company:arctic

  • The last whalers: commuting from the North Sea to Antarctica | Aeon Essays
    https://aeon.co/essays/the-last-whalers-commuting-from-the-north-sea-to-antarctica

    In the mid-20th century, young men from #Shetland would come of age and travel to Edinburgh. ‘Quite a lot of Shetland boys did that,’ says Gibbie Fraser, who was that boy some 60 years ago. ‘And I remember goin’ and dere was a lot of men dere and dey all seemed huge and in dose days dey all wore … dere dress clothes as almost a uniform.’ For many, this would have been their first trip to the mainland, their first trip to ‘Scotland’ proper at all, and the boys would watch the double-decker buses for the first time, or board a black cab for the neighbourhood of Leith. There, they would stand in lines that snaked around city blocks.Shetlanders are some of the only living people who participated in Antarctic whaling. #Whaling in the Southern Ocean followed the devastation of whale stocks in the North Sea around #Britain, #Iceland and #Norway in the late-19th and early 20th centuries. Whaling has been a foundation of Shetland’s economy for more than 300 years. It began with subsistence whaling, in the 18th and 19th centuries, and then developed into large-scale #Arctic and #Greenland hunts in the mid-19th century. Salvesen began whaling in Shetland at Olna in 1904, when the company established a whaling station. ‘That’s where [they], I suppose in a way, came to appreciate the Shetland men,’ said Fraser.

    #baleines

  • Shhhh. The “Gene Silenced” Apple Is Coming. – Mother Jones
    http://www.motherjones.com/food/2018/01/shhhh-the-gene-silenced-apple-is-coming/#

    Why go through all this trouble to change the color of the fruit? The Arctic’s non-browning properties mean it can be sold pre-sliced, which the company says makes it more appealing as a snack food for kids. And unlike other prepackaged apple slices, “our non-browning sliced apples are preservative free, avoiding negative flavor and aroma impacts of anti-browning treatments,” Okanagan President Neal Carter told me.

    Et l’argument écologiste en prime

    And if the apples stay white, we’re less likely to toss them out, according to the Breakthrough Institute, which is helping promote the fruit: “By eliminating superficial bruising and browning, the Arctic Apple holds the potential to dramatically reduce consumer food waste once it enters the market.” Food makes up the largest share of waste at municipal landfills, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Around the world, almost half of all fruits and vegetables are wasted every year, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, and that includes a startling 3.7 trillion apples.
    Okanagan Specialty Fruits Inc.

    But if the point of the apple is to help reduce food waste, why market it in a way that requires so much packaging? I asked the company, and it responded that the plastic bags are recyclable, as are the shipping cartons and trays. Still, it’s hard to see how whole apples would require as much plastic, recyclable or not.

    Et la mention OGM n’est pas sur l’emballage

    ut the Arctic apples are one of the first genetically modified foods created to please consumers, rather than farmers. “It’s good for people to bite into one of these apples and see in their own hand how simple it is,” says Professor Pam Ronald, a plant pathologist and geneticist at the University of California-Davis. “It tastes the same.”
    If you come across a packet of Arctic apple slices in stores, it won’t say “GM” on the label.

    That’s only if they know what they’re eating. A law signed in 2016 by President Barack Obama requires companies to reveal whether a product is genetically modified, but it does not force them to print that information on its packaging. If you come across a packet of Arctic apple slices in stores, it won’t say “GM” on the label. Instead, there will be a QR code on the back that you can scan with a smartphone to learn more about Okanagan and the biotechnology at work.

    #OGM #discours #Pomme

  • Is FM Radio Norway’s Network Neutrality? Majority Still Opposes Shutdown - Radio Survivor
    http://www.radiosurvivor.com/2017/12/20/fm-radio-norways-network-neutrality-majority-still-opposes-shutdown

    Two years ago the world press reported, often breathlessly, on the Scandinavian country’s plans to end its national radio services on the #FM dial, switching them over to #digital_broadcasting. Lost in most of the reportage was the fact 200 local FM stations would remain on the air, while 65% of Norwegians opposed the shutdown. But, who lets facts get in the way of a sensational triumphalist headline declaring the first nail in radio’s coffin?

    Last week more staid articles reported that the national FM shutdown has completed, with the last national FM stations in the northern Arctic reaches going silent. But the public won’t necessarily tolerate the silence.

    According to a variety of sources, unlicensed FM broadcasts have popped up in cities around the country, including Bergen, Tønsberg, Ålesund, Fredrikstad and Førde. In Oslo, Norway’s largest city, the CBC’s “As It Happens” talked with one FM broadcaster—the CEO of a radio company and the chairman of the Norwegian Local Radio Federation—who refused to turn off his transmitter. He says that his station enjoys “great support” from listeners and is facing fines of more than $10,000 a day.
    ...

    Even with the national FM switch-off complete, the digital transition still remains unpopular with the Norwegian public. A recent Dagbladet newspaper survey found 56% of Norwegians are “dissatisfied” with the conversion to DAB. Another national news survey says 50% of people who don’t have a DAB capable radio in the car have no plans to upgrade, in part because they’re willing to rely on the local broadcasters that remain on FM.

    To me, this situation seems a lot like Network Neutrality here in the U.S. In Norway you have millions of people—a true majority—who were perfectly happy with FM radio and had no wish to trade it in for a digital model with difficult-to-perceive benefits, aside from being digital. In America, 52% of registered voters in a Morning Consult/Politico poll said they support #Net_Neutrality, while a record number of people submitted comments to the #FCC in support of the policy.

    But like FM supporters in Norway, open internet supporters in the U.S. were screaming at deaf ears in #Washington.

    That’s why in Norway unlicensed broadcasters are filling the enormous void left behind by the country’s national broadcast industry and regulator.

    #Norvège #radio_pirate

  • Beavers Emerge as Agents of Arctic #Destruction - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/20/climate/arctic-beavers-alaska.html

    “Beavers are these agents of disturbance that come from outside of the ecosystem and impose their construction, their activities on this landscape,” said Dr. Tape. “Probably the best analog for beavers in the Arctic are mankind.”

    #arctique #castors #climat

  • THE SOUTH CHINA SEA : - the Mediterranean of Asia, Ellen Wasylina - livre, ebook, epub
    http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&isbn=978-2-343-13360-7

    THE SOUTH CHINA SEA :
    the Mediterranean of Asia
    The geostrategic Maritime Review n°9
    Ellen Wasylina
    ACTUALITÉ SOCIALE ET POLITIQUE GÉOPOLITIQUE, RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES, DIPLOMATIE ASIE Chine

    The South China Sea is a classic Mediterranean sea-structure with a long history of populations living in the basin and taking advantage of a permanent trading activity interrupted by some dramatic war moments. The Chinese preponderance on the development and the history of the basin has been a permanent element of both equilibrium and dilemma. Political and military tensions are heating up with a sharp increase in commercial relations amongst the regional countries and the great international powers.

    –------

    Revues QUEST OF THE ARCTIC, Ellen Wasylina, The geostrategic Maritime Review 7
    http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=numero&no=52253&no_revue=934

    QUEST OF THE ARCTIC
    The geostrategic Maritime Review n°7
    Ellen Wasylina
    ENVIRONNEMENT, NATURE, ÉCOLOGIE GÉOPOLITIQUE, RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES, DIPLOMATIE ARCTIQUE

    This seventh issue of the Geostrategic Maritime Review comes on the sixth year of activity of the International Geostrategic Maritime Observatory. This publication contains five articles : Arctic Geopolitics as a Major Public Issue : the Reasons Behind a Lack of Awareness ; Harvesting Arctic Authority : The Protection of Arctic Biomarine Resources, Sovereignty and Global Security ; The Case for an International Régime for the Arctic ; 25 years ago : the Odyssey of the Astrolabe and A life in the service of France, of the Pacific, and the Arctic and Antarctica : Michel Rocard (1930-2016), Regions.

    –----

    Revues STRATEGIC BALTIC SEA, Ellen Wasylina, The geostrategic Maritime Review 8
    http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=numero&no=54076&no_revue=934

    STRATEGIC BALTIC SEA
    The #geostrategic_Maritime_Review n°8
    Ellen Wasylina
    ACTUALITÉ SOCIALE ET POLITIQUE QUESTIONS EUROPÉENNES GÉOPOLITIQUE, RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES, DIPLOMATIE EUROPE

    This issue of the Geostrategic Maritime Review gives the reader some background and depth on the history of the Baltic Sea region. The studied topics are the geostrategic situation, the geopolitical and geoeconomic stakes of logistic hubs in the Baltic states, and finally, the digitalization and modernization of European transportation and the roles that the US, Russia and the EU play together to ensure national, economic and energy security in Eurasia.

    #arctique #mer_de_chine_méridonale #pays_baltes #mer_baltique #bibliographie #

    • http://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/actualites/terre-petit-age-glaciaire-puissant-volcan-cause-ete-identifie-49346

      Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia
      http://www.pnas.org/content/110/42/16742.abstract
      PNAS October 15, 2013

      Polar ice core records attest to a colossal volcanic eruption that took place ca. A.D. 1257 or 1258, most probably in the tropics. Estimates based on sulfate deposition in these records suggest that it yielded the largest volcanic sulfur release to the stratosphere of the past 7,000 y. Tree rings, medieval chronicles, and computational models corroborate the expected worldwide atmospheric and climatic effects of this eruption. However, until now there has been no convincing candidate for the mid-13th century “mystery eruption.” Drawing upon compelling evidence from stratigraphic and geomorphic data, physical volcanology, radiocarbon dating, tephra geochemistry, and chronicles, we argue the source of this long-sought eruption is the Samalas volcano, adjacent to Mount Rinjani on Lombok Island, Indonesia. At least 40 km3 (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra were deposited and the eruption column reached an altitude of up to 43 km. Three principal pumice fallout deposits mantle the region and thick pyroclastic flow deposits are found at the coast, 25 km from source. With an estimated magnitude of 7, this event ranks among the largest Holocene explosive eruptions. Radiocarbon dates on charcoal are consistent with a mid-13th century eruption. In addition, glass geochemistry of the associated pumice deposits matches that of shards found in both Arctic and Antarctic ice cores, providing compelling evidence to link the prominent A.D. 1258/1259 ice core sulfate spike to Samalas. We further constrain the timing of the mystery eruption based on tephra dispersal and historical records, suggesting it occurred between May and October A.D. 1257.

    • à 100km de là, vers l’ouest le #volcan Agung vient d’entrer en irruption

      Bali Volcano Eruptions Disrupt International Flights | Time
      http://time.com/5037202/bali-volcano-mount-agung-eruptions/http%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5037202%2Fbali-volcano-mount-agung-eruptions%2F
      https://timedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/indonesia-bali-volcano.jpg?quality=85

      Authorities warned anyone still in the exclusion zone around the volcano, which extends 7.5 kilometers (4.5 miles) from the crater in places, to leave.

      #Agung also had a minor eruption on Tuesday but authorities have not raised its alert status from the second highest, which would widen the exclusion area and prompt a large evacuation of people.

      About 25,000 people have been unable to return to their homes since September, when Agung showed signs of activity for the first time in more than half a century.

      The volcano’s last major eruption in 1963 killed about 1,100 people.

  • Low Oil Prices Dim GOP Bid for Budget Bonanza in Arctic - Bloomberg
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-31/arctic-refuge-oil-bonanza-more-likely-to-be-bust-for-gop-budget

    Congressional Republicans counting on a $1 billion windfall from selling oil-drilling rights in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to help pay for tax cuts may be in for a disappointment.

    Data from previous Arctic oil lease sales suggest the U.S. is likely to collect less than a fifth of that billion-dollar goal over the next decade— about $145.5 million — from auctioning off territory in the sprawling northeast Alaska refuge where caribou calve and polar bears roam. 

    Oil companies may be scared away by the controversies and costs of drilling in that remote and fragile terrain. Even if they aren’t, crude prices would have to be some $15 more per barrel than they are today to make the effort pay off at all.

  • Atlas of Challenges and Opportunities in European Neighbourhoods

    CIST – Collège international des sciences du territoire

    http://www.gis-cist.fr/en/portfolio/atlas-of-challenges-and-opportunities-in-european-neighbourhoods

    https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28521-4

    Pierre Beckouche, Pierre Besnard & Hugues Pecout (eds.), Springer, 2016

    https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28521-4.pdf

    This atlas provides a macro-regional overview of the areas that surround the European Union, from the Sahara to the Middle East, Western Balkans to European Russia, Turkey to the Arctic. Detailing key socio-economic data as well as developmental trends, the maps provide a comprehensive territorial analysis at local scale and explore the potential for regional integration and cooperation.
    These pioneering maps examine challenges that threaten this wide yet inter-connected region, including environmental concerns in the North, political unrest in the East, social factors in the Western Balkans, and the upheaval in the Mediterranean since the Arab spring. Coverage investigates such key countries and areas as Libya, Israel, Palestine, Syria, and Ukraine, as well as explores such essential issues as Europe’s energy procurement. In addition, it also presents a comparison with other world regions such as East Asia and North America.
    In the end, readers discover that territorial integration faces many shortcomings, but that deep regional cooperation would be a key driver for the EU’s sustainable future.

    This atlas features the main results of the “Integrated Territorial Analysis of the Neighbourhoods” research project undertaken by ESPON (The European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion). It provides scholars, local authorities and NGOs involved in cross-border cooperation, companies interested in energy, agriculture, water, transportation and communication, and interested readers with key insights into this important region.

    #europe #voisinage #atlas #cartographie

  • Future of oil takes center stage in Norwegian election
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-election-oil/future-of-oil-takes-center-stage-in-norwegian-election-idUSKCN1BB1XC

    The future of Norway’s oil sector is emerging as a key issue for voters in a Sept. 11 parliamentary election, nowhere more so than in the oil capital of Stavanger.

    The right-wing bloc of Conservative Prime Minister Erna Solberg is neck-and-neck in opinion polls with an opposition grouping led by Jonas Gahr Stoere’s Labour.

    Should neither secure a majority, the smaller Green party - which pledges to stop oil exploration and phase out production within 15 years - could become kingmakers.

    There is little chance of the Greens being able to call time on Norway’s number one industry, which all major parties back to the hilt, accounts for half of national exports and employs over 180,000 people.

    But they have been gradually gathering support over the past four years and are polling at about 5 percent of the vote, underlining changes in Norwegian society and divisions over the future of oil.

    Should they hold the balance of power, they could seek to force compromises to trim the oil industry’s ambitions, with environmentalists in recent months focusing on the need to limit oil companies’ expansion in the Arctic.

  • Norway Arrests #Greenpeace Ship and 35 Activists During Protest at Arctic Oil Well – gCaptain
    http://gcaptain.com/norway-arrests-greenpeace-ship-and-35-activists-during-protest-at-arctic-o


    Photo: Nick Gobbing/Greenpeace

    Norwegian authorities have detained Greenpeace vessel Arctic Sunrise after a protest at a Statoil contracted drilling rig at Norway’s northernmost oil field in the Barents Sea, the environmental group said in a statement.

    Greenpeace said the vessel and 35 activists were unlawfully detained after entering the exclusion zone of Statoil’s #Korpfjell well, halting drilling operations for the Songa Enabler semi-submersible. The ship, activists and crew members were all arrested by the Norwegian Coast Guard, the group said.

    Greenpeace said it hopes the protest will send a message to the Norwegian government to stop oil drilling in the Arctic.

    Just 10 days before ratifying the Paris Agreement, in June 2016, the “environmentally friendly” Norwegian government granted new oil licenses. Now, a year later, Statoil has just started to drill for oil in the northernmost area ever licensed by Norway,” the group said.

    In 2017, Statoil had scheduled to explore five licenses in the #Barents_Sea, including the northermost Korpfjell well. Exploration drilling will take place in the period from May to September using the Songa Enabler, a floating, self-propelled rig purpose-built for cold climates and operated by Songa Offshore.

    Earlier this summer, the Arctic Sunrise met up with the Songa Enabler at a well about 170 miles north of the Norwegian coast, in the Arctic Barents sea.

  • Norway’s push for Arctic oil and gas threatens Paris climate goals – study | Environment | The Guardian

    https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/10/norways-push-for-arctic-oil-and-gas-threatens-paris-climate-goals-study

    [...]

    They focussed on Norway because it has long been a supporter of ambitious global reduction targets and has used part of its oil revenues to develop renewable technologies and tackle deforestation. If it cannot leave fossil fuels in the ground and make the transition to a carbon-free economy, the authors ask, then how can any of its rivals in less developed nations be expected to do so?

    “This is uncharacteristically irrational behaviour for Norway,” said Hannah McKinnon of Oil Change International. “The Paris climate goals mean the world has to stay within a finite carbon budget. Norway’s current plans for fossil fuel production, expansion, and exploration are dangerously out of line with these budgets. Norway can’t be a climate leader at the same time as depending on new oil and gas production.”

    The government says such accusations are unfair because they run against the convention at international climate talks for the responsibility for emissions to lie with consumers rather than producers. In this regard – of purely domestic carbon use – it is doing better than most nations because it gets 97% of its electricity from renewable sources, has a high carbon tax, is a leader in promotion of electric vehicles, and is pioneering carbon capture and storage at waste plants and cement factories.

    It also notes that oil and gas output is flat, it is unrealistic to assume that all exploration will be successful and the trend for overall production is away from carbon-heavy oil and towards cleaner gas, which is important as a “transition fuel” for countries that are trying to move away from coal. Officials point out that without Norway’s gas the UK would be far further behind in meeting its climate goals.

    “We are part of the solution, not the problem,” the deputy minister for petroleum and energy, Ingvil Smines Tybring-Gjedde, told the Guardian. “This government is investing more in renewables and energy efficiency than any other. But renewables are not yet at a level where we can switch off oil and gas. We need a bridge.”

    The government argues that its oil and gas reserves are the most efficiently extracted in the world and that, so as long as there is demand for these fuels, it is better that they come from Norway. It also puts the number of newly offered exploration blocks closer to 50.

    [...]

    #Norway #climate #Arctic #oil and #gas #Paris #climate goals – #study #Environment

    #GreenhouseGases #GlobalWarming #ClimateChange #ParisClimateAgreement

    via http://02mydafsoup-01.soup.io/post/629307817/Norways-push-for-Arctic-oil-and-gas
    trouvé ici: https://diasp.eu/posts/5891834

    #Norvège #environnement #pétrole #gaz

  • Where the Arctic Oil Industry Is Booming - Bloomberg
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-05-03/where-the-arctic-oil-industry-is-booming


    The town of Hammerfest, Norway, is the hub for Arctic oil drilling.
    Photographer: Mark Edward Harris/Getty Images

    With the oil industry barely recovering from its most brutal slump in decades, you might expect the Arctic Ocean to be the last place explorers would hunt for new discoveries.

    The Barents Sea off Norway’s northern tip is different.

    Norwegian authorities expect companies including Lundin Petroleum AB and OMV AG to drill a record 15 wells in the Barents this year.

  • Polar Sea Ice at Record Lows

    In March 2017, Arctic sea ice reached a record-low maximum extent, according to scientists at NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). In the same month, sea ice on the opposite side of the planet, around Antarctica, hit its lowest extent ever recorded at the end of the austral summer—a surprising turn of events after years of moderate sea ice expansion.


    https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=89896&src=twitter-iotd
    #arctique #glace #cartographie #visualisation #climat #antarctique

  • Canada Rules Out Arctic Oil Drilling Extensions for Exxon and BP - Bloomberg
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-06/canada-rules-out-arctic-oil-drilling-extensions-for-exxon-and-bp

    The Canadian government says it won’t grant extensions to exploration licenses for Exxon Mobil Corp., BP Plc and other oil firms as it prepares for consultations over the impact of an Arctic drilling moratorium.

    The companies hold leases that expire over the next six years, totaling C$1.9 billion ($1.4 billion) in bids. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and U.S. President Barack Obama announced new restrictions on Arctic oil development on Dec. 20, with Canada saying existing leases wouldn’t be affected without industry input on a path forward.

    In an online background document, however, Trudeau’s government specifically ruled out lease extensions sought by industry before the new restrictions were put in place. Companies had expected that to be a central part of talks.

  • There Is a New Climate Change Disaster Looming in Northern #Canada | VICE | United States
    http://www.vice.com/read/this-is-the-looming-climate-change-disaster-in-canadas-north-that-no-one-is-ta

    Of all the climate change issues that have been melodramatically dubbed a “carbon bomb” in recent years—tar sands projects in Alberta, catastrophic wildfires in Indonesia, holes in Australia’s seagrass meadows—it seems the thawing of #permafrost in the Arctic is most likely to live up to the hype. There’s a staggering amount of #methane and carbon dioxide, like hundreds of gigatons worth, trapped under the permanently frozen layer of soil and rock in the form of ice crystals and biomass. If released due to the ongoing crescendo of warming in the Arctic, it could trigger a global feedback loop and burn us all to a fucking crisp. Yet there’s another very real issue associated with thawing permafrost that’s received far less attention outside of industry circles, perhaps because of the lack of a catchy apocalyptic phrase to accompany it.

    For decades, mine operators in Northern Canada have stored waste rock and tailings waste—the “pulverized rock slurry” byproduct of mineral processing that’s filled with skeevy chemicals like arsenic, lead, and mercury—in frozen dams reinforced with permafrost, an option far cheaper than constructing artificial structures to house the goop. But if such walls thaw, allowing air and water to interact with the highly reactive tailings, widespread “acid mine drainage” (AMD) could occur. Such a process can generate sulphuric acid and result in the leaching of heavy metals into nearby soil and water sources.

    #Co2 #climat #pollution #sols

  • THOMAS MCINEREY: The coming struggle for the Arctic - Washington Times

    http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/6/thomas-mcinery-the-coming-struggle-for-the-arctic

    By Thomas McInerney - - Wednesday, May 6, 2015

    President Reagan’s strategy for defeating Communism during the Cold War — “We win, they lose” — is the approach we should be using to regain our economic advantage and neutralize Russian expansion in a part of the world rich with yet-to-be-tapped oil and gas reserves and major geopolitical consequences — the Arctic.

    In fact, a recent analysis by the National Petroleum Council, an advisory council to the U.S. Department of Energy, found that the United States should provide access to Arctic exploration right away if the nation is to keep domestic production high and imports low. The report added that it takes between 10 and 30 years of preparation and drilling to bring oil to market — a startling length of time given how the demand for oil is projected to rise in the coming decades, even with further advancements in alternative energy.

    #arctique #géostratégie #états-unis #russie

  • New giant map of Arctic challenges perceptions of the North

    Canadian Geographic Education’s new giant floor map, Arctic Alive: Explore the natural history of Canada’s Arctic, created in partnership with the Canadian Museum of Nature, challenges those perceptions. The map and ten associated learning activities focus on the diversity of the Arctic, explored through specimens from the museum’s four main disciplines: zoology, botany, paleobiology and mineralogy.


    http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/blog/posting.asp?ID=1393

    #cartographie #arctique #visualisation
    cc @reka

  • Fiber Optics for the Far North
    http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/internet/arctic-fibre-project-to-link-japan-and-uk

    A 24-terabit-per-second undersea cable will connect Japan and the U.K. and also bring broadband to remote Arctic communities

    Why would anyone spend $850 million laying a fiber-optic cable between Tokyo and London, passing through some of the coldest, most remote parts of the world, when it would speed up existing data transfers rates only by 24-thousandths of a second?

    For financial firms, 24 milliseconds can be a pretty big trading advantage. Today, it takes 154 milliseconds to send data from Tokyo to London. Once the Arctic Fibre cable, a new submarine connection passing through the Northwest Passage, has been laid and lit up in 2016, the 15,600-km (10,000-mile) journey will be 15% faster, according to a fascinating article about the cable in IEEE Spectrum, the magazine of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

    Seafarers have been using the Northwest Passage for centuries. In the summer, when the ice melts, the narrow route through Canada’s northern archipelago reduces travel time for modern ships by an estimated four days compared to going via the Panama Canal (though this varies depending on starting and ending points). The new cable will take advantage of the same short cut.

    In the process, however, it will also bring broadband internet to nearly 60,000 Canadians and just over 25,000 Alaskans who previously had to rely on satellite to get online. Indeed, so slow are existing connections, Arctic Fiber‘s CEO “had to use a courier to send his 227-page environmental report on the cable to the review board in Cambridge Bay, a hamlet in Canada’s most northern province,” according to IEEE Spectrum. The fiber link is expected to go live early in 2016.

    http://qz.com/319566/how-financiers-fighting-for-extra-milliseconds-are-bring-broadband-to-north-amer

    #câbles_sous-marins #Arctique

  • IMO completes Polar Code environmental rules | Barentsobserver

    http://barentsobserver.com/en/business/2014/10/imo-completes-polar-code-environmental-rules-24-10

    IMO completes Polar Code environmental rules

    The new shipping rules will apply to both the Arctic and Antarctic after January 1, 2017

    http://barentsobserver.com/sites/barentsobserver.com/files/styles/grid_8/public/main/articles/shipping.jpg?itok=yAR8Zd0O

    The UN International Maritime Organization has drafted the environmental regulations chapter for the Polar Code, a binding set of regulations for shipping in the Arctic and Antarctic. Critics argue that some important environmental pieces are missing.

    By James Thomson
    October 24, 2014

    The International Maritime Organization has completed the last element of the first-ever binding set of international rules for the Arctic shipping.

    Last week in London, the United Nations organization approved the environmental rules that make up the second half of the Polar Code, which is expected to come into force at the start of 2017. The regulations for safety, the first chapter of the Code, were approved last spring.

    –— ---

    EIA Calls for 10-Year Moratorium on Arctic Shipping » Ship & Bunker

    http://shipandbunker.com/news/world/983352-eia-calls-for-10-year-moratorium-on-arctic-shipping

    Monday October 27, 2014
    EIA Calls for 10-Year Moratorium on Arctic Shipping

    The proposed Polar Code would place environmental protections in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions

    UK-based Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) is advocating a 10-year moratorium on Arctic shipping, IHS Maritime 360 reports.

    The NGO said last week in a report that it believed it would take those 10 years for the Polar Code to become finalised and come into effect.

    “The suggested time frame of being ’in force’ by way of national legislation and full and rigorous implementation [any earlier] seems optimistic,” said senior policy analyst and co-founder of EIA Allan Thornton.

    –— ---

    NunatsiaqOnline 2014-10-21: COMMENTARY: Canada should use the Polar Code to stand on guard for communities

    http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674canada_should_use_the_polar_code_to_stand_on_guard_for_communit

    PAUL CROWLEY

    For northern communities and economies, the expected growth of Arctic shipping has the potential to bring new jobs and industries, lower cost of living, and new infrastructure and investment.

    But with these exciting opportunities come certain risks that must be managed.

    This week, a draft international agreement — the Polar Code — was reached for new shipping regulations in the Arctic at a meeting of the International Maritime Organization’s environment committee.

    –— ---

    Melting ice cap opening shipping lanes and creating conflict among nations

    http://phys.org/news/2014-10-ice-cap-shipping-lanes-conflict.html#jCp

    t’s July and a cargo ship, laden with some 70,000 tons of coal, is slowly wending its way from Russia to China across the top of the world. This ship is functional, not beautiful; it’s longer than two football fields and at least 30 yards wide. As it enters the Kara Sea, north of Russia, the water is scattered with ice floes that are like small islands. With the aid of an icebreaker ship, the cargo ship makes its way steadily under the 24-hour sun to deliver its goods.

    In 2004, the possibility of a large commercial tanker crossing the Arctic from Europe to Asia was pretty much nil: even with a trail blazed by sturdy icebreaker ships, dense ice obstructed too much of the route. A decade later, that same journey is almost routine. Rapidly rising temperatures the world over—especially in the northern Arctic zone—now allow some 100 of these mammoth ships to travel the Arctic waters in the summertime, delivering iron ore, coal and other commodities.

    #transport #transport_maritime #mer #océans #arctique #route_du_nord-est #passage_du_nord_ouestr

  • L’Ukraine orientale vue du Svalbard…

    Ukrainians Find Jobs and a Slice of Russia in Arctic Norway - NYTimes.com
    http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/world/europe/ukrainians-find-jobs-and-a-slice-of-russia-in-arctic-norway.html

    “There is a long line of people who want to work here,” he said, waving a list of new recruits, all of them from Ukraine. “If they could find jobs at home and feed their families, do you think they would come to this place?”

    Of the 400 miners, technicians and support staff members now working for the Arctic Coal Trust on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen, more than 300 come from Ukraine. Nearly all are from Donetsk and Luhansk, the eastern Ukrainian regions that have been convulsed in recent months by violent unrest.
    (…)
    The readiness of so many Ukrainians from the country’s Russian-speaking east to move to the Arctic, he said, is a clear sign that the root cause of Ukraine’s current troubles is economic misery, not meddling by the Kremlin or agitation by local hotheads with guns.
    (…)
    Mikhail Golovonov, a 33-year-old miner from Luhansk, said he was too young to remember much about the Soviet Union but regrets nonetheless that it fell apart and made him a citizen of Ukraine. He said he would prefer to be Russian.

    Life in the Arctic, he said, “is very boring and cold” but still more comfortable and secure than in Luhansk, where he had trouble finding a place to live because he did not earn enough to buy an apartment. He now lives with his wife and young son in subsidized company housing and saves nearly all his salary, as there is nothing much to buy. The only store is a company-run commissary stocked with canned food from Russia.
    (…)
    A capsule of Soviet life frozen in time, the Arctic Coal Trust has also preserved the ethnic hierarchies of the Soviet era. If most of the miners are Ukrainians, the management is top-heavy with Russians. Unskilled work like clearing snow and demolishing buildings is handled by laborers from Armenia and Tajikistan.
    (…)
    Though reluctant to give up its strategic foothold in the high Arctic, Moscow has been trying for years to cut the cost of running what has in effect become a state-funded work program for penniless Ukrainians. The loss-making Arctic Coal Trust has steadily reduced its operations since the end of the Soviet Union, when it employed more than 4,000 people, 10 times what it has now.

    Mais peut-être un grand avenir touristique…


    (dommage, pas de portfolio…)

    Under pressure to pay its own way and rely less on handouts from Moscow, the company is now pushing to develop Barentsburg as a tourist destination, a hard go as its main selling point, aside from a stunning setting on a mountain-fringed fjord, is its authentic Soviet griminess. It is also hard to get to. There are no roads connecting it to Spitsbergen’s only airport, which is reachable only by snowmobile or boat.

    Undeterred, the mining company has opened a souvenir shop and a luxury hotel to replace a rundown guesthouse. The four-story hotel had no paying guests on a recent day, only a few lodgers from the coal company.

  • Climate change poses growing threat of conflict in the Arctic, report finds | Environment | The Guardian

    http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/may/14/climate-change-arctic-security-threat-report

    Climate change poses a growing security threat and could cause conflict in the Arctic, a group of retired American generals and admirals said on Tuesday.

    http://i.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2014/5/13/1400018792820/b6d9eab2-5f12-4e69-82dd-a87876109d64-620x372.jpeg?width=620&height=-&quali

    In a new report, the former military officers said the Pentagon had been caught out by the rapid changes under way in the Arctic because of the melting of the sea ice.

    –— ---

    Climate Change Deemed Growing Security Threat by Military Researchers - NYTimes.com

    http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/us/politics/climate-change-deemed-growing-security-threat-by-military-researchers.html?

    WASHINGTON — The accelerating rate of climate change poses a severe risk to national security and acts as a catalyst for global political conflict, a report published Tuesday by a leading government-funded military research organization concluded.

    The CNA Corporation Military Advisory Board found that climate change-induced drought in the Middle East and Africa is leading to conflicts over food and water and escalating longstanding regional and ethnic tensions into violent clashes. The report also found that rising sea levels are putting people and food supplies in vulnerable coastal regions like eastern India, Bangladesh and the Mekong Delta in Vietnam at risk and could lead to a new wave of refugees.

    –— ---

    GlobalChange.gov

    http://www.globalchange.gov

    Highlights of the Assessment

    The Highlights of USGCRP’s Third National Climate Assessment include an overview, the report’s 12 overarching findings, and a summary of impacts by region.

    #climat #guerre #conflits

  • Climate change poses growing threat of conflict in the Arctic, report finds | Environment | The Guardian

    http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/may/14/climate-change-arctic-security-threat-report

    Climate change poses a growing security threat and could cause conflict in the Arctic, a group of retired American generals and admirals said on Tuesday.

    In a new report, the former military officers said the Pentagon had been caught out by the rapid changes under way in the Arctic because of the melting of the sea ice.

    “Things are accelerating in the Arctic faster than we had looked at," said General Paul Kern, the chairman of the Centre for Naval Analysis Corporation’s military advisory board, which produced the report. “The changes there appear to be much more radical than we envisaged.”

    #arctique #climat

  • Blog: Interview with Arctic Corridor Spokesman Timo Lohi | Alaska Dispatch

    https://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20140328/interview-arctic-corridor-spokesman-timo-lohi

    The Arctic Corridor is described as a “new cross-border economic area as well as a transport and development corridor.” Financed by municipalities in Northern Lapland, the City of Rovaniemi, and the Regional Council of Lapland, the project began approximately five years ago as a means of capitalizing on the potential of Arctic resources and the Northern Sea Route, which shortens the distance between Asia and Europe by up to 40 percent. Lohi, who works on marketing and networking for the Arctic Corridor, explained, “We would like to connect these opportunities here in Finland, Norway, and Europe to this new transport route. The shorter distance is business opportunity for our company.” To connect Finnish businesses into the Northern Sea Route, a crucial part of the project is a proposed railway connection between Rovaniemi, Finland and Kirkenes, Norway. Earlier this month, the project released a video visualizing their aspirations for the transportation route. Arctic Corridor is marketing their efforts to a wide spectrum of interests but has honed in specifically on mining, especially since the industry is developing in northern Finland.

    #arctique #route_du_nord #transport_maritime #corridor_arctique

  • Super article sur #Magnus_Carlsen

    http://abonnes.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2014/04/05/magnus-carlsen-terreur-et-legende-des-echecs_4395332_3242.html

    Il pleut sur Oslo ce jour-là et, dans les luxueux locaux de la banque d’investissement Arctic Securities, un feu agréable brûle. A côté du foyer, un échiquier rappelle que l’établissement s’enorgueillit d’être un des sponsors du nouveau champion du monde d’échecs, Magnus Carlsen, 23 ans. Ce dernier, affalé sur un canapé, un pan de la chemise sorti du pantalon, picore des cacahuètes. Avec son éternelle moue renfrognée, effet d’un important prognathisme, il attend la première question du journaliste.

    On l’avait laissé en 2008 adolescent et grand espoir du jeu, « Mozart des échecs » selon la formule du Washington Post. Ecrire son portrait, à l’époque, c’était retracer la trajectoire classique d’un enfant prodige doté d’une mémoire phénoménale. Il venait de gagner un des plus forts tournois de la planète, à Wijk-aan-Zee (Pays-Bas), un exploit que personne n’avait jamais réalisé à 17 ans. L’ancien champion du monde russe Vladimir Kramnik osait une prédiction : « A mon avis, la question n’est pas de savoir si Carlsen sera champion du monde, mais juste de savoir quand il le deviendra. »

    On retrouve en 2014 un Magnus Carlsen adulte qui, en battant l’Indien Viswanathan Anand, le 22 novembre 2013, a accompli la prophétie de Kramnik. Comme si les choses écrites devaient toujours se produire. Pourtant, devenir numéro un mondial n’a pas été si simple. Dans la deuxième moitié de 2008, les résultats de Mozart ne sont plus aussi prodigieux. Et un an plus tard, curieusement, tout repart.

    UNE COLLABORATION AVEC GARRY KASPAROV

    Dans l’intervalle, le Norvégien a utilisé son joker. Un certain Garry Kasparov. Le contact avec le meilleur joueur d’échecs du XXe siècle, champion du monde entre 1985 et 2000, est noué fin 2008 par l’intermédiaire de Frederic Friedel, patron de ChessBase, société allemande spécialisée dans les logiciels d’échecs. « Cela faisait longtemps qu’il incitait Garry à m’entraîner mais celui-ci n’était pas convaincu par cette idée », explique Magnus Carlsen. L’ancien champion russe et son ego surdimensionné ont toujours eu du mal à se dire que leur temps était passé. D’un autre côté, accepter l’offre, c’était, pour Garry Kasparov, montrer au petit monde des 64 cases quel joueur était vraiment digne de lui succéder dans l’histoire. Et puis un très gros chèque, à 5 voire 6 zéros, a fini de le convaincre.

    L’agent de Magnus Carlsen, Espen Agdestein, se démène pour trouver des sponsors afin de financer la demi-douzaine de sessions d’entraînement qui s’étaleront tout au long de 2009. Pendant plusieurs mois, la collaboration reste secrète. Puis, l’info sort en septembre 2009. ChessBase publie des photos du stage que Magnus Carlsen a effectué dans la résidence d’été de Garry Kasparov en Croatie. On y voit un Garry Kasparov en tee-shirt Marcel, les poils des épaules au garde-à-vous, les yeux rivés sur son écran d’ordinateur en train de vérifier les variantes, tandis que Magnus Carlsen et son cerveau triment devant l’échiquier.

    Pendant ces séances avec Garry Kasparov, Magnus Carlsen travaille ce qu’il n’a jamais vraiment creusé à fond, les ouvertures. Mais, surtout, le Russe lui ouvre sa boîte à trésors, son analyse de la psychologie des autres grands maîtres. « J’étais parfois surpris de voir à quel point il connaissait ses adversaires, avoue Magnus Carlsen. Même chez des joueurs considérés comme imprévisibles comme le Russe Morozevitch ou l’Ukrainien Ivantchouk, il arrivait à trouver des tendances dans leur jeu. Et avec des champions de premier plan comme Kramnik ou Anand, il savait quelle position ils aimaient jouer et celles où ils ne se sentaient pas à l’aise. »

    A l’ère des logiciels qui aplanissent les différences ayant pu jadis exister entre les préparations des champions, on voit que les joueurs ont changé de méthode. Il ne s’agit plus tant de submerger l’autre par des variantes répétées à la maison que de l’emmener dans sa zone d’inconfort, là où il commettra la petite erreur de trop.

    « ON N’A JAMAIS VU UN JOUEUR FAIRE AUSSI PEU DE FAUTES »

    Cette approche convient au style de Magnus Carlsen, que décortique le numéro un français Maxime Vachier-Lagrave : « Il est très patient ! C’est un joueur universel qui s’adapte à tous. Il ne va pas forcément chercher le K.-O. mais plutôt construire méthodiquement sa position. Il crée un problème à droite, un problème à gauche pour provoquer la faute et vous faire craquer sous la pression. Et en plus de cela, il commet très peu d’erreurs lui-même. En fait, je crois qu’on n’a jamais vu un joueur faire aussi peu de fautes. »

    Magnus Carlsen ne peut qu’acquiescer, lui qui résume sa stratégie ainsi : « J’essaie de jouer 40 ou 50 bons coups et je défie mon adversaire d’en faire autant. Même si la position est simple ou semble simple, je tente de rester concentré et créatif, de trouver les possibilités qui s’y cachent. » Il conclut : « Je fais juste la même chose que les autres, mais en un peu mieux. » Pour le grand maître français Laurent Fressinet, qui a aidé Magnus Carlsen en 2013 à se préparer pour le championnat du monde, il ne faut voir nulle arrogance dans cette phrase mais l’expression d’une confiance inébranlable : « En plus d’un talent extraordinaire pour sentir où les pièces doivent se placer, ce qui fait la différence, c’est ce mental exceptionnel qu’il a. C’est un mental de tueur : s’il pense qu’il peut gagner, il n’aura aucune pitié pour ses adversaires. »

    En 2009, Kasparov remet donc Carlsen sur les rails et celui-ci ne va plus en sortir. Le 1er janvier 2010, il s’installe en tête du classement par points. Il ne lui reste plus qu’une épreuve : arracher le titre suprême à Vishy Anand qui, né en 1969, pourrait être son père. Ce sera presque une formalité. Alors que la compétition se dispute dans sa ville natale, à Chennai, et que son adversaire n’a aucune expérience des matches en un contre un, l’Indien, sur le déclin depuis quelques années, joue la peur au ventre. Il est parti pour un marathon de souffrance car il sait que Magnus Carlsen ne lâche jamais rien, qu’il est capable de faire saigner une pierre en la serrant dans son poing. Vishy Anand a perdu avant de commencer.

     SA RÉPUTATION, UN ATOUT

    Si le Norvégien fait aujourd’hui figure de joueur hors norme, c’est aussi pour cette raison. Contre lui, certains joueurs semblent partir avec un handicap. Tout comme Bobby Fischer et Garry Kasparov écrasaient les autres par leur simple présence devant l’échiquier, il y a un neuvième pion dans la manche de Magnus Carlsen : sa réputation. Ainsi que le résume le grand maître néerlandais Anish Giri, aux échecs, « d’abord vous jouez pour votre nom, ensuite votre nom joue pour vous ». Magnus Carlsen est-il conscient de cette aura ? « Ce n’est pas mon problème. C’est celui de mes adversaires. »

    A 23 ans, Magnus Carlsen est donc déjà une terreur et une légende. Au point que le grand maître américain Hikaru Nakamura l’a surnommé Sauron, ce personnage maléfique du Seigneur des anneaux, représenté dans les films de Peter Jackson par un oeil immense dans le ciel, qui voit tout. En février, au tournoi de Zurich, Hikaru Nakamura a la possibilité de terrasser Sauron. Dans une partie où il a pris trop de risques, Magnus Carlsen est confronté à une attaque dévastatrice. Comme un boxeur groggy, il tente de tenir un coup de plus, puis un autre, de ne jeter l’éponge que quand la défaite sera flagrante. L’Américain sait qu’il tient le champion du monde.

    Mais la pendule tourne et Magnus Carlsen, bien que dans les cordes, tend toujours des pièges. L’erreur est là, tentante, attendant d’être commise et, comme c’est si souvent le cas face au Norvégien, elle s’impose à Hikaru Nakamura. Il entrebâille la porte de secours et Magnus Carlsen s’y engouffre avec une contre-attaque précise, impitoyable. Le combat était perdu, le voilà gagné. La marque des grands est de savoir provoquer la chance ou, au moins, en extraire tout le jus quand elle se présente.

    UN HOMME « NORMAL »

    Lorsqu’on l’interroge sur lui, Magnus Carlsen se voit comme « un homme normal ». Depuis septembre, il n’habite plus chez papa-maman. Son père, Henrik, a depuis des années quitté son travail dans l’industrie pétrolière pour s’occuper de Magnus Chess, la société qui gère la carrière et les avoirs du fiston. Il ne voit pas de grand changement avec le Magnus d’avant : « Il passe du temps avec ses amis, il fait beaucoup de sport. Il n’a pas besoin de travailler trop ses échecs : il les a toujours à l’esprit et ses idées mûrissent sans qu’il y pense réellement. »

    Après son titre, Magnus Carlsen est entré dans le maelström des vedettes. Il est mannequin pour une marque de vêtements. Il a donné le coup d’envoi d’un match de football du Real Madrid, une leçon d’échecs à Mark Zuckerberg, le PDG de Facebook, et une raclée à Bill Gates. Le fondateur de Microsoft a été humilié, maté en 9 coups et seulement 79 secondes. Mais Magnus Carlsen, s’il sait que les médias peuvent populariser son sport, ne court pas après le ramdam. Il pense plutôt à son prochain défi : remettre sa couronne en jeu. Après tout, il ne sait rien faire d’autre qu’être roi du jeu des rois, l’homme normal. En novembre, il affrontera de nouveau Viswanathan Anand qui est rené de ses cendres en remportant le tournoi des candidats le 29 mars.

    L’entretien est fini. Magnus Carlsen regarde une émission de sport sur un ordinateur en attendant la prochaine interview. Espen Agdestein me présente une application pour téléphone portable avec laquelle on peut jouer contre Magnus à différents âges. Sans lever les yeux de son écran, le champion du monde dit : « A 8 ans, je suis encore prenable facilement. » Sous-entendu par un « patzer », un joueur du dimanche tel que ce journaliste doit l’être. La partie se déroule rapidement et se termine par un avantage écrasant. « Magnus, je crains bien de vous avoir battu. » Il ne relève pas. Oui Magnus, je vous ai battu, et c’est bon.

    #echecs #kasparov #anand #paywall