Du colonialisme italien
#métaliste, évidemment non exhaustive, d’infos publiées sur seenthis concernant le #colonialisme_italien
#Italie #colonisation #colonialisme #histoire #mémoire #Italie_coloniale
Du colonialisme italien
#métaliste, évidemment non exhaustive, d’infos publiées sur seenthis concernant le #colonialisme_italien
#Italie #colonisation #colonialisme #histoire #mémoire #Italie_coloniale
Quale razza, interview de #Isabella_Marincola
►https://seenthis.net/messages/871370
#Somalie #vidéo
avec des liens sur son père, #Giorgio_Marincola
"Via la statua di #Montanelli da Milano, è stato un razzista": la richiesta dei Sentinelli apre il dibattito in Comune
#Palermo, nella notte cambiano i nomi alle strade: la «guerriglia odonomastica»
Mi sento di sconsigliare a tutti l’emigrazione a #Massaua: un posto al sole senza occupazione rimane un posto infelice, si chiami Eritrea o Sicilia.
Circolare del Ministero dell’Interno, Direzione generale di pubblica sicurezza, 5 marzo 1890.
#Addis_Ababa_massacre memorial service – in pictures
–---
Italy and the Addis Ababa massacre
https://seenthis.net/messages/616983
Storie di sgomberi e colonialismo in #piazza_Indipendenza a Roma
Color Relief Map of Abyssinia and War Zone
#LIBYE • Ah, la belle époque des colonies !
https://seenthis.net/messages/39818
La guérilla odonymique gagne une bataille : une nouvelle station du métro romain sera dédiée à #Giorgio_Marincola, partisan italo-somalien, et non à un lieu d’oppression coloniale
#Nadezhda_De_Santis, esclave enterrée dans le cimetière de #Florence :
Nadezhda De Santis, a black Nubian slave brought to Florence at fourteen from #Jean-François_Champollion ’s 1827 expedition to Egypt and Nubia, while the French Royalist exile Félicie de Fauveau sculpted two tombs here
Citation du livre La frontiera de #Alessandro_Leogrande :
“Libia, Eritrea, Somalia. I ragazzi dell’Eritrean Solidarity Movement for National Salvation lo chiamano il ‘triangolo italiano’. Il ‘triangolo italiano’, mi ripetono mentre passeggiamo lungo il corso principale, schivando capannelli di uomini e cani sonnolenti, ha a che fare con la nostra storia rimossa, con ciò che è stato edificato dopo quella rimozione e con gli enormi buchi neri che oggi si sono creati in questi paesi”
(Leogrande, 2017 : 163 : ►https://www.lafeltrinelli.it/libri/alessandro-leogrande/frontiera/9788807889714)
Le «#navi_bianche», quando i profughi dall’Africa erano italiani
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/895427
Verso un Ente di Decolonizzazione
►https://seenthis.net/messages/898108
Le #livre de #Francesca_Melandri, « #sangue_giusto » (traduit en français par « Tous, sauf moi » :
Le livre Sangue giusto a été traduit en français avec le titre « Tous, sauf moi »
L’oublieuse mémoire coloniale italienne
►https://seenthis.net/messages/900660
Il colore del nome. Storia della mia famiglia. Cent’anni di razzismo coloniale e identità negate
Il curricolo «razziale». La costruzione dell’alterità di «razza» e coloniale nella scuola italiana (1860-1950)
@solitudemaisdishuits : le texte original republié sur le site « Histoire coloniale » a déjà été signalé ici et dans cette même métaliste :
►https://seenthis.net/messages/900660
(je vais donc effacer ton signalement ci-dessus afin de ne pas avoir des doublons sur la métaliste)
Eritrea, la ferita del colonialismo e quei figli dimenticati dall’Italia
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/906361
Il colonialismo italiano: la guerra d’Etiopia
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/917720
#ressources_bibliographiques #guerre_d'Ethiopie
Decolonizzare la città. Dialoghi Visuali a Padova -
Decolonizing the city. Visual Dialogues in Padova
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/920498
#Piazza_Giacomo_Matteotti, à #Marino, la #Fontana_dei_quattro_mori
–—
voir aussi mon mini-texte d’accompagnement au passage du livre sur la fontaine :
La fontaine aux quatre Maures : La pierre et les larmes
►https://neotopo.hypotheses.org/3757
Le travail de recherche de #Emilio_Distretti sur l’#Italie_coloniale :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/929003
Le #blog #Italia_coloniale (qui n’a pas l’air de faire de l’histoire critique...), j’ai signalé car il y a pas d’info sur la période coloniale et l’histoire militaire :
L’ITALIA COLONIALE. Attualità e storie dimenticate dalle ex Colonie italiane
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/929144
Colonialisme italien et fascisme :
« Spesso si crede, erroneamente, che il colonialismo sia stato solo opera del Fascismo, quando invece ha caratterizzato da subito la politica del Regno d’Italia. Il suo primo atto, quasi a ridosso dell’#Unità_d’Italia, è stato l’acquisto, nel 1869, della #Baia_di_Assab da parte della società #Rubattino »
Etiopia, i conti col passato: la strage di Addis Abeba del 1937
Storia. Colonialismo italiano, superare il mito della «brava gente»
–-> compte-rendu du livre «Noi però gli abbiamo fatto le strade»:
Difficult Heritage
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/953557
#Borgo_Rizza #Sicile
Gianluca e Massimiliano De Serio - «#Stanze» (#film, #videoinstallazione)
COLONIALISMO. In Libia la strategia italiana della “terra bruciata”
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/954718
Rapid Response: Decolonizing Italian Cities
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/957266
Decolonize your eyes, #Padova.. Pratiche visuali di decolonizzazione della città
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/957275
Postcolonial Italy. Mapping Colonial Heritage
#Palermo : An Urban Walk Against Colonialism by Wu Ming 2 (2018)
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/957731
Roma, la fermata della metro C #Amba_Aradam cambia nome: approvata l’intitolazione al partigiano #Marincola. Il vox tra i cittadini
►https://seenthis.net/messages/871345
«La bruna venditrice di banane mogadisciane, mogadisciane. Ascolta quel ragazzo e si compiace. Perché le piace, perché le piace. Potesse dir loro qualcosa, in quella lingua estrosa. Direbbe marinaio d’oltremare ti voglio amare, ti voglio amare.»
#chanson #musique #Giuseppe_Anepeta #Enzo_Bonagura
signalée dans le livre de Igiaba Scego e Rino Bianchi, Roma negata
Une vidéo sur le #cinema_Impero :
signalé dans le livre de Igiaba Scego e Rino Bianchi, Roma negata
Memorie Coloniali. Returning and Sharing Memories
#photographie #fonds #archive #base_de_données
signalé par @olivier_aubert :
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/971834#message971845
#Colonia_per_maschi. Italiani in Africa Orientale: una storia di genere
L’émigration italienne en #Afrique_orientale
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972276
“Ti saluto, vado in Abissinia”. Parma e Africa Orientale tra colonialismo e post-colonialismo. Archivio, didattica e ricerca storica
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972278
ALDO BARATTI : “FOTO-RIFLESSIONI” ED ESTETISMI DALL’AFRICA ORIENTALE
Des colonies à l’Empire fasciste. La conquête de l’Afrique racontée aux enfants italiens
Des oubliés de l’histoire : les « #ensablés » en Ethiopie
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972491
#insabbiati
La #ville_coloniale italienne entre mémoires, représentations et histoire
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972493
#urbanisme_colonial #Rubattino
Violence coloniale, violence de guerre, violence totalitaire
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/972496
#violence #violence_coloniale #guerre #violence_totalitaire #Ethiopie #fascisme #domination #arbitraire #exception_permanente
Village’s Tribute Reignites a Debate About Italy’s Fascist Past
Un leone, le stragi, la censura e uno schifezzario
▻https://seenthis.net/messages/973457
et le film:
Le Lion du désert
Mediterraneo nero. Archivio, memorie, corpi
The Horn of Africa Diasporas in Italy
Libia 1911-1912. Immaginari coloniali e italianità
Perché è importante ricordare la storia di #Giorgio_Marincola, partigiano italo–somalo
Partigiani d’oltremare. Dal Corno d’Africa alla Resistenza italiana
Operazione Pirite a Milano
Riprende l’operazione pirite a Milano. Strada per strada, zona per zona, le “medaglie d’oro” non smettono di saltare all’occhio per il loro arrogante luccichìo. Non sono patrioti, definizione per lo più legata al periodo risorgimentale; non sono partigiani, per quel poco che Milano ha celebrato nella toponomastica, nascosti ogni tanto dalle professioni che hanno svolto deposte le armi, prefetto, nel caso di via Ettore Troilo, sindacalista, nel caso di via Teresa Noce. Sono in gran parte, se non tutti, appartenenti al Regio Esercito e i gravi crimini di cui si sono macchiati sono nascosti ora da quella definizione che ne esalta le gesta, così come la loro divisa ne celò i crimini quando furono vivi; non medaglie d’oro ma di pirite e ne siamo cincondat3.
#Ethiopie : la terre promise des derniers rastas
Ils sont aujourd’hui quelques centaines de #Jamaïcains, à vivre dans les faubourgs de #Shashaméné. Un monde à part, un lieu sacré, dans lequel le non-rasta, le profane, noir ou blanc, ne pénètre que difficilement. On n’efface pas trois siècles d’#histoire_coloniale.
Après la découverte des Caraïbes et de l’Amérique par Christophe Colomb, 15 millions d’hommes et de femmes sont arrachés au continent africain. En 1930, #Rastafari_Makonnen, 225e descendant du roi Salomon et de la reine de Saba, selon la légende, est couronné empereur d’Ethiopie sous le nom d’#Hailé_Sélassié, roi des rois. En 1935, les troupes italiennes de #Mussolini envahissent l’Ethiopie. Chassés par la résistance intérieure, avec le soutien des Rastas, l’Empereur retrouve son trône. Pour les remercier, il abolit l’#esclavage et leur offre 500 hectares de ses #terres personnelles, au sud de l’Ethiopie, à Shashaméné.
Pour les rastas, Haïlé Sélassié, le dernier Négus, est le messie rédempteur, Dès lors, l’Ethiopie est le paradis…
▻https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/081611-000-A/ethiopie-la-terre-promise-des-derniers-rastas
#rasta #rastas #documentaire #film_documentaire #film #colonisation #colonialisme #Italie
Hailé Selassié
Wikiradio del 2/11/2017 - Rai Radio 3
▻https://www.raiplayradio.it/audio/2017/10/Hail-Selassi----Wikiradio-del-2112017-8f0e6973-80a7-44b9-9fa7-4923dac0b
Il 2 novembre 1930 Tafari Maconnen diventa imperatore col nome di Hailé Selassié Primo con Alessandro Triulzi.
Repertorio
– vari frammenti da un’intervista di Mario Soldati dal programma A carte scoperte con #HailéSelassié, trasmessa il 18/6/1974 - Archivi Rai
– intervista di Gianno Bisiach ad Hailé #Selassié da RT - Rotocalco televisivo , realizzata il 28 maggio 1963 nel parco della residenza di Hailé Selassié - Archivi Rai
– Breve frammento dell’appello in amarico che Hailé Selassié fece a Ginevra il 30 giugno 1936
Io, Haila Sellase I, Imperatore d’Etiopia sono qui oggi per reclamare quella giustizia che è dovuta al mio popolo e quell’assistenza ad esso promessa otto mesi or sono da cinquantadue nazioni, quando queste affermarono che un atto di aggressione era stato compiuto in violazione dei trattati internazionali. [.] Mai, sinora, vi era stato l’esempio di un governo che procedesse allo sterminio di un popolo usando mezzi barbari, violando le più solenni promesse fatte a tutti i popoli della terra, che non si debba usare contro esseri umani la terribile arma dei gas venefici. È per difendere un popolo che lotta per la sua secolare indipendenza che il capo dell’Impero etiopico è venuto a Ginevra per adempiere a questo supremo dovere, dopo avere egli stesso combattuto alla testa dei suoi eserciti.
Brani musicali
– I Love King Selassié, Black Uhuru
– War, Bob Marley
❞
#podcast #wikiradio #RaiRadio3 #rasta #secondeGuerreItalo-éthiopienne #italie #1941 #colonialisme #colonialismeitalian #EmpireColonialItalien #WWII #Éthiopie #fascisme #negus
Hélène Lee : « Leonard Howell, le premier Rasta, désirait juste donner une terre aux gens pour pouvoir vivre libre »
▻https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/le-reveil-culturel/helene-lee-leonard-howell-le-premier-rasta-desirait-juste-donner-une-t
Hélène Lee, spécialiste de la #Jamaïque, a enquêté sur le #Pinnacle, un vaste domaine qui accueillit en 1940 des milliers de descendants d’#esclaves africains, à l’origine du mouvement #Rasta. Elle retrace l’histoire de ce lieu et de son fondateur : #Leonard_Percival_Howell.
▻http://media.radiofrance-podcast.net/podcast09/11971-25.06.2018-ITEMA_21722747-0.mp3
Une Histoire du premier rasta
Polemix et la voix off, le 19 février 2018
►https://seenthis.net/messages/670491
#audio #radio #Leonard_Howell #premier_rasta #rastafari #rastafarianism #reggae
Pinnacle, le paradis perdu des Rastas
D’Hélène Lee et Bill Howell
Afromundi, 2018
Le Pinnacle (1940-1957) fut le creuset du mouvement rasta, le lieu où s’élabora la philosophie et le mode de vie qui allaient inspirer le reggae. Pourtant nous ne savons rien de cette expérience unique, véritable état dans l’État jamaïcain colonial, où plusieurs milliers de descendants d’esclaves africains réapprirent la fierté et l’autosuffisance sous la bannière rouge, jaune et verte de Ras Tafari.
Déjà là :
Une Histoire du premier #rasta
Polemix et la voix off, le 19 février 2018
►https://seenthis.net/messages/670491
Une Histoire du premier rasta | Polemix & La Voix Off
►https://www.polemixetlavoixoff.com/une-histoire-du-premier-rasta
L’histoire de Leonard Howell, (1898-1981), fondateur en 1940 de la toute première communauté rasta, racontée par l’historien Cédric Delaunay. Durée : 59 min. Source : Radio Béton
#audio #radio #Polemix #radio_beton #rasta #Leonard_Howell #Jamaïque
(pourquoi est-ce que l’invité à la même voix et la même façon de parler que Pierre Carles, jvous jure…)
– L’Histoire de Leonard Howell, (1898-1981), fondateur en 1940 de la toute première communauté rasta.
– Racontée par l’historien #Cédric_Delaunay.
– A lire : La bible : « Le premier rasta » d’Hélène Lee.
– A écouter : « Tales of Mozambique » de and the #Mystic_Revelation_Of_RasTafari
▻https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q9N8-XGGDE
#polemix #voix_off #premier_rasta #leonard_Percival_Howell #Marcus_Mosiah_Garvey #Marcus_Garvey #rastafari #rastafarianism #reggae #Bob_Marley
Le tiers monde en Allemagne : les écoles et les routes s’effondrent L’express.live - Audrey Duperron - 18 septembre 2017
▻https://fr.express.live/2017/09/18/allemagne-infrastructure-ruine
Aucun autre grand pays de l’UE ne peut se targuer d’avoir un plus grand excédent budgétaire que l’Allemagne. Mais les Allemands ont payé un lourd tribut pour réaliser ce prodige : leurs écoles et leurs routes sont souvent dignes de celles des pays du tiers-monde.
▻https://i1.wp.com/fr.express.live/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/09/gesamtschule-dabendorf-ma%CC%88rz-2017-d_web2.jpg?w=640&ssl=1
L’Allemagne dispose d’un excédent budgétaire de 23,7 milliards d’euros, ce qui représente près de 1 % du PIB. Mais selon les experts de la KfW, la Banque allemande de développement, 126 milliards d’euros sont nécessaires pour restaurer l’infrastructure. Il faudrait débourser 33 milliards d’euros pour restaurer les écoles, et 34 autres, pour les routes.
« Nos ponts, nos installations ferroviaires, nous écoles… Tout est cruellement obsolète et a désespérément besoin de renouvellement ou de remplacement », explique Achim Truger, de l’école berlinoise d’Economie et de Droit.
« Le gouvernement considère le respect du “schwarze Null” [un budget équilibré sans chiffres dans le rouge] plus important que d’investir les infrastructures. L’aversion pour la dette est devenue partie intégrante du système politique allemand. C’est aussi le résultat des politiques d’austérité qui ont été menées pour corriger notre situation financière après la réunification allemande, lorsque l’on surnommait notre pays “l’homme malade de l’Europe”. »
Pourtant, selon Truger, il existe de grandes différences entre la situation de l’État, celle des Länders, et celle des municipalités, dont certaines sont extrêmement endettées.
N’aller aux toilettes que quand on peut pas faire autrement
L’état déplorable de nombreuses écoles est devenu un fer de lance de la campagne législative. « Il est impossible que les toilettes de nos écoles ne fonctionnent pas, et qu’il n’y ait pas d’argent pour les réparer », a récemment déclaré Martin Schultz, la figure de proue du SPD, lors d’un meeting électoral à Hambourg.
Une enquête officieuse de l’Organisation de la German Toilet Organization (GTO), une O.N.G. qui travaille à l’amélioration des systèmes de santé en Afrique, dresse un constat sans concession de l’état des toilettes en Allemagne. GTO a interrogé 800 étudiants dans 22 écoles de Berlin. Il en est ressorti que 53 % d’entre eux ont déclaré n’utiliser les toilettes qu’en cas d’urgence absolue. (Les photos que l’on peut voir sur cette page sont éloquentes.) Dans la ville de Berlin, un WC public sur 4 est défectueux.
Merkel : Le problème n’est pas l’argent, mais la bureaucratie
Schulz veut former une alliance nationale qui investirait 12 milliards d’euros dans les écoles, en obligeant le gouvernement à réinvestir une partie de l’excédent budgétaire dans l’infrastructure. Pour Angela Merkel, le problème n’est pas de trouver de l’argent, mais de développer une vision à long terme, ce qui, selon elle, est entravé par les divers niveaux de pouvoir et de bureaucratie au niveau local et au niveau des Länders.
Selon Kai Eicker-Wolff du syndicat des enseignants GEW, c’est un problème général en Allemagne. Ceux qui voyagent en voiture de Berlin à Francfort (547 km) mettront souvent plus de 7 heures à effectuer ce trajet, bien que la vitesse ne soit pas limitée sur les autoroutes allemandes, en raison des travaux en cours sur presque tous les tronçons de la wegendek.
Un autre exemple est fourni par le tunnel de Rastatt, qui relie l’Allemagne à l’Europe du Sud. Une partie du tunnel s’est effondrée cet été, et la circulation des trains entre les 2 pays a été suspendue en conséquence. Le transport de marchandises sur l’un des itinéraires de transport les plus importants vers l’Europe du Sud est maintenant sérieusement entravé. Des travaux routiers sont en cours sur des itinéraires alternatifs, ce qui n’a fait qu’aggraver le chaos logistique dans la région.
#Allemagne #écoles #routes #installations_ferroviaires #WC #Berlin #Francfort #voiture #Rastatt #Angela_Merkel
#chronixx x #eesah “Perfect Tree” Roots & Chalice
▻https://coutoentrelesdents.noblogs.org/post/2016/05/23/chronixx-x-eesah-perfect-tree-roots-chalice
#MUSIQUES #dub #herbe #ital #perfect_tree #plant #rastafari #reggae #roots_and_chalice
When Emperor Haile Selassie went to #Jamaica on this day in 1966
▻http://africasacountry.com/2016/04/when-emperor-haile-selassie-went-to-jamaica-on-this-day-in-1966
Fifty years ago today, Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie visited Jamaica. Hysterical crowds of thousands of people greeted him the airport in the capital of Kingston. The Ethiopian resistance to Italian colonialism and later occupation, legendary in the Atlantic world, drew some of the attention, but it was the Jamaica’s Rastafari population who were particularly enthusiastic. […]
#POLITICS #Books #Caribbean #Ethiopia #History #Rastafarianism
#black_mirror:Saison 2, épisode 9 : Early Reggae, #rude_boys et politricks
▻http://coutoentrelesdents.noblogs.org/post/2015/04/23/black-mirrorsaison-2-episode-9-early-reggae-rude-boys-et
Le mot “Reggay” apparaît pour la première fois en 1968 dans un morceau des Maytals, comme une réponse au“Rocksteady” d’Alton Ellis deux ans plus tôt. Le Rocksteady aura été la musique des Rude Boys, ces petites frappes du ghetto dont … Continue reading →
#LIVRES #émission #critique_sociale #jamaique #n_reggae #politique #radio #rasta #roots
In #Homs’ northern countryside, civilians live under fire
▻http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/homs%E2%80%99-northern-countryside-civilians-live-under-fire
Women work in the fields of Homs’ countryside. (Photo: Archive) Women work in the fields of Homs’ countryside. (Photo: Archive)
There are no obstacles on the road leading to the village of Jabourin located on the demarcation line with #Om_Sharshouh, a village outside the control of the Syrian government, except for the rugged nature and sniper bullets. From Jabourin to Kfarnan, the last village held by the army in Homs’ countryside, civilians have to cope with living on the frontlines of a fierce battle, with the villages of Om Sharshouh, #Talbissah, #al-Ghanto, #Ezzeddin, #Rastan, and #al-Houla on the other side.
Marah Mashi
read (...)
#Mideast_&_North_Africa #Al-Nusra_Front #Articles #Homs_Old_City #syria #Talal_al-Barazi #Turkmen
Une autre histoire du reggae, série de 5 émissions avec Hélène Lee, en ce moment le matin sur France Culture.
Numéro 1 :
▻http://rf.proxycast.org/873122200528363520/11971-24.03.2014-ITEMA_20605187-0.mp3
Numéro 2 :
▻http://rf.proxycast.org/873493292266819584/11971-25.03.2014-ITEMA_20605701-0.mp3
Numéro 3 :
▻http://rf.proxycast.org/873864373687291904/11971-26.03.2014-ITEMA_20606191-0.mp3
Numéro 4 :
▻http://rf.proxycast.org/874235473290072064/11971-27.03.2014-ITEMA_20606689-0.mp3
Numéro 5, le dernier (avec le dessinateur Killofer après !) :
▻http://rf.proxycast.org/874606544874901504/11971-28.03.2014-ITEMA_20607186-0.mp3
Les autres dans les jours suivants. J’essayerai d’éditer plus tard pour les ajouter.
#musique #reggae #rasta #rastafarisme #Jamaïque #histoire #Hélène-Lee #radio
#Rastafari and His Imperial Majesty
▻http://africasacountry.com/rastafari-and-his-imperial-majesty
Last week marked the 39th anniversary of the end of #Emperor_Haile_Selassie rule over #Ethiopia by a military coup that became the Derg regime (they in turn would rule until 1987). To mark this event, the Jamaica Gleaner published a piece entitled “Selassie: A Very Modern Monarch.” The piece was largely positive, suggesting that His Imperial […]
Une histoire du premier rasta
►http://www.polemixetlavoixoff.com/une-histoire-du-premier-rasta
L’histoire de Leonard Howell, (1898-1981), fondateur en 1940 de la toute première communauté rasta, racontée par l’historien Cédric Delaunay. A travers lui, l’histoire du colonialisme et des révoltes dans la Jamaïque du XXe siècle. Durée : 1h. Source : Polémix et La Voix Off
▻http://www.polemixetlavoixoff.com/podpress_trac/web/1680/0/histoirerasta.mp3
#Rastafari #rasta #Jamaïque #Leonard-Howell #colonialisme #Histoire, #reggae aussi par association, #syndicalisme, #communauté, #UNIA, #Marcus-Garvey
#Haile_Selassie, Speech to October 6 1963 - YouTube
▻http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wszwI1E24eM
H.I.M. Haile Selassie address to the #Unted_Nations Oct 6, 1963
▻http://www.nazret.com/history/him_un.php
Mr. President, Distinguished Delegates:
Twenty-seven years ago, as Emperor of #Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the League of Nations and to appeal for relief from the destruction which had been unleashed against my defenseless nation, by the Fascist invader.I spoke then both to and for the conscience of the world. My words went unheeded, but history testifies to the accuracy of the warning that I gave in 1936.
Today, I stand before the world organization which has succeeded to the mantle discarded by its discredited predecessor. In this body is enshrined the principle of collective security which I unsuccessfully invoked at Geneva. Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best - perhaps the last - hope for the peaceful survival of mankind.
In 1936, I declared that it was not the Covenant of the League that was at stake, but #international_morality. Undertakings, I said then, are of little worth if the will to keep them is lacking. The Charter of the United Nations expresses the noblest aspirations of man: abjuration of force in the settlement of disputes between states; the assurance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion; the safeguarding of international peace and security.
But these, too, as were the phrases of the Covenant, are only words; their value depends wholly on our will to observe and honor them and give them content and meaning. The preservation of peace and the guaranteeing of man’s basic freedoms and rights require courage and eternal vigilance: courage to speak and act - and if necessary, to suffer and die - for truth and justice; eternal vigilance, that the least transgression of international morality shall not go undetected and unremedied. These lessons must be learned anew by each succeeding generation, and that generation is fortunate indeed which learns from other than its own bitter experience. This Organization and each of its members bear a crushing and awesome responsibility: to absorb the wisdom of history and to apply it to the problems of the present, in order that future generations may be born, and live, and die, in peace.
The record of the United Nations during the few short years of its life affords mankind a solid basis for encouragement and hope for the future. The United Nations has dared to act, when the League dared not in Palestine, in Korea, in Suez, in the Congo. There is not one among us today who does not conjecture upon the reaction of this body when motives and actions are called into question. The opinion of this Organization today acts as a powerful influence upon the decisions of its members. The spotlight of world opinion, focused by the United Nations upon the transgressions of the renegades of human society, has thus far proved an effective safeguard against unchecked aggression and unrestricted violation of human rights.
The United Nations continues to sense as the forum where nations whose interests clash may lay their cases before world opinion. It still provides the essential escape valve without which the slow build-up of pressures would have long since resulted in catastrophic explosion. Its actions and decisions have speeded the achievement of freedom by many peoples on the continents of Africa and Asia. Its efforts have contributed to the advancement of the standard of living of peoples in all corners of the world.
For this, all men must give thanks. As I stand here today, how faint, how remote are the memories of 1936.How different in 1963 are the attitudes of men. We then existed in an atmosphere of suffocating pessimism. Today, cautious yet buoyant optimism is the prevailing spirit. But each one of us here knows that what has been accomplished is not enough.
The United Nations judgments have been and continue to be subject to frustration, as individual member-states have ignored its pronouncements and disregarded its recommendations. The Organization’s sinews have been weakened, as member-states have shirked their obligations to it. The authority of the Organization has been mocked, as individual member-states have proceeded, in violation of its commands, to pursue their own aims and ends. The troubles which continue to plague us virtually all arise among member states of the Organization, but the Organization remains impotent to enforce acceptable solutions. As the maker and enforcer of the international law, what the United Nations has achieved still falls regrettably short of our goal of an international community of nations.
This does not mean that the United Nations has failed. I have lived too long to cherish many illusions about the essential highmindedness of men when brought into stark confrontation with the issue of control over their security, and their property interests. Not even now, when so much is at hazard would many nations willingly entrust their destinies to other hands.
Yet, this is the ultimatum presented to us: secure the conditions whereby men will entrust their security to a larger entity, or risk annihilation; persuade men that their salvation rests in the subordination of national and local interests to the interests of humanity, or endanger man’s future. These are the objectives, yesterday unobtainable, today essential, which we must labor to achieve.
Until this is accomplished, mankind’s future remains hazardous and permanent peace a matter for speculation. There is no single magic formula, no one simple step, no words, whether written into the Organization’s Charter or into a treaty between states, which can automatically guarantee to us what we seek. Peace is a day-to-day problem, the product of a multitude of events and judgments. #Peace is not an “is”, it is a “becoming.” We cannot escape the dreadful possibility of catastrophe by miscalculation. But we can reach the right decisions on the myriad subordinate problems which each new day poses, and we can thereby make our contribution and perhaps the most that can be reasonably expected of us in 1963 to the preservation of peace. It is here that the United Nations has served us - not perfectly, but well. And in enhancing the possibilities that the Organization may serve us better, we serve and bring closer our most cherished goals.
I would mention briefly today two particular issues which are of deep concern to all men: disarmament and the establishment of true equality among men. Disarmament has become the urgent imperative of our time. I do not say this because I equate the absence of arms to peace, or because I believe that bringing an end to the nuclear arms race automatically guarantees the peace, or because the elimination of nuclear warheads from the arsenals of the world will bring in its wake that change in attitude requisite to the peaceful settlement of disputes between nations. Disarmament is vital today, quite simply, because of the immense destructive capacity of which men dispose.
Ethiopia supports the atmospheric nuclear test ban treaty as a step towards this goal, even though only a partial step. Nations can still perfect weapons of mass destruction by underground testing. There is no guarantee against the sudden, unannounced resumption of testing in the atmosphere.
The real significance of the treaty is that it admits of a tacit stalemate between the nations which negotiated it, a stalemate which recognizes the blunt, unavoidable fact that none would emerge from the total destruction which would be the lot of all in a nuclear war, a stalemate which affords us and the United Nations a breathing space in which to act.
Here is our opportunity and our challenge. If the nuclear powers are prepared to declare a truce, let us seize the moment to strengthen the institutions and procedures which will serve as the means for the pacific settlement of disputes among men. Conflicts between nations will continue to arise. The real issue is whether they are to be resolved by force, or by resort to peaceful methods and procedures, administered by impartial institutions. This very Organization itself is the greatest such institution, and it is in a more powerful United Nations that we seek, and it is here that we shall find, the assurance of a peaceful future.
Were a real and effective disarmament achieved and the funds now spent in the arms race devoted to the amelioration of man’s state; were we to concentrate only on the peaceful uses of nuclear knowledge, how vastly and in how short a time might we change the conditions of mankind. This should be our goal.
When we talk of the #equality of #man, we find, also, a challenge and an opportunity; a challenge to breathe new life into the ideals enshrined in the Charter, an opportunity to bring men closer to freedom and true equality. and thus, closer to a #love of #peace.
The goal of the equality of man which we seek is the antithesis of the exploitation of one people by another with which the pages of history and in particular those written of the African and Asian continents, speak at such length. Exploitation, thus viewed, has many faces. But whatever guise it assumes, this evil is to be shunned where it does not exist and crushed where it does. It is the sacred duty of this Organization to ensure that the dream of equality is finally realized for all men to whom it is still denied, to guarantee that exploitation is not reincarnated in other forms in places whence it has already been banished.
As a free Africa has emerged during the past decade, a fresh attack has been launched against exploitation, wherever it still exists. And in that interaction so common to history, this in turn, has stimulated and encouraged the remaining dependent peoples to renewed efforts to throw off the yoke which has oppressed them and its claim as their birthright the twin ideals of liberty and equality. This very struggle is a struggle to establish peace, and until victory is assured, that brotherhood and understanding which nourish and give life to peace can be but partial and incomplete.
In the United States of America, the administration of President Kennedy is leading a vigorous attack to eradicate the remaining vestige of racial discrimination from this country. We know that this conflict will be won and that right will triumph. In this time of trial, these efforts should be encouraged and assisted, and we should lend our sympathy and support to the American Government today.
Last May, in Addis Ababa, I convened a meeting of Heads of African States and Governments. In three days, the thirty-two nations represented at that Conference demonstrated to the world that when the will and the determination exist, nations and peoples of diverse backgrounds can and will work together. in unity, to the achievement of common goals and the assurance of that equality and brotherhood which we desire.
On the question of racial discrimination, the Addis Ababa Conference taught, to those who will learn, this further lesson: That until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned: That until there are no longer first-class and second class citizens of any nation; That until the color of a man’s skin is of no more significance than the color of his eyes; That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race; That until that day, the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but never attained; And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman bondage have been toppled and destroyed; Until bigotry and prejudice and malicious and inhuman self-interest have been replaced by understanding and tolerance and good-will; Until all #Africans stand and speak as free beings, equal in the eyes of all men, as they are in the eyes of Heaven; Until that day, the African continent will not know peace. We Africans will fight, if necessary, and we know that we shall win, as we are confident in the victory of good over evil.
The United Nations has done much, both directly and indirectly to speed the disappearance of discrimination and oppression from the earth. Without the opportunity to focus world opinion on Africa and Asia which this Organization provides, the goal, for many, might still lie ahead, and the struggle would have taken far longer. For this, we are truly grateful.
But more can be done. The basis of racial discrimination and colonialism has been economic, and it is with economic weapons that these evils have been and can be overcome. In pursuance of resolutions adopted at the Addis Ababa Summit Conference, African States have undertaken certain measures in the economic field which, if adopted by all member states of the United Nations, would soon reduce intransigence to reason. I ask, today, for adherence to these measures by every nation represented here which is truly devoted to the principles enunciated in the Charter.
I do not believe that Portugal and South Africa are prepared to commit economic or physical suicide if honorable and reasonable alternatives exist. I believe that such alternatives can be found. But I also know that unless peaceful solutions are devised, counsels of moderation and temperance will avail for naught; and another blow will have been dealt to this Organization which will hamper and weaken still further its usefulness in the struggle to ensure the victory of peace and liberty over the forces of strife and oppression. Here, then, is the opportunity presented to us. We must act while we can, while the occasion exists to exert those legitimate pressures available to us, lest time run out and resort be had to less happy means.
Does this Organization today possess the authority and the will to act? And if it does not, are we prepared to clothe it with the power to create and enforce the rule of law? Or is the Charter a mere collection of words, without content and substance, because the essential spirit is lacking? The time in which to ponder these questions is all too short. The pages of history are full of instances in which the unwanted and the shunned nonetheless occurred because men waited to act until too late. We can brook no such delay.
If we are to survive, this Organization must survive. To survive, it must be strengthened. Its executive must be vested with great authority. The means for the enforcement of its decisions must be fortified, and, if they do not exist, they must be devised. Procedures must be established to protect the small and the weak when threatened by the strong and the mighty. All nations which fulfill the conditions of membership must be admitted and allowed to sit in this assemblage.
Equality of representation must be assured in each of its organs. The possibilities which exist in the United Nations to provide the medium whereby the hungry may be fed, the naked clothed, the ignorant instructed, must be seized on and exploited for the flower of peace is not sustained by poverty and want. To achieve this requires courage and confidence. The courage, I believe, we possess. The confidence must be created, and to create confidence we must act courageously.
The great nations of the world would do well to remember that in the modern age even their own fates are not wholly in their hands. Peace demands the united efforts of us all. Who can foresee what spark might ignite the fuse? It is not only the small and the weak who must scrupulously observe their obligations to the United Nations and to each other. Unless the smaller nations are accorded their proper voice in the settlement of the world’s problems, unless the equality which Africa and Asia have struggled to attain is reflected in expanded membership in the institutions which make up the United Nations, confidence will come just that much harder. Unless the rights of the least of men are as assiduously protected as those of the greatest, the seeds of confidence will fall on barren soil.
The stake of each one of us is identical - life or death. We all wish to live. We all seek a world in which men are freed of the burdens of ignorance, poverty, hunger and disease. And we shall all be hard-pressed to escape the deadly rain of nuclear fall-out should catastrophe overtake us.
When I spoke at Geneva in 1936, there was no precedent for a head of state addressing the League of Nations. I am neither the first, nor will I be the last head of state to address the United Nations, but only I have addressed both the League and this Organization in this capacity. The problems which confront us today are, equally, unprecedented. They have no counterparts in human experience. Men search the pages of history for solutions, for precedents, but there are none. This, then, is the ultimate challenge. Where are we to look for our survival, for the answers to the questions which have never before been posed? We must look, first, to Almighty God, Who has raised man above the animals and endowed him with intelligence and reason. We must put our faith in Him, that He will not desert us or permit us to destroy humanity which He created in His image. And we must look into ourselves, into the depth of our souls. We must become something we have never been and for which our education and experience and environment have ill-prepared us. We must become bigger than we have been: more courageous, greater in spirit, larger in outlook. We must become members of a new race, overcoming petty prejudice, owing our ultimate allegiance not to nations but to our fellow men within the human community.
#The_Lion_of_Judah #jah #Rastafari #War
▻http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_%28Bob_Marley_song%29
►http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCFHYyErkA0
#Syria Video from Observer on their travel from #Homs to #Rastan on Highway ►http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFPVYTmHgjs&feature=em-uploademail
HamaEcho
Internal (real) leader of the #FSA right on the front lines in , ►http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iSg34ue6Bg
Smoke fills the air of #Rastan as homes burn to the ground #Syria ►http://youtu.be/bUkLILrCbeE
Over 50 killed in #Syria as troops pound rebels strongholds, activists say
Helicopter gunships on Monday fired on rebel positions in central and northwestern Syria in a bid to snuff out the gunmen as violence killed 52 people across the country, a monitoring group said.
Helicopters strafed rebels positions in #Al-Heffa, in the northwestern province of #Latakia, and in #Rastan, in the central province of Homs, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said.
To read more: ►http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=407960#ixzz1xUaoOeCc
The city of #Rastan after the heavy bombing and shelling by #Assads forces. Whole houses are destroyed. May... ►http://fb.me/1XdRFDmHe
markito0171
#Syria Announcement of responsibility - Joint Command of the Free Syrian Army in #Rastan #Homs ►http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZtc3tu6Hz0&feature=g-u-u