apparente non-conservation du moment cinétique, et sa première confirmation expérimentale remonte à 1956.

Parce que la découverte de ces particules est récente et parce qu’elles interagissent faiblement avec la matière, au début du XXIe siècle de nombreuses expériences sont consacrées à connaître leurs propriétés exactes.

#radioactivité #cartographie #neutrino #antineutrino

My Life with the Physics Dream Team - Issue 43: Heroes
▻http://nautil.us/issue/43/heroes/my-life-with-the-physics-dream-team

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One gets the sense that Freeman Dyson has seen everything. It’s not just that at 92 he’s had a front row seat on scientific breakthroughs for the past century, or that he’s been friends and colleagues with many of the giants of 20th-century physics, from Hans Bethe and Wolfgang Pauli to Robert Oppenheimer and Richard Feynman. Dyson is one of the great sages of the science world. If you want to get a sense of where science has come from and where it might be headed, Dyson is your man. Dyson grew up in England with a gift for numbers and calculating. During World War II, he worked with the British Royal Air Force to pinpoint bombing targets in Germany. After the war, he moved to the United States where he got to know many of the physicists who’d built the atomic bomb. Like a lot of (...)

The Scientific Problem That Must Be Experienced - Issue 18 : Genius
▻http://nautil.us/issue/18/genius/the-scientific-problem-that-must-be-experienced

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When the German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld assigned his most brilliant student a subject for his doctoral thesis in 1923, he admitted that “I would not have proposed a topic of this difficulty to any of my other pupils.” Those others included such geniuses as Wolfgang Pauli and Hans Bethe, yet for Sommerfeld the only one who was up to the challenge of this subject was Werner Heisenberg. Heisenberg went on to be a key founder of quantum theory and was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in physics. He developed one of the first mathematical descriptions of this new and revolutionary discipline, discovered the uncertainty principle, and together with Niels Bohr engineered the “Copenhagen interpretation” of quantum theory, to which many physicists still adhere today. The subject of Heisenberg’s (...)

The Scientific Problem That Must Be Experienced - Issue 15: Turbulence
►http://nautil.us/issue/15/turbulence/the-scientific-problem-that-must-be-experienced

http://static.nautil.us/3680_2122c699d5e3d2fa6690771845bd7904.png

When the German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld assigned his most brilliant student a subject for his doctoral thesis in 1923, he admitted that “I would not have proposed a topic of this difficulty to any of my other pupils.” Those others included such geniuses as Wolfgang Pauli and Hans Bethe, yet for Sommerfeld the only one who was up to the challenge of this subject was Werner Heisenberg. Heisenberg went on to be a key founder of quantum theory and was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in physics. He developed one of the first mathematical descriptions of this new and revolutionary discipline, discovered the uncertainty principle, and together with Niels Bohr engineered the “Copenhagen interpretation” of quantum theory, to which many physicists still adhere today. The subject of Heisenberg’s (...)